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Home Explore Timstar - International Catalogue 2019-20

Timstar - International Catalogue 2019-20

Published by gopidasgayatri, 2019-11-01 03:56:56

Description: Timstar - International Catalogue 2019-20

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Electromagnetism PHYSICS A Westminster Motor Kit Westminster Motor Kit Westminster Electromagnetic Kit Kit of parts to build six model motors as in the ‘Westminster’ electromagnet kit. The Motor Construction Kit enables pupils to build A comprehensive kit for teaching up to 8 students the various aspects of their own motors from scratch. By having to construct motors in this way electromagnetism. Containing: Alloy magnets, ceramic magnets, steel pupils gain a better understanding of the theory behind electric motors. magnets, yokes, plotting compasses, hardboard formers, iron filings, double C-cores, clips, rings and split rings, support bases, armatures, •••••••••C•o2213666161n4022tamrrsse0eehurr‘snimMeemipapltvdllsfplesamait:0tostsgtSs.tuprn6teeturiamelneblbodlssamiutynsaorgepP’k,sVeem2Cs.a5gtminnmentesbdocroepper wire axle rods, split pins, rivets, rubber tubing, formers, reels, cellulose tape, copper wire, pasteboard, postcards, cotton, resistors, bulbs, lampholders, clamps, blocks and full instructions. MA91525 A £368.75 kit £39.94 pk SPARES & ACCESSORIES Quantity £7.81 pk Type £28.06 pk £12.49 pk EL130310 Mild steel Yokes 10 £11.48 pk EL130330 Shafts (axels) £3.85 pk EL130335 Armatures 10 £1.58 ea EL130340 Bases 5 EL130345 Rivets 5 EL130350 Split pins 50 20 EL130355 Silicone rubber tubing, 500 mm 1 Westminster Power Supply Ideal for electromagnetic investigations. The unit will deliver up to 12 A at 1 V AC or DC through colour coded terminal posts. MA18796 £103.69 ea MA18794 £78.69 kit +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected] timstar.com 449

PHYSICS Electromagnetism C-Core & Coils U-Shaped Electromagnet C-Core Coils Set Designed for student experiments in electromagnetism, this U-Shaped Electromagnet encourages students to discover and learn the A range of sturdy, mounted coils, designed for use with laminated C relationship between electricity and magnetism. Requires a standard cores and clips. The coils have different numbers of turns of copper laboratory power supply, maximum voltage 12V DC. Weight: 0.3kg. wire, allowing students to investigate the relationship between voltage Dimensions (W x L x D): 100 x 150 x 50mm. and number of turns, showing how transformers work etc. They can also be used to demonstrate electromagnetic induction (Faraday’s law). Coils come complete with 4mm sockets and are available individually or as a set of 5 coils: 50 + 100 turns; 200 + 300 turns; 300 + 350 turns; 400 + 500 turns; 550 + 600 turns. EL120405 £14.31 ea EL71510 Coil 50 + 100 Turns £47.44 ea Hercules’ Electromagnet EL71512 Coil 200 + 250 £62.44 ea EL71518 Coil 550 + 600 £68.69 ea An amazing demonstration of how powerful magnetism EL71520 Set of 5 Coils £243.75 set can be! Powered by just one 9V PP3 battery this £28.69 pr apparently small magnet has the incredible lifting power of approx. 150kg. When switched on an iron plate locks £4.86 ea itself solidly to the bottom of the electromagnetic core. £27.44 ea Turning the switch off will release the load or hold it in the air, as required. Karabiners situated at the top and bottom of the device make it easy to clip into position. Battery and instructions are supplied. SPARES & ACCESSORIES Quantity EL91514 £56.19 ea Type SPARES & ACCESSORIES £3.91 ea 2 BA01970 PP3 Batteries EL130315 C Core each EL130320 C Core Clip 2 (+ 1 clip) EL130325 C Core & Clip Electromagnets Variable Electromagnet Investigation Soft Iron Rod This apparatus is used to study the effect of number of coils on the Useful for cores of electromagnets as soft iron loses its magnetism strength of an electromagnet. The when the current in the coil is switched off, whereas steel retains some effect of current on strength of the magnetism after the current is switched off. Dimensions (L x Dia.): 200 x electromagnet can also be studied. 12mm. The electromagnet coil has 4mm sockets and tappings at 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 turns. A hook on the underside allows paper clips to be attached to indicate the strength of the electromagnet for each variable. A low voltage laboratory power supply is also required. MA10194 £4.30 ea EL71555 £57.44 kit Soft Iron Bar, Square Section Magnetising and Demagnetising Coil A square section soft iron bar, for use in magnetic and electromagnetic For magnetising and demagnetising ordinary magnets, iron bars experiments. Dimensions: 10 x 10 x 100 mm. etc. Consisting of a 250 mm long solenoid wound with insulated copper wire mounted on a base with switch and 4 mm terminals. Operating voltage 12 V AC or DC at 6 A. Magnetising by AC or DC. Demagnetising by AC. MA170400 £5.10 ea MA10198 £52.44 ea 450 More products and offers available on our website!

Electromagnetism PHYSICS Electromagnets continued Electromagnet Kit Relay Demonstration To demonstrate the relationship between magnetism and electricity. Soft iron U-shaped core and keeper with hook. Dimensions (H x Dia.): 110 The Relay Demonstration Unit allows the investigation and study of how x 9mm. a relay functions, in a clear and practical manner. A useful property of this unit is that the circuit powering the coil is easily seen to be completely separate from the circuit switched on by the relay. This is one of the reasons relays are used where a safe low voltage circuit can be used to control a high voltage circuit. When a current flows through the coil an electro-magnetic field is produced. This field attracts the iron armature whose end makes the contact, completing the circuit and illuminating the lamp. When the current is switched off, the contact will open again, switching the circuit off. Specifications: • Control input voltage: 2 V DC • Switched supply voltage: 12 V Max MA10148 £14.31 kit Floating Globe The globe is suspended from an electromagnet. This makes the friction very low and the earth will rotate at a constant speed for many hours after being spun around. AC adapter included. Dimensions (Dia.): 200mm. EL91505 £32.44 ea Electric Bell Demonstration MA150700 £78.69 ea All the components of an electric bell are mounted on a large panel. All wiring is visible and parts are large in size. Operates on 3-4 volts DC Forces on Moving Charges Force on a Conductor Apparatus A version of a traditional piece of equipment for demonstrating the effect of a current flowing through a conductor in the presence of a magnetic field. Connection is made via the 4mm sockets attached to the side rails. When a current of up to 8A flows, the crossbar rolls one way or the other under the action of the electro-magnetic force. With clearly labelled poles to the magnet it is easy to demonstrate Fleming’s Left Hand Rule. EL91510 £32.44 ea EL101515 £78.69 ea +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected] timstar.com 451

PHYSICS Magnetism Current Balance (BIL Coil) Motor Kit This current balance apparatus (BIL coil) consists of a printed circuit This self assembly motor kit is very robust and clearly demonstrates the board coil mounted on a support handle. The board has 2 coils – one constituent parts of a DC motor. with 5 turns and one with 10 turns, rated at 2A. The apparatus can be used to measure the force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field. A permanent magnet should be placed on the pan of a digital balance (a yoke with 2 ceramic magnets will work) and the BIL coil mounted in a vertical plane between the magnets. When connected to a low voltage power supply and ammeter, the balance will be deflected and the new reading can be taken. The force on a current carrying conductor and field strength can then be calculated. EL81440 £34.94 kit £7.81 ea SPARES & ACCESSORIES £6.24 pk EL81441 EL81442 Spare Magnet Spare Brushes, pack of 20 EL71505 £14.31 ea Demonstration Electric Motor Demonstration Motor A model of the simplest form of DC electric motor, having 2-pole armature wound with enamelled copper wire, and a permanent This demonstration motor comes ready assembled, with an open magnetic field provided by a removable bar magnet. The construction construction which clearly shows the design working parts of a simple of the model is completely open and all components are readily motor. The motor is mounted on a robust wooden base with acrylic end observable. A disc-type commutator is incorporated and external plates with 4mm sockets and comes complete with ceramic magnets connection to the phosphorous bronze bushes is by means of a pair of and yoke. Requires a 1 -3 Volt DC laboratory power supply (not 4mm sockets. The motor operates on 6-8 V DC. included). Overall Dimensions (L x W x H): 125 x 75 x 60 mm. EL71530 £72.44 ea HE53715 £49.94 ea FLEMING’S LEFT Fleming / Pohl Swing (Oersted’s Law HAND RULE Apparatus) For demonstration of the force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field. Dimensions (H x W x D): 270 x 100 x 160mm MA150720 £114.94 ea 452 More products and offers available on our website!

Magnetism PHYSICS Magnetic Fields Iron Filings in Sprinkler Pot £2.89 ea Circular Coil Supplied in pepper drum. This apparatus offers a clear and easy way to observe magnetic fields Quantity generated by a constant electrical current. Iron filings can be scattered MA10193 250 g on the clear surface which passes through the coil and when a current then flows around the coil, the magnetic lines of a force will be shown Plotting Compass, Economy by the alignment of the filings. The apparatus can also be used in conjunction with a magnetic field sensor and/or datalogger. Requires Dial marked with principle points of the a high current laboratory power supply (8-10A) for best effect. Weight: compass. 1.2kg. Dimensions (L x W x H): 300 x 200 x 250mm. EL120400 £56.19 ea Diameter Quantity £3.15 pk CO04600 16 mm 10 Helmholtz Coils, with support Plotting Compass A pair of preformed coils, each with 400 turns of copper wire, wound With two clear glass faces. onto a former of approx. 150 mm diameter. Each coil is mounted on a support rod, which fits onto the sliders of the track system supplied. This Diameter Quantity £5.21 pk enables the distance between the coils to be varied whilst maintaining CO04605 19 mm 10 alignment along a common axis, for measurements and study of magnetic fields. Electrical connection is via 4 mm sockets. Please note: Magnetic Field Viewing Film the current should not exceed 1A, to prevent overheating or damage. Direction of current is marked on each coil. This amazing flexible sheet ‘visualizes’ the direction of magnetic field lines. The sheet is coated with translucent microspheres (hollow • 150 mm diameter capsules) containing very small magnetic nickel flakes suspended in • 400 turns an oil. The flakes inside the spheres align along the field lines when • Max. current 1A a magnetic field is present. The alignment of the flakes, and thereby the magnetic field direction, is visible because of reflected light from MF170000 £72.44 pr the flakes. Useful for quality control, product demonstration, reverse engineering, and educational purposes. Two types and sizes are Demo OHP Field Patterns available: laminated and non-laminated ‘raw’ film. The laminated film is ideal for student use as it is more durable and less easy to damage. Clear base units for bench or OHP use, to demonstrate electromagnetic The non-laminated film is great for demonstration purposes as it can fields around conductors. Available as three different models. Each be cut to any size or shape as required, is highly flexible and can easily mounted on a base measuring L150 x W150 x H45 mm. be wrapped around objects. A good example is to wrap it around a copper tube to ‘view’ the progress of a neodymium magnet as it slowly descends through the tube. The film is also useful for viewing complex magnetic pole geometry close to the magnetic poles, although it does require fairly strong magnetic fields. B A C EL91516 Type £14.31 ea Type Dimensions £48.69 ea EL91518 £7.41 ea MA150400 Non-Laminated £10.41 ea EL91520 A Solenoid £8.19 ea MA150402 Laminated 30 x 30 cm B Vertical Wire 95 x 95 mm C Twin Coils +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected] timstar.com 453

PHYSICS Magnetism Magnetic Fields continued Magnetic Field Plates Set Magnetic Field Tube A versatile and impressive tool for displaying field patterns on an OHP and simulating the magnetising of a bar. When four plates are stacked A double wall tube with iron filings encased between the two layers to together, they model a metal bar that can be magnetised by stroking show a 3-dimensional view of the magnetic field around the magnet. with a bar magnet and demagnetised by shaking. 98 magnetic pins in Dimensions (L x Dia.): 130 x 90mm. each plate. Quantity £53.69 set MA55050 4 MA10185 £20.56 ea Magnetic Pole Pattern Iron Filings in Bubble Iron filings in a clear liquid for demonstrating magnetic fields. When magnets are placed near the box, the shape of the magnetic field is Suitable for many simple magnetic field plotting experiments. clearly visible. Supplied complete with magnets and instruction book. Dimensions (Dia. x D): 80 x 12mm. Dimensions (L x W x D): 225 x 130 x 15mm. MA10187 £39.94 ea MA10192 £1.71 ea Superconductor, Meissner Effect Magnetic Field Box Kit Using a high temperature superconductor (HTSC), this kit demonstrates an intriguing magnetic property of superconductors, known as the For demonstration of two and three dimensional magnetic field lines. Meissner effect. The kit demonstrates the levitation of a small rare The kit includes a magnetic field box, a magnetic field plate and earth magnet above the high temperature superconductor, caused three magnets (2 bar magnets and a horse shoe shaped magnet). by the partial expulsion of the magnetic flux from the HTSC sample. The magnetic field box as well as the plate contains iron file flakes Liquid nitrogen (not supplied) is required as a coolant, to bring the suspended in viscous liquid. In the middle of the box is placed a magnet superconductor below its critical temperature. When the superconductor forcing the iron file flakes to turn to display the field lines. Likewise it is is cooled, under a weak magnetic field, to a temperature below possible to place a magnet on the plate to visualize the field lines. Box its critical temperature, it becomes superconducting i.e. loses its Dimensions: 76 x 76 x 76mm. Plate Dimensions (W x L x D): 91 x 157 electrical resistance. The magnetic field becomes expelled from the x 9mm. superconductor, causing it to become perfectly diamagnetic. At this stage, the sample is said to be in the Meissner state. Please note: liquid nitrogen is required, but not supplied Kit Includes: • Insulated Styrofoam holder • Superconducting HTSC disk • NdFeB rare earth magnet • Tweezers • Instructions, including advice for handling liquid nitrogen MA84015 £43.69 kit MF170300 £143.75 ea 454 More products and offers available on our website!

