Effective academic writing Book 1

_____________________________________________________________________ 2. You ___________ arrive on time, or the boat will leave without you. Do not forget! ______________________________________________________________________ 3. We ____________ not wait until the last minute to pack. ______________________________________________________________________ 4. You ___________ drink plenty of water when you exercise on a warm day. ______________________________________________________________________ 5. In some states, you ______________ be 18 years old to dive. ______________________________________________________________________ 45

Unit 5 Opinion Paragraphs Part 1 Brainstorming and Outlining Exercise 1: Brainstorming ideas A. Review your free writing exercise. Then brainstorm a list of three places where you would like to live. Give two or three reasons for each one. Ideal places to live Reasons 1. 2. 3. B. Choose the place that you would like to write about. Add one two more reasons for why you would like to live there. Exercise 2: Brainstorming vocabulary A. Discusses the meaning of the phrases in each category below. Attractions Opportunities Cost of living People talented cooks Temperate Low unemployment Inexpensive diverse Communities climate beautiful excellent colleges Restaurants colorful Personalities scenery world-class Convenient public interesting museums Transportation architecture Affordable housing B. Select the words from the chart above and use them to write five sentences about the place you would like to live. San Francisco has convenient public transportation. ______________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 46

Exercise 3: Why does the author like Seattle so much? City with a Gray-Green Heart I think of Seattle as having a gray-green heart. It is a city shaped by nature, a city of snow-covered mountain, sparkling glaciers, and blue lakes. It has been called “America`s Most Dynamic City” the “No. 1City of the future,” and “America`s Athens” by three major U.S. publications. But why has a town that is so far away from the nation`s major power centers attracted so much attention? The answers may lie in Seattle`s youthful energy and its scenery. Seattle began as a wild pioneer town, and its energy continues in vigorous political activity and in the quiet creation of more millionaires per capita than any other urban area in the United States. Through six generations of gold seekers, Lumberjacks, all share the feeling that living here is an adventure. You would be hard-pressed to find a city as beautiful as Seattle. The Olympics and Cascade Mountains, mount baker and Mount Rainier, along with lake Washington and Puget sound, all offer spectacular views. The space needle pokes up over Queen Anne hill, and the lake Washington Ship canal shimmers across the narrow waist of the city. Because of this magnificent natural landscape, people are both calm and yet energized as if they shared a feeling that Seattle is a place of unlimited possibility. Glaciers: rivers of ice Pioneer: early settler in a natural area Per capita: compared to the rest of Hard-pressed: challenged the population Lumberjacks: workers who cut down trees for wood poke up: to stand Shimmer: to shine with a soft light  Write T for true and F for false each statement. ______ 1. The author lives in Seattle. ______ 2. Seattle is a major power center in the world. ______ 3. Seattle is a good place for people who have a sense of adventure. ______ 4. Many Seattle residents are involved in politics. ______ 5. There are beautiful views of mountains and water in Seattle. Exercise 4: Answer the questions in full sentences, then discuss your answers with a partner. 1. What are some of the characteristics of the people of Seattle? ________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 47

2. What did you learn about the history of Seattle from this text? _______________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. What are some of the natural features of the Seattle area? ___________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Would you like to visit this city? Why or why not? ________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 5: Write for ten minutes on the topic below. In “city with a Grey-Green Heart,” the author writes about a city with natural beauty and youthful energy. What do you look for in a city? Describe the features of a city that would be perfect for you. - What practical conveniences does the city have? (e. g., housing, jobs, transportation?) - How does it look or feel? - What entertainment, sports, or opportunities for fun are there? 48

Part 2 Developing Your Ideas Opinion Organization In an opinion paragraph, the writer presents an opinion and tries to persuade readers that the opinion is a good one. The writer tries to make readers agree with him or her. Topic Sentence  The topic sentence introduces the topic and states the writer`s opinion about the topic. Supporting Sentences  The middle sentences give reasons that support the writer`s opinion.  Writers often use facts, explanations, and personal experiences to support their opinion. Concluding Sentence  The last sentence restates the writer`s opinion in different words.  It also comments on the opinion in some way.  The concluding sentence sometimes summarizes the main reasons for the writer`s opinion. Exercise 1: A. Read the paragraph and answer the questions below. A Vietnamese Paradise In Vietnam, the best place to spend a honeymoon is the beautiful mountain city called Da Lat. For many reasons, this romantic city has the perfect atmosphere for a new husband and wife to celebrate their marriage and plan their future. First of all. The scenery provides a beautiful setting for walking and talking. The climate is pleasant all year round because it is high above the ocean. Sometimes fog comes in and the city becomes mysterious and private. At other times, the sun shines, and Da Lat is cheerful and lively. There are beautiful gardens and lovely French colonial architecture. Young couples can walk along the boulevards in the shade of tall pine trees. They can sit on benches in the flower parks and hold hands. In addition, Dal Lat is fashionable. There are excellent hotels that have special rooms for honeymooners with candles and beautiful decorations. Also, the streets are full of activity, so the newlyweds can go out to one of the stylish restaurants that are open until late at night. The lights are soft, and the music is romantic. The newlyweds can eat delicious food, listen to music/ and meet other young couples in love. Do Lat is the Vietnamese people`s first choice for a honeymoon because it has lovely natural scenery, many romantic places to stay, and exciting things to do. 1. How is the climate in Da Lat? _________________________________________________ 49

___________________________________________________________________________ 2. What activities can you honeymooners enjoy in Da Lat? ____________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. What does the city look like? _________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. What can people do at night in Da Lat? _________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. Would you like to take a honeymoon in Da Lat? Explain. ___________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ B. Answer the questions below, then compare your answers with a partner. 1. Underline the topic sentence. Which of the following statements best describes the main idea of the paragraph? (Choose one) ________ a. Da Lat is the perfect place to have a honeymoon. ________ b. Da Lat is a popular place to have a honeymoon. ________ c. Vietnam is a great place to live. 2. Which the following reasons does the author use to support her opinion? _______ a. the climate _______ b. the reasonable cost of food and hotels _______ c. the scenery and architecture _______ d. the nightlife _______ e. the transportation 3. Underline the concluding sentence twice. Which wing statements best describes the concluding sentence? (Choose one) _______ a. a description of how the climate of Da Lat is romantic. _______ b. a suggestion that the reader have a honeymoon in Da Lat _______ c. a promise that Da Lat will not disappoint the reader _______ d. a summary of the main reasons why Da Lat is a great place to have a honeymoon Exercise 2: Use the form below to write an outline for your paragraph. Remember to write your outline in a note form. Topic Sentence State the topic and your opinion about the topic. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 50

