APA Literature Review Sample

HowareIndividualsLivingwithChronic IllnessTreatedWithintheirFamiliesAfter Diagnosis? LiteratureReview Chronicphysicalandmentalillnessesareseparatelyreviewedhereduetothedifferencesbetweenthetwo.Inthispaper,theywillalsobecomparedagainsteachotherinordertodoacrossanalysisbetweenthedifferencesandsimilaritieswiththewayinwhichfamilymembersaretreateddependingonthetypeofillnessthattheyhave. ChronicPhysicalIllness Chronicphysicalillnessvaryinintensityandtypes,butthereisonecharacteristicincommon.Theseillnessesrecurthroughtime,typicallyatrandom intervals.Theuncertainty thatusually comes along with a diagnosis can intensely impactrelationshipsandcommunicationwithinthefamily. Marriageisthefoundationofmostfamiliesacrossdifferentcultures.Makingsurethatthemaritalbondstaysstrongisquitechallengingwhenamemberofthefamilyfacesachronicphysicalillness.Achronicphysicalillnessmaychangetheeverydaylife and interaction ofthe entire family tremendously in orderto attemptunderstandinghowthosewhohavebeendiagnosedandtreatedalreadyconductedaroundrelevantcommunicationprocesses.BashandArkinson(2007)foundthatamongcouplesthattalkaboutthedirectionandnatureoftheirrelationship,coupleswhoarechronicallyillexperiencedmorebenefitcomparedtocouplesthatdidnotincludesomebodywhohadsomechronicphysicalillness.Thisliteratureonlyprovesthatinascenariowhereinaspouseischronicallyill,itisveryimportanttousecommunicationinmakingeachotherawareofspecificthingssuchastheirfeelingsabouta certain situation,orwhatoneexpectsorneedsfrom theirpartners.Expressingaboutthestatusoftherelationshipcanbeparticularlyhelpfulforpeoplewhoarechronicallyillespeciallywhenitcomestoexpressingfearsrelatedtotheirmarriageandtheirillness.

BeanandUmali(2009)suggestedthataso-calledcollaborativetalkisthekindofcommunicationwhichiscorrelatedcommonlywithpositiveresults.Thisonlygoestoshowthatitisveryimportantforallmarriedcouplestotalkabouttheirissuesandsituationaltogetherinordertokeeptheirrelationshipverystrongbecausethesetacticshavealreadybeenproventobevaluableforthecouple.Shim andSimon(2015)add to this furtherbyexplaining thatcouples who are aware oftheexpectationsoftheirpartnersregardingcommunicationwithinthemarriagearemoresuccessfulinprovidingsupporttooneanother.Also,beingawareofthedesiresoftheirpartnersandbeingabletofulfillthem isimportanttowardsachievingsatisfactioninthefunctioningoftherelationship.Maritalsharingandcopingisnotjustlimitedtothetalkwithintherelationship.Anotherverypowerfulwayofdoingsoisthroughnarratives. Narrativesissomethingthatisrecognizedstronglyandoftenpraisedthroughliteraturesonchronicphysicalillnesses.Variousstudies(Free&Chapman,2008;Ottenson&Scott,2005;Dickson&Walker,2006)stresstheprimaryimportanceofcommunicatingwithnarrativesforthehealingprocessofthefamily.Narrativesareverybeneficialsincetheyallow studiesandresearchtocapturesomepersonalaccounts ofdisease,letting the illperson actas a gatekeeperoftheirowninformationregardingtheirillness.OttensonandScoot(2005)statethatthosewhoaredealingwithchronicphysicalillnessesaremorelikelytoshareactivelyiftheirperceptionsandfeelingsareconfirmedbyothers,especiallyfamilyandfriends.Some chronic illnesses result to a negative socialstigma,and receivingconfirmationthatpeoplewillturnouttoberespectfulisveryimportantingettingthepatienttoshareandopenupregardingtheirexperiences.Storytellingandnarrativeshelpfamiliestoeffectivelycommunicateregardingthechangesthattheyhaveexperienced and have taken place in the family.Ottenson and Scoot(2005)concludedthatthechangingidentitywhilefacingtheillnessneverstops.Infact,itisendlesswheelofdevelopment.Sharingvianarrativesincasesofdifferentchronicphysicalillnesshasthepossibilityofexperiencingbettercommunicationinthefamilybecausethepatientcanconciselyandclearlyexplainwhatiscurrentlygoingonwiththem from theirpersonalperspective.