Magnetism PHYSICS Magnetic Fields continued AC Magnetic Field Coil Magnaprobe Mark II Comprising a 10 turn coil of diameter approximately 15 cm, mounted on a base with 4 mm connecting sockets. When AC is passed through A free moving magnet mounted in a gimble to show the true shape of the coil, an alternating magnetic field is induced, which can be detected magnetic fields far better than iron filings or plotting compasses. with a search coil. Requires a power supply which can deliver a high current at low voltage, such as a Westminster Power Supply MA18796. The current must not be allowed to exceed 6 A. Designed by Timstar for AQA A-level physics required activity number 11. MA10188 £12.15 ea Magnetic Wand This easy to handle wand allows for more practical, safer use of rare earth (neodymium) magnets. It is 130mm long and has a 12.5 x 5.5mm Neodymium magnet held securely at one end. There is also a 4.5mm hole at the other end to allow the wand to be hung from a cord or to allow for experimentation using weights, etc. MF170200 ✓ £43.69 ea MA150404 £4.40 ea Westminster Power Supply Magnetic Globe & Magnaprobe Set Ideal for electromagnetic investigations. The unit will deliver up to 12 A at 1 V AC or DC through colour coded terminal posts. This two piece set comprises a rubberised ball representing the Earth and a hand held magnet called a Magnetic Field Finder. A really magical way to see and understand the Earth’s 3 dimensional Magnetic Field Pattern. Comes complete with a full explanation for the teacher and pupil. MA18796 £103.69 ea MA93960 £27.44 set Multitap Transformer Search Coil Outputs tapped at 0 V, 2 V, 3 V, 8 V and 12 V AC, with a 4 mm socket for each tapping. Ideal for circuits where a high current is required at Comprises a 3300 turn coil mounted on a wand, with flying leads low voltage. Housed in a robust metal case with durable powder coated terminating in 4 mm plugs. An alternating magnetic field passing finish. axially through the coil will induce an e.m.f., which can be observed on an oscilloscope or AC millivoltmeter. Designed and manufactured • Output: 0 V, 2 V, 3 V, 8 V or 12 V AC in the UK. • Current: 6 A continuous (8 A for up to 1 hour) • Dimensions: 179 x 190 x 85 mm • Weight: 3.3 kg MF170100 ✓ £59.94 ea £6.56 ea SPARES & ACCESSORIES EL170190 £143.75 ea EL18516 BNC Plug to 4mm sockets timstar.com 455 +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected]

PHYSICS Magnets Bar Magnets Magnadur’ Magnets Bar Magnets Set Ceramic magnets. Dimensions: A set of 20 painted magnets for general 50 x 19 x 6 mm. Suitable for the purpose use in magnetism experiments. Westminster Electromagnetic Kit. Each magnet is red/blue colour coded to Sold in packs of 10. help identify the north and south poles and the set comes supplied in a snap top £19.94 set MA10120 £4.94 pk case. Individual magnet size: 14 x 10 x 50 mm. Bar Magnets, Plastic Coated MA170300 Ceramic. Bar Magnets Pack A pack of painted ferrite block (ceramic) magnets, with red and blue poles, stamped with ‘N’ & ‘S’. Supplied as a pack of 20 magnets. Individual magnet size: 9 x 9 x 40 mm. MA170310 £9.88 pk Dimensions £5.54 pr MA10125 80 x 22 x 10 mm (L x W x D) Bar Magnets Horseshoe Magnets Chrome steel. Rectangular in shape. In pairs with keepers. Ideal for demonstrating magnetic fields. Not suitable for attraction/repulsion Horseshoe Magnets, experiments. Plastic A powerful horseshoe magnet in a plastic case. Dimensions Type Dimensions MA10105 75 x 13 x 6 mm (L x W x D) ✓ £5.35 pr MA10149 Large 110 x 110 x 30 mm (L x W x D) £3.41 ea MA10110 100 x 15 x 6 mm (L x W x D) £8.15 pr MA30506 Giant 210 x 175 x 25 mm (L x W x D) £5.41 ea Bar Magnets, ‘Alnico’ Horseshoe Magnet, ‘Alnico’ In pairs with keepers. Supplied with keeper. MA10130 Dimensions ✓ £11.19 pr Dimensions £4.79 ea MA10135 £16.19 pr MA10145 25 x 22 x 8 mm (L x W x D) 50 x 16 x 10 mm (L xW x D) 75 x 16 x 10 mm (L xW x D) 456 More products and offers available on our website!

Magnets PHYSICS Horseshoe Magnets continued Neodymium Magnets Neodymium Magnets Major Magnet, ‘Alcomax’ Powerful disc magnets with the poles on the flat surfaces. Please One of the most powerful permanent magnets ever produced. Distance Note: These magnets are brittle and fragments can fly off if magnets between poles 27 mm. Dimensions (L x H x W): 110 x 103 x 50 mm. are allowed to come together rapidly, potentially causing harm or eye damage. Careful handling is also required to prevent skin from becoming trapped between two magnets. C B A Diameter Depth Quantity MA160110 A 6 mm 3 mm 10 £7.44 pk MA160100 B 10 mm 10 £9.38 pk MA160105 C 20 mm 8 mm 5 £14.94 pk 10 £8.19 pk MA10147 £162.44 ea MA160500 10 mm 10 mm 4 mm Magnet Kits Super Magnets Magnet Kit Housed in tough colour coded outer mouldings, the design allows children to safely experience the force of neodymium. A basic range of magnets and accessories supplied in a compartmented storage case. Consisting of: Horseshoe magnet 100mm high, 1 pair plastic cased bar magnets 80mm, 4 pieces magnetic rubber sheet 50 x 50mm, 5 Ferrite rings 24mm dia, 5 Ferrite squares 19 x 19 x 5mm, 1 each Alnico button magnets 12, 19, 24mm dia. 2 plotting compasses clear both sides 19mm dia. 2 plotting compasses 16mm dia. 1 ‘Alnico’ cast horseshoe 25mm, 2 chrome rods 100mm, lodestone walnut size. MA55010 £16.81 pr MA10168 £49.94 kit Neodymium Magnetic Cube Kit Super Magnets Pack This NeoCube kit contains 216 neodymium magnetic balls - small strong magnets that can be shaped into an infinite number of patterns. An assortment of ceramic magnets, ferrite discs, rings, and squares. Great fun and useful for experimenting with e.g. for forming crystal structures or to show how carbon can be formed - like nanotubes, fullerenes and graphene, etc. The magnets are strong and easy to attach to each other (and to anything magnetic) and it is simple and fun to form necklaces, bracelets, cubes and many other shapes and objects. To get an idea of how easy these are to use, just type neocube into YouTube and view the videos! Comes already formed into a cube and supplied in a small tin container. Each ball has a diameter of 4.7mm. Cube Dimensions (W x L x H): 28 x 28 x 28mm. Quantity £24.94 pk MA130510 £18.75 kit MA10167 300 [email protected] timstar.com 457 +44 (0) 3333 442 443

PHYSICS Magnets Magnetic Marbles Compasses Magnetic Marbles Magnetic Needle Stand Set of plastic coated coloured round Comes complete with 75mm needle. Dimensions magnets. (H x W): 100 x 50mm. Diameter Quantity £4.83 set MA10182 15 mm 20 Magnetic Pole Marbles MA10176 £4.88 ea Colour coded plastic cased magnetic Compass Magnet & Water Bowl Kit marbles. Not only do they attract and repel, the colour coding reinforces that Compass magnet, complete with translucent plastic bowl marked with opposite attract and likes repel. Red compass points. Fill the bowl with water, float the magnet and watch it will only ever stick to blue. Supplied turn to point north. Bowl Dimensions (Dia.): 115mm. in a tub. Marble Dimensions (Dia): 15mm. Quantity £22.44 pk MA93972 100 MA104010 £8.32 kit Magnetic Wands Magnetic Wands Set of plastic coated coloured wands. Magnet Dimensions (L x W x D): 65 x 26 x 14mm. Dimensions (L): 190mm. Pocket Compass Dial marked with points of the compass every 10º and full 360º scale. Dimensions (Dia.): 40mm. Quantity £9.23 set MA10184 6 Magnetic Tape Magnetic Tape A roll of self adhesive rubber tape. Can easily be cut with scissors. Dimensions (W x D x L): 8 x 0.8mm x 10 metres. CO04607 £2.00 ea MA10177 £7.56 ea Orienteering Compass Metal Discs An ideal compass for education made Metal Rimmed Discs from shatterproof plexi. Measurements in metric and imperial, with luminous Pack of transparent coloured pointer and large magnifier. Complete discs with metal rim. For use with with neck cord and operating magnets. instructions. Dimensions (L x W x Dia.): 115 x 60 x 46mm. Quantity £7.88 pk CO64625 £12.44 ea MA10183 100 More products and offers available on our website! 458

Magnets PHYSICS A B Gauss Guns Floating Magnets Floating Magnets, Coloured Magnetic Accelerator Kit (Gauss Gun) Plastic coated magnets, comes as a set of five different coloured The gauss gun (also known as a gaussian gun or rifle) is an example of magnets or a set of three coloured blue & red to indicate polarity. Each a magnetic linear accelerator and uses powerful neodymium magnets set is supplied complete with free-standing rod and presentation box. to launch a steel sphere at high speed. Magnets are held in place part way along the tube (using the steel washers provided), with two steel A spheres on the ‘downhill’ side. Another sphere is rolled slowly towards the magnets and as it gets closer the magnetic attraction causes the B sphere to accelerate considerably, resulting in the sphere impacting with the magnets, transferring energy to the sphere at the opposite end of the magnets causing it to shoot off at high speed (similar to how Newton’s cradle works). Even faster speeds can be achieved by using a series of magnets and spheres. The magnets and steel spheres are contained within a clear plastic tube for safety reasons (neodymium magnets are brittle and can splinter, the spheres can be accelerated with some force). Kit includes 6 magnets and 5 steel spheres, washers and clear plastic tube with rubber end stopper to stop sphere. Instructions for use included. MA110901 A £39.94 kit Gauss Gun This demonstration of the Gauss gun effect uses a 660 mm long section of acrylic tube to house rare earth (neodymium) magnets and ball bearings. One end is raised slightly to allow the first ball to begin its movement and there is a rubber stopper at the other end to prevent the ball bearings from flying out. The Gauss Gun demonstrates acceleration of a body in a magnetic field and the conservation of momentum, using neodymium magnets to accelerate ball bearings. The moving components are safely enclosed in a clear plastic tube. This apparatus provides great discussion points on the nature and strength of magnetic fields, momentum, conservation of energy etc. MA150007 B £22.44 ea MA10166 Type £6.56 set MA94010 £13.06 set A 5 magnets B 3 magnets timstar.com 459 +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected]

PHYSICS Energy Calorimeters Aluminium Calorimeters, Premium Copper Calorimeters, Economy With parallel sides, rolled rim and smoothed internal side walls. With parallel sides and rolled rim. HE18722 Height Diameter £6.88 ea HE82382 Height Diameter £1.95 ea HE18724 £10.43 ea HE82384 £7.56 ea 75 mm 50 mm 75 mm 50 mm 100 mm 75 mm 100 mm 65 mm Copper Calorimeters, Premium Calorimeter Tops With parallel sides, rolled rim and thicker than average Insulating covers made from white PVC to fit walls. calorimeters. Each cover has a central hole for a thermometer and a smaller hole for a stirrer. HE82376 Height Diameter £9.66 ea HE72365 Diameter Quantity £30.56 pk HE82378 £5.63 ea HE72370 £31.81 pk 75 mm 50 mm 50 mm 5 100 mm 75 mm 75 mm 5 Aluminium Calorimeters, Economy Calorimeter Jackets With parallel sides and rolled rim. Thick sleeves and a base mat to fit calorimeters. HE82324 Height Diameter £6.09 ea HE72350 Diameter Quantity £34.94 pk HE82326 £8.44 ea HE72355 £37.44 pk 75 mm 50 mm 50 mm 5 100 mm 75 mm 75 mm 5 Magnetic SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITIES AND OTHER PROPERTIES OF No METALS AT 20˚C (293K) No No Name Melting point Specific Heat Density Thermal Electrical No ˚C Capacity kg/m3 (g/cm3) Conductivity Resistivity No Aluminium, pure J/kg ˚C 10-8 Ω⋅m Yes Aluminium, alloy 660 913 2710 (2.7) W/m-1 No 527 880 2800 (2.8) 201 2.65 No Brass 900-940 370 8500 (8.5) 180 5 Yes Bronze ~950 360 8800 (8.8) 110 8 No Chromium 1857 448 7200 (7.2) 180 30 No Cobalt 1495 420 8900 (8.9) 87 No Copper 1083 385 8930 (8.9) 69 12.7 Yes Gold 1067 132 19300 (19.3) 385 6 No 1537 450 7870 (7.9) 296 1.7 No Iron 327 126 11340 (11.3) 80 2.4 Yes Lead 650 246 1740 (1.7) 35 10 No Magnesium -39 140 13546 (13.5) 150 21 No Mercury 1453 460 8900 (8.9) 8 4.5 No Nickel 1770 136 21450 (21.5) 59 96 Platinum 960 235 10500 (10.5) 69 6 Silver 1427 420 7860 (7.8) 419 11 Steel, mild 1527 510 7930 (7.9) 63 1.6 Steel, stainless 232 226 7300 (7.3) 150 15 Tin 420 385 7140 (7.1) 65 96 Zinc 111 11 5.9 460 More products and offers available on our website!

Energy PHYSICS Calorimeters continued Calorimeter Blocks Expanded Polystyrene Cups For experiments on specific heat capacity, cylindrical with a 13 mm diameter central Conical shape. Complete with lid. Suitable for hole to accept immersion heater and off- use as a simple calorimeter. Supplied in a pack set hole for thermometer. Mass of each of 50. block approx. 1kg. CU05395 Capacity Height Diameter ✓ £4.94 pk HE18710 Type Height Diameter £24.31 ea 200 mL 82 mm 75 mm HE18712 £36.19 ea HE18714 Aluminium alloy 80 mm 77 mm £42.44 ea HE18716 Brass 85 mm 46 mm £13.06 ea Copper 80 mm 46 mm Steel 90 mm 46 mm Insulated Foam Cup Immersion Heater Manufactured from insulated foam, these Suitable for calorimeter blocks. A 50W fully sheathed 12V 5A AC or DC 200€mL cups allow hot liquids to be carried heater with 4mm sockets. Dimensions (Dia. x L): 12.5 x 100mm. safely. Also useful as insulated calorimeters for thermal experiments. Lids not included. Quantity £2.75 pk HE18720 £31.19 ea CU150002 50 £5.63 pk Food Calorimeter Plastic Cups The food calorimeter offers a superior method of measuring the energy Conical shape. Suitable for use as a simple, in foodstuff, compared to burning it under a boiling tube of water. The low thermal calorimeter. Supplied in a pack enclosed vessel and copper tube ensure that more of the food’s energy of 100. is used to heat up the water, and less heat is lost to the environment, increasing the accuracy of the experiment. The unit comprises a glass CU05396 Capacity Height Diameter jacket with a bell jar inside. A spiral copper tube draws air through the 200 mL 80 mm 70 mm bell jar, in which food is burning, transferring more of the heat to the water. The lid has holes for a thermometer and stirrer. The base unit Immersion Heater - Cup Top has clips to hold the calorimeter unit securely, a crucible holder, and posts for a replaceable ignition coil. The bottom of the base has 4 mm A novel design that fits into the top sockets for connecting a power supply to the ignition coil. A sample of of polystyrene or paper cups. A 2.2 food is placed in the crucible, the calorimeter unit placed over the top, â—¦ heating element can be powered and filled with water. The power to the ignition coil is turned on, and the from a low voltage supply via the 4 food ignited. The temperature of the water is recorded, and the energy mm sockets in the cap. A hole in released can be calculated from the temperature change. To increase the top allows a thermometer to be accuracy further, the calorimeter can be calibrated using a spirit with inserted. Ideal for energy transfer, known energy density. Also required: a 12 V power supply, 4 mm plug power and specific heat experiments. leads, a 0.1 g resolution balance and a crucible. Please note that the Diameter: 65 mm. Height: 75 mm. calorimeter unit and base are sold separately, and both are required. Dimensions Body: (H) 215 mm, (H) including stirrer 275 mm, (D) 100 mm Dimensions Base: (H) 110 mm, (L) Retort Clamp 70 mm, (L) Total 170 mm, (D) 100 mm HE53600 £18.69 ea Calorimeter Stirrers Simple hand held calorimeter stirrers, available in thick gauge brass or stainless steel wire. BI180100 Calorimeter Unit £48.69 ea BI180105 Base Unit £46.19 ea £26.81 ea Type Diameter Quantity SPARES & ACCESSORIES EL06734 £6.19 ea CA100650 Stainless steel 75 mm 5 £9.34 pk Nichrome Wire, Bare BI190110 Crucible, Food Calorimeter +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected] timstar.com 461