Supporting Sentences What are some reasons for your opinion? Include notes about some of the following: attractions, opportunities, cost of living, and people. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Concluding Sentence Restate your opinion and comment on it, or summarize the main reasons. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Using Reasons to Support an Opinion There are often many different opinions about a certain topic. Therefore, writers must give reasons for their opinions in order to convince their readers. These supporting reasons are often in the form of facts, explanations, or experiences.  A fact is a piece of information that people generally agree that is true. In an opinion paragraph, a writer might use scientific, historical, or other types of facts.  An explanation cannot be proven (like a fact can), but it still helps the reader understand why the writer holds a certain opinion.  An experience is something that happened to you as the writer or someone else. Writers often use experiences to show how they were influenced to think in a certain way. Opinion: You have to be tough to live in Chicago. Fact: Winters in Chicago are very cold. Explanation: It is not easy to deal with those cold, windy days. Experience: My cousin once got frostbite while waiting at a bus stop. Exercise 3: Read each opinion and the reasons that support it. Write fact, Explanation, or Experience next to each reason. 1. Tokyo is the most technologically advanced city in Asia. Fact a. In Tokyo, most people have cell phones and many building are Equipped with wireless technology. __________ b. Peoples` daily lives come to a halt if there is a blackout in Tokyo. __________ c. I rode the subway in Tokyo for many years, and it never broke down. __________ d. Some subway stations in Tokyo can handle more than a million Passengers a day because of the use of computers. 51

2. Hawaii has the best surfing beaches in North America. __________ a. If you have never surfed in the Hawaiian Islands, you cannot be a World- class surfer because Hawaii is the benchmark by which other beaches are evaluated. ___________b. The winter waves in Oahu are higher than the summer wave, so Serious surfers tend to spend time there during the winter months. ___________ c. I got hooked on surfing after just one afternoon of surfing there. ___________ d. Storm waves can rise as high as 20 feet with a face of up to 5 feet. 3. There is not better city to visit than Istanbul. ___________ a. People in Istanbul are friendly and always willing to help their Neighbors. ___________ b. Bridges connect the neighborhoods of Istanbul so that it can exist in both Europe and Asia at the same time. ___________ c. I had the best meal of my life in a small café in Istanbul. ___________ d. Istanbul has a historically important location as a port city on the only route between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Exercise 4: Write the name of a city or place that you know. Then add one reason (a fact, explanation, or experience) to support the opinion given. 1. I do not want to live in Chicago because of the high cost of living. Housing in Chicago is very expensive. People sometimes work more than one Job just to pay rent for a small apartment. 2. In my opinion, _____________________ has some of the friendliest people. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. I believe that _______________________ is a very beautiful place to live. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 4. ______________ is a good place to raise a family for several reasons. _________________________________________________________________________ 52

Part 3 Editing Your Writing Language Focus: Using There Is/There Are Writers often use There is/there are to introduce facts. - There are harvest festivals every autumn. - There is a picturesque village in the mountains near Mexico City. - There are no mosquitoes at this altitude. In a statement, a noun or a noun phrase often comes after there is/there are. Use there are with plural nouns. Use there is with all other nouns. - There are tall pine trees lining the streets of Da Lat. (plural noun) - There is a large near Maracaibo. (singular noun) - There is water beyond the mountains. (non-count noun) Use no afire. There is/there are to express a negative fact. - There is no snow. - There are no theaters in my hometown. Exercise 1: Complete the sentences using is or are. 1. There is a parade of children holding flowers. 2. There ________ a lot of music in the streets. 3. There ________ many nightclubs. 4. There ________ not many cars on the road, but you might see bicycles. 5. There ________ no airport in my city. 6. There ________ not much wind, so people prefer this beach. Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences using there is or there are. 1. Bad weather is not in the south. _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Houses are not on the island. _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Colorful birds are in the jungle. _________________________________________________________________________ 4. Many international restaurants are downtown. _________________________________________________________________________ 5. Many vendors are on the beach. _________________________________________________________________________ 6. A lot of good seafood is along the coast. _________________________________________________________________________ 53

Using “Because of” and “Because” Use “because” or “because of” to give a reason. Because of is followed by a noun phrase. - People spend a lot of time outdoors because of the mild climate. - Because is followed by a complete sentence with its own subject and verb. - Tourists are attracted to the coast because the fishing is fantastic. Note that in each example, because of and because give a reason after a statement. Because of and because can also appear before the statement. When they come before, use a comma. - Because of the mild climate, people spend a lot of time outdoors. - Because the fishing is fantastic, tourists are attracted to the coast. Exercise 3: Use “because of” or “because” to complete each sentence below. 1. This city is a good place for young people because of the world-class nightclubs. 2. There is a lot of diversity ____________ many people from Europe and is Asia moved to Brazil during the past two centuries. 3. Many people retire to warmer climates _______________the weather. 4. Gardening is popular there ______________ the valley has ideal conditions for roses. 5. It is easy to get around the city __________________the government has improved the public transportation system. 6. A lot of people go there _________________________the gourmet food. Exercise 4: Finish each sentence with a phrase or a statement using your own ideas. 1. I want to live in a big city because of the cultural life. 2. My city is beautiful because of ________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. My city is interesting because _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 4. I would like to live in a small town because ______________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 5. I do not want to live in a big city because of _____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 6. the best city to live in is _____________because of _______________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 5: Read each opinion and the reasons that support it. Write fact, Explanation, or Experience next to each reason. 1. The Guggenheim museum is the most interesting building in New York City. 54

_________ a. The tilted corkscrew shape of the building is unlike anything Else in the city. _________ b. It was designed by the Architect, frank Lloyd Wright. _________ c. The first time I saw the Guggenheim, I was so amazed that I spent an hour just looking at the building from the outside. _________ d. Many visitors have trouble focusing on the artwork because they are distracted by the intensity of the architecture. 2. People spend too much money on personal appearance. _________ a. people spend billions annually on cosmetics. _________ b. people want to look good, but they are spending money that could Be used for more important purposes such as education or a home. _________ c. Cosmetic surgery is becoming more and more costly as the variety of procedures increases. _________ d. My brother-in-law had to work overtime because his wife spent a Lot of money on clothes, and jewelry, so he owed a lot of money On his credit cards. 3. Water is our most important natural resource. _________ a. What would happen in your house if you lost water for one day? _________b. The human body is 98 percent water. _________c. Lack of fresh drinking water causes major health crises in some countries every year. _________ d. Not only is water important for drinking, washing and bathing it is also important for growing food. Exercise 6: Rewrite the following sentences using sentences with there is/there are. 1. Whales are in Puget Sound in the summer. _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Gold exists in Siberia. _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Penguins are not in Florida. _________________________________________________________________________ 4. No cure exists for cancer. _________________________________________________________________________ 5. Many stories exist about the first blue-eyed tribes that lived in Argentina. _________________________________________________________________________ 6. Beautiful terraced hillsides are in china _________________________________________________________________________ 55

