DLQ_Dergi_2023_

["51","Ali Serdar Erdurmaz THE MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES I will discuss the Middle East and the Mena region, particularly the Eastern Islamic state in the region. Then, the US changed its target to destroy ISIL in Mediterranean and Libya, considering the recent developments Since the the area. The US cooperated with PYD\/YPG terrorist organizations affiliated Arab Spring. with PKK despite the strong objection of Ankara, saying that PYD\/YPG is a terrorist organization and that the US should not be with them. Nevertheless, In 2011 Arap Spring emerged in the MENA region of Tunisia and it spread Washington insisted on cooperating with them to fight ISIL. out very quickly all over the Middle East. T\u00fcrkiye got the feeling of cheating by the NATO member, the US, which However, ultimately Arap Spring failed to bring new democratic re- went with the PYD\/YPG. gimes to Arab states like Libya, Syria, and Egypt. In 2015 Russia came to Syria after the invitation of Assad, and Russia de- On the contrary, it happened to create a new regional order in the Middle East ployed in military bases in Tartus and Latakia regions just near the seashore while achieving very little in Tunisia. of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. In Egypt, the Mubarak regime collapsed of the uprising of the Egyptian people T\u00fcrkiye is to find a solution to prevent PYD\/YPG from establishing an auton- by the winds of Arab Spring, and democratic administrations were estab- omous regime beside its southern border, Ankara as a NATO member allying lished; then, elections were held to form a government since the elected with Russia and Iran against the USA to protect its national interest. government tried to develop religious rules to govern, causing incredible frus- tration among the people and the Western countries. Egypt military authorities They said the new structure aims to preserve a sovereign and unified Syria. had taken this unrest as a pretext for military intervention to topple elected The Astana process launched in January 2017. President Mursi. As is known, this process turned over as the quaternary Conference (T\u00fcrkiye, As a result, after the coup, the military administration has retaken the govern- Russia, Syria, and Iran) held in Moscow. ment. Nothing has changed, but time has been lost. History shows there is a vicious circle in Egypt. In March, deputy foreign ministers of four countries met in Moscow to dis- cuss counter-terrorism efforts in Syria. They agreed to continue the tripartite In Syria, initially, T\u00fcrkiye and the USA tried to oust current President Bashar meetings to ensure stability in Syria and the wider region. T\u00fcrkiye recognized Assad. Still, a new threat emerged as ISIL or DEA\u015e claiming to establish an Bashar Assad\u2019s government as a legitimate government after 12 years of 52","conflict. Assad Government participate in this conference officially. It seems Relations with Egypt broke in 2013 after Abdullatif Sisi\u2019s military coup against nothing has changed for Syria, but its territory has shattered. There is no the legal Mursi government. President Erdogan rebuked the military interven- unified and sovereign state, after all. PYD\/YPG, Russia, Amerika, T\u00fcrkiye, Iran, tion harshly. and Assad regime on Syrian territory. Later, we witnessed Ankara blaming the UAE for supporting the coup attempt I assume that Russia and the USA stay in that region long. on 15 July 2016 and Saudi Arabia for the murder of Jamal Khashoggi in 2018, and a diplomatic crisis erupted between Ankara and those countries. US withdrawal depends on the Russian\u2019s leave. Ankara assessed the new order in the region and decided on a new strategy But Russia\u2019s ambition on the Mediterranean Sea after exploring natural gas to renew its relations with those countries. offshore in the riparian states makes Russia remain in bases earned from Syria even more, strengthening them. Thus, Russia would have been involved Riyadh and Dubai decided to establish diplomatic relations with Israel. That and interfered with the Mediterranean issue. In this course, Russia negotiated means all religious matters are left aside, and solely diplomacy would dom- with Greek Cypriots to use its ports and signed an agreement. inate. That gives freedom of action to Israel, particularly in the Palestinian Washington lately decided to remain in Syria. In that problems. In that way, Israel is recognized officially way, America can control Russia and (Iran) the by those three Arab States. regional states from where it is. The USA stationed in the area and the core unit On the other hand, Saudi Arabia initiated in Iraq will facilitate its diplomatic and re-establishing diplomatic relations with military action to intervene in any Iran over seven years intervals. In this potential conflict to protect its na- vein, the war in Yemen will probably tional interest. be over, and peace might be real- ized. Washington\u2019s desire not to leave the region to President Putin\u2019s However, how Saudi Arabia will initiative and control while she fo- accept Iran\u2019s religious intentions cuses all efforts on China. America and efforts to influence the region will exist from now on virtually in the is unclear. There is no clear Middle East, just like Russia. indication that sectarian con- flict will diminish in the future. Now, the current situation in the region dic- tates the new regional order established in the In parallel with the new election in T\u00fcrkiye Middle East. And Syrian territory is the center of this to be held on 14 May, T\u00fcrkiye would keep its phenomenon as a boiling pot as its divided territory with oppo- strategy to fight against extreme religious frac- sites of the Assad regime, Russia, America, terrorist organizations, and the tions and any terrorist organizations in Syria, Iraq, and Assad government. any other region that will affect T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s sovereignty and territorial unity. That means T\u00fcrkiye and Iran have new neighbors in Syria. Russia is on the Mediterranean Sea shore, and the US is east of the In addition, T\u00fcrkiye again emphasizes Syria and Iraq\u2019s territorial unity and Euphrates River. sovereignty. And Ankara pursues good relations with whole countries in the region and solves all problems with peaceful negotiations. Ankara and Tehran should consider this when they take diplomatic actions in Iraq, Syria, and Israel. The Eastern Mediterranean Aware of that reality, T\u00fcrkiye put precious loneliness on the history shelf and We know the new regional order prioritizes the Eastern Mediterranean area relived its diplomacy with the region countries. since natural gas reserves were found, which is another sensitive issue re- garding Turkish national interests. As is known, relations with Israel broke after \u201cone minute\u201d and the Blue Mar- mara incidents in 2010, respectively. In 2011, discoveries of immense offshore gas reserves in the Eastern Medi- terranean, just near Cyprus, Egypt, and Israel seashores, took the great inter- est of the EU and T\u00fcrkiye. 