PHYSICS Energy Joulemeters Joulemeter, Low Voltage, Premium Joulemeter, Low Voltage This meter is capable of measuring energies from 1 mJ to 9999 J or power from 1 mW to 200 W in AC or DC circuits. Two ranges selected This updated USB version of the low voltage Joulemeter includes by a switch labelled mJ/mW and J/W are available. The auto-ranging datalogging and an improved specification and can be used with or four digit display will give direct readings of energy or power. The without a computer. Designed to be simple enough to use at KS3, maximum current input is 10 A. All electrical connections are via 4 mm and flexible enough for more advanced use at KS4 and beyond, the sockets. Joulemeter simply requires an input supply and a load to be plugged in (e.g. a solar panel and a motor) and the meter will display the • Supply voltage: 20 V DC, 14 V AC (rms) values of the power and the energy transferred. For simplicity, the • Input resistance: (No load) 2Mâ—¦ instrument automatically adjusts the display to show suitable units and • Max load current: J/W range - 10 A, mJ/mW range - 10 mA an appropriate number of decimal places, so that it can deal with a • Max energies: J range - 9999 J, mJ range - 9999 mJ very wide range of values (e.g. for energy, from 100 nanojoules up • Max power: W range - 200 W to 1.75 megajoules). This version of the Joulemeter functions almost identically to the previous version but in addition the meter also keeps a log at the chosen sample rate when the total energy transferred is being measured; the data can then be loaded on to a PC using free mini- datalogger software. The function button allows any of four settings to be selected for the required quantity to be measured (energy and time; power; average power; voltage, current and power). • Current range: ±7 A (current can flow in either direction) • Voltage range: ±25 V • Log memory: 2500 samples • Log sample period: 1, 2, or 4 seconds • Powered via USB or using the 5 V mains adaptor (included) EL81448 £268.75 ea Mains Power & Energy Meter, Digital This plug-in power meter monitors and measures the energy/power consumption and running costs of connected electrical appliances. Measures voltage, current, power, frequency, power factor, usage and costs; adjustable price per kWh for 2 prices; memory for cumulative energy usage, total costs and costs by price setting; Large LCD; 12/24 hour clock with day/hour/minute; Clear function clears all data in memory including current time; supplied with batteries. Voltage: 200-276 V AC; Current: 0.02-16 A; Power: 5-3588 W; Frequency: 45-65 Hz; Energy: 0-9999.9 kWh; Power Supply: 230-240 V AC 50 Hz; Max. load: 13 A, 3120 W; Power: 3 x 1.5 V button cell batteries (supplied). EL81445 ✓ £82.44 ea EN101550 ✓ £27.85 ea SPARES & ACCESSORIES £3.69 ea EL180447 Replacement fuse More products and offers available on our website! 462

Energy PHYSICS Energy Conversion Energy Transfer System: Line Shaft Unit This ‘Malvern’ design Energy Transfer System consists For showing the conversion from electrical energy via mechanical to of various separate units designed to demonstrate potential energy by winding up a weight on a cord. One end of the 6 the conversion/transfer of energy from one form to mm steel shaft carries an aluminium another. All units are mounted on bases, with 4mm ‘V’ pulley 56 mm diameter and sockets where appropriate. the other end is fitted with a cord anchoring collar. Base size 15 x Energy Transfer System: Motor/Generator, 20 cm. Large EN151964 £27.44 ea For use as a driving unit /dynamo. Comprises 2 - 6V D.C. motor Energy Transfer System: Spring Unit provided with 15 mm diameter ‘V’ pulley. Base size 15 x 10 cm. For showing potential energy in a wound-up spring and its conversion to electrical energy by driving a dynamo and lighting a lamp. May EN151960 £24.31 ea also be used to wind up a weight on a cord showing the change from potential energy to kinetic and back to potential in the raised weight. Energy Transfer System: Motor/Generator, The steel shaft carries a clock spring with a free wheel device and Small winding ratchet, also an aluminium ‘V’ pulley 56 mm diameter. One end of For use with the larger Motor / the shaft overhangs the base for use as generator in comparing power input line shaft when winding up a weight. and output by driving each in turn Dimensions 220 x 100 x 100 mm with the other and metering the high. Base size 15 x 20 cm. voltage and current. Base size 15 x 10 cm. EN151965 £39.94 ea EN151961 £16.19 ea Energy Transfer System: Handwheel Drive Unit Energy Transfer System: Turbine/Pump Unit For use in driving dynamos, line shafts, Turbine/pump unit for use as a water turbine to drive a generator flywheels, pumps etc. The driving and producing electricity, or for use as a pump driven by a motor and output pulleys are both 75 mm diameter raising a head of water to produce and the intermediate pulley is 20 mm potential energy. The rotor has eight diameter giving a step-up ratio of 3.75. ‘bucket’ blades and is housed in a Base size 16 x 16 cm. block turbine chamber 50 x 50 x 25 mm with a clear Perspex front. Two inlet EN151966 £28.69 ea tubes (for turbine and pump operation) and one outlet tube are provided, and Energy Transfer System: Eddy Current Unit the shaft has a 15mm diameter pulley attached for use with a driving belt. Base For demonstration of eddy current braking dimensions: 15 x 10 cm. when used in conjunction with the hand wheel driving unit. The 120 mm diameter EN161900 £36.19 ea aluminium disc has a 20 mm driving pulley. The powerful circular magnets are Energy Transfer System: Triple Lamp Unit carried on a pivoted arm so that they may be moved over or away from the disc as For use with motor / generators to required. Base size 16 x 16 cm. give an indication of their output when used as dynamos. The lamp holders are connected in parallel. Lamps not included. EN151967 £36.19 ea EN151962 £21.19 ea Energy Transfer System: Fly Wheel Energy Transfer System: Solar Cell Motor For use with a large motor / generator and This is a small low consumption electric a lamp unit to demonstrate the conversion of motor on a base specially designed to electrical energy to kinetic energy and then run directly from the output of the solar back again. Comprising an iron flywheel 115 cell and to illustrate the direct conversion mm diameter, mass 1.2 kg mounted in cast of light energy to electrical and hence to bracket. The shaft has an aluminium ‘V’ pulley mechanical. of 44 mm diameter. Base size 15 x 10 cm. EN151963 £41.19 ea EN151968 £11.81 ea +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected] timstar.com 463

PHYSICS Energy Energy Conversion continued Hero’s Engine Energy Transfer System: Solar Cell, Mounted A functional glass model of the earliest form of steam turbine. Comprising a borosilicate glass bulb 70 mm diameter, with side For use with the motor to demonstrate the production of electrical arms bent at right angles and formed into jets at their tips. The bulb energy directly from light energy. The apparatus comprises a selenium is carried upon a metal stand which leaves it free to rotate about its photo-voltaic cell. horizontal axis. With 25-30 mL of water put into the bulb and boiled, the increased pressure ejects steam, which causes rapid rotation as per Newton’s third law. Supplied complete on stand but without burner. EN151969 £16.19 ea Connecting Belt for Pulleys £3.90 ea A belt for connecting the pulleys on energy transfer units. EN161999 Energy Transfer Unit Developed for the Science Enhancement Programme (SEP) this single unit demonstrates a range of different energy transfers; for example, how energy is transferred electrically from a hand-turned dynamo to a motor. The unit is accompanied by a booklet that discusses some of the key teaching and learning issues that surround the energy concept, and provides a series of activities that illustrate how the unit can be used to develop simple and coherent ways of talking about energy. HE180500 Hero’s Engine £31.19 ea SPARES & ACCESSORIES £8.69 ea HE180502 Spare Bulb EN152000 £168.75 ea Stirling Engine, Low Temperature Kinetic to Thermal Energy Apparatus An affordable Stirling engine which works at very low temperature differences. A cup of warm water (must be at least 60 °C) can make the This simple apparatus provides an easy way to demonstrate the motor run, which means that water heated by sunlight can become hot conversion of kinetic energy to thermal energy. The apparatus consists enough to drive this motor. Like other Stirling engines, this type works of 2 kg of lead shot contained in a robust leather pouch with removable by converting temperature differences into mechanical energy as warm cap. The leather bag is dropped repeatedly from a specific height, and air expands and cold air contracts. This is utilized in a closed system the rise in temperature in the lead shot is measured with a thermometer where the same air is pumped back and forth between a cold and a hot inserted into the top of the pouch, with the cap removed. engine part. Illustrates perfectly how Stirling engines operate and can be used with many different heat sources. Weight: 330 g. Dimensions (H x W x D): 144 x 90 x 90 mm. EN170100 £81.19 ea HE150605 £111.19 ea 464 More products and offers available on our website!

Energy PHYSICS Energy Conversion continued Pelton Turbine and Generator Thermocouple For demonstration of hydroelectric power generation, converting energy from the tap up to 6 V AC from the dynamo. The Pelton wheel This item can be used to illustrate the phenomenon of thermo-electricity. is mounted in an acrylic housing. A really effective working model. It consists of a piece of copper wire connecting two pieces of constantan Requires high pressure water jet. Dimensions (L x W x H) 195 x 170 x wire. The copper wire is wound and soldered to the constantan wire. If 100mm. a temperature difference exists between the two junctions, an electrical potential (of the order of millivolts) can be measured between the two constantan wires. Supplied with 4€mm safety jack connectors and with a 10€mm support rod. HE53750 £111.19 ea TH152000 £36.19 ea Voltaic Pile Peltier Cell What is inside a battery? How does it store energy and produce an electric potential? This voltaic pile, the earliest and most simple form Low-cost, high output Peltier cell. Peltier junctions are thermo-electric of battery is ideal for building a simple heating and cooling devices that offer solid-state, reliable temperature cell. Comprises 10 copper and 10 zinc control. Uses include cooling elements for mini fridges, cooling elements, felt discs to separate them, and laboratory instruments and cooling hot running ICs. Peltier cells can a shaft with base on which to stack them. also be used to generate electricity by heating one surface and cooling The felt discs must be impregnated with an the other. With a sufficient temperature differential a cell can output up electrolyte, such as ammonium chloride, to 1 amp at 5V - sufficient to drive a small electric motor. or an acid or base solution. EN180200 £37.44 ea HE130900 £11.92 ea Rijke Tube (Singing Pipe) Hand Powered Generator (Dynamo) Set The ‘Singing Pipe’ apparatus is a simple, effective and entertaining way to demonstrate energy conversion from heat (thermal energy) to The generator is mounted in a transparent plastic housing. Using a sound energy. Quick and easy to set up and use, this demonstration hand swing and a gearbox the generator can yield a power output rarely fails to impress. The apparatus consists of a 450 x 28 mm copper of up to 7.5 watts. The generator unit is supplied with an E10 socket tube which has a metal gauze fitted inside, at a pinch point part way for small bulbs and leads with mini crocodile clips for attachment to up from the base. The tube should be supported by a retort clamp electrolysis experiments, measuring instruments, electrical circuits, etc. towards the top, away from the heat, and a blue Bunsen burner flame The set consists of two hand generator units and includes complete user directed into the base and onto the gauze for a few seconds only. instructions. Shortly after removing the flame, the tube emits a loud ‘foghorn’ sound as air is drawn up the tube by heat rising from the hot gauze. If the tube becomes too hot it will stop emitting sound, in which case it should be allowed to cool before trying again. EN98100 Quantity £33.06 set HE72400 £49.94 ea 2 timstar.com 465 +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected]

PHYSICS Energy Renewable Energy Wind Energy Renewable Energy Kit Wind Power Renewable Energy Kit A resource designed to make the understanding of renewable and Wind is one of the most promising sources of clean, renewable energy sustainable energy generation an exciting and tactile experience. For available today. Wind energy has been used for centuries to pump indoor or outdoor use, this wind, solar and water demonstrator comes water and crush grain in windmills, and is now increasingly being in a modular format with 4 interchangeable monitors to show differing used to generate electricity to power our modern world. Using this kit ‘outputs’. An ideal resource for the discussion of environmental power you can assemble a wind turbine complete with electric generator, issues. Dimensions (L x W x H): 270 x 200 x 380mm. adjustable rotors, and wind speed indicator, then conduct more than 20 experiments with your wind turbine. Experiment with different numbers of rotor blades, different blade angles and profiles, different wind speeds, different gear ratios etc. Use the wind turbine to generate mechanical power to lift a heavy weight or generate electricity to light up an LED and charge a rechargeable battery. Includes full-colour, 32-page experiment manual with illustrated instructions and scientific information. • Build a working wind turbine • Harness mechanical energy to lift weights • Generate electricity to light an LED and charge a battery • Learn the physics of wind turbines • Discover how wind occurs and why it is such a promising energy • source Learn about the physics of force and motion as it applies to wind • power technology. Learn how to measure and calculate the different forces acting on • the rotor blades by breaking them down into vectors Discover how the sun makes the wind, providing us with an • endless source of energy Read about different types of wind turbines and windmills EN98105 £93.69 kit Power House (V2), Alternative Energy Kit EN140125 £49.94 kit The Power House kit helps to teach about alternative energy and Wind Turbine Kit sustainable living, by conducting up to 100 experiments and building energy-related models. Build the Power House and then conduct This wind turbine can be used to carry out a wide range of experiments experiments in and around the house. Learn about energy-efficient on wind power. The blades of the wind turbine can easily be attached, construction materials and passive house design. Experiment with removed or adjusted, allowing students to investigate the effects of heating, cooling, conduction, convection, and insulation. Investigate changing the number, pitch, size and shape of the blades. Some of Earth’s climate, the water cycle, and that inexhaustible power plant the effects can be quite counter-intuitive and require students to think in the sky: the sun. Test passive solar collection methods with a solar carefully about the concepts of energy and power. With 4 mm sockets collector. Hook up a photovoltaic solar panel to generate electricity from attached for easy connection to other equipment, the electrical output is sunlight. Build wind turbines to extract energy from the wind. Construct DC. Assembly required. Contents: generator assembly x 1, support post a greenhouse and learn about the energy conservation tricks used by x 1, turbine hub x 1, turbine blade posts x 6 and turbine blades x 6. plants. Power House can also be used in conjunction with temperature or voltage datalogging sensors to measure and record heat gains and losses or voltage generated. Power House provides a comprehensive overview of the many forms of alternative energy and makes environmental protection and energy conservation issues tangible with hands-on models. Comes complete with a 64-page, full-colour experiment manual which provides instructions, scientific explanations, and energy-saving tips. EN130500 £79.94 kit EN130535 £29.94 kit SPARES & ACCESSORIES £2.96 ea 466 EN130540 Corrugated sheet 600 x 500 x 3 mm £0.50 ea EN180539 Turbine Pin More products and offers available on our website!