Unit 06 Narrative Paragraphs Part 1 Brainstorming and Outlining In this unit, you will write a narrative paragraph about a challenge that you have faced. Exercise1: Brainstorming ideas A. Review your free writing exercise. Then choose two experiences you have had that challenged you or required courage. Write them in the chart below. Then answer the questions for each experience in note form. Experience 1 Experience 1 1. When did the experience take place? How long did the experience last? 2. Where did the experience take place? 3. What clear and specific memories do you have of the experience? B. Choose one experience from the chart that you would most like to write about. Often a single event in a single place is easier to describe a thing that took place over a long period of time or at many places. Describe to your partner the event you chose. Exercise 1: Reading about the topic. What happens next? The Snake-Man “There’s a good boy” the snake-man said softly “There’s a clever boy. There’s a lovely fellow. You mustn’t get excited. Keep calm and everything’s going to be all right. “As he was speaking. The was slowly lowering the end of the pole until the forked prongs were about twelve inches above the middle of the snake`s body “there’s a lovely fellow,” he whispered. “there’s a good kind little chap. Keep still now, my beauty. Keep still, my pretty. Daddy’s not going to hurt you” Then wham, the rubber prongs came down right across the snake’s body about midway along its length and pinned it to the floor. All I could see was a green blur as the snake 56

thrashed around furiously in an effort to free itself. But the snake-man kept up the pressure on the prongs and the snake was trapped. Then at last the prongs were right behind the head itself, pinning it down, and at that point the snake-man reached forward with one gloved hand and grasped the snake very firmly by the neck. He threw away the pole. He took the sack off his shoulder with his free hand. He lifted the great still twisting length of the deadly green snake and pushed the head into the sack. Then he let go the head and bundled the rest of the creature in the closed sack. The sack started jumping about as though there were fifty angry rats inside it, but the snake- man was now totally relaxed and he held the sack casually in one hand as if it contained no more than a few pounds of potatoes. Pole: a long slender rod pin: hold firmly against the ground Prongs: pointed ends of a tool gloved: with a glove on Thrash: move around wildly grasp: hold firmly Exercise 2: Understanding the text. Write T for true or F for false for each statement. _________ 1. The snake-man talked to the snake. _________ 2. The snake-man pinned the snake to the floor with his bare hands. _________ 3. The snake was moving around as the snake-man held it in his hand. _________ 4. The snake jumped around after it was in the sack. _________ 5. The snake-man seemed afraid as he held the sack with the snake in it. Exercise 3: Write your answers to the questions in full sentences. 1. What did the snake-man do to keep the snake calm while he was preparing to catch it? _______________________________________________________________________ 2. What did the snake do after the snake-man caught it? ______________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3. How do you think the snake-man felt while he was catching the snake? Explain. ________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4. Why didn`t the snake-man just kill the snake ____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Exercise 4: Brainstorming vocabulary A. Discuss with your partner additional descriptive words to complete each Sentence. 1. I was in a/an _________________ place. (scary, elegant, enormous, strange , faraway) 2. I felt __________________. (nervous, important, numb, _____________, _____________ ) 57

3. I ______________________. (ran, cred, fell, ________________, _____________________ ) 4. The experience __________________ me. (thrilled, matured, motivated, ________________, _______________ ) 5. I gained a lot of ____________ from this experience. (confidence, know ledge, friends, _____________, _______________ ) B. Choose five words you wrote in part A and use them to write five additional Sentences about your experience. 1. My body felt numb. 2. _________________________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________________________________________ 6. _________________________________________________________________________ Narrative Organization A narrative paragraph tells a story. Like other kinds of paragraphs, you have learned about in this book, it has a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence. Topic Sentence  The topic sentence tells the reader what the story will be about.  It may also tell when and where the story took place.  The topic sentence should capture the reader`s interest. Supporting Sentences  The supporting sentences give the details of the story, including the sequence of events.  They also include sensory details, such as what the author saw, heard, smelled, or tasted.  Supporting sentences may also tell about the writer’s feelings during the events. Concluding Sentence  The concluding sentence “wraps up” the story. It may include a comment about why the experience was important or how the writer felt after it. Exercise 5: A. Respond to the paragraph and answer the questions below. The Best Hamburger of My Life When I was thirteen years old, I had a great surprise at the Grand Hotel in Toronto. My favorite soccer team was visiting from Mexico, so I went to the hotel to get autographs from some of players. When I got there, I waited outside for a long time because I was very nervous. Finally, I told my legs to start moving, and I went up to my favorite striker, Sergio, 58

Verdirame, and asked for his autograph. My voice was trembling, but I controlled it. He stopped to listen to me, and then an amazing thing happened. He invited me to his table dinner. I could not believe it!. Suddenly; I was sitting across that table from Sergio, Verdirame! I ordered a big hamburger with everything on it except onions. When the food came, my hands were shaking, and I could not eat or talk. After a while, I took deep breath and said to myself. ‘Hey, this happens just once in your life’ I got rid of my nerves and started talking with my team and enjoyed my hamburger. They were great guys, and we had a good time laughing and joking together. That was the most delicious hamburger I ever ate in my life because I was eating it with my Idol. 1. Why did the writer go the hotel? _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. What did he do after he got there? Why? ________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. What kind of challenge did the writer face? Was it physical or emotional? Explain. ______ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. How did the writer deal with the challenge? ______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5. Have you ever had a similar challenge? Explain. __________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ B: Read paragraph again and answer the questions below. 1. Underline the topic sentence. What information appears in the topic sentence? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Read the following events from the story. Number them in the order. _______ a. The writer ordered the hamburger. _______ b. The writer as very nervous and his hands were shaking. _______ c. The writer asked the soccer player for his autograph. _______ d. Sergio, Verdirame invited the writer to have dinner. _______ e. The writer overcame his fear and enjoyed his dinner. 3. In the concluding sentence, the writer explains what made him happiest. Which sentence best describes in his final comment? a. He was able to eat a very good hamburger. b. He was able to spend time with his favorite soccer player. c. He was able to overcome his fear of speaking to his heroes. d. He finally got an autograph from his favorite player. 59