53","Nevertheless, it also raises the potential for conflict between T\u00fcrkiye, the Greek Ankara. Cypriot Region Administration (GCRA), and the EU over these resources. And the US Senate ratified a bill to promote security and energy partnerships This development has brought a new aspect to the geostrategic impor- in those states. tance of T\u00fcrkiye because its proximity to the research area, mainly to the Cyprus region, regarding the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), is overlapping. And France has given its support to them. In this context, Greek Cypriot Administration put on the agenda the determi- Later, a map that emerged was academically designed by University in Seville. nation of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries seen as a sover- eignty problem by littoral states concerning international law, This map a mere scholarly attempt to help the EU define its borders in the context of enlargement \u2013 became a fixture of the debate in T\u00fcrkiye, where it nonetheless, the EU has been forced to participate as one of the sides due is claimed that the map is a strong representation of the EU position. to its member-Greek Cypriot maritime jurisdiction being acknowledged under the EU sovereignty region. T\u00fcrkiye rejected this map, saying it was unofficial. Thus, maritime boundaries and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) in the East- This culminated in a November 2019 agreement with Libya to delineate ern Mediterranean have become subjects of dispute between the European adjacent waters. Union and T\u00fcrkiye. To determine its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), Ankara signed two Mem- Even though T\u00fcrkiye and Greek Cypriots have overlapping claims of EEZ for orandum of Understanding with the UN-recognized Government of National offshore oil and gas research in the Eastern Mediterranean, Greeks contin- Accord of Libya in Tripoli on 27 October 2019. ued exploratory drilling for gases just in the disputed areas risking escalating tensions with T\u00fcrkiye. One is the Maritime Boundary Treaty about EEZ, and the other is defense cooperation and military aid. According to this MOU, Ankara sent armed As a result, T\u00fcrkiye has deployed warships to show its determination to con- drones and experts to Libya against Khalifa Haftar\u2019s LNA, supported by Rus- flicting EEZ areas where international companies have conducted drilling and sia, France, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt, offensive units just beyond Tripoli and sent research vessels to the island\u2019s disputed EEZ. changed the fate of the operation to the advantage of the Government of National Accord in Tripoli. Then, Israel signed, since broken relations with Ankara, a military cooperation agreement with Greece in 2015 while improving strong defense and army According to this MOU, Ankara, and Libya designed the EEZ map and sent relations with Cyprus. the UN to register, although the EU, the USA, Greece, and France rejected it. Greece, Greek Cypriots Administration, Israel, France, Italy, and Jordan estab- In August 2020, nine months later, Greece and Egypt signed a maritime deal, lished EastMed Gas Forum in 2019 and got Washington\u2019s support against demarking EEZ for all oil and gas drilling rights, to counter the T\u00fcrkiye-GNA agreement. 54","Along with Ankara\u2019s recent improved diplomatic relations with Egypt, Saudi ritory. Thus, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s Middle East policy should be balanced according Arabia, UAE, and Israel, the balance would favor T\u00fcrkiye. to the unique situation in the region. This would facilitate the maritime rights of T\u00fcrkiye in the Eastern Mediterrane- \u2022\t T\u00fcrkiye lost fundamental partners in the Eastern Mediterranean issue an Sea regarding the redesign of EEZ and research and drilling requests and when she broke diplomatic relations with Israel, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, transportation of natural gas via T\u00fcrkiye either using seabed pipelines or with and the UAE. Those countries, in turn, established good relations and the channels on the soil. signed agreements about the delimitation of maritime rights as ripari- an states with Greek Cypriots and Greece against T\u00fcrkiye. Then, they During and post-war in Ukraine, the new assertive diplomatic initia- formed East Med Gas Form, which left Ankara outside. Precious lone- tives of T\u00fcrkiye pave the way for Ankara to play a crucial role, liness brought Ankara too much harm to the Eastern Mediterranean particularly in the energy sector. natural gas problem for a long time. As a lone wolf, Ankara had to use military force to coerce them to accept its maritime rights in the region At the same time, the EU seeks new energy sources. T\u00fcrkiye might be an and cause a global reaction. energy hub to transport from Israel and Egypt natural gases to European territory. \u2022\t The volatile situation of the Eastern Mediterranean region will affect the future of the Middle East and the MENA region. In conclusion, \u2022\t Ankara\u2019s new attempt to renew diplomatic relations with Israel, Egypt, \u2022\t Following the Arab Spring, nothing has changed regarding establishing Saudi Arabia, and UAE could change the balance established by the democratic regimes in the States where the people uprising to chal- Greek and Greek Cypriots in the Eastern Mediterranean. T\u00fcrkiye and lenge their autocratic regimes, such as Libya, Egypt, and Syria. That the other littoral states, Israel and Egypt, will probably review Exclusive reality demonstrated that Democracy, for the time being, is not fitted for Economic Zone problems and try to solve them through mutual nego- the Arab states as the form of government. tiations. \u2022\t Turmoil in those countries brought external forces to intervene in the \u2022\t Saudi Arabia and UAE attempt to recognize Israel to pave the way for Kaos situation in Libya and Syria. Now, Syria is divided apart from Rus- new developments in Palestine problems and the region. sia, the USA, terrorist organizations like PYD\/YPG, and opponents of Bashar Asad. While Egypt, after an unsuccessful democratically elected \u2022\t Saudi Arabian-Iran renewed diplomatic relations would be the cause of government experience, turned back the old military regime due to the ending the conflict in Yemen. However, we do not expect much more military coup. In Libya, a civil war occurs between two separatist gov- impact on sectarian clashes. ernmental opponents without a concrete solution. External state inter- ventions to change the current position in their favor are still in process in Libya. \u2022\t Particularly in the Middle East, the geopolitical situation has changed since Russia and the USA occupied some parts of Syria, and it seems they will not leave their position in the long run. Highly probably, Russia and US will challenge each other to be the dominant power in the re- gion. While Washington would continue its support to the PYD\/YPG, on the other hand, Russia would support the Assad government and Iran against the USA. Consequently, regional geopolitics reshuffled. \u2022\t with the new order installed in the region, the USA and Russia are dominant from now on for intervening in all arising problems in the area. \u2022\t Washington\u2019s unilateral foreign policy was rejected from now on by multilateral allies formed by T\u00fcrkiye, Russia, and Iran against it. T\u00fcrkiye decided by assertive policy not to allow terrorist actions in Syria despite Washington\u2019s desire. \u2022\t T\u00fcrkiye has new neighbors America and Russia, in shattered Syrian ter- 55","G\u00fcls\u00fcm Akbulut GLOBAL ECONOMIC TRENDS AND THE TURKISH ECONOMY Director of Global and Turkish Economic Studies look, the outlook for the global economy in 2023 and beyond is not promising. The year 2022 is already characterized by slow or negative growth rates com- Foreign Policy Institute bined with high inflation rates. In the medium term, economic growth will be even worse, indicating the lowest estimates since 1990. The pessimistic global outlook Global economic problems and risks have multiplied since the world witnessed the can be attributed to changing energy and security policies, geopolitical tensions Covid-19 pandemic, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and the continued fragility and the impact