Thiscan significantlyhelp thefamilydeterminewhatthepatienthasbeenthrough,whileunderstandingnew identitiesthatareemerging.However,Losch(1982)points outa veryimportantparadoxexplaining thatpatients maybeempoweredbyexplaininganarrativeaccountoftheirstory,andothersmayalsofeelanxiousfrom rememberingthosemomentswithintheirlife.AsexplainedbyGrethelandSatchkinson(1992),whentheparticipantsusedcommunicationinreducingthefearthattheyfeelregardingtheirillness,theyweremostlikelytocommunicateregardingtheirillnessbetter.WinsyandDenton(2006)showthatnarrativesareveryimportantinmeetingtheexpectationsandunderstandingofthefamilymemberswhentheyexperiencechronicillness.Mostoften,peoplewillalsofaceexpectationsfortheirfamilymemberswithoutevenexpressingthem verbally,leavingthemconfusedmoreoftenregardingthedirectionthattheyneedtotake.However,aformofstorytellingornarrativeincasesofchronicphysicalillnessmayalsoreflectsomeoftheunfulfilledneedsofthepatients,helpingfamilymemberstodeterminethem. Ontheotherhand,achronicmentalillnesscanbequitedifficultforfamiliestodealwith,givenitsnegativesocialconnotationsinmostsocietiesallovertheworldtoday.Afamilymembersufferingfrom chronicmentalillnessmayleadtoconstantmonitoringandcare,dependingontheintensityandtheillness.Assuch,familiesmayendupfindingitdifficulttodealwithunderstandingthediagnosisofchronicmentalillnessduetothenumberofchallengespresented.(Smith,2009). References Bash,J.,&Arkinson,W.R.(2007).Dyadicadjustmentrequiredinchronicillness.Doesitmattertoengageinrelationshiptalks?FamilyPsychologyJournal,21(5),467-471.doi:12.3534656-123.12.3.4543 Bean,G.A.,&Umali,R.(2009).Adevelopmentalmodelofmarriedcouplesdealingwithchronicillness.TheBulletinofPsychology,135(8),922-956. Dickson,W.E.,&Walker,G.A.(2006).Copingtechniquesamongcancerpatients:Imaginedinteractionsandactualcommunications.HealthCommunication.4,257-268. Free,G.A.,&Chapman,E.G.(2008).Culturallybasedapproachesinfamiliesanditspractices.ContemporarySocialServicesJournal.45(5),200-210. Grethel,D.F.,&Satchkinson,G.(1992).Docommunicationstylesmoderateinteractionbetweenmembersofthefamilies?FamilyCommunicationJournal,12,153-144.doi:10.1080/2352352.123.2141 Losch,A.D.(1982).Communicationresearchquestions:findinganswers.NewYork:ABCPress. Shim,A.,& Simon,W.(2015).Caring forcaregivers ofindividuals with mentalillness.JournalofPsychiatry.58(5),223-229.doi:10.355/124-135.5436 Ottenson,Q.,&Scott,A.(2005_.Healingandnarratives.Exploringthepossibilities.HealthCommunication.17(4),135-145. Winsy,A.,&Denton,Y.(2006).Thecancerjournals.Florida:Sheba. Smith,T.(2009).Stigmaandsocialdisruption–networkdynamicsinmentalillnesses.SocialandPersonalPsychology.33(2),23-34.