Exercise 6: Write an outline for your narrative paragraph. Remember to write your outline in note form. Topic Sentence What is the story about? Where and when did it take place? Supporting Sentences What happened first? ______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What happened next? ______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What else happened? ______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ How did the experience end? ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Concluding Sentence What was important about the experience? How did it affect you? __________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 60

Part 2 Developing Your Ideas Using Sensory and Emotional Details In order to make a narrative paragraph interesting, writers include sensory details and emotional details that help the reader share the experience of the story.  Sensory details give information about how something looks, smells, tastes, feels or what it sounds like. My teeth were chattering, and my legs felt like jelly. The morning sun warmed my back.  Emotional details help the reader understand the writer’s feelings. Suddenly, my fear vanished, and I felt confident as I looked out at the crowd. The sight filled me with excitement. Exercise 1: Read the sentences below, write S next to the sentences that have sensory details. Write E next to the sentences that have emotional details. ___S___ 1. The morning mist brought in the smell of the ocean. _______ 2. We were very nervous, so we called the police. _______ 3. I had never felt such happiness. _______ 4. The dates were sticky and sweet, and they were a delicious compliment to the hot, bitter tea. _______ 5. I felt a sharp pain in my ankle, and I recognized the sting of a jellyfish. _______ 6. We could hear the roar of the waterfall for a long time before we actually saw it. Exercise 2: Practicing with sensory details. Use sensory details to support the following sentences. 1. Our guide had an interesting fashion sense. He wore the same khaki pants every day, but his shirts always had colorful Patterns of flowers, dancers, or other tropical scenes. 2. we ate a wonderful meal. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. The flower garden was delightful. ________________________________________________________________________ 4. The alley had not been taken care of for many years and it was in bad shape. ________________________________________________________________________ 61

5. My father taught me to swim in a rive behind our house. ________________________________________________________________________ 6. My mother`s kitchen was everyone`s favorite room. ________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3: Practicing with emotional details. Use emotional details to support the following sentences. 1. I would like to forget my first job interview. I was so nervous my hands were wet, and so was my shirt. 2. I met my girlfriend on the Internet. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. At first, I did not like the new puppy, but after a while I changed my mind. ________________________________________________________________________ 4. I began to walk down the aisle towards my future husband. ________________________________________________________________________ 5. I walked into the cold dark cave. ________________________________________________________________________ 6. The test was over, and I had earned the highest score. ________________________________________________________________________ Showing Order of Events in Narrative Paragraphs Writers of narrative essays use sequence words and expressions to clarify the order of events in a story. The following sequence words are used when events happen in chronological (time) order. They often begin sentences. Next after that afterwards then later Finally, eventually a little while later soon We unpacked the car and set up tent. After that, we built a fire and cooked our food. Our entire family squeezed into the car, and Soon we were on our way Showing Simultaneous Events Writers use the following words and expressions to show that two events occurred at the same time. while at the same time that Meanwhile I made coffee. Meanwhile, my brother tried to distract out mother. I was planning a surprise party at the same time that I was getting ready to move. 62

Exercise 4: Read the following sentences. Then number them in the order you think they occurred. Use the sequence words and phrases as clues. 1 a. A few years ago, my two older brothers and I went trekking in the mountains. _____ b. Finally, I found the muddy trail, and we made it back to our base camp. _____ c. Soon we were hiking through thick pine forests. _____ d. We set out from our base camp on a bright winter morning. _____ e. After that experience, I realized it is very important to be careful when hiking In the mountains. _____ f. A little while later, we stopped to eat, ad my oldest brother said we should turn Around because we were losing the trail in the snow. _____ g. Eventually, it began to snow, and visibility became poor. _____ h. Going back down the mountain was harder because it was icy and slippery, And we could not find the way. We became tied, old and thirsty. Using the Simple Past Tense.  Use the simple past to tell about actions and events that started and finished in the past Dalia walked home quickly that night. Ronald studied all night for that exam. Forming the Simple past  Add-d or-ed to the base form of most regular verbs to form the simple past. In 2003, I celebrated Christmas with my family in Barranquilla. I graduated from high school in 2001  Some verbs are irregular in the simple past. Eliza and her sister spent all their money. I met my husband at the airport on New year`s day.  To form a negative statement in the simple past with a regular or irregular verb, use did not follow by the base form of the of the verb. I did not fall off the cliff. I did not waste any money.  The verb be has two past forms. Was and were Doug was a good father. Scott and Eric Were anxious.  To form negative statements with be in the simple past, use not after was or were. Eliza Was not nervous. They were not generous people. 63

Affirmative statements Negative statements Base form of Base form Subject Subject Did+Not verb +dl-ed of verb I I You You He He She She Patiently. waited patiently. did not wait It It We We You You They They Affirmative statements Negative statements Subject Was/Were Subject Was/were + Not Base form of verb I was I You were You was not were not He He She was beautiful. She was not beautiful. were not It It We were We You You They They Exercise 5: Complete the following sentences with past tense verbs. 1. I was interested in Astronomy. 2. We ______________ about our plans. 3. She ______________ an umbrella, some sandwiches, and a thermos of hot, sweet tea. 4. We ______________ for help, and a helicopter _______________ to rescue us. 5. We ______________ the roasted pig with fried plantains and Areas. 6. There ____________ 122 people at the wedding. 7. After I ____________ my host family, I ________________ less worried. 8. We ___________ to the top of a mountain where we ___________ an ancient temple 64

Using the Past Continuous  Use the past continuous to describe an event that was already in progress when another event occurred or interrupted the first event. My brother and I were watching TV when we heard a crash. The car was moving slowly, so I had plenty of time to cross the street.  Use the past continuous to tell about two or more activities that were in progress at the same time. She was running while talking on the cell phone. Some teenagers were slashing and shouting at each other. Forming the past continuous  To form the past continuous, use was/were and the base form of the verb + ing I was living in Washington at that time.  To form negative statements in the past continuous, use not between was/were and the base form of the verb + ing We were not laughing at the comedian’s jokes.  We do not usually use state verbs (be, know, understand, see, believe) in the past continuous. Use the simple past instead. Affirmative statements Negative statements Was/Were Subject Was/were + Not Base form Subject of verb I was I was not You were You were not He He She was watching. She was not watching. It It We were We were not You You They They Exercise 6: Answer the following questions using the past continuous. 1. What were you doing yesterday at this time? I was shopping for a gift for my sister. 2. What were you doing at 6 p.m. last night? _____________________________________________________________________ 65