of COVID -19 on supply chain disruption. of the financial system as a result of the extraordinary measures taken by Federal Reserve of the United States and the European Central Bank during the pandemic. Changing security and defense concerns The persistent challenges that the global economy has long faced will remain in In 2023, growth rates for the U.S. and EU are estimated at 1.3 percent and 2023 0.8 percent respectively, lower than the growth rates in 2022. Negative growth rates are expected for Germany, mainly because of limited energy supplies due to The persistent challenges that the global economy has long faced, such as envi- tensions between Russia and Germany following Russian aggression in Ukraine ronmental problems, aging populations in advanced economies, growing income and changing security and defense concerns in the country. The United Kingdom inequality, and increasing migration problems will remain in 2023. Instead of these is struggling with the challenges arising from its exit from the European Union. structural and long-standing problems, I will focus on the issues related to global China\u2019s economic growth in 2022 was primarily impacted by protective measures growth and inflation and their impact on the Turkish economy as well as recent against the COVID -19 pandemic. Even though China abandoned its zero COVID policies leading to increasing fragmentation of the global economy. policy in January 2023, medium-term growth prospects are only 4-5 percent, According to the International Monetary Fund\u2019s April 2023 World Economic Out- 56","Davuto\u011flu takes it forward and claims, to some extent, the EU and the Western world are obviously necessary for T\u00fcrkiye but the Eastern world is much more important. below the 7-10 percent growth rates of the early 2000s. China\u2019s economic of certain Chinese companies in the United States. The Biden administration has performance has implications for Asian countries, especially those introduced some measures to encourage the production of key imported goods that are heavily dependent on Chinese trade. in the United States.These measures are leading to increased protectionist imple- mentation in other parts of the world, which could slow global trade and economic Inflation has become a global problem as prices have risen in both advanced growth in the coming years. and emerging economies. In the U.S., monetary policy has changed in the face of rising inflation in 2022. The FED has raised fund rates since March 2022 after As an economy influenced by global trade and financial developments, the Turkish keeping rates historically low at 0-0.25 percent. At the March 2023 meeting, the economy has faced several challenges in recent years. As the EU, the UK and the FED fund rate reached 4.75 percent and is expected to increase to 5 percent. US are T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s main export partners, the relatively low growth performance of The FED has also reduced its balance sheet since mid-2022 by withdrawing the these countries will have a negative impact on export performance in 2023 and excess liquidity it provided during the pandemic. The rise in FED interest rates and in the medium term. Although T\u00fcrkiye has taken measures to diversify its export the reduction in dollar liquidity have had a significant impact on financial flows in markets, the relatively low growth expectations in Asian economies, especially emerging and developing countries, leading to capital flight, devaluation pressures Russia and China, do not indicate an optimistic growth rate for T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s export on domestic currencies, and the stability risks of banking systems in both devel- performance. Energy prices are one of the main factors affecting T\u00fcr- oped and developing countries. kiye\u2019s import costs. Rising energy prices following the Russian invasion of Ukraine have weighed heavily on T\u00fcrkiyes energy imports. Energy costs for 2023 The banking system in the U.S. and Europe has faced significant challenges since and beyond will be an important indicator of T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s trade and current account the FED and the European Central Bank raised interest rates. Silvergate Bank, deficits. Therefore, it is also important to follow EU and U.S. sanctions on Russian Silicon Valley Bank (SVB), and Signature Bank in New York all ceased operations energy and OPEC \u2018s decision on energy production levels.T\u00fcrkiye has been strug- in March 2023. First Republic Bank lost $102 billion of its customers. Credit gling with high inflation, especially since 2021. In addition to domestic monetary Suisse Bank, Switzerland\u2019s second largest bank, was acquired by the country\u2019s and fiscal policies, measures that affect global price levels are also important largest bank, UBS. Because of the potential impact of the bank failures, the FED factors for price increases in T\u00fcrkiye. Energy and food prices, which are affected changed its policies, and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), by tensions between Russia and Ukraine, are important for global inflation and the U.S. Treasury, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Cooperation (FDIC) declared also for the level of inflation in T\u00fcrkiye. measures to protect bank deposits to prevent a systemic banking crisis. On the other hand, risks concerning the banking system persists, and this could pose Overall, global economic developments, as well as certain events and policies further challenges to the global and domestic financial system. affecting global growth, inflation, financial crises, energy supply and demand, have an impact on T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s economic outlook. In this regard, T\u00fcrkiye needs The liberal economic tendencies have been changing to closely monitor key global risks affecting its economic policies and continuously improve its domestic policies to achieve sustainable The liberal economic tendencies have been changing, especially after the pan- growth and development performance. demic and with the US policies to contain China. We no longer speak of globali- zation, but of de-globalization and fragmentation tendencies. Since the pandemic caused disruptions in global supply chains, countries have begun to increase their own production by strengthening protectionist policies, increasing subsidies to do- mestic companies, and imposing certain trade restrictions. The United States has already taken action to rein in China, particularly during the Trump administration. The U.S. imposed tariffs on Chinese imported goods and restricted the activities 57","\u00d6zg\u00fcr T\u00fcfek\u00e7i POWER AND IDEOLOGY OF EURASIANISM IN TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (1721-1917) According to Trubetskoi, however, Europe was trying to impose its Ro- mano-German culture as universal, which it did through chauvinism and \u2022 Spanned an enormous territory of almost 36 million square km cosmopolitanism. \u2022 170 million people In 1921, the manifesto-like collection Exodus to the East was released, featuring four authors: Trubetskoi, geographer Peter Savitsky, music critic \u2022 100 different ethnic backgrounds Pierre Souvtchinsky, and religious philosopher Georges Florovsky. Nikolai Trubetzkoy (1890\u20131938) was a Russian \u00e9migr\u00e9 scholar who set- RUSSIA WOULD BECOME AWARE OF ITSELF AS RUS- tled in Austria in 1922, serving as Head of Slavic Linguistics at the Univer- SIA-EURASIA, A DISTINCTIVE GEOGRAPHICAL CULTURE sity of Vienna and participating in the Prague Linguistics Circle. THAT HAD PLAYED A CRUCIAL ROLE IN WORLD HISTORY Pyotr Nikolayevich Savitsky (1895 1968) is perhaps the first and only