Energy PHYSICS Wind Energy continued Mini Wind Turbine Wind Turbine Kit Comprises a low inertia motor/generator with plastic impeller, mounted on an acrylic base with 4 mm sockets for output to a voltmeter. The Developed with the National Energy Foundation, this quality, easy to use unit can also be used to power low current devices such as LEDs. The Wind Turbine Kit is a working model of a real wind turbine. Hands-on apparatus requires an electric blower (mains fan, or hair dryer on cool and fully interactive, the kit shows how wind power can be harnessed setting) to act as a wind source. Supplied assembled. to generate electricity. The kit can be assembled in minutes, is easy to use and has been designed for use in schools, colleges and universities. The wind turbine can be used indoors with a fan, or outdoors in the wind to power the electric motor, buzzer or LED, or can be connected to the voltmeter to measure the amount of electricity generated. The rear vane automatically turns the wind turbine towards the wind, even if the wind changes direction. The turbine hub offers combinations of two, three or six blades and the blade angles can be easily adjusted to discover which configuration gives the greatest electrical output. The kit includes a set of four gears which can be easily interchanged to test different gear combinations e.g. ratios of 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3, to discover what effect this has on the power generated. Packed weight: 1.29 kg •The kit contains: Two-part wind turbine (600mm high) consisting of a nacelle (top), • and tower (base) Integral clamp to secure the wind turbine to a table top or bench etc. • Six turbine blades • Motor module • LED module • Buzzer module • Dual-scale analogue voltmeter • Brass-hub gears: 60-tooth, 2 x 40-tooth, and 20-tooth with a 1.5mm hex key • Operating and assembly instructions • Cardboard storage case HE72415 £49.94 ea SEP Mini Wind Turbine The SEP mini-turbine can be used to introduce basic principles of a wind turbine. It consists of a small electric motor attached to a propeller and connected to a pair of terminal posts. To demonstrate how the turbine can generate an electrical current, it can be connected to an LED or electric motor. To measure the output, it can be connected to a voltmeter or digital multimeter - the faster the turbine turns, the higher the voltage reading. The mini-turbine can be used to carry out simple investigations into the effects of different wind speeds and angles on output, using a desk fan, for example. The wind speed can be varied by using the settings on the fan. The mini-turbine can be held in the hand or, for a more quantitative approach, held in a clamp stand, which allows distances and angles to be measured more accurately. HE82370 £187.44 kit EN130515 £18.69 ea SPARES & ACCESSORIES £16.19 ea HE160372 Turbine Blade Pack £2.81 ea timstar.com 467 HE160374 Slide Bearing & Adaptor Pin Pack [email protected] +44 (0) 3333 442 443

PHYSICS Energy Solar Energy Solar Cells Solar Furnace Fitted with threaded stud terminals. Output 0.45V. May be fitted together for increased power. Demonstrate the extraordinary power of the sun by concentrating solar energy with this parabolic dish. Using its reflective mirror, the furnace can generate extreme temperatures to heat materials placed in the attached copper receptacle. Dimensions (Dia.) 300mm. HE63750 £206.25 ea HE43100 Dimensions Current £3.36 ea HE43105 £5.01 ea HE43110 53 x 36 x 7.5 mm (L x W x H) 200€mA £9.05 ea HE43115 75 x 45 x 7.5 mm (L x W x H) 400€mA £9.68 ea 95 x 65 x 7.5 mm (L x W x H) 800€mA 95 x 65 x 7.5 mm (L x W x H) 1000€mA Crookes Radiometer Solar Cell Modules, Encapsulated A glass bulb containing a set of 4 different coloured vanes, which rotate A range of grade A high efficiency polycrystalline when exposed to light. solar cells with outputs ranging from 1.5V / 400mA to 5.0V / 130mA. Resin encapsulated for a robust finish and improved longevity, they come fitted with high-temperature silicon red and black connecting wires, 200mm long. Individual units can be connected in series or parallel to obtain increased voltage or current output. Class IP54 protection, CE approved. Dimensions Current Voltage EN130545 90 x 60 x 3 mm (L x W x D) 400 mA 1.5 V £6.41 ea EN130550 120 x 62 x 3 mm (L x W x D) 400 mA 2 V £8.14 ea HE18738 £13.06 ea EN130555 121 x 62 x 3 mm (L x W x D) 130 mA 5 V £8.76 ea Halogen Lamp for Solar Cells Solar Panel, 10 Watts Superbright Halogen lamps suitable for use as a general light source Solar panel consisting of 36 monocrystalline solar cells mounted in an and ideal for use with solar cells and modules as they offer much aluminium frame with front glass panel. Complete with shrouded 4 mm brighter light than standard desk lamps. Available as portable units for plug leads. bench use or mounted on a telescopic tripod. • Maximum output: 18.0 V / 0.58 A • Open-circuit voltage: 22 V • Short-circuit current: 0.6 A • Dimensions: 383 x 299 x 34 mm LA130500 Type Power Voltage £17.44 ea EN170500 £78.69 ea LA130505 £21.19 ea Portable 150 W 230 V AC Portable 400 W 230 V AC 468 More products and offers available on our website!

Energy PHYSICS Solar Energy continued Solar Educational Kit, Modular Solar Motor A kit comprising 8 solar modules, low-inertia motor, impeller, connecting lead and copper links for cell interconnections and housings Precision made, robust inertia type motor suitable for solar cells and and brackets to enable the construction of various solar powered modules. Operating voltage 1.5-9V. Starting current approx.10mA. projects. The modular concept of this kit enables experimentation with Dimensions (Dia. x H): 32 x 19.5mm. Shaft Dimensions (L x Dia.): 8.8 differing voltages and currents to produce the required circuit. The kit x 2.0mm. also includes a comprehensive booklet covering principles of solar power, together with useful connection diagrams and output calculation formulae. EN98115 £1.71 ea Solar Motor 1.5 to 6.0V (1800rpm at 1.5V). Axle Dimensions (Dia.): 2mm. HE92345 £17.14 kit HE43150 £1.76 ea Solar Thermal Collector Solar Educational Kit, Introductory The solar thermal collector is used to demonstrate how solar energy can be converted directly into heat energy. The apparatus includes a An ideal introduction to solar power containing a 400 mA solar peristaltic circulation pump, along with an acrylic reservoir with heat module, low-inertia DC motor; connecting lead, fan impeller and exchanger (copper coil). The reservoir can illustrate how the water selection of turntable discs. Supplied complete with booklet explaining heater in a house works or, if used without water, to illustrate how a the principles and applications of solar energy. radiator heats up the air in a room. The apparatus can also be used with a halogen lamp as a light source (to replace the sun). Solar radiation is absorbed by the black absorber plate, which consists of a metal plate with attached copper pipes, insulation behind the absorber and a transparent acrylic front plate to reduce heat loss. The black copper pipe mounted on the collector is connected with plastic tubing to the pump and copper coil in the reservoir. The pump circulates water through the pipe and tubes and transports thermal energy from the absorber to the reservoir. When the temperature and amount of water in the reservoir are known, the heat input can be calculated from the temperature rise. The reservoir/storage tank includes a rubber stopper with holes for a thermometer and a thermocouple, for data collection. The collector has a hole at the top to allow the copper pipe temperature rise to be monitored. The solar thermal collector can be set at different angles to ensure the highest possible solar intensity. • Area of the absorber: 29.0 x 29.4 cm = 852.6 cm2 • Reservoir: 94 mm internal diameter, 3 mm wall thickness acrylic • Overall dimensions: 31 x 31 x 6 cm • Water pump: 12 V DC / 1.5 A HE43180 £11.56 kit EN170510 ✓ £487.50 kit +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected] timstar.com 469

PHYSICS Energy Steam Engines Steam Engine SP5D Steam Engine SP2 A twin cylinder stationary engine complete with generator and light. A powerful compact engine capable of driving workshop models. Uses solid fuel tablets. HE63700 ✓ £275.00 ea Steam Traction Engine A classic driven model. HE08900 £156.25 ea Steam Engine SP4 A versatile unit capable of driving larger models. Uses solid fuel tablets. HE82305 ✓ £243.75 ea Solid Fuel Tablets Suitable for Mamod steam engines. Supplied in a pack of 20 tablets. HE08902 £181.25 ea PLEASE NOTE: By the nature of their HE08904 £8.69 pk design, steam engines will leak steam and water. This is normal and does not More products and offers available on our website! indicate a fault! 470

Energy PHYSICS Thermal Conduction Conductivity Star Wood/Metal Cylinder Thermal conductivity apparatus for use with a tea light / candle or small A value version of HE72450. Dimensions (L x Dia.): 250 x 20mm. bunsen burner flame. The unit has an integral polished wooden handle and 5 metal rods (aluminium, brass, mild steel, copper and nickel) mounted in a brass centre block. Students can discover which metals conduct heat the most efficiently by placing a small amount of wax at the end of each rod and seeing which melts first when heat is applied to the centre block. Wax not included. Rod Dimensions (Dia. x L): 4 x 75mm. HE102304 £11.88 ea HE110110 £8.84 ea Wood/Metal Cylinder Ingenhousz’s Apparatus The wood/metal cylinder offers a nice demonstration of conduction Five rods, one of each aluminium, brass, copper, zinc and iron, and insulation. The apparatus consist of a copper tube attached to a embedded along one side of a metal tank. Rates of melting compared wooden rod of equal diameter. A piece of paper is wrapped tightly by placing wax on end of rods thus giving rates of conductivity in the around the central section, covering the wood and metal parts, then different metals. Dimensions (L x W x H): 150 x 90 x 100mm. the rod/cylinder is passed through a Bunsen burner flame for a few seconds, making sure both wood and metal parts pass through the flame. The metal part conducts heat away so the paper hardly browns, but because the wood part is an insulator the paper covering gets scorched by the flame. Dimensions (L x Dia.): 190 x 22 mm. HE72450 £23.69 ea HE43008 £30.56 ea DE Conductivity Apparatus Conductivity Rods Consists of four metal strips (aluminium, brass, copper and iron) AB C mounted on a wooden ring. The outer end of the strips are formed into a small cup to contain wax. Suitable for use with a small bunsen flame or tea light/candle. HE18730 £7.79 ea Type Length DiameterQuantity Wax Burners HE18732 A Aluminium30 cm 3 mm 10 £2.31 pk HE18733 £14.94 pk HE18734 B Copper 30 cm 3 mm 10 HE102300 £3.91 pk HE102315 C Iron 30 cm 3 mm 10 £13.69 pk D Brass 25 cm 3 mm 10 £8.56 pk E Glass 30 cm 3 mm 10 Conductivity Rods Set of rods, one each of aluminium, brass, copper, and iron. Dimensions (L€x€Dia.):€250 x 3€mm. Type Quantity ✓ £4.25 pk HE18735 Quantity £8.95 set BU110320 Night lights 25 5 timstar.com 471 +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected]

PHYSICS Energy Thermal Conduction continued Ice Melting Kit, Advanced Thermal Conductivity Bars This advanced ice melting kit nicely demonstrates the thermal conductivity of materials by using different types of metal blocks to These are safe, clean (no wax) and melt ice cubes. The kit consists of an acrylic base with sump, an acrylic easy to use. The durable liquid crystal tube, two cylindrical copper blocks and two cylindrical steel blocks. strips embedded in the bars show how The apparatus is set up by placing one of the copper blocks on top of a red zone of 40°C moves up the bars. the acrylic base. The base has an integral sump, which will contain the The colours give a dramatic view of meltwater from an ice cube. The acrylic tube is then placed over the conduction and the marked difference in copper block, in order to contain the metal blocks and ice cube. An temperature gradients in the bars is also ice cube is then dropped down the tube onto the block and the second visible. By immersing the heated bars into copper block is placed on top. Immediately the ice begins to melt, due cold water shows how conductivity applies to the high thermal conductivity of copper (along with a large thermal to heat leaving the metal. The tops of mass), and in a matter of 10-15 seconds the ice will have melted and the bars are designed to be touched disappeared. By repeating the experiment using the steel blocks it with a finger tip to reinforce the colour can be seen that the ice melts more slowly, due to the lower thermal observations. conductivity of steel. Each experiment can be timed, for a more accurate comparison between the two different metals. The kit also includes two HE43005 Type £37.49 ea plastic insulating discs, which can be placed between the ice and the HE43009 £374.94 set metal blocks to show that it is not simply the pressure of the top block Single which is causing the ice to melt. If repeating the experiment using the Class set of 12 in Gratnells Tray same blocks, it is better to allow the blocks to come back up to room temperature first (if repeatable results are required). Contents: • Acrylic base and tube • 2 x 0.5kg copper blocks • 2 x 0.5kg steel blocks • 2 x plastic insulating discs Also required: Ice cubes, preferably quite large. Drinking Bird A classic toy that is really a heat engine! This simple, inexpensive device demonstrates the cooling effect due to evaporation. Simply duck the bird’s head into a container filled of water to begin the bobbing motion. Subsequently, the bird will continue to drink by dipping its head into the water, so long as there is water in the container. The evaporation of water from the material on the bird’s head cools the vapour of the special liquid inside the bird, which in turn causes a pressure drop in the head allowing liquid to rise from the base. This alters the balance of the bird on its pivot and the bird dips back down into the liquid again to repeat the cycle. Please note: model supplied may differ from the image. TE170900 £38.69 kit Ice Makers See page 85 HE130505 £6.88 ea Convection Ice Melting Kit Tea Bag Paper For Convection Demonstrations Demonstrates the difference in conductivity of two different substances. Comprises two identical looking square blocks but of different This plain, non heat seal paper is ideal for demonstrating convection materials, one of thermal conducting material and other of thermal experiments. Simply create a tube structure, by folding the paper, insulating material. On placing ice on both of them, ice melts faster on and light the top. The paper will then rise up due to convection one of them showing the difference in their conductivities. current. It has many other uses including filtration and use in diffusion experiments. Supplied in a roll. • Weight: 1.5 kg • Paper thickness: 12.7 gsm • Width: 124 mm • Length: approx 930 m HE92305 £18.69 kit EN140180 £47.44 ea 472 More products and offers available on our website!

Energy PHYSICS Thermal Conduction continued Thermal Radiation Thermopile (Heat Radiation Detector) Convection In Water Apparatus This sensor is sensitive to electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength Consisting of a rectangular glass tubing. Dimensions (W x L x Dia.): region from 0.25€µm to 20€µm, i.e. from the ultraviolet through the 210 x 360 x 22mm. visible to the far infrared. Thus it is sensitive to thermal radiation in the near IR (0.3-3€µm) and far IR (3-20€µm) regions. Because the sensor HE18778 £29.94 ea uses a black absorbing surface and a thermopile detector, the response £8.40 of the sensor is uniform over its wavelength range. The output signal SPARES & ACCESSORIES is proportional to the incident power per unit area striking the detector surface. The sensor is adjusted so that an output of 4€V corresponds to 1000€W/m2€±3%. The cable is terminated in a 5 pole male DIN connector compatible with the power supply / adapter box below, to provide the necessary 5€V€DC bias voltage. When using the battery box an ordinary digital voltmeter, multimeter or oscilloscope can be used to read the output signal. Supplied with a holder with a 10€mm diameter rod for mounting in a squat retort base (ST96274) or laboratory lamp stand. PO4988 Potassium permanganate LR Convection In Air (Mine Shaft) Apparatus Consists of a metal box with a sliding glass front and two detachable glass chimneys. A lighted tea light (night light) is placed beneath the base of one chimney to create convection currents. (Tea lights not supplied). Dimensions (L x H x D): 240 x 90 x 70mm. HE18736 £24.94 ea HE110100 £331.25 ea SPARES & ACCESSORIES £7.73 pr £33.69 ea HE18737 Spare Chimneys £2.81 pk SPARES & ACCESSORIES BU80555 Smoke Matches £4.25 pk BU110320 Night lights Thermal Energy ST96274 Squat Retort Base FreezCube Microphone/Thermopile PSU The FreezCube is a 3 mL aluminium chamber with a Peltier effect device The battery box is used as a power supply for microphones SO190205 which removes heat from the chamber into a water tank underneath. & SO150205, and thermopile HE110100. The battery box turns on The small volume of water can be cooled to -10 °C in under 10 automatically when a device is connected through the modular socket. minutes, allowing an observation of the latent heat of fusion within a This is indicated by an LED. The analogue signal is output via two 4 lesson. A universal thermometer holder allows the temperature of the mm safety sockets. A cable with modular plugs, and a 9 V battery, are water to be measured, and a stirrer prevents supercooling. Requires a included. 6 or 12 V DC power supply that can deliver 5 A. Cooling times will be faster with 12 V. EN180100 £49.94 ea HE190105 ✓ £99.94 ea SPARES & ACCESSORIES £3.91 ea +44 (0) 3333 442 443 BA01970 PP3 Batteries timstar.com 473 [email protected]