3. What were you doing this morning at 10 a.m.? _____________________________________________________________________ 4. What were you doing last year at this time? _____________________________________________________________________ 5. What were you thinking about while you were coming to school today? _____________________________________________________________________ Exercise 7: Underline the verbs in each sentence. Then rewrite the sentences replacing the simple past with the past continuous where it is more appropriate. 1. I talked to my friend while the teacher explained the grammar, so I did not understand it. - I was talking to my friend while the teacher was explaining the grammar, so I did not understand it. 2. I lived in Paris when I had a terrible car accident. _________________________________________________________________________ 3. I worked on my paper and watched the game when he called. _________________________________________________________________________ 4. A stranger stood in the doorway when I arrived home. _________________________________________________________________________ 5. We drove to the hospital when my wife told the taxi driver to stop the car. _________________________________________________________________________ 6. In those days I worked and went to school, so I didn’t have much free time. _________________________________________________________________________ 66

Answer Key Unit 1 The Sentence and the Paragraph Part 1 Exercise 2: Read the paragraph and label the formatting elements of the paragraph. Use the words in the box 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b Exercise 3: Circle the topic and underline the controlling idea in each of the following sentences. The first one has been done for you as an example. 1. Driving on freeways requires skill and alertness. 2. Driving on freeways requires strong nerves. 3. Driving on freeways requires an aggressive attitude. 4. The Caribbean island of Trinidad attracts tourists because of its calypso music. 5. spectacular beaches make Puerto Rico a tourist paradise. 6. Moving away from home can be a stressful experience for young people. 7. Many religious rules arose from the health needs of ancient times. Exercise 5: Read these topic sentences and restatement concluding sentences. 1. In summary, when the decorations are put up too early, it diminishes the meaning of the holiday 2. In short, my first day in Kindergarten was a lot more difficult than entering college. 3. All in all, my first car was gorgeous to me. Exercise 6: Reading a sentence paragraph and answer the questions below. 1. I had a scary experience when I was a young boy. 2. There are 8 supporting sentences. 3. Yes 4. The experience frightened me, and I never went outside barefoot again. 5. Yes Part2 Exercise 1: Read the paragraph and answer the questions below. 3. Many years ago, a special gift came to me in an interesting way. 4. The supporting ideas will tell the story of how the writer got the gift. 5. Sometimes I bought toys with my lucky New Year money. 6. It hurts the unity because it is not about the way in the writer got the gift. Exercise 2: Recognizing unity in supporting sentences. 2. a, d. 3. a, d. 4. a, c, d 67

Exercise 3: Read the paragraph below. Then circle the word that describes the way the paragraph is organized. Paragraph 1. order of importance Paragraph 2. Time Exercise 4: Identifying end punctuation Read the paragraph. In each sentence, underline the subject and circle the verb(s). then draw a box around each end punctuation. My favorite memoryis about my family. Ithappened a long time ago before my brothergot married andmovedout .My parentshadseven children.All seven of uspiled in one car fora summer holiday by the beach.Wetraveledinthat crowded car for two days !Finallywe arrivedat a small house near the beach.Ithad one bigroom with many beds and another room for eatingandcooking.The kidsspent all day outside.Weplayed together in the water. Sometimes my mothermade a picnic dinner.Wesat on the sand to eat and watch the sun goes down. One nightwebrought outblankets and slept by the water.I loved that time.Wetalked and looked at the stars until late at night.This wonderful summer holidaywas the best time of my life. Exercise 5: Correct each fragment below is missing a subject or a verb. Then rewrite it so that it is correct. Answers will vary. 2. Corn is my favorite vegetable. 3. It is very bright in the afternoon. 4. Our baby takes a nap for two or three hours. 5. Our cat eats rice. 6. There are flowers in the market. Exercise 6: Correct the following run-on sentences by rewriting them on the blanks below. Answers will vary. 2. There are mice living underneath my house. They make a lot of noise at night. 3. I used to eat rice and vegetables for breakfast, but now I eat cereal and milk. 4. I do not drive, so I ride the bus. 5. I am saving money for a bicycle, and I also want to buy a camera. Unit 2 Descriptive Paragraph Part 1 Exercise 2: A. Respond to the paragraph by answering the questions below. 68

1. c, 2. b, 3. A Exercise 2: B. Answer the questions below. Then compare your answers with a partner. 1. I own a car that has special meaning for me because it belongs to my grandfather. 2. Because Cadillac convertible, white, blue, silver, powerful, black, brown leather, gray, clean, original and intact. 3. Special meaning and happy. 4. I plan to take very good care of my grandfather`s car because someday I will use it to travel to all the states and cities that my grandfather visited when he was a young man. Exercise 3: Completing an outline below. Topic Sentence Item the author describes: his car. The author`s general feeling about the item: It has special meaning for him. Supporting Sentences Background information about the item: His grandfather saved up to buy it and then drove around the city in it. Descriptive details about item: Beautiful Cadillac convertible, white and blue with silver trim, white circles on the tires, powerful horn, white seats, black dashboard, brown leather cover on the steering wheel, grandfather took very good care of the car, has original motor and body is intact. Details about the author`s feelings: He is happy the car has its original motor and the body is intact. He will fix the car himself if it has problems. He plans to take very good care of the car. Concluding Sentence Restated idea: The car is very important to the author because it belongs to his grandfather. Part 2 Developing Your Ideas Exercise1. Read the following pairs of sentences. Put a check () next to the sentence that is more specific. 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. b Exercise 2: Replace the underlined words and phrases with words that are more specific. Answers will vary. 2. Maria found her grandmother’s earrings in the basement. 3. My mother gave me 75 dollars. 69