The collection dealt with Russia\u2019s self-discovery as a specific geo-culture. Russian author who, in the full sense of the word, can be called a geopol- According to the book\u2019s authors, Russia occupied a middle position be- itician. He is an economist by education, a student of V. Vernadsky and P. tween Europe and Asia. Accordingly, it should transform its civilizational Struve. Before the war, he was close to the cadets. After the revolution he identity by way of acknowledging and reinforcing its Eastern traits. This emigrated to Bulgaria, then moved to Czechoslovakia. would not involve merging with Asia; instead, Russia would become aware of itself as Russia-Eurasia, a distinctive geographical culture that had Petr Petrovich Suvchinsky (1882 - 1985), was a Russian artistic patron played a crucial role in world history. and writer on music and the future leader of the Left Eurasianists. Before long, the participants of Eurasianism separated into factions and Nikolai Trubetskoi launched Eurasianism with his book Europe and Man- Classical Eurasianism faded away until Gumilev put together Neo-Eurasian- kind, published in Sofia in 1920. ism. Regarding the characterization of Classical Eurasianism, four main princi- ples can be explored. The first was anti-Westernism. At that time, the West was perceived as Western Europe. In this context, the creators of Eurasian- ism eschewed Western civilization and sympathized with non-European cultures.131 As mentioned before, Eurasia was neither Europe nor Asia. It was a separate continent; however, the Eurasianists perceived themselves as closer to Asia than Europe. For the Eurasianists, the specification which made it unique was the Turanian effect The second principle was the uniqueness of Russia and Russian culture. As mentioned in the first principle, Eurasia was a separate continent and at the same time, it was a unique culture. For the Eurasianists, the specification which made it unique was the Turanian effect. Contrary to Slavophiles, the Eurasianists advocated that Turanians had a huge impact on the genesis of Russian culture. 58","the most important figures of this school of thought. Following the demise of Classical Eurasianism, throughout the Soviet era, there was no active Eurasianist apart from Gumilev. It is fair to say that he is the main link between classical Eurasianism and neo-Eurasianism. What distinguishes Gumilev from the founding fathers is his approach to religion. He thought that Orthodox Christianity was one of the determinants which molded the Russian identity. And when the Golden Horde adopted Islam, Mongols lost their impact. Aleksandr Panarin: Panarin was a more liberal and centrist Eurasianist and he had more respect for democracy and human rights. DUGIN HAS BEEN THE LEADING FIGURE OF EURASIANIST THOUGHT IN RUSSIA OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES Aleksandr Dugin: Aleksandr Gel\u2019evich Dugin has been the leading fig- ure of Eurasianist thought in Russia over the last two decades. Comparison of Russian Eurasianism with Turkish Eurasianism The third principle was that Eurasianism was a third way between capital- Although in some intellectual circles of T\u00fcrkiye, the Eurasianism concept ism and socialism, liberalism and dictatorship. It was a theory to build a na- has been welcomed, its new interpretations have been produced instead tion, so it must have been different from the existing currents at that time. of accepting the ideology as it was in Russia, as well. Without delving into It was a product of a normal process. Laruelle clarifies these similarities as the details, Turkish eurasianism\u2019s distinctive features are as follows: follows: \u201cEurasianism adopted Marxism\u2019s dialectic approach, turning the idea of humanity evolving in stages against Communism; Russia would Both T\u00fcrkiye and the Russian Federation are post-imperial states. In this then go from Capitalism as a thesis and Communism as an antithesis to sense, while Russian Eurasianists claim back, at least, all the territories of Eurasianism as their synthesis\u201d. the Soviet Union, Turkish Eurasianists do not have any demand over all the territories of the Ottoman Empire. The fourth and last principle was that Eurasianism had an anti-monarchist vision. On the one hand, they did not accept democracy because of its While Russian Eurasianists are a combination of communists Western roots. On the other hand, they did not give support to the totalitar- and ultra-nationalists, Turkish Eurasianists consisted of the ian administration system because of the importance they attached to the left-wing environment and right-wing nationalists. Eurasian people. And, this state would be a state which took some special features of contemporary currents, absorbed them, and produced a sui While Russian Eurasianists advocate balanced foreign policy understand- generis characteristic called the third way. ing with equal emphasis on Europe, the Middle East, and the Far East, one of the discourses of Turkish Eurasianism (Nationalist Eurasianism) is in fa- Neo-Eurasianism is a slightly differentiated version of Classical Eurasian- vor of turning T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s face to the East and making alliances with countries ism, popularised during the demise of the Soviet Union. It takes its inspi- such as Iran, India, Pakistan, Syria, Russia, and so on. ration from the Classical Eurasianists and assumes that Russia is culturally closer to Asia than to the West, in this version the West symbolizes the Turkish Eurasianism is far less politicized than Russian Eurasianism as it USA. However, Neo-Eurasianism comes to prominence with its geopoliti- lacks deep historical and theoretical roots compared to other ideologies cal approach rather than cultural perspective. such as Ottomanism, Islamism, and Pan-Turkism. Lev Gumilev is considered the leader and founder of Neo-Eurasianism, Although Russian Eurasianism has Alexander Dugin as its progenitor, Turk- while, Aleksandr Panarin and Aleksandr Dugin are two of ish Eurasianism does not have anyone like Dugin. That makes Turkish Eurasianism vulnerable. As it is mentioned above, Classical Eurasianism died down because of losing all of its ideological forefathers and eminent figures. In this regard, Turkish Eurasianism would struggle with the same fate. 59","THE FIRST DISCOURSE IS NATIONALIST EURASIANISM Davuto\u011flu takes it forward and claims, WHICH IS IN FAVOUR OF TURNING T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019S FACE TO to some extent, the EU and the Western THE EAST world are obviously necessary for T\u00fcrkiye but the Eastern world is much more important. Nationalist Eurasianism The first discourse is Nationalist Eurasianism which is in favor of turning group, have a tendency to strengthen the ongoing relationships with Rus- T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s face to the East and making alliances with countries such as Iran, sia along with the USA and the EU. Eurasianism and any kind of Eurasianist India, Pakistan, Syria, Russia, and so on. organization are perceived as a complementary geopolitical strategy, not as an alternative. It is worth mentioning that according to the Nationalist Eurasianists, the alliances with those countries should not be at the level of establishing \u00d6zal Era: Westernist Eurasianism by using Nationalist and Re- a union with all of them. A prospective union can be founded only with ligious Appeals Turkic states and Iran since the Nationalist Eurasianists perceive that Iran is a Turkic state. All these notions, Ottomanism, Turkism, and Islamism can only be over- arched by Eurasianism; in \u00d6zal\u2019s case by Westernist-Eurasianism. He was Multiculturalist Eurasianism giving weight to the Eurasian