PHYSICS Energy Thermal Radiation continued Heat Radiation Plate Leslie Cube The plate is used to demonstrate the importance of the surface properties for heat radiation. The steel plate has one side plain metal 10 cm cube with surfaces: dull black, and the other side painted black. It is mounted on a nickel plated shaft shiny black, white and copper. The with a wooden handle. The plate is first heated (on the plain side), opening on top allows the cube to then the temperature of both sides is compared using, for example, be filled with hot water, and the lid heat radiation discs (HE43015) or an IR digital thermometer. Mass: reduces both heat loss and the risk of 370g. Plate Dimensions (L x W x D): 175 x 175 x 1mm. Dimensions (L): spillage. 370mm. HE18740 £46.19 ea HE92350 £41.19 ea Radiant Heat Source Heat Absorption & Radiation Apparatus A safe, compact heat source, ideal for heat radiation experiments in This apparatus offers a quick and safe method for demonstrating schools. Comprising a base and cage enclosing a custom IR radiating comparative heat absorption from a radiated heat source. The lamp of the dull emitter type. apparatus uses a 12 V 24W bulb as a heat source, with 2 parabolic metal dishes for heat absorption - one finished in black and one in • 300 W power output shiny metal. The dishes include integral holders for thermometers, to • Dimensions (W x D x H): 150 x 150 x 220 mm allow comparison of temperature readings (thermometers not included). Comes complete with instructions. HE150000 £27.44 ea HE180010 Heat Source £124.94 ea Heat Sensitive Paper SPARES & ACCESSORIES £49.94 ea HE180011 Replacement Bulb A novel way to investigate temperature, insulation, and body temperature. Heat sensitive thermochromic paper changes colour as the temperature rises, even from the heat of your hand. The paper is supplied in four colours - blue/white, purple/pink, pink/white and green/yellow. Dimensions (L x W): 297 x 210mm. Radiation Absorption Disc Set HE92352 Quantity £38.69 pk 40 Aluminium discs each with different durable anodised finish-matt black, mirror black, matt silver and mirror silver. Bonded to the reverse of each Thermal Reaction disc is a 30-650°C liquid crystal thermometer. These discs show in a clear and measurable way how absorption of heat radiation depends Pocket Warmer on surface colour and texture. The very low heat capacity gives quick results, meaning that many more experiments can be completed in This demonstrates exothermic crystallisation of supersaturated solutions, each lesson. The discs can be used to investigate rates of cooling, the which generate heat to warm hands. It is reusable and can be effects of filters and reflectors, inverse square law and equilibrium recharged by immersing the hand-warmer in very hot water until the between absorption and emission. Supplied with holder and storage contents are uniformly fluid and then allowing it to cool. Weight: 66g. box. Dimensions (L x W): 98 x 87mm. HE43015 Quantity £39.94 set HE140100 £4.00 ea 4 474 More products and offers available on our website!

Forces & Motion PHYSICS Dynamics & Collisions Dynamics Track Newton’s Cradle (Collision Apparatus) Designed to provide a smooth flat easily inclinable surface for dynamics experiments using trolleys. This apparatus is designed to illustrate Newton’s third law of motion: Complete with wooden side rails and plastic feet. action and reaction forces act upon different bodies and are oppositely directed. The apparatus is also suitable for the demonstration of momentum conservation. The collision apparatus is supplied with five 25.4mm diameter nickel coated steel balls suspended by double strings in a robust wooden frame. Mass: 700g. Dimensions (L x W x H): 227 x 183 x 222mm. FO91700 £78.69 ea FO91714 Length Width ✓ £124.94 ea FO91712 £162.50 ea 150 cm 30 cm 240 cm 30 cm Newton’s Cradle, Economy Flexiramp Apparatus for demonstration of Newton’s 3rd law of motion which says This flexible plastic ramp can be used to create slopes and curved tracks that action and reaction are equal and opposite. The device is suitable for use in dynamics experiments. Designed for use with small vehicles, for demonstration of momentum conservation. Dimensions: 124 x 110 the ramp comes with side rails to contain the vehicles. Tracks can be x 153 mm. Ball diameter 20 mm. connected together by unscrewing an endplate and joining to another track. Dimensions: Track runway length 1.2 metres; Usable width of track 95 mm. FO151642 £13.06 ea FO71710 £76.19 ea NEWTON’S LAWS 1st Law 1st Law 2nd Law Inertia Special F = ma Newton’s laws of motion are three physical laws that together laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the Case relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and All its motion in response to said forces. They have been expressed in several different ways over nearly three centuries, and can be Matter summarised as follows. First law: When viewed in an inertial reference frame, an object FDt = -mDv F1 = -F2 either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force. 3rd Law Second law: The vector sum of the forces F on an object is Equal & equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration Opposite vector a of the object: F = ma. Third law: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the NEWTON’S LAWS second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body. The three laws of motion were first compiled by Isaac Newton in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), first published in 1687. Newton used them to explain and investigate the motion of many physical objects and systems. For example, in the third volume of the text, Newton showed that these laws of motion, combined with his law of universal gravitation, explained Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected] timstar.com 475

PHYSICS Forces & Motion Dynamics & Collisions continued Ticker Tape Timer, Economy Dynamics Trolley, Wooden Operates at 6 V AC and produces dots on the tape using a carbon paper disc at an electronically controlled frequency of 50 Hz. The unit is This high quality wooden trolley has three low-friction wheels, a strong housed in a rugged ABS case. Supplied with 40mm carbon paper discs spring plunger and three dowel pegs. Several trolleys may be stacked and 15mm wide ticker tape. on top of each other and are held in position using the dowel rods which fit into holes in the top & bottom of the trolleys. This allows the effective trolley mass to be doubled or tripled. Alternatively, masses may be placed on the flat surface on top of the trolleys. Mass: 870g. Dimensions (L x W x D): 290 x 140 x 90mm. FO81625 £69.94 ea £17.44 pk SPARES & ACCESSORIES Length Width Quantity Type FO91710 £98.69 ea FO81626 Ticker Tape 30 metre 15 mm 5 SPARES & ACCESSORIES £7.44 set FO190712 Replacement Wheels Ticker Tape Timer Dynamics Trolley, Wooden This timer is very robust and features an adjustable spring loading mechanism A pair of identical wooden trolleys mounted on 3 low-friction wheels to ensure suitable ticker tape markings. with spring plungers. The trolleys may be stacked on top of each other Operates at 12 V AC. providing 50 by the use of pins (supplied). Dimensions (L): 300mm. Hz. Uses 50mm dia. carbon discs and 9.5mm wide tape. FO81650 Dimensions ✓ £93.69 ea £31.19 pk SPARES & ACCESSORIES 30 m x 9.5 mm Quantity Type 50 mm dia. 5 £9.63 pk 100 FO81651 Ticker Tape FO81652 Carbon paper Discs TI30150 ✓ £64.94 pr Ticker Timer, Premium Dynamics Trolley, Plastic Premium quality ticker timer from Frederiksen, for investigating linear motion. An electromagnet punches dots through carbon paper twice These unique precision Dynamics Carts are ideal for all basic dynamics every AC 50 Hz period, which marks dots on the ticker tape at an experiments. Strong and rigid, they can take the weight of an adult interval of 0.01 second (100 per second). The timer has safety sockets without bending or breaking. They can be loaded with house bricks and 10 mm diameter holes with wing nuts for fixing to a retort stand or similar weights for velocity, acceleration and collision experiments. etc. A special bosshead with attached rod is available for fixing Each cart is complete with a firing button and a 2 position spring the ticker timer to a retort stand. A holder for the ticker tape is also loaded firing shaft with a safety locking device to prevent accidental available which allows the tape to be mounted and move freely on firing. These carts run straight and true and the wheels are of low bearings, thus reducing friction and improving accuracy of results. mass and low friction. Each is accurately calibrated to be 600€g Requires a 6-8 V AC 50 Hz power supply and two 4 mm plug leads. and are stackable. The approximate dimensions of the body are Ticker tape and carbon discs (LxWxH)€300€x€130€x€90€mm. Supplied as a pair. are sold separately. Ticker tape measures 18 mm wide and is supplied in 325 m reels. Carbon discs measure 64 mm in diameter and are suppled in packs of 50. TI58710 £64.94 pr FO170700 Type ✓ £181.25 ea FO170702 £57.44 ea 476 FO170704 Ticker Timer unit £6.48 ea FO170706 Ticker Tape Holder £9.94 pk FO170708 Ticker Tape, 325 m £16.19 ea Carbon Discs, pk 50 Bosshead with Rod More products and offers available on our website!

Forces & Motion PHYSICS Air Puck Soccer Disc Push/Pull Spring Balances This battery powered air puck can be used for ‘frictionless’ A range of colour coded spring balances to investigate measurement demonstrations, in a similar way to the carbon dioxide (dry ice) pucks of force involving either a push or pull action. Calibrated in grams and which used to be available. It is also a fun way to play ‘air hockey’ newtons. on any flat surface. Two discs can be used together for demonstrating collision between objects. With its powerful hover action, the air powered soccer disc literally floats on a cushion of air. The disk has a soft outer rim to prevent damage as well as improving rebounding from any object it collides with. Can be used indoors or out. Requires 4 x AA batteries (not included). Dimensions: 18 x 18 x 6 cm. FO170500 £16.19 ea BA50648 Capacity Readability £4.99 ea SPARES & ACCESSORIES £2.21 pk BA50650 ✓ £4.99 ea BA01983 2 x AA Batteries BA50652 250 g (2.5 N) 5 g (0.05 N) BA50654 500 g (5 N) 10 g (0.1 N) £4.99 ea BA50658 1 kg (10 N) 20 g (0.2 N) £4.99 ea BA50660 2 kg (20 N) 40 g (0.4 N) £5.51 ea BA50662 3 kg (30 N) 100 g (1 N) £4.99 ea 5 kg (50 N) 100 g (1 N) £29.94 set Set of 6 Push/Pull Balances Wireless XYZ Accelerometer Bathroom Scales This innovative device comprises a 3-axis accelerometer, Bluetooth Bathroom Scales transceiver and rechargeable enclosed in a cube. It allows live, direct measurement of 2D and 3D acceleration on a computer, via the Complete with zero adjuster and magnifying lens for easy reading. included USB Bluetooth dongle and software. The cube is printed such Measures in kg. that it can be seen which physical axis corresponds to the acceleration measured in each direction. It measures just 23 mm on a side, so it can be attached easily to trolleys and vehicles such as air track riders. Also included is a spherical shell into which the cube can be secured, for investigations around rotation and pendulums. Data is captured via the USB Bluetooth dongle, which also serves as a docking station to recharge the cube. The software shows live data, and allows analysis and playback of the movement in 2D and 3D. • Acceleration range: ±2-16 g • Angular motion range: ±200-2000 °/s FO180900 ✓ £206.25 ea BA01370 £15.63 ea Spring Balances Newtons Bathroom Scale Spring Balances A robust bathroom scale, calibrated in Newtons. Colour-coded spring balances, in clear bodies with visible spring mechanisms. Calibrated in both newtons and grams. A B C DE F G FO180400 Capacity Colour £2.44 ea BA180000 £23.69 ea FO180402 £2.44 ea FO180404 A 1 N (100 g) Brown £2.44 ea timstar.com 477 FO180406 B 2.5 N (250 g) Blue £2.44 ea FO180408 C 5 N (500 g) Turquoise £2.44 ea FO180410 D 10 N (1 kg) Taupe Grey £2.44 ea FO180412 E 20 N (2 kg) Red £2.44 ea FO180414 F 30 N (3 kg) Silver £14.94 set G 50 N (5 kg) Gold Set of each +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected]

PHYSICS Forces & Motion Forces Force Board Kit Force table The Force Board is a good way to introduce students to Newton’s Laws and vector addition, demonstrating the principles of the parallelogram This Force Table enables demonstrations and hands-on experimenting and polygon of forces. The board, pulleys and masses (all included) by students into the parallelogram of forces (vector addition of forces). allow for easy set-up of equilibrium conditions and consequent The apparatus consists of a polypropylene table mounted on three legs, measurement of the forces involved. The background grid helps to with three free-running pulleys which can be fitted arbitrarily around visualise the direction of force and thereby to calculate the resultant the edge of the table. The magnitudes of the three acting forces can be vector. The back board is bench-standing and hard-wearing, with a altered using the three supplied slotted mass sets. printed background grid, and has detachable feet for easy storage. The The kit includes: set includes ball bearing pulleys, three hooks, thread and a mass set. Board dimensions: 40 x 55 cm (W x H) • Graduated scale and rotating protractor • 3 legs • Spirit level • Central locating ring • Thread • 3 pulleys with clamps • 3 mass holders (10 g each) • 3 mass sets (each set comprises 1 x 50g, 5 x 20g, 1 x 10g, 2 x 5 g) FO170300 £69.94 ea FO170200 £112.44 kit Parallelogram of Forces Apparatus PARALLELOGRAM LAW A larger version Force Board, useful for demonstrating parallelogram OF FORCES of forces / relationship between forces acting at a point. The apparatus comprises a sturdy board approximately 60cm x 50cm, 2 x 50mm The parallelogram law requires the two forces to be adjacent. diameter clamping pulleys, 12 x 50g slotted masses and 3 mass Another way of constructing the parallelogram is to place the origin hangers. of the second vector at the terminal point of the first. Because parallelograms have opposite sides that are congruent, the result remains the same. Although construction and measurement of the resulting vector provides a close approximation to the resulting forces, mathematically, it is possible to solve for the resultant force using either the sine law or the cosine law from geometry. Physics views forces as vector quantities. They have both magnitude and direction. If two forces act on an object in the same direction, the vectors add. When three forces act on an object from multiple directions, the physicist determines the resultant of two forces and repeats the procedure using the vectors for the first resultant and the third force. Pulleys & Masses See page 487 (Pulleys) and 482 (Masses) FO170400 £44.94 ea 478 More products and offers available on our website!