4. I like my battered old desk. 5. My father enjoyed making birdhouses. 6. My grandparents collected pottery from different regions of Mexico. 7. We always have potatoes and a salad with dinner. Exercise3: Editing a paragraph for specific language A. Read the following paragraph. Underline five words or phrases that could be specific. Then for each underlined word or phrase, write one question below that you could ask the writer to help him or her more specific. Answer will vary: When I left my home town, my relative gave me a special box. She said I could use the box to keep my special treasures. The box was made of a special material, and it was painted a bright color. When I opened it, it played a pretty song. I kept this box on my dresser and I used it store my things. Unfortunately, I lost my beautiful box when I moved to a different city, but I will always remember it and my relative who gave it to me. 2. Who was your relative? 3. What was the box made of? 4. What color was the box? Was it only one color? 5. What did you store in the box? 6. Where did you move? B. Rewrite the paragraph on a separate piece of paper, changing the underlined words and phrases to make them more specific. When I left Ontario, my aunt gave me a special box. She said I could use the box to keep my special treasures. The box was made of cedar wood, and it was painted a bright red. When I opened it, it played a pretty country song. I kept this box on my dresser and I used it store my photographs. Unfortunately, I lost my beautiful box when I moved to a England, but I will always remember it and my relative who gave it to me. Exercise 4: Read the following sentences and underline the adjectives. 2. I am fond of my house plant. 3. It has broad green leaves and delicate, white flowers. 4. I bought a straw hat at a music festival. 5. It was not expensive, but I liked it because it was practical and attractive. 6. I bought my mug at a small tourist shop at the Phoenix airport. Exercise 5. Change the following sentences by adding two or three adjectives to each one. Answers will vary. 2. I love my red racing bicycle. 70

3. No one understands why I still wear my torn, old jeans. 4. If I could only save one thing from a fire, it would be my big, comfortable reading chair. 5. The baby grand piano in my parents’ house is located in the living room. 6. My mother gave me her precious ruby ring. Part 3 Editing your writing Exercise 1: Finish the following sentences with a form of the verb be and one or more adjectives to describe people you know. Answers will vary. 2. My classmates are friendly. 3. My parents are intelligent. 4. My neighbors are helpful. 5. My cousins and I are athletic. 6. I am serious. Exercise 2: Finish each sentence below. Make sure there is a noun in your answer. Answers will vary 2. There is a clock on my desk. 3. My father is a businessman. 4. Someone who writes novels is a novelist. 5. There is a supermarket downtown. 6. Someone who designs houses is an architect. Exercise 3: Rewrite the following sentences. Replace the underlined words and phrases with words that are more specific. Answers will vary. 1. I am reading Pride and Prejudice. 2. In the photograph, the person is holding a new born baby. 3. Laura went to Italy and Spain for a while. 4. It is a picture of Mount Rushmore. 5. The water flows through the Amazon Rain Forest. 6. Our room looked out over the Pacific Ocean. Exercise 4: Read the following sentences. Underline the adjectives. 1. We planted a vegetable garden behind the house. 2. Friendly people are usually happy. 3. She has a different idea. 71

4. My favorite books are historical novels. 5. The class is upset about the math test. Exercise 5: Rewrite the following sentences and add two or three adjectives to each one. Answers will vary. 1. My twin brother owned a silver sports car. 2. My best friend has a married older sister. 3. The dead man was a history teacher. 4. This tiny object is actually a powerful and expensive computer. 5. I have a cactus plant and a beautiful Siamese cat. 6. There is a pine tree next to the red brick house. Unit 3: Example Paragraphs Part 1 Exercise 2: Brainstorming ideas A: Organized B: 1.Organized, ……………………………….. 2. Organized, …………………………… Exercise 4: Read the student paragraph why is the title Like a Mule? Who in the paragraph is like a mule? The title of the paragraph describes the author. The author is stubborn, and mules are stubborn, too. Exercise 5: Analyzing the student paragraph B. Respond to the paragraph by answering the questions below in full sentences. 1. She does not take advice. She does not change her mind easily. She defends her opinions. 2. Other people might get upset because she says what she thinks. B. Examine the organization of the paragraph by answering the questions below. Then compare answer with a partner. 1. I am a stubborn person. 2. The supporting details will give examples of ways that she is stubborn. 3. She gives three main examples: she did not take advice about a job; she did not change her mind about the color car she wanted; and she told her opinion of a woman she did not like. 4. She insisted on buying a white car even though it was inconvenient and she had to drive very far to get it. 5. Yes. 72

6. My life is not always easy but I am proud to be astrong and stubborn woman. Yes. 7. She tells her feelings about being stubborn. 8. The author likes being stubborn. She feels that it is a sign of strength. No one can make her change. Part 2 Developing Your Ideas Exercise1:A.Read this student paragraph and answer the questions below. Answers will vary. 1. The author’s favorite sport is soccer. He is an aggressive player and is good at scoring goals. 2. He likes soccer because it requires team work, and he is good at it. 3. He participates in basketball, and he swims. 4. He plays on one team to mess around with his cousins and friends. He plays on the other team to be more serious player. It has regular practices with special players. 5. Yes. He gave many examples of the sport that he enjoys. B. Answer the questions below. Then compare your answers with a partner. 1. I am an athletic guy. 2. The author will give examples of the sports that he plays. 3. He is aggressive and can score goals when he plays soccer. 4. Yes 5. Playing sports is the thing that I enjoy most, and I especially like soccer because I feel happy when my team and I play well together. Yes. 6. He mentions that he especially like soccer, and gives another reason why. Exercise 2: Read the following topic sentences. Then put a check next to the examples that support the topic sentence in the most specific way. 2. a, c 3. b, c 4. a, c 5. b, c Exercise 3: Read the passages below, underline the example. Then revise each example to make it more specific. Answers will vary. 2. For example, he always greets patients in a friendly way. 3. For example, I have trouble sleeping at night because they are playing loud music. 4. For example, she tells funny stories about her family. 5. For example, he runs away when his mother calls him. 73

6. For example, she can sing and play the guitar. Exercise 4: Write two examples as supporting for each of the following topic sentences. Make sure the examples are specific. Answers will vary. 2.I have two jobs. I go to school full-time. 3. There are science and art museums. There is a very nice zoo. 4. Cell Phones are useful for finding people in airports. Cell Phones are useful for calling for help if your car breakdown. 5. She has long black hair. She has big brown eyes. 6. They let us borrow their tools. They often invite us for dinner. Part 3 Editing your writing Exercise 1: Complete these sentences with information about people you know. Use a present tense verb other than the verb be. Answers will vary. 2. My cousin writes for the local newspaper. 3. Most of my classmates take the bus to school. 4. My best friend lives near me. 5. The children in my neighborhood love to play in the park. Exercise 2: Complete each sentence with the correct form of a present tense verb below. 1. practices 2. owns 3. cook 4. do not work 5. receives Exercise 3: Write two examples as supporting details for each of the following topic sentences. Answers will vary. 1. They worry about their grades. Many of them are living away from home for the first time. 2. An organized person can find things easily. An organized person gets more work done. 3. I had a lot of friends. I lived at home with my parents, and I did not have to work. 4. My first computer broke, so I bought a new laptop. The laptop never worked properly, and finally I had to return it to the store where I bought it. 74