continent and believing that the cooperation of the states of the Eurasian continent was significant not only for T\u00fcrkiye The second discourse is Multiculturalist Eurasianism. This discourse\u2019s itself but also for the regional states. understanding of Eurasianism is more extensive compared to other dis- courses. The basic impetus of Multiculturalist Eurasianism\u2019s advocators is All in all, \u00d6zal\u2019s way of foreign policy thinking can be defined by Eurasian- to assemble all people who live in Eurasian space under the same roof. ism and its ideological principles. He was aiming to enhance the relations among the neighboring states regardless of religion, sect, race, etc. He Besides, there is a clear propensity among them to establish a Eurasian believed that this was the only way to make T\u00fcrkiye a valuable asset for the Union between Russia, T\u00fcrkiye, Turkic States, Iran, and even India as an Western world and also to create a \u201cLebensraum\u201d for T\u00fcrkiye. In addition, alternative to the West (the EU, the USA). enhancing the relations of the regional states with each other was also another necessity for building stability in Eurasia and the world. This mind- Westernist Eurasianism set could be explained by only the ideology of Eurasianism, in particular Westernist Eurasianism. The third discourse is Westernist Eurasianism which supports T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s current foreign policy course and agrees on increasing the relationships Cem Era: Westernist Eurasianism with countries of the Eurasian continent. \u0130smail Cem served as a Turkish Foreign Minister between 1997 and 2002. As a third division, the Westernist Eurasianism and thinkers, under this 60","He was one of T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s longest-serving foreign ministers. To sum up, Cem presented his inclination toward Eurasia more explicitly compared to \u00d6zal. And, he believed that T\u00fcrkiye should embrace its own Ottoman past and its multi-ethnic, multi-culturalist, multi-confessional ex- perience. In doing so, T\u00fcrkiye would pursue a more Eurasianist foreign policy course, placing significant importance on regional cohesion. Also, it was necessary for T\u00fcrkiye to become an asset to the Western World in particular the European Union. In this regard, Cem could be perceived as the one who considered Eurasia as the indispensable option for T\u00fcrkiye to become a significant power. Therefore, Cem was clearly one of the Eur- asianists. His way of thinking can be named \u2018Westernist Eurasianism\u2019 but in his thinking, Eurasia was more emphasized compared to \u00d6zal\u2019s mindset. Davuto\u011flu Era: A Blend of Westernist and Multiculturalist Eur- asianism it can be seen that during the Davuto\u011flu era, the inclination toward Eurasia and the influence of Eurasianism is gradually increasing. Unlike \u00d6zal and Cem, Davuto\u011flu takes it forward and claims, to some extent, the EU and the Western world are obviously necessary for T\u00fcrkiye but the Eastern world is much more important. In his thinking, T\u00fcrkiye needs the EU but not as much as the EU needs T\u00fcrkiye. Furthermore, if T\u00fcrkiye becomes a genuine player in Eurasia, it will definitely become an indispensable need for the EU. For this purpose, T\u00fcrkiye should aim to spread cooperation to the Eurasian continent and make peace and welfare reign in it. But, we do not know if it is a viable project yet as the region is full of dictatorships, and undemocratic and underdeveloped states. In addition, we do not know whether they want cooperation and peace in the region. 61","Ahmet Do\u011fan ANKAWA: A HIDDEN GEM OF THE MIDDLE EAST IN IRAQ ANKAVA: IRAK\u2019TA ORTA DO\u011eU\u2019NUN PAR\u00c7ASI OLAN GIZLI BIR M\u00dcCEVHER In June 2012, Ankawa, the Christian neighbourhood of Erbil, the capital of Iraqi Natural Beauty Kurdistan, has been designated a district. In the past it welcomed thousands of Christian families who fled from Mosul and the Nineveh plain following the attacks In addition to its rich cultural heritage, Ankawa is also known for its natural beauty. of ISIS. The decision to formally grant administrative autonomy to Ankawa, where The neighbourhood is surrounded by lush green mountains, rivers, and lakes, several churches and a Catholic university are located provides Chaldeans,Yazidis, which provide a stunning backdrop for outdoor activities and adventure. One of Aramids, and other Christian minorities with a refuge. the most popular natural attractions in Ankawa is the nearby Choman Mountain, which offers breath-taking views of the surrounding countryside and is a popular Nestled in the heart of the Kurdistan region, Ankawa is a neighbourhood in the city spot for hiking and camping. of Erbil that offers a unique blend of cultural heritage, natural beauty, and modern amenities. Known for its historic landmarks, bustling markets, and stunning moun- Another must-visit destination in Ankawa is the Gali Ali Beg Waterfall, which is tain views, Ankawa is fast becoming a must-visit destination for travellers seeking located about 30 kilometres from the neighbourhood. The waterfall cascades an authentic Kurdish experience. down a steep cliff face, creating a stunning natural spectacle that is sure to take your breath away. Visitors can swim in the pool at the base of the waterfall, relax We have recently visited Ankawa and met with Mr Ramy Syawish, a young lawyer on the rocks, or explore the surrounding hiking trails. who has been elected as mayor. He has ambitious plans for the development of this new district and welcomes the international community with open arms to For those who prefer water activities, the nearby Dukan Lake is a popular desti- come and visit historic and beautiful Ankawa. nation for swimming, fishing, and boating. The lake is surrounded by lush green forests and is a popular spot for picnics and family outings. Visitors can also rent History and Culture kayaks or paddleboats to explore the lake and take in the stunning mountain views. Ankawa has a rich cultural and historical heritage that dates back to the ancient Assyrian and Babylonian empires. The neighbourhood is home to several signifi- Shopping and Dining cant historic sites, including the ancient Citadel of Erbil, which has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Citadel is a massive fortress built atop a Ankawa is known for its bustling markets, which offer a variety of local handicrafts, 30-meter-high mound, and is considered one of the oldest continuously inhabited souvenirs, and traditional clothing.The popular Ankawa Market is a must-visit des- cities in the world. Visitors can explore the winding alleys, traditional houses, and tination for shoppers looking to experience the local culture and pick up unique ancient ruins within the Citadel\u2019s walls, while enjoying stunning views of the sur- souvenirs.Visitors can browse the many stalls selling everything from hand-woven rounding city and mountains. carpets and traditional Kurdish clothing to pottery, spices, and jewelry. Another important historic site in Ankawa is the Ankawa Church, which is the Ankawa is also home to a wide variety of restaurants and cafes, offering local oldest church in Erbil and has been dated back to the 7th century AD. The church and international cuisine. From traditional Kurdish dishes like biryani and dolma is built in the Assyrian style and is a popular destination for both local and inter- to international favorites like pizza and sushi, there is something for everyone in national visitors. Ankawa is also home to several other significant religious sites, Ankawa. Visitors can enjoy a leisurely meal in one of the many outdoor cafes, or including the Great Mosque of Erbil, which is the largest mosque in the Kurdistan grab a quick bite on the go at one of the many street food stalls. region and a popular destination for Muslim pilgrims. Festivals and Events Ankawa hosts a number of festivals and events throughout the year, celebrating everything from culture and music to food and sports. One of the most popular events in Ankawa is the Erbil International Festival, which is held every year in September and attracts visitors from around the world. The festival features a wide variety of events, including live music performances, cultural exhibitions, and sporting competitions. Mayor Ramy sends his warmest regards to DLQ readers and looks forward to hosting visitors! 