Forces & Motion PHYSICS Friction Pendulum Wave Apparatus Inclined Plane and Friction Board The pendulum wave is both attention grabbing, and a great demonstration of simple harmonic motion. The apparatus comprises For demonstrating the composition of a force and for determining a row of 15 steel ball pendula of different lengths so that they will the coefficients of friction between different materials. Comprising of swing at a unique frequency. The frame is minimalist in design, so the a wooden base, hinged inclined plane and pulley. Angles can be set apparatus can be viewed from the front or side to best effect. Using the between 24 and 45 degrees approx. Supplied with cylindrical metal supplied wooden board, the pendula are raised to the same height, roller and scale pan. Dimensions (L x W x H): 600 x 75 x 19mm. and then released simultaneously. At first, they will all be in the same position, but as they start to swing out of phase due to their different natural frequency, they will begin to form beautiful patterns, before eventually returning to swing in phase again. Hypnotic to watch, it will leave students asking for an explanation as to how it works! Dimensions (L x W x H): approx. 40 x 15 x 22 cm TI58760 £53.69 ea Gravity FO170100 £26.19 ea Centre of Gravity Apparatus Kit Guinea & Feather Apparatus A simple and economical way to demonstrate the geometrical centre Apparatus to show the equality of acceleration under of gravity of two-dimensional objects, this apparatus comprises a clear gravity between light and heavy objects in the absence Perspex rod mounted on a base, with a suspension screw at the top of air resistance. Comprises a 100 cm acrylic tube with and four clear acrylic shapes - circular, bungs at either end. A valve with stopcock at one end triangular, square and trapezoid. Each allows a vacuum pump to be attached, and the air shape has suspension holes at various evacuated from the tube. Inside the tube is a coin, and a points around the edges. The point of piece of paper (various laws prevent supply of a feather intersection of lines drawn vertically for this apparatus). When air is in the tube, the coin falls down from the suspension point of 2 or quickly but the paper is subject to air resistance and more holes gives the centre of gravity falls more slowly. With the air evacuated, the only force for each shape. For non-permanent acting is gravity, so the two fall at equal rate, despite markings, lines can be drawn using the difference in weight. The famous experiment on the dry-wipe pens or similar. Moon with a hammer and feather can be seen here: http://timstar.co/HammerFeather FO130515 £27.44 kit Pendulum Balls A solid metal sphere with small hook. AB C DE F TI15770 Type Diameter Quantity £12.38 pk TI180788 £43.69 ea TI15771 £21.81 pk TI15772 A Lead 13 mm 10 £23.69 pk timstar.com 479 TI15773 B Lead 19 mm 10 TI15774 C Lead 25 mm 10 £1.31 ea TI15775 D Brass 13 mm 1 £2.16 ea E Brass 19 mm 1 £7.36 ea F Brass 25 mm 1 +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected]

PHYSICS Forces & Motion Gravity continued Monkey & Hunter ‘g’ by Freefall Apparatus Kit This fun and useful apparatus helps to demonstrate the ‘Monkey and Hunter’ experiment, to show how gravity affects projectile motion. The This premium apparatus, from Frederiksen, allows accurate and apparatus consists of a projectile ‘gun’ which fires a ping pong ball reproducable free fall experiments to be carried out. The release (‘bullet’) and a model animal (‘monkey’) on an electromagnet release mechanism at the top sends a start pulse to the timer when the ball is mechanism. The monkey is released at exactly the same time as the ball released, and a stop pulse is generated when the ball hits the contact is fired, so should the gun be aimed directly at the monkey or just below plate at the bottom. it to allow for the distance it falls? Theory and practice will show that the gun should be aimed directly at the monkey, as both ball and monkey • Connections via standard 4 mm safety connectors will fall at the same rate due to gravitational force. • No external power supply required so no risk of overheated coils • Four gold-plated steel balls and a ping-pong ball with metal • thumb tacks included Includes a mirror to minimize parallax errors Requires separate timer (FO140110), stand and cables (not included). FO71860 £150.00 kit SPARES & ACCESSORIES £11.24 ea FO71862 Spare Monkey £27.44 ea FO71864 Solenoid & PCB FO140105 £143.75 kit Falling Bodies Apparatus Student Timer This simple but effective apparatus demonstrates that two projectiles launched at the same time, but with different trajectories, will hit the This high quality timer, from Frederiksen, is particularly suitable for ground at the same time due to the force of gravity. In this case, one experiments such as ‘g’ by free fall and speed of sound, as well as steel sphere is launched horizontally from a spring-loaded L-shaped other experiments where accurate timing is required. Inputs are via arm at the same time as an identical steel sphere is allowed to fall freely DIN 6 pole connectors (for Frederiksen photocells and microphones) from the same height, but vertically. Both spheres will hit the ground at or 4 mm safety sockets (for free fall experiments or other equipment). the same time. Launching mechanism is mounted on a wooden block, Compatible with the following equipment: which can be clamped to a bench top, and comes complete with 2 steel spheres. The wooden block also incorporates an integral storage pocket • SO150400 microphone for the spheres. Dimensions: 180 x 60 x 30 mm. • TI170200 photogate • TI170100 speedgate FO170900 £21.81 ea • FO140105 freefall apparatus • Range: 0.03 ms to 27 hours Projectile Launcher Kit, Advanced • Resolution: 0.01 ms • 5 digit LED display with floating decimal point This durable Projectile Launcher, of aluminium construction with • Manually controlled stopwatch option hardened steel latches, has a string release trigger mechanism with 2 • Accepts start and stop signals from microphones, photocells or bore sights and pivots from horizontal to 90°. It comes with a 19mm • any on/off switch connected to the 4 mm sockets diameter ball which is easy to place in the launch position. Trajectories vary less than 1 cm because the ball does not spin when launched. Power: 6 x AA batteries or mains adapter (included) The apparatus includes an assembled spring loaded gun, two balls of aluminium, an integral protractor and plumb line and comes complete with operating instructions. Weight: 1.74kg. Dimensions (L x W x H): 40 x 10 x 18cm. FO140110 £293.75 ea SPARES & ACCESSORIES £2.21 pk BA01983 2 x AA Batteries Retort Rod, Extra Long Mild steel rod. Ideal for use with ‘g’ by freefall, allowing a clear drop of 2 metres. Tapped hole. 10 x 1.5mm screwthread. ST96270 Length Diameter £22.44 ea FO130520 £58.69 kit 2.1 metre 12 mm 480 More products and offers available on our website!

Forces & Motion PHYSICS A B Levers & Moments Levers Kit, Drilled Moment of Force Apparatus This levers kit contains 5 sets of levers and accessories for students to investigate levers and moments. Each set includes a lever with precisely Self-contained apparatus for study of moments. Comprising a high- placed pre-drilled holes mounted on a plastic saddle, pivot rod and quality aluminium stand, metre rule, three knife-edge sliders with mounting base, along with 10 g mass carriers which slot into the lever hooks, two mass hangers, eight slotted masses 1-500 g, and a storage holes. Each set requires a set of 10g slotted masses (not included). wrack. No additional apparatus such as retort stands required, and can Contents: 5 x lever kits. be set up in ‘moments’. Additional knife-edge sliders can be purchased if required. FO180000 Type £56.19 ea FO180002 £2.44 ea A Moment of Force Kit B Knife Edge Clamp Balancing Beam Kit The balancing beam kit contains 5 sets of pre-drilled wooden beams with a central pivot and brass hooks to slot into the holes. The brass hooks are used to support slotted masses (not included) and the pivot is clamped into a retort boss head for support. Contents: 5 each of balance beams and pivots plus 10 brass hooks; enough for 5 groups or individual students. FO71805 £78.69 kit Levers Kit This kit allows students to investigate levers and how they work. Five graduated beams, each 600mm long, are grooved across the centre of one side, at the fulcrum point, and also at regular intervals along the other side. Includes 4 fulcrums and 40 25 x 25mm metal squares to act as weights for balancing. FO71800 £71.19 kit +44 (0) 3333 442 443 FO91722 £73.69 kit [email protected] timstar.com 481

PHYSICS Forces & Motion Masses Brass Mass Sets Mixed Mass Set with Tray Slotted. Circular with hole and slot 1 % tolerance. A set of 9 masses - 3 coated steel and 6 brass - mounted in a plastic tray for storage and visual comparison. This set offers a useful means both to visualise and to compare different masses, as well as providing mass combinations from 10 g to 1990 g in 10 g increments. Contents: 2 x 10g, 20g, 50g, 2 x 100g, 200g, 500g & 1kg masses plus moulded tray. MA18834 Mass £24.94 set MA170850 £19.94 set MA170820 9x 100 g + 100 g hanger £12.28 set MA18832 9x 50 g + 50 g hanger MA18830 9x 20 g + 20 g hanger £8.55 set 9x€10 g + 10 g€hanger £18.69 set 5, 10, 20, 50 & 200 g MA170000 £32.44 set Separate Brass Slotted Masses and Hangers Brass masses and hangers made to 1% tolerance. Steel Masses, Slotted Set Economical but good quality slotted mass set made from coated steel alloy. Set comprises 1 x 100g mass hanger plus 9 x 100g masses. Tolerance ±5%. MA18856 Type Mass £3.63 ea MA18854 £2.34 ea MA18852 Mass 100 g £1.44 ea MA18850 Mass 50 g £1.02 ea MA18848 Mass 20 g £0.71 ea MA18846 Mass 10 g £4.45 ea MA18844 Mass 5g £3.21 ea MA18842 Hanger 100 g £1.94 ea MA18840 Hanger 50 g £1.24 ea Hanger 20 g Hanger 10 g MA104056 Type Mass Quantity £13.06 set Slotted Masses and Hangers - MA104050 £6.14 pk Iron MA104052 Steel Masses Set 1 kg 1 £7.57 pk Masses 100 g 5 Each hanger will hold up to 17 masses of 1kg. Mass hangers 100 g 5 Alloy Masses Slotted alloy masses. Tolerance ±2 %. Sets comprise 9 masses and 1 hanger of equal mass. MA18888 Type Mass £28.06 ea MA18886 £16.19 ea MA18884 Mass 5 kg £11.65 ea MA18882 Mass 2 kg MA18880 Mass 1 kg £7.18 ea MA170900 Mass 500 g £12.42 ea Hanger 1 kg £14.31 ea Hanger 500 g £26.19 ea £22.44 ea Type Mass Hexagonal Masses ✓ £9.80 ea ✓ £7.24 ea Set 10x 100 g Iron, with ring. Set 10x 50 g £4.86 ea MA65110 Set 10x 20 g £14.94 set MA170950 Type Mass £4.61 ea MA170050 Set 10x 10 g £15.56 set MA18820 £4.21 ea MA170020 Mass 100 g MA18818 Mass 5 kg MA170010 Mass 50 g £8.29 set MA18816 Mass 2 kg MA170101 Mass 20 g £5.79 set MA18814 Mass 1 kg MA170051 Mass 10 g £1.50 ea MA18812 Mass 500 g MA170021 Hanger 100 g £1.61 ea MA18810 Mass 200 g MA170011 Hanger 50 g £1.04 ea Mass 100 g MA170102 Hanger 20 g £0.71 ea Mass 50 g MA170052 Hanger 10 g £3.93 ea MA170022 £2.68 ea MA170012 £2.15 ea £1.96 ea 482 More products and offers available on our website!

Forces & Motion PHYSICS A B Linear Air Tracks Linear Air Track, Compact Linear Air Track Kit, Full Length The air track measures 1.2 metres and is made from high strength 56 x A precision machined, 2 metre linear air track, of lightweight yet 56 mm extruded aluminium. Includes instruction manual and accessory durable aluminium extrusion construction. The length is drilled with kit which enables investigation of: holes, such that when attached to a blower, a near-frictionless surface is created. The track rests on three adjustable feet, so it can be made • Velocity perfectly horizontal with respect to gravity. The kit includes a set of • Force and acceleration accessories for wide range of investigations: • Potential energy • 2 sliders • Kinetic energy • 10 bolt and wing nuts • Conservation of energy • 4 spring attachments • SHM • 4 spring/string attachments • Motion on level and inclined planes • 4 springs FO150710 A £262.50 ea • 2 Velcro attachments • 2 pulleys, 2 strings 2 100 g Aluminium Riders •• 4 slotted masses & hanger 1 50 g Aluminium Rider 8 photogate flags 4 50 g Masses • 2 photogate arms 4 25 g Masses • 1 latching cradle/bumper 3 Spring Bumpers • 4 masses for the sliders 2 Velcro Bumpers • Assembly instructions & experiment guide Air blower FO180615 sold 4 End Bumpers separately. 3 Connecting Brackets 2 End Brackets FO180610 B £431.25 ea 2 Low Friction Pulleys 2 Springs Blower for Full Length Linear Air Track Kit 4 Rubber Bands 1 Spool of Thread A blower specifically for the FO180610 air track. 1 Bucket 13 Thumbscrews Air Track Blower Air track blower suitable for use with the compact linear air track FO150710. Please note this blower is not powerful enough for larger air tracks. FO150715 £281.25 ea FO180615 £231.25 ea +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected] timstar.com 483

PHYSICS Forces & Motion Linear Air Track, Premium Air Track Blower, Premium A superb quality air track made from a square section aluminium Extremely quiet air blower with continuously adjustable speed for use extrusion with supporting “U” channel. Linearity is +/- 0.03mm. with the premium air track TI68740. Complete with 1.7 metre hose. Suitable for elastic and inelastic collisions, momentum, speed and Mains supply: 220-240 V AC. Mass: 5.7 kg. Dimensions (L x W x H): acceleration measurement. The track rests on three rubber feet, two of 280 x 250 x 210mm. which can be adjusted. Each side has a scale graduated in mm. The track is supplied with two carts and a standard accessory set. Additional TI68742 £312.50 ea accessories available on request. Dimensions (L): 2 metres. Frederiksen Photo Gate Standard Accessory Set contains: This Photogate Unit is specially designed to be used together with the • Fork with plug connectors (3) Electronic Counter or timer FO140110. It can be used as an optical • Holder with plate and plug connectors (3) switch, activated when the light beam is broken and for pendulum • Holder with needle and plug connector (1) period measurements, air track timing, measuring period of rotation • Tube with wax and plug etc. The unit is made from impact-resistant plastic with threads for • connector (1) vertical and horizontal mounting using the supplied 10 mm diameter support post. The Photogate Unit is supplied with a powerful red Holder with hook and plug transmitter diode, in front of which is a 1 mm slit, and two LEDs on the sides of the unit (red for transmitter, green for receiver), indicating • connections (1) the function. The Photogate Unit can be connected directly to the 25 and 100mm Apertures DIN sockets of the counter and additional photocells can be daisy- with plug connectors (1) chained and connected to the same counter input, for measurement of acceleration etc. Dimensions: 160 x 120 x 28 mm (W x H x D). Gap • Weights 50g for carts (4) width: 90 mm. • Pulley with connectors (1) and carts (2). TI68740 A £537.50 kit £116.19 set SPARES & ACCESSORIES FO110105 B Air track accessory set £26.19 ea FO130510 Spare cart Mounted Timing flag for Premium Air Track Interrupter flag for use with premium air track when carrying out speed/acceleration/timing experiments with photo/light gate(s). The flags come mounted on a 4 mm plug, for direct attachment via socket at top of air track carts. TI170700 Length Weight ✓ £7.75 ea TI170200 £112.44 ea TI170702 ✓ £7.74 ea 25 mm 5g 100 mm 10 g 484 More products and offers available on our website!