5. You can go scuba diving. You can go surfing in the waves. Exercise 4: Complete the following sentences with information that includes a simple present tense verb. Answers will vary. 1. Writing a good paragraph takes time and patience. 2. Careful drivers look before turning. 3. A tourist takes a lot of photographs. 4. My hometown has many temples and shrines. 5. A hero saves people. 6. My cell phone takes pictures. Exercise 5: Complete each sentence with the correct form of a present tense verb below. 1. Drive 2. Performs 3. does not agree 4. watches 5. share 6. studies Unit 4: Process Paragraphs Part 1 Exercise 3: A. Read the paragraph and Answer the questions below. 1. They think that roses will be difficult to grow. 2. Roses need rose food, plenty of sunshine, and water. 3. Rose plants lose their leaves and flowers in winter, and they might look dead. 4. Answers will vary. \\B. Answer the questions below then compare with your answer with a partner. 1. Roses are royalty among flowers.; b 2. a, b, c, d 3. If you continue to take care of your roses in this simple way, they will produce beautiful flowers year after year. b Part 2 Developing Your Ideas Exercise1: A. Read the paragraph and answer the questions below. 1. You do not want to forget am important item when packing for your trip. 2. The author suggests packing colors that match. 75

3. The author suggests packing large items first in order to make sure they fit. 4. You should check your list to make sure you have not forgotten anything like your swimsuit. B. Answer the questions below then compare your answers with a partner. 1. This and other disasters and inconveniences can be avoided if you follow certain steps when packing your suitcase. 2. Yes. The author warns readers about what might happen if they do not pack carefully. 3. Five. Review your travel plans and activities; make a list; gather your items; pack; review your list. 4. Answers will unary. 5. Many people like to swim while they are on vacation. 6. It is worthwhile to take your time when you pack your suitcase because a well-packed suitcase is the secret to a good travel experience. Yes. The writer suggests that a well-packed suitcase will help you have a good vacation. Exercise 2: Use the time order words to help you decide the correct order. a. 2 b. 5 c. 3 d. 8 e. 7 f. 6 g. 4 h. 1 Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with appropriate time order words. Remember to use proper punctuation. Answers will vary. 1. First, 2. Before 3. After 4. Later, 5. Finally, Exercise 4: Read the following topic. With a partner, write some important steps in the process. Use appropriate time order words. Answers will vary. Step 1: Think about what kind of car you need and how much you can spend. Step 2: Learn about different types of cars and prices. Look on the Internet and in newspapers to learn about your choices. Step 3: Go to car dealerships and test drive the cars you are interested in. Step 4: After you find a good car, you will have to bargain about the price. Do not pay the first price they ask. After you agree, you can fill out the paper work, and the car is yours. Exercise 5: Put a check next to the imperative sentences. 3, 4, 6 Exercise 6: Rewrite the following sentences as imperatives. 2. Fill water bottles and put them in the freezer the night before. 3. Dress in comfortable clothing and sneakers or sandals. 4. Debug your hard drive periodically. 76

5. Replace the water in the tank every week or two. 6. Do not leave the fire unattended. Part 3 Editing your writing Exercise 1: Complete each sentence with should or must then explain your choice of modal. Answers will vary. 2. must. This is required by law. 3. must. This is a law. 4. should. This a suggestion or a recommendation, but is not required. 5. must. This is a strong prohibition. Exercise 2: Use modal verbs to write one affirmative and one negative sentence about each topic. Answers will vary. 2. You must use a bulb with the correct wattage. You should not change the bulb before turning off the light. 3. You must fill out an application. You should not arrive late to the job interview. 4. You must not cheat. You should eat a healthy breakfast on the day of the test. 5. You should not drive fast. You must turn on your wind shield wipers and your headlights. Exercise3 Editing a paragraph Read the paragraph and correct any mistakes with imperatives or with should or must. There are seven mistakes. People who are serious about achieving better time management (1) should following should follow this procedure. It will help you to have more control over your time. First, you need to figure out how you actually spend your time. (2) You make Make a list of all the things you do daily. (3) Writing Write down how much time you spend on each thing. Include activities like talking on the telephone or buying a cup of coffee your list will be quite long. Then find the activities that you can eliminate from your daily routine. It may be hard to give up a trip to the coffee shop, but you can do it. You (4) must going must go to work, so you cannot eliminate that item, but you will probably find other items that are not necessary. You (5) should dropped should drop those unnecessary activities to make time for more important things. Next, prepare a schedule for yourself. (6) Being Be realistic about the time of day you choose for certain activities. Make a schedule that you can follow. (7) Not Do not try to do 77

too much. If you follow these steps and manage your schedule carefully, you will have a happier, more organized life. Exercise 4: Rewrite the following sentences as imperatives. 1. Buy a good fishing rod. 2. Warn the patient before you give him an injection. 3. Speak English with your classmates. 4. Type in your log-in ID and password. 5. Jog slowly at first. Exercise 5: Complete each sentence with should or must. Then explain your choice of modal. Answers will vary. 1. must. This is a rule of good etiquette. 2. must. This is an important warning. 3. should. This is a recommendation, but it is not a strict prohibition. 4. should. This is a piece of advice. 5. must. This is a law. Unit 5 Opinion Paragraphs Part 1 Exercise 3:  Write T for true false each statement. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T Exercise 4: Write your answers to the questions in full sentences, then discuss your answers with a partner. 1. They are calm but energized. 2. Seattle started as a wild pioneer town, and has now become a city where airplanes and computer software are built. 3. It has mountains, lakes, glaciers, and rainforests. 4. Answers will vary. Part 2 Developing Your Ideas Exercise 1: A. Read the paragraph. Why is Da Lat a paradise and answer the questions below. Read the student paragraph. Why is da lat a paradise? 78