Forces & Motion PHYSICS Timing Electronic Counter Student Timer This top quality universal counter and timer from Frederiksen features a large digital display, making it suitable for use as a demonstration This high quality timer, from Frederiksen, is particularly suitable for counter/timer. It can be used in conjunction with microphones, photo experiments such as ‘g’ by free fall and speed of sound, as well as cells, electrical impulses and switches. The inbuilt memory function other experiments where accurate timing is required. Inputs are via makes it ideal for use with collision tests etc. and the unit includes a DIN 6 pole connectors (for Frederiksen photocells and microphones) frequency counter and pulse. The counter has been specially designed or 4 mm safety sockets (for free fall experiments or other equipment). for classroom counting and timing experiments. Features Compatible with the following equipment: • Start/Stop: Electronic stopwatch function with a time resolution down • SO150400 microphone to 0.01 ms • TI170200 photogate • TI170100 speedgate • Collision: For collision experiments (conservation of momentum). • FO140105 freefall apparatus Measures up to 4 passage times using two photocells • Range: 0.03 ms to 27 hours • Resolution: 0.01 ms • Acceleration: Using two photocells, it measures passage times and • 5 digit LED display with floating decimal point the time between photocells • Manually controlled stopwatch option • Accepts start and stop signals from microphones, photocells or • Period: Measures a signal’s period length. For pendulum experiments • any on/off switch connected to the 4 mm sockets using photocells, the counter can be set to ignore every second impulse, to obtain the correct cycle time Power: 6 x AA batteries or mains adapter (included) • Frequency: Measures frequencies between 0.01 Hz and 1.25 MHz • Count: Counts (typically radioactivity) either with manual start and stop or for fixed time intervals Stopwatch Simple start/stop-function; Velocities before and after collisions; Acceleration; Period; Frequency counter. Counter Counting with manual timing; Counting for 1, 10, 60 or 100 seconds; Single or repeated count. FO140110 £293.75 ea Timer & Photogate Kit TI170300 ✓ £700.00 ea Comprising a FO140110 Student Timer, and two TI170200 Photogates. Ideal for setups with air tracks, dynamics tracks, or other timing experiments which require light gates. Electronic Counter & Photogate Bundle Comprising a TI170300 Electronic Counter, and two TI170200 Photogates. Allowing study of collisions, oscillations, and other advanced experiments in dynamics. FO180100 £487.44 kit TI180310 ✓ £874.94 kit +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected] timstar.com 485

PHYSICS Forces & Motion Timing continued Millisecond Timer Frederiksen Speedgate This timer is most suited for an investigational approach for students to gain a sound understanding of the concepts of time and motion. Two A double photogate with built-in timer and display, which is capable pairs of sockets alternately start and stop the timer, one pair operating of precise speed measurements, in addition to all the usual tasks of a in make mode, the other in break mode. The start/stop switches can single photogate. be either mechanical or electronic. The timer is auto-ranging for ease of use and has a clear 13mm digital display and has a robust metal • Incorporates timer with display – no separate timer required case with a durable powder coat finish. An illuminated on/off switch is • Easy to operate mounted on the rear panel adjacent to a fused appliance inlet. • Double light barrier – direct readout of speed • Laser optics give high precision measurements • Electrical Supply: 220-240V AC 50-60Hz • Expandable with external sensors (e.g. microphones) • Dimensions (W x L x H): 179 x 190 x 85mm • Use two SpeedGates for all the traditional collision experiments • Mass: 1.6kg • Several SpeedGates can be daisy chained • Ranges: 0 to 9.999s; 10 to 99.99s; 100 to 999.9s; 1000 to 9999s • Pendulum period mode prevents off-by-one errors • Accuracy: ±0.01% • Auto rotating display TI110900 £143.75 ea Speedgate can be used as a stand-alone unit or a pair can be used to carry out all the experiments you can do with two traditional photogates Light Gate (Photo Timing Gate) and a universal timer plus much more: with the precisely spaced double laser system you get speed readings without length measurements For use as a light operated timing gate. Comprises photodetector and or calculations. The traditional passage time measurements are still light source each housed in a robust ABS case spaced 40mm apart on possible, if preferred, for teaching purposes. a plastic rod. Light source housing has battery compartment and on/ The display divides into two parts giving you immediate access to all off switch. Photodetector housing is fitted with a pair of 4mm sockets to results. An adjacent status area shows when light rays are blocked, the allow connection to electronic timers. When the timing gate is switched state of external inputs etc. on it creates a short circuit between the two output sockets, this then SpeedGate is battery powered so can be used as a stand-alone unit - becomes an open circuit each time the light beam is interrupted. no cables are required. However, the apparatus can also be powered Consequently the timing gate can be used as a remote switching device via a USB cable if preferred. It is operated using three pushbuttons, in a wide range of dynamics experiments. which control primary mode, secondary mode and reset. The reset button also functions as a power switch. The primary and secondary modes each correspond to one part of the display. Suggested experiments: • Kinematics of uniformly accelerated motion • ‘g’ by freefall • Newton’s second law • One-dimensional elastic and inelastic collisions • Mathematical pendulum • Speed of sound (requires 2 x SO150400 microphones) Two SpeedGates can be used for collision experiments; the double display will show the two latest measurements. Connect two (or more) SpeedGates together, using the Speedgate Cable, to measure the time interval between the gates e.g. for acceleration experiments. The whole chain is reset with one button press. The timer functions can even be used with external signals e.g. two microphones (SO86270) and a SpeedGate makes a complete setup for measuring the speed of sound. Easy to work with – the display even orients itself automatically when rotated. The Bundle TI180110 comprises two Speedgate units & a connecting cable. TI96420 £62.44 ea TI170100 Speedgate unit ✓ £243.75 ea SPARES & ACCESSORIES £2.89 ea TI170102 Connecting cable TI180110 Timing Bundle £431.25 ea 486 More products and offers available on our website!

Forces & Motion PHYSICS Pulleys Rod and Bench Mounting Pulley Pulleys, Premium Pulley mounted in a robust frame with two clamping screws for mounting onto a bench up to 38mm thick or a standard retort rod. 50 mm diameter aluminium wheels in metal frames, accurately centred. Dimensions (Dia.): 70mm. PU12700 Type £2.89 ea PU12720 £13.06 ea PU12705 £4.54 ea PU12710 Single £5.44 ea Double Triple Bench Pulley - Clamp Fitting Bench Mounting Pulley Aluminium pulley, cone bearing, mounted in metal frame clamping to Pulley mounted in a metal frame. Suitable for clamping to bench, table table or board up to 25mm thick. Dimensions (Dia.): 50mm etc. up to approx. 30mm thick. Dimensions (Dia.): 50mm. PU12716 £13.69 ea PU12722 £17.44 ea Rod Mounting Pulley Twine, Cotton Cone bearing pulley mounted in an aluminium boss and clamping Red cotton thread suitable for pulleys, pendulum bobs etc. 125g spool. screw. Fits all standard retort rods. Pulley Dimensions (Dia.): 50mm. Boss Dimensions: (L x W x D): 100 x 20 x 20mm. PU12718 £13.06 ea ST96250 £5.94 ea +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected] timstar.com 487

PHYSICS Forces & Motion Rockets Rocket Factory Kit Water Rocket Kit (Rokit) Design and make your own realistic rockets and launch them safely to heights of up to 100 metres. The rockets are made by rolling paper The kit makes use of an empty 1 or 1.5 L lemonade or cola plastic around a plastic tube and attaching a plastic nose cone. They are bottle. The special cap, nozzle and fins supplies are attached to the propelled using an electrically-controlled compressed air launcher bottle. An air tube and adapter are supplied to connect the bottle to which gives near-chemical performance but at zero cost per launch. a cycle pump. The bottle is part filled with water and air pumped into Provides opportunities for exploring basic rocket science - enhancing the bottle. The pump connector on the bottle releases at a set pressure subject teaching in design and technology, science and maths. and the rocket is then launched. The rocket will reach a height of Contains launcher and key switch ‘firing’ unit. Uses any cycle or car foot approximately 20 metres. The bottle and cycle pump are not supplied, pump (not supplied) and requires 2 alkaline PP3 batteries. Please note: all spares available. Complete with full instructions. packs of plastic nose cones are available separately. RO95655 £306.25 kit SPARES & ACCESSORIES £3.91 ea BA01970 PP3 Batteries Rocket Spares, Nose Cones A pack of assorted coloured soft plastic nose cones to fit rockets made with the 21.5mm diameter mandrels. Quantity £13.69 pk RO95658 30 Rocket Spares, Rolling Mandrel To fit the 21.5mm dia. launch tube of the Rocket Factory. RO95660 £2.24 ea Rotational Forces Gyroscope Original all metal Gyroscope complete with pull cord and stand. RO12950 £11.51 kit SPARES & ACCESSORIES £5.25 ea RO12951 Experimental Booklet (18 pages) £2.15 ea RO110100 White cap and ‘O’ ring £1.17 ea RO110105 Red fin (1 only) £2.11 ea RO110110 Black nozzle TI15760 £13.06 ea 488 More products and offers available on our website!

Forces & Motion PHYSICS Rotational Forces continued Table Tennis Balls Rotary Investigation Tub of 72 table tennis balls. Diameter: 40 mm. This rotary investigation apparatus allows students to explore all aspects of rotary motion in a simple but effective way. The apparatus can be used to demonstrate: rotary motion; centripetal force; orbits and satellite motion. Investigate: how force varies with speed; how speed varies with radius; how speed varies with mass. Supplied with full instructions. FO71885 £46.19 ea SP160700 Colour £12.49 pk SP160705 £12.49 pk White Orange Circular Motion Apparatus Tennis balls This Circular Motion Apparatus comprises a small DC motor mounted Green tennis balls. Suitable for investigating elastic collisions. at the end of a suspension rod and includes three different rubber balls with suspension chains. For demonstrating the laws of uniform circular motion. Instructions included. FO170000 £143.75 ea SP160400 £2.00 ea Tornado in a Bottle Polystyrene Spheres These fizzy drinks bottle connectors, consisting of a simple plug-in plastic joiner, enable water to pour from one bottle into another - creating an impressive vortex if the top bottle is shaken with an orbital movement (bottles not supplied). LP93700 Quantity £3.06 pk SP30852 Diameter Quantity £13.69 pk 5 SP158000 £1.55 pk SP30853 25 mm 100 £4.45 pk SP30854 30 mm 10 £6.31 pk SP180150 35 mm 25 £5.68 ea 40 mm 25 150 mm 1 Spheres Glass Spheres Table Tennis Balls Supplied in a bottle. Quantities will vary dependent on diameter of sphere. Pack of 6 white balls. Diameter: 40 mm. SP13853 Quantity £3.25 pk SP13840 Diameter Quantity £10.77 ea 6 SP13842 £10.77 ea 3 mm 500 g 5 mm 500 g +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected] timstar.com 489

PHYSICS Forces & Motion Spheres continued Extension Springs, Economy Marbles Closely wounded steel extension springs with loops at both sides. 19 swg wire. Diameter: 6 mm (approx.) Supplied in a pack of 10. Coloured glass. Contains 18 standard 17mm marbles and one large 25mm marble. SP180100 Length Spring Constant £3.69 pk SP180102 £3.69 pk 15 cm 87 N/m 10 cm 167 N/m SP13850 Quantity £1.63 pk Extension Springs 19 A range of extension springs with a known spring constant. Ball Bearings Chrome plated steel. SP170100 Length Diameter Spring ✓ £6.79 ea SP170102 Constant £5.64 ea SP170104 115 mm 11 mm 2.1 N/m £14.94 ea SP170106 74 mm 11 mm 3.2 N/m £10.81 ea SP170108 155 mm 27 mm 4.7 N/m £4.89 ea 33 mm 31 mm 5.0 N/m 32 mm 11 mm 8.4 N/m SP13854 Diameter Quantity £8.86 pk Extension Spring Set SP13855 £4.54 pk SP13856 6 mm 100 £5.93 pk A set of five springs of the same length but with different spring SP13857 12 mm 10 £8.28 pk constants. Each have an eye at one end and a hook at the other. Spring SP13858 16 mm 10 £11.56 pk constants are: 2.5, 6.0, 10, 15, and 26€N/m. 20 mm 5 25 mm 5 Springs SP170110 £11.17 set Extension Springs, Short Wire Helix, (Slinky) For demonstrating Flat section steel wire in helical coil. Hooke’s Law. 20€x€16€mm, approximately 30€N/m. SP13863 Quantity ✓ £9.75 pk Length Diameter 100 50 mm 75 mm Extension Springs, Long SP13866 100 mm 75 mm ✓ £5.91 ea SP13867 165 mm 75 mm £7.34 ea Closely wound steel springs SO120115 £9.54 ea with loops at each end. Spring constant approx. 0.2 N/m. Slinky Spring on Wooden Stand A Slinky-type spring for wave demonstration, with wooden storage stand. Stand helps protect spring in storage and keep in good condition. Closed Spring Dimensions (Dia. x L): 72 x 220mm. Base Dimensions (L x W x H): 150 x 150 x 355mm. SP13860 Diameter Quantity £12.49 pk SO110125 £21.81 ea 6 mm 10 490 More products and offers available on our website!

Molecules in Motion PHYSICS Brownian Motion Apparatus Brownian Motion Kit This kit provides the means for observation of Brownian Motion and requires only a microscope (x200 magnification) and microscope slide with cavity (cavity slide). Background information, details of experimental protocols and video clips are contained on the two CD- ROMs included. Also included are micro-spheres (1.0 micron diameter polystyrene beads) suspended in deionised water. Placed in the well of a microscope cavity slide, these micro-spheres can be seen to exhibit the same ‘jiggling’ motion originally observed in the movement of pollen grain fragments by Robert Brown in 1827. • Brownian motion fluid • 2 x CD ROMs • Information booklet. GA92030 £13.06 kit Brownian Motion Apparatus Whitley Bay Smoke Cell, LED For the observation of Brownian Motion in smoke particles through a A revised version of the class Whitley Bay Smoke Cell, with LED microscope. Two types are available; the standard Smoke Cell, which illumination that runs cool, and will last many years. Using the supplied has a convex side window to focus the light into the centre of the cell generator, smoke is introduced to the smoke cell, and the cell is sealed. and the Laser Smoke Cell where a laser beam is passed through the The lens focuses the light onto a plane within the cell, making a single cell and light reflected from smoke cell particles is reflected into the field layer of illuminated smoke cells. Observed under a microscope, of view. The base units have a velvet cover to protect the microscope individual smoke cells can be resolved, and Brownian motion observed. stage. Suitable microscopes are the Motic SFC-3A range (MI10434 Requires a 12 V DC power supply. Suitable microscopes are the Motic and MI10436) Dimensions: (W x H x D): 100 x 24 x 25 mm SFC-3A range (MI10434 and MI10436) Dimensions: 90 x 46 x 20 mm HE53652 Type ✓ £66.19 ea HE180760 £24.94 ea Laser Smoke Cell SPARES & ACCESSORIES ✓ £11.19 ea HE190762 Replacement LED Assembly +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected] timstar.com 491

PHYSICS Molecules in Motion Convection Convection In Air (Mine Shaft) Apparatus Tea Bag Paper For Convection Consists of a metal box with a sliding glass front and two detachable Demonstrations glass chimneys. A lighted tea light (night light) is placed beneath the base of one chimney to create convection currents. (Tea lights not supplied). Dimensions (L x H x D): 240 x 90 x 70mm. This plain, non heat seal paper is ideal for demonstrating convection experiments. Simply create a tube structure, by folding the paper, and light the top. The paper will then rise up due to convection current. It has many other uses including filtration and use in diffusion experiments. Supplied in a roll. •••• Weight: 1.5 kg Paper thickness: 12.7 gsm Width: 124 mm Length: approx 930 m EN140180 £47.44 ea HE18736 £24.94 ea £7.73 pr Convection In Water Apparatus SPARES & ACCESSORIES £2.81 pk HE18737 Consisting of a rectangular glass tubing. Dimensions (W x L x Dia.): Spare Chimneys ✓ £4.25 pk 210 x 360 x 22mm. BU80555 Smoke Matches BU110320 25 Night lights Diffusion Glass Tube for Diffusion of Gases Experiment 1 metre open-ended borosilicate glass tube, ideal for the ‘diffusion of gases experiment’. Cotton wool soaked in concentrated ammonia solution is placed in one end of the tube and cotton wool with concentrated hydrochloric acid is placed in the other end. Both ends are stoppered with bungs, to contain the fumes. The gases diffuse along the tube from both ends, and where they meet a white ring of ammonium chloride forms. Length: 1 m. O.D: 40 mm. Wall: 2.3 mm. DI170100 £15.56 ea Physics Posters See page 602 HE18778 £29.94 ea £8.40 SPARES & ACCESSORIES PO4988 More products and offers available on our website! Potassium permanganate LR 492

Molecules in Motion PHYSICS Gas Laws Joly’s Bulb, Metal Boyle’s Law, Improved This 80 mm diameter hollow metal sphere is connected to a manometer (Bourdon) gauge, for demonstrating A much improved version of the Boyle’s Law Apparatus, which is changes of pressure in a closed volume of air when reliable and easy to use. The apparatus comprises a reservoir with a either heated or cooled. Immersing the ball in a bourdon gauge, connected to a vertical glass tube. The reservoir has a heated water bath or ice bath allows the relationship needle valve to control pressure, and a high-quality tyre-type valve for between pressure and temperature of the enclosed attaching the supplied pump. Air does not escape when the pressure is air to be investigated. The metal sphere is more increased, until the needle valve is opened. The pressure is displayed on robust than glass versions and responds to a bourdon gauge, which has a transparent back, allowing students to temperature changes a little faster. see the internal workings. Pressures of up to 3.5x atmospheric pressure can be measured, which provides a good range of measurements. PR170600 £74.94 ea The tube is of strong construction, and is further protected by a plastic safety screen. It has graduations so that the length of the air column Charles Law, Superior can be measured, and is of uniform cross-section, so the volume of air is proportional to the length of the air column. Unlike traditional Comprises a capillary tube and thermometer, mounted on a board Boyle’s Law apparatus, this unit has no rustable materials, so water with a scale behind the capillary tube. The apparatus comes complete can be used instead of oil, which offers superior results, as well as with oil in the capillary tube, so no difficult filling with sulfuric acid is reduced hazard and mess. The water is pumped into the tube, and the required. The relationship pressure and volume of air is measured at regular intervals. The inverse between temperature and relationship between pressure and volume at constant temperature is volume can be observed easily, easily observed. and an estimate for absolute zero can be obtained through extrapolation of experimental data. Available as singularly or as a class set of 10 in a Gratnells case. Type Quantity HE180014 Single Units 1 £24.94 ea HE180015 £243.75 set Class Set in Gratnells Case 10 HE180640 £175.00 ea Hyman Fire Piston The improved OUR EXPERT SAYS... This apparatus vividly demonstrates the rise in temperature that occurs Boyle’s Law when a fixed mass of air in a transparent cylinder is compressed by a hand operated piston. A piece of tinder, which is provided, ignites in the transparent cylinder: much as a diesel engine obtains ignition. The cylinder and piston can also be used to demonstrate the effect of decompression, being the immediate lowering of temperature and the consequent condensation of water vapour inside the cylinder - the cloud formed can easily be seen. Cylinder Dimensions: (L) 198.00 mm (OD) 15.00 mm (ID) 9.00 mm apparatus has no rustable materials, and therefore water can be used HE43250 £34.94 ea SPARES & ACCESSORIES £7.19 ea instead of oil to enclose the air HE43252 Spare Cylinder £4.97 ea HE43254 Tinder column. By adding food dye to the Cartesian Devil (Diver) water, the air column can be made Used to demonstrate liquid pressure. Hollow glass figure. clearly visible. Dimensions€(H):€45€mm. Boyle’s Law Indicator This simple low-cost apparatus provides a means of demonstrating Boyle’s law. It is not 100 % accurate but it is adequate for demonstrations giving students literally a ‘feel’ for increase in pressure against volume. PR95264 £16.81 ea PR95260 £15.56 ea +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected] timstar.com 493

PHYSICS Molecules in Motion Kinetic Theory Models Thermal Expansion Kinetic Theory Model Ball and Ring A model that simulates the behaviour of particles in a gas. An electric Two-piece set. Brass ring and brass ball mounted in wooden handles. motor running at 4-12 V DC vibrates a small platform inside a Dimensions (L): 260mm. transparent tube, which in turn vibrates several steel balls inside the transparent tube. A lightweight float on top of the balls is held almost HE08895 £7.26 kit stationery by the “pressure” of the steel balls. The “temperature” of the gas can be increased by supplying more power to the motor – an control knob on the base allows this to be varied. The “pressure” of the gas can be increased by adding additional mass on top of the float – cardboard discs can be used for this purpose. The “volume” of the gas is represented by the height of the float. The cross-section of the tube is uniform, so the height of the float is directly proportional to volume. By altering the “temperature” and “pressure” of the gas, ideal gas laws can be demonstrated. Requires a 4-12 V DC power supply, and 2x 4 mm plug leads. Bar & Gauge Kit To demonstrate the expansion of material when heated. Comprising of a ‘T’-Shape metal bar fitted with a wooden handle and a brass gauge to check the length and diameter of the bar when cold and hot. HE08897 £9.39 kit Bar Breaking Apparatus A heavy cast iron frame with stout iron bar. One end is fitted with a nut to take up slack and the other is drilled to accept a cast iron breaking bar. HE180755 £56.19 ea Leidenfrost Dishes HE18700 £36.19 ea £8.51 pk Leidenfrost Dish SPARES & ACCESSORIES Diameter Quantity £2.10 pk Type The apparatus consists of a dish made of steel. The dish is heated up 10 to several hundred degrees Centigrade, and a few drops of water are HE18702 Spare bars 5 mm 10 added to the dish. Some of the water remains liquid even though the HE18703 Spare bars 6 mm boiling point of water is exceeded. The liquid forms a small sphere which moves about on a pillow of steam. The experiment demonstrates Iron Flask (Bursting Bottle) the poor conductivity of steam and also the high surface tension of water. Dimensions (Dia. x H): 56 x 6mm. A cast iron tube open at one end and threaded to accept a bolt. The principle of expansion of water when frozen can be clearly demonstrated. Often referred to as “The Bursting Bottle”. HE82325 Flask & Plug £10.88 ea £7.08 ea HE152000 £5.16 ea SPARES & ACCESSORIES HE82327 494 Flask Only More products and offers available on our website!

Molecules in Motion PHYSICS Thermal Expansion continued Demonstration Bimetallic Strip Bimetallic Compound Bar This Demonstration Bimetallic Strip consists of a bimetallic strip fixed to a base, with a 12V halogen bulb mounted below the strip. When To demonstrate the unequal expansion of two metals by the curvature the power is switched on, the heat produced by the bulb will heat the produced when the bar is gently heated. Comprising two metal bars, bimetallic strip causing it to bend upwards, which breaks the circuit and steel and brass, riveted together with brass rivets. Fitted with a wooden the bulb switches off. As the bimetallic strip cools down it returns to its handle. Not intended for intensive heating. Dimensions (L x W): 200 x original shape, thereby completing the circuit again, which switches the 15mm. bulb back on and the sequence repeats over and over until the power is disconnected. A miniature version of this concept is used in flashing bulbs and Christmas lights. Base Dimensions (L x W x H): 130 x 80 x 30 mm. HE08896 £7.25 ea HE130500 £21.81 ea Bimetallic Compound Bar, Premium Bimetallic Strip with Electrical Contacts An improvement on the riveted version, this bonded copper and steel This simple device to demonstrate thermal expansion shows how we bimetallic strip comes mounted in a wooden handle for ease of use. can use two different metals joined together to produce a bimetallic Heating on either side causes the strip to bend as the two metals strip thermostat. The apparatus consists of a bimetal strip that expands expand by different amounts. Comes with instructions. Dimensions (L at different rates on each side, due to the differing thermal properties incl. handle): 300mm); Bimetallic Strip (L x W) 200 x 13 mm. of the two materials. When the metal strip is heated it will bend in one direction, away from the top contact, therefore breaking the electrical circuit, due to one of the metals expanding faster than the other. Comes mounted on base with 4mm sockets. Weight: 0.2 kg. Dimensions (W x L x H): 150 x 150 x 150mm. HE72460 £23.69 ea HE102320 £8.74 ea Bimetallic Strips Kit Temperature Coefficient of Resistance Apparatus A class pack of 10 bi-metal strips, each securely attached to a wooden support, ideal for student use in practical work. Use to investigate These immersible resistors are used to determine the resistance bending action as they are heated, to show how bimetallic strips can be temperature coefficient for various materials. They consist of resistance used in applications such as thermostats, fire alarms, frost alarms, etc. wire (diameter 0.25 mm) wound on Plexiglas cores with safety jack Each strip measures 85 x 8 mm. Complete with instructions. connectors. The resistance wire is immersed in a non-conductive liquid (e.g. demineralised water, kerosene or mineral oil). By measuring the resistance as a function of temperature the temperature coefficients of the materials can be found. Size 180 mm x 20 mm diameter. The specified resistance values are for 20 °C. HE72465 £51.19 kit EL110302 Type Resistance £66.19 ea EL110303 1.8 Ω £66.19 ea +44 (0) 3333 442 443 EL110304 Copper 46.7 Ω £66.19 ea Constantan 8.7 Ω Nickel [email protected] timstar.com 495

PHYSICS Molecules in Motion Pressure Mini Magdeburgs Air Pressure Kit A pair of rubber “suckers” that can be used alone to lift quite heavy objects or A convenient kit for a wide range of air pressure experiments. Supplied together like Magdeburg hemispheres. in a box with an insert to keep parts organised. The force required to separate them is Comprises: astonishing. Releasing lugs allows them to be separated easily. • 1 Vacuum chamber, complete, 1 L with manometer • 1 Syringe, 120 mL, for vacuum experiments HE63645 £30.56 pr • 1 Vacuum hose, 6 mm diameter, 30 cm length • 1 Signaller (alarm annunicator) Magdeburg Hemispheres • 1 Sound absorbing pad, 80 mm diameter • 1 pair “Magdeburg” slides For demonstration of the pressure exerted by the atmosphere. Made of • 2 Balloons chrome plated brass with rubber gasket. Provided with venting screw • Valve for balloons and connector with non-return valve. Mass: 711€g. Dimensions (Dia.): • 1 Bubble burster 110€mm. • 1 Thermoplastic foils for bubble burster • 1 Capsule plastics with cap, 75 mm diameter • 1 Free fall tube, 35 cm length, with falling bodies, acrylic • 1 Manometer for Boyle-Mariotte experiment GA92000 £187.50 ea Collapsing Can A 1 litre capacity round can with screw cap. PR170100 £406.25 ea HE18725 £3.13 ea PRESSURE UNIT CONVERSION TABLE CONVERT TO (MULTIPLY BY) PRESSURE UNIT pascals atmospheres bars Millibars mm inches microns pounds per CONVERSIONS (Pa) (atm) (bar) (mbar) mercury mercury (in. mercury square inch (mmHg) pascals (Pa) 1 0.00000987 0.00001 Hg) (μHg) (psi) atmospheres (atm) 101325 1 1.01325 7.5006 0.000145 bars (bar) 100000 0.01 0.0075 0.0002953 760000 millibars (mbar) 0.987 1 750062 14.696 mm mercury (mm Hg) 100 0.000987 0.001 1013.25 760 29.92 14.504 inches mercury (in.Hg) 133.32 0.00132 0.00133 750 0.0145 CONVERT FROM microns mercury (μHg) 3386.4 0.03386 1000 750 29.53 1000 0.01934 pounds per square 0.1333224 0.0334 0.00000133 25400 0.491154 inch (psi) 0.00000132 1 0.750 0.02953 0.00001934 1 1.333 1 0.03937 1 51715 33.864 25.4 1 0.001333 0.001 0.0000394 6895 0.0681 0.06895 68.95 51.715 2.036 496 More products and offers available on our website!

Molecules in Motion PHYSICS Pressure continued Fluid Pressure Apparatus (Spouting Cylinder) Bourdon Gauge, Mounted For demonstrating how pressure increases with depth. Comprising of a large Bourdon gauge. The dial reads 0 to 50 psi x 1 Consisting of a metal cylinder with three identical sized and 0 to 3.5 kg/cm2 x 0.1 actual (total) pressure and the case has a outlets at different levels down one side. Dimensions (H clear perspex back so that the workings can be observed. Dimensions x Dia): 400 x 70mm. (W x H): 100 x 40mm. HE18792 £22.44 ea HE53630 £99.94 ea Fluid Pressure Apparatus, Clear Liquid Level Apparatus For demonstrating the principle that pressure increases with depth. Consisting of a perspex pipe with 3 openings To show that the level of liquid in connected vessels is constant of the same size, at different heights down one side. irrespective of the vessel size or shape. Consists of four different glass The clear perspex construction allows easy visibility of vessels connected by a common base tube and mounted on a base. variation in liquid height. Dimensions (H x Dia): 400 x Dimensions (L x W x H): 230 x 100 x 160mm. 60mm. LP93712 £38.69 ea HE18780 Liquid level apparatus £29.31 ea Hydraulic Press Displacement Vessel (Eureka) Simple construction permits the use of water or even air for demonstration of the concepts involved. Comprises a pair of graduated Hollow metal cylinder with overflow spout. Dimensions (L x Dia.): 100 glass syringes of capacities 50 and 20cm3, both having finely ground x 50mm. pistons and providing a cross-sectional area ratio of 3:1 respectively. Both the syringes mounted on a stable, non-skid sheet metal base with loading platform at their top and their nozzles linked to each other through a 3-position valve, by means of which they may be opened to the atmosphere, isolated or interconnected as desired. Both the pistons are provided with limit-stop to prevent their complete ejection from the barrels. The thick wall of syringes makes them capable of withstanding the pressures involved. The graduated syringe barrels also permit simple Boyle’s Law experiments to be performed. HE18782 £8.60 ea PR95268 £137.50 ea +44 (0) 3333 442 443 [email protected] timstar.com 497

PHYSICS Optics Colour Mixing Colour Mixing Apparatus Multicoloured LED bulb An upright case contains three, high powered, accurately colour matched LEDs, each of which has infinitely adjustable brightness. Also This LED mains bulb uses red, green and blue LEDs in a frosted glass supplied is a large, free standing, primary colour shadow mask, a globe to create a diffuse light source of controllable colour. It can hand held secondary colour mask and a 12 V plug top power supply. be used to show a consumer application of colour mixing principles, The system allows the teacher to project large primary and secondary and also as a convenient source of coloured light for experiments in colour mixing disks onto any vertical surface and to adjust the colour reflection and absorption of colour. Supplied with a remote control to saturation to mix virtually any colour (how do you produce brown). choose the colour and select the mode (flash, strobe, fade and smooth). Unlike other systems the purity of the resulting white is outstanding. The The remote control takes a CR2025 battery (included). unit is extremely easy to use, is easily transportable and comes with full instructions. The only other requirements are a white wall and a • Voltage: 230 V darkened/blacked out room. The system may be used to demonstrate • Power: 3 W both secondary and primary colour mixing, colour shadows and colour • Luminous flux: 70 lm reflection/absorption. • Fitting: E27/ES OP180730 £13.06 ea Use the RGB Colour OUR EXPERT SAYS... Changing bulb in a desk lamp to create a convenient, OP84760 £83.69 ea portable source of coloured light, which can be used to light up different PRIMARY & SECONDARY COLOURS IN OPTICS objects, and study how they reflect and In Optics (and science in general), Primary and Secondary colours absorb light of different colours. are the colours & colour combinations resulting from emitted light. The Primary Colours (known as ‘Additive’ Primary colours) consist Colour Mixing Box of: Red, Green, and Blue (RGB). The Secondary Colours resulting from combining the Primary This unit contains three coloured light sources (red, green and blue) colours are: Yellow, Magenta and Cyan. projected onto a screen in overlapping circles. The unit is self- When R+G+B are combined in the correct proportions or contained, meaning no setup is required, and can be used comfortably intensities, white light should result – although in practice this often by 2-3 pupils at a time. The brightness of each light can be controlled appears ‘off-white’. independently, allowing any combination of the three. This allows the demonstration of composition of any colour using just the primary Red + Green = Yellow RED colours. Requires 3x AA batteries. Red + Blue = Magenta YELLOW MAGENTA Blue + Green = Cyan Red + Green + Blue = White GREEN WHITE BLUE LIGHT CYAN For information: In Art or Painting, ‘Primary’ and ‘Secondary’ colours are historically different and refer to colours and colour combinations from reflected light. These are: Primary Colours (known as ‘Subtractive’ primary colours): Red, Yellow and Blue (RYB) Secondary Colours: Green, Purple and Orange In the printing industry, the Primary Ink Colours are Cyan, Magenta and Yellow. Along with black, these give the CMYK colour system (‘K’ referring to black or ‘Key’ colour). OP155050 ✓ £24.94 ea 498 More products and offers available on our website!


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