Answers will vary. Da Lat is a paradise because it has beautiful scenery, a pleasant climate, and many exciting activities. A. Answer the questions below. 1. The climate is pleasant with occasional fog. 2. They can walk along the boulevards, sit on the benches in the flower parks, stay at excellent hotels, eat delicious food at restaurants, listen to music, and meet other couples. 3. The city has beautiful gardens, boulevards, and lovely French colonial architecture. 4. They can go out to restaurants and listen to music. 5. Answers will vary B. Examine the organization of the essay by answering the questions below. Then compare your answers with a partner. 1. In Vietnam, the best place to spend a honeymoon is the beautiful mountain city called Da Lat. a 2. a, c, d 3. Da Lat is the Vietnamese people’s first choice for a honeymoon because it has lovely natural scenery, many romantic places to stay, and exciting things to do. d Exercise 3: Reach opinion and the reasons that support it. Write fact, Explanation, or experience next to each reason. 1. a. Fact b. Explanation c. Experience d. Fact 2. a. Explanation b. Fact c. Experience d. Fact 3. a. Explanation b. Fact c. Experience d. Fact Exercise 4: Write the name of a city or place that you know. Then add one reason (a fact, explanation, or experience) to support the opinion given. Answers will vary. 2. Brazil. When I was there, I made many new friends, and everyone was so hospitable. 3. Rome. The architecture is stunning. 4. Charlottesville, Virginia. The cost of living is very low. Part 3 Editing Your Writing Exercise 1: Write is or are in the blanks to complete the sentences below. 2. is 3. are 4. are 5. is 6. Is Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences using there is or there are. 2. There are no houses on the island. 3. There are colorful birds in the jungle. 79

4. There are many international restaurants down town. 5. There are many vendors on the beach. 6. There is a lot of good seafood along the coast. Exercise 3: Use because of or because to complete each sentence below. 2. because 3. because of 4. because 5. because 6. because of Exercise 4: Finish each sentence with a phrase or a statement of your own. Answers will vary. 2. My city is beautiful because of the many trees and the clear blue skies. 3. My city is interesting because it has people from all over the world. 4. I would like to live in a small town because it is safer than the big city. 5. I do not want to live in a big city because of the pollution. 6. The best city to live in is Vancouver because of the wonderful people. Exercise 5: Read each opinion and the reasons that support it. Write fact, Explanation, or Experience next to each reason. 1. a. Explanation b. Fact c. Experience d. Explanation 2. a. Fact b. Explanation c. Explanation d. Experience 3. a. Experience b. Fact c. Fact d. Explanation Exercise 6: Rewrite the following sentences using sentences with there is/there are. 1. There are whales in Puget Sound in the summer. 2. There is gold in Siberia. 3. There are no penguins in Florida. 4. There is no cure for cancer. 5. There are many stories about the first blue-eyed tribes that lived in Argentina. 6. There are beautiful terraced hillsides in China. Unit 06 Narrative Paragraphs Part 1 Exercise 2: Understanding the text. Write T for true or F for false for each statement. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F Exercise 3: Write your answers to the questions in full sentences. 1. He talked to the snake and moved slowly. 2. The snake moved around in the sack. 3. Answers will vary. 4. Answers will vary 80

Exercise 5: A. Respond to the paragraph and answer the questions below. 1. He went to the hotel to get his favorite soccer players’ autographs. 2. He waited outside for a long time because he was too nervous to ask for their autographs. 3. It was an emotional challenge. He was too nervous to talk to the players. 4. He thought about his once-in-a-life time opportunity and gained enough courage to talk to his favorite soccer players. 5. Answers will vary. B: Read paragraph again and answer the questions below. 1. When I was thirteen years old, I had a great surprise at the Grand Hotel in Toronto. 2. a. 3 b. 4 c. 1 d. 2 e.5 3. b Part 2 Developing Your Ideas Exercise1: Read the sentences below, rite an S next to sentences that have sensory details. Write an E next to the sentences that have emotional details. 2. E 3. E 4. S 5. S 6. S Exercise 2: Practicing with sensory details. Use sensory details to support the following sentences. Answers will vary. 2. The fish was spicy and slightly sweet, and it melted in my mouth. 3. We could see purples, reds, yellows, whites, and pinks, and the smell of jasmine mixed with Gardenia was heavenly. 4. There was trash everywhere, and it smelled like a garbage can. 5. I remember the feel of cool water flowing over my body. 6. It smelled of coffee and spices, and there was always the sound of conversation. Exercise 3: Practicing with emotional details. Use emotional details to support the following sentences. Answers will vary. 2. She always wrote funny stories that made me laugh, and I realized that she was a cheerful person no matter what happened to her. 3. Now, I always feel glad when I see him at the end of the day. 4. I experienced many emotions mixed together including fear and excitement. 5. I was terrified and wanted to run away. 81

6. I was filled with pride and a sense of relief. Exercise 4: Read the following sentences. Then number then in the order you think they occurred. Use the sequence words and phrases as clues. a. 1 b. 7 c. 3 d. 2 e. 8 f. 5 Exercise 5: Complete the following sentences with past tense verbs. Answers will vary. 2. talked 3. carried 4. called, arrived 5. served 6. were 7. met, was 8. climbed, visited Exercise 6: Answer the following questions with sentences that use Using the past continuous. Answers will vary. 2. I was eating dinner. 3. I was riding to work on the train. 4. I was working at a bookstore. 5. I was thinking about what I want to do this weekend. Exercise 7: Underline the verbs in each sentence. Then rewrite the sentences replacing the simple past with the past continuous where it is more appropriate. 2. I lived in Paris when I had a terrible car accident. I was living in Paris when I had a terrible car accident. 3. I worked on my paper and watched the game when he called. I was working on my paper and watching the game when he called. 4. A stranger stood in the doorway when we arrived home. A stranger was standing in the doorway when we arrived home. 5. We drove to the hospital when my wife told the taxi driver to stop the car. 82

Reference Blanched, K. &Root, C. (1997). Ready to write more. Longman. Boardman, C. (2002). Writing to Communicate Paragraph and Essay, Second edition. Person Education, Inc. Level, R. (2004). Writing and Grammar Communication in Action. Prentice Hall. Linda, B. (2017). Longman Academic Writing Series. Sentences to Paragraphs. Pearson Education, Inc. Oshima, A. & Hogue, A. (2006). Writing Academic English 4th edition. Longman. Pavlik, C. & Keenan, M. (2002). Interactions Writing 1, 4th edition: McGraw-Hall. New York. Savang, A. (2007). Effective Academic Writing 1: The Paragraph. North Harris College. Houston, Texas. 83