62","2012 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n haziran ay\u0131nda; Irak K\u00fcrdistan B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti Erbil\u2019in g\u00fczellikteki yemye\u015fil da\u011flar, nehirler ve g\u00f6llerle \u00e7evrilidir. \u00c7evredeki k\u0131rsal alan\u0131n Hristiyan kom\u015fusu olan Ankava, idari bir b\u00f6lge olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ankava, nefes kesen manzaralar\u0131yla ta\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f ve pop\u00fcler bir y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f ve kamp rotas\u0131 olan ge\u00e7mi\u015fte I\u015e\u0130D\u2019in sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Musul ve Ninova Ovas\u0131\u2019ndan ka\u00e7an binlerce Choman Da\u011f\u0131 da Ankava\u2019daki en pop\u00fcler do\u011fal cazibe merkezlerinden biridir. Hristiyan aileye ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7ok say\u0131da kilisenin ve bir Katolik \u00fcniversite- sinin bulundu\u011fu Ankava\u2019ya resmi olarak idari \u00f6zerklik verilmesi karar\u0131 sonucunda Ankava\u2019da mutlaka ziyaret edilmesi gereken bir di\u011fer nokta ise kom\u015fu b\u00f6lgeye Keldani\u2019lere, Ezidi\u2019lere, Arami\u2019lere ve di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan az\u0131nl\u0131klara bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak imk\u00e2n\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 kilometre mesafede bulunan Gali Ali Bey \u015eelalesi\u2019dir. Dik bir u\u00e7urum- sunulmu\u015ftur. dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 akan \u015felalenin nefes kesen ve \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir manzaras\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ziyaret\u00e7iler \u015felalenin dibindeki g\u00f6lette y\u00fczebilir, kayal\u0131klarda dinlenebilir veya \u00e7evredeki y\u00fcr\u00fc- K\u00fcrdistan B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi\u2019nin merkezinde yer alan Ankava, Erbil kentinde yer y\u00fc\u015f parkurlar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffedebilirler. alan; k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras, do\u011fal g\u00fczellikler ve modern olanaklar\u0131n e\u015fsiz bir \u015fekilde har- manland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kom\u015fu bir b\u00f6lgedir. Tarihi b\u00f6lgeleri, canl\u0131 pazarlar\u0131 ve nefes kesen da\u011f Civardaki Dukan G\u00f6l\u00fc; su aktivitelerini tercih edenler i\u00e7in y\u00fczme, bal\u0131k tutma ve manzaralar\u0131yla \u00fcnlenmi\u015f olan Ankava, K\u00fcrt k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ili\u015fkin otantik bir tekne gezintisi aktivitelerine ev sahipli\u011fi yapan pop\u00fcler bir yerdir. Yemye\u015fil orman- deneyim ya\u015famak isteyen gezginler i\u00e7in ra\u011fbet g\u00f6ren bir zi- yaret noktas\u0131 haline gelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. larla \u00e7evrili g\u00f6l, piknik ve aile gezintileri i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a ra\u011fbet g\u00f6ren bir ziyaret noktas\u0131d\u0131r. Ziyaret\u00e7iler ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6l\u00fc ke\u015ffetmek ve Yak\u0131n zamanda Ankava\u2019y\u0131 ziyaret etti\u011fimizde, beledi- muhte\u015fem da\u011f manzaralar\u0131n\u0131n tad\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karabilmek i\u00e7in ye ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak se\u00e7ilen ve gen\u00e7 bir avukat olan kano veya k\u00fcrekli tekne kiralayabilirler. say\u0131n Ramy Syawish ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Ramy\u2019nin bu yeni b\u00f6lgenin geli\u015fimine y\u00f6nelik iddial\u0131 planlar\u0131 Al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f ve Yemek olmakla birlikte, tarihini ve g\u00fczelli\u011fini deneyim- lemesi i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 toplumu Ankava\u2019y\u0131 ziya- Ankava; \u00e7e\u015fitli yerel el sanatlar\u0131, hediyelik e\u015f- ret etmesi i\u00e7in davet ediyor. yalar ve geleneksel k\u0131yafetlerin sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 canl\u0131 pazarlar\u0131yla \u00fcnlenmi\u015ftir. Pop\u00fcler Ankava Pazar\u0131, Tarih ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr yerel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc deneyimlemek ve benzersiz hedi- yelik e\u015fyalar almak isteyen m\u00fc\u015fteriler i\u00e7in mutla- Ankava, antik Asur ve Babil imparatorluklar\u0131na ka- ka ziyaret edilmesi gereken bir yerdir. Ziyaret\u00e7iler; dar uzanan zengin bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve tarihi mirasa sahip- el dokumas\u0131 hal\u0131lar ve K\u00fcrt k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ait geleneksel tir. Kom\u015fu b\u00f6lge, UNESCO D\u00fcnya Miras\u0131 Listesi\u2019nde yer k\u0131yafetlerden \u00e7\u00f6mlek, baharat ve m\u00fccevherlere kadar alan antik Erbil Kalesi de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli tarihi her t\u00fcrden e\u015fyan\u0131n sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 birbirinden \u00e7e\u015fitli tezgahlara mek\u00e2na ev sahipli\u011fi yapmaktad\u0131r. Kale, 30 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki bir h\u00f6- g\u00f6z atabilir. y\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015f devasa bir kaledir ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n daim\u00ee yerle\u015fkelerinden olan en eski \u015fehirlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Ziyaret\u00e7iler, Kale\u2019nin surlar\u0131 Bununla birlikte Ankava, yerel ve uluslararas\u0131 yemekleriyle \u00fcnl\u00fc bir\u00e7ok resto- i\u00e7indeki dolamba\u00e7l\u0131 sokaklar\u0131, geleneksel yerle\u015fkeleri ve antik kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ke\u015ffede- ran ve kafeye de ev sahipli\u011fi yapmaktad\u0131r. Biryani ve dolma gibi geleneksel K\u00fcrt bilir, bir yandan da \u00e7evredeki \u015fehir ve da\u011flar\u0131n nefes kesen manzaras\u0131n\u0131n keyfini yemeklerinden pizza ve su\u015fi gibi uluslararas\u0131 tan\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa sahip yemeklere kadar \u00e7\u0131karabilirler. Ankava\u2019da her t\u00fcrden lezzeti tadabilirsiniz. Ziyaret\u00e7iler a\u00e7\u0131k hava kafelerinde g\u00fczel bir ziyafet ya\u015fayabilir veya sokak lezzetlerinin sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 seyyar tezgahlarda ayak \u00fcst\u00fc Ankava\u2019daki bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli tarihi b\u00f6lge ise Erbil\u2019deki en eski kilise olan ve ge\u00e7- bir \u015feyler at\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilirler. mi\u015fi MS 7. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar uzanan Ankava Kilisesi\u2019dir. Kilise, Asur mimarisinde in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olup hem yerel hem de uluslararas\u0131 ziyaret\u00e7iler i\u00e7in ra\u011fbet g\u00f6ren bir yerdir. Festivaller ve Etkinlikler Ankava, K\u00fcrdistan B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi\u2019ndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck cami olan ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ha- c\u0131lar i\u00e7in pop\u00fcler bir u\u011frak nokta olan Erbil Ulu Camii de dahil olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok Ankava, y\u0131l boyunca k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve m\u00fczikten yemek ve spora kadar her t\u00fcrden kutla- \u00f6nemli dini mek\u00e2na da ev sahipli\u011fi yapmaktad\u0131r. man\u0131n mevcut oldu\u011fu bir dizi festival ve etkinli\u011fe ev sahipli\u011fi yapmaktad\u0131r. Anka- va\u2019daki en pop\u00fcler etkinliklerden biri, her y\u0131l eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n Do\u011fal G\u00fczellikler d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan gelen ziyaret\u00e7iler i\u00e7in bir cazibe merkezi olan Erbil Uluslararas\u0131 Festivali\u2019dir. Festivalde canl\u0131 m\u00fczik performanslar\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel sergiler ve spor m\u00fcsa- Ankava, zengin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra do\u011fal g\u00fczellikleriyle de tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. bakalar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli etkinlikler yer almaktad\u0131r. Kom\u015fu b\u00f6lge, a\u00e7\u0131k hava etkinliklerine uygun olan ve maceraperestler i\u00e7in \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 Belediye Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Ramy, DLQ okuyucular\u0131na en i\u00e7ten selamlar\u0131n\u0131 iletiyor ve ziyaret- \u00e7ileri a\u011f\u0131rlamay\u0131 d\u00f6rt g\u00f6zle bekliyor! 63","Ahmet Do\u011fan \u201cPEACE AT HOME, PEACE IN THE WORLD\u201d IN AN AGE OF FOREIGN POLICY PARADOXES DI\u015e POLITIKA PARADOKSLARI \u00c7A\u011eINDA \u2018\u2019YURTTA SULH, CIHANDA SULH\u2019\u2019 Foreign policy doctrines are sets of guiding principles that are meant to in- The principle is rooted in Atat\u00fcrk\u2019s experiences during the First World War form a state\u2019s behaviour in the international arena. However, in practice, there and the subsequent collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Atat\u00fcrk believed that can be paradoxes between these doctrines and their application in interna- internal strife and conflict were the primary causes of the empire\u2019s decline, tional politics. Some of the most significant paradoxes include: and he sought to create a new state based on the principles of democracy and peace. The paradox of realism: Realism is a foreign policy principle that prior- itises power, security, and self-interest as the primary motivators of a state\u2019s Atat\u00fcrk\u2019s emphasis on peace at home had been reflected in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s do- conduct. Nevertheless, in actuality, states that adhere to realism frequently mestic policies, which have focused on ensuring stability, promoting eco- prioritise collaboration and interaction with other nations over their self-in- nomic development, and protecting individual human rights. At the same terest. This is evident in their establishment of alliances, trade deals, and time, T\u00fcrkiye has pursued a foreign policy that seeks to foster cooperation diplomatic initiatives. and mutual respect among countries. The paradox of liberalism: Liberalism is a foreign policy doctrine that In recent years, T\u00fcrkiye has faced significant challenges to its commitment emphasises cooperation, democracy, and human rights as the foundations to peace at home, including political instability and violence in neighbouring of international relations. However, in practice, liberal states often engage countries. The current government had deviated from founding values in an in behaviours that contradict these values, such as supporting authoritarian ambition to become the dominant regional power but nowadays tries des- regimes, engaging in military interventions, and pursuing economic policies perately to rectify broken relationships. that harm developing countries. Atat\u00fcrk\u2019s principle of \u201cpeace at home, peace in the world\u201d serves as a re- The paradox of nationalism: A foreign policy principle that highlights minder of the importance of stability, security, and cooperation in international the significance of national identity and self-determination. Nonetheless, in affairs. In a world increasingly marked by conflict and uncertainty, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s actuality, states that follow nationalism frequently participate in activities that commitment to this principle should offer a hopeful example of what can be endanger the sovereignty and safety of other nations, such as territorial ex- achieved through diplomacy, mutual respect, and a commitment to peace. pansion, aggressive military stances, and the implementation of economic pressure. In view of foreign policy paradoxes as well as looking at the recently erupted war in Ukraine and brewing tensions between the United States and China, The paradox of international law: International law is a foreign policy other existing and developing conflicts around the world we are truly in des- doctrine that emphasises the importance of norms and rules in guiding state perate need for peace. behaviour. However, in practice, states often violate international law when it conflicts with their interests or when they perceive it as constraining their ability to act in their own self-interest. These paradoxes highlight the complex and often contradictory nature of foreign policy doctrines and their application in international politics. While these doctrines can provide useful guidance for state behaviour, they are always subject to the realities of power politics and the complexities of the international system. Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk\u2019s principle of \u201cPeace at home, Peace in the world\u201d remained at the core of T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s foreign policy for decades. The principle reflects a commitment to internal stability and security, as well as a belief in the importance of peaceful relations with neighbouring countries and other nations. 64","D\u0131\u015f politika doktrinleri, devletin uluslararas\u0131 bir b\u00f6lgedeki tutum ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye, son y\u0131llarda kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerdeki siyasi istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k ve \u015fiddet eylemleri hususunda bilgilendirme ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lan bir dizi yol g\u00f6sterici ilkedir. Bununla de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, yurt i\u00e7inde bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6- birlikte, pratikte bu doktrinler ve bu doktrinlerin uluslararas\u0131 politikada uygu- nelik birtak\u0131m \u00f6nemli zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mevcut h\u00fck\u00fcmet, b\u00f6lgedeki lan\u0131\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131nda birtak\u0131m paradokslar meydana gelebilir. \u00d6nem arz eden baz\u0131 bask\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 olma h\u0131rs\u0131yla \u00fclkenin kurulmas\u0131nda izlenen de\u011ferlerden sapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; paradokslar \u015fu \u015fekildedir: bunlara ra\u011fmen bozulan bu ili\u015fkileri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00e7aresizce d\u00fczeltmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f- maktad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7eklik paradoksu: Ger\u00e7eklik; g\u00fcc\u00fc, g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve \u00f6z \u00e7\u0131kar unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 devletin i\u015fleyi\u015findeki tetikleyici etkenler olarak \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karan bir d\u0131\u015f politika Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u201cyurtta sulh, cihanda sulh\u201d ilkesi; uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerde istikrar, g\u00fc- prensibidir. Buna ra\u011fmen; ger\u00e7eklik ilkesini benimsemi\u015f devletler, genellik- venlik ve i\u015f birli\u011finin \u00f6nemini hat\u0131rlatmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ve de\u011fi\u015fkenli\u011fin le kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131ndan ziyade di\u011fer uluslarla i\u015f birli\u011fi kurmaya ve etkile\u015fime giderek artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00fcnyada T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bu ilkeye ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131; diplomasi, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ge\u00e7meye \u00f6ncelik verirler. Bu durum, devletlerin kurduklar\u0131 ittikaflarda, ticari sayg\u0131 ve bar\u0131\u015f de\u011ferleri g\u00f6zetilerek nelerin ba\u015far\u0131labilece\u011fine dair umut verici anla\u015fmalarda ve devletlerin diplomatik giri\u015fimlerinde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. bir \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil etmelidir. Liberalizm paradoksu: Liberalizm; i\u015f birli\u011fini, demokrasiyi ve insan D\u0131\u015f politikada meydana gelen paradokslar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yak\u0131n zamanda Ukray- haklar\u0131n\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin yap\u0131ta\u015flar\u0131 olarak benimseyen bir d\u0131\u015f politika na\u2019da patlak veren sava\u015f, ABD ile \u00c7in aras\u0131ndaki gerilim ve k\u00fcresel \u00e7apta s\u00fc- doktrinidir. Bununla birlikte, pratikte liberal devletler genellikle otoriter rejimleri regelen ve geli\u015fmekte olan di\u011fer \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda; desteklemek, askeri m\u00fcdahalelerde bulunmak ve geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelere bar\u0131\u015fa fazlas\u0131yla ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z oldu\u011fu a\u015fikard\u0131r. zarar veren ekonomik politikalar izlemek gibi s\u00f6z konusu de\u011ferlerle \u00e7eli\u015fen davran\u0131\u015flarda bulunurlar. Milliyet\u00e7ilik paradoksu: Ulusal kimli\u011fin ve h\u00fcr iradenin \u00f6nemini \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karan bir d\u0131\u015f politika prensibidir. Buna ra\u011fmen, milliyet\u00e7ilik ilkesini benimse- mi\u015f devletler; s\u0131kl\u0131kla b\u00f6lgesel b\u00fcy\u00fcme, agresif askeri tutumlar ve ekonomik bask\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131 gibi di\u011fer devletlerin egemenli\u011fini ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini tehlikeye atan faaliyetlerde bulunmaktad\u0131rlar. Uluslararas\u0131 hukuk paradoksu: Uluslararas\u0131 hukuk, devletin faaliyetle- rinde yol g\u00f6sterici olan birtak\u0131m norm ve kurallar\u0131n \u00f6nemini vurgulayan bir d\u0131\u015f politika doktrinidir. Bununla birlikte, pratikte devletler genelde kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131yla \u00e7ak\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman veya kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda aksiyon alma kabiliyetle- rinin k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131na vard\u0131klar\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 hukuku ihlal etmektedirler. S\u00f6z konusu paradokslar, d\u0131\u015f politika doktrinlerinin ve bunlar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 politikadaki uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7eli\u015fkili do\u011falar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131- karmaktad\u0131r. Bu doktrinler devletin alaca\u011f\u0131 aksiyonlarda faydal\u0131 bir rehberlik sa\u011flasa da her daim kuvvet politikas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7eklerine ve uluslararas\u0131 sistemin karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na tabidirler. Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u2018\u2019Yurtta sulh, Cihanda sulh\u2019\u2019 prensibi y\u0131llarca T\u00fcrki- ye\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n mihenk ta\u015f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu prensip, i\u00e7 istikrar ve g\u00fcven- li\u011fe olan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kom\u015fu \u00fclkeler ve di\u011fer uluslarla kurulan bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ili\u015fkilerin \u00f6nemine ili\u015fkin inanc\u0131 da yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Atat\u00fcrk, bu ilkenin temellerini Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130m- paratorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneyimler ile atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Atat\u00fcrk, i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fme ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n imparatorlu\u011fun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedenleri oldu\u011fu- na inanm\u0131\u015f ve demokrasi ve bar\u0131\u015f ilkelerine dayal\u0131 yeni bir devlet kurmu\u015ftur. Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn yurtta sulh ilkesi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de istikrar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131, ekonomik kalk\u0131n- man\u0131n desteklenmesi ve insanlar\u0131n bireysel haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefleyen i\u00e7 politikalara da yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye, t\u00fcm bunlarla birlikte \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda i\u015f birli\u011fi ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 sayg\u0131y\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7layan bir d\u0131\u015f politika izlemi\u015ftir. 65","Zoran Ivanov EASTERN EUROPE AND THE BALKANS: LESSONS LEARNED One of the biggest lessons learned from Eastern Europe and the Balkans, to address Albanian insurgency in Macedonia 2001. These agreements frost especially Western Balkans (WB), is distinguishing two significant trends di- the bilateral disputes. Without solving these disputes, the region constantly rectly impacting the WB political and economic environment. Trends such as looks to the past and allows corrupted politicians to grip the power, feeding perception and \u201cstabilitocracy\u201d kept WB outside the European Union (EU) and off ethno-nationalistic politics. made it a strategic weakest point in the European continent. Likewise, it made it vulnerable to any malevolent forces. In this context, it is critical to comprehend that perception matters. Balkan political cultures are perfectly able to interact with Western European polit- Additionally, the Liberal International Order (LIO) has proven a fertile ground ical cultures. The critical question remains: What is the difference between for building false perceptions and \u201cstabilitocracy\u201d in the region. The primary corrupted Bulgarian politicians and Western Balkans corrupted politicians? goal of LIO was to promote democracy. Nevertheless, the Western Balkans Balkan democratization will be encouraged decisively if Western policymak- created strains rather than options for prosperities because it restrained West- ers and analysts do not have prejudices built on false perceptions. Treating ern Balkans from being fully integrated into the EU and NATO. These trends the democracy-building process in the Western Balkans as an issue separate are deeply rooted in regional societies and disrupt the Western Balkans\u2019 de- from Europe, based on the perception of the \u2018war legacies\u2019 and \u2018traditional\u2019 cision-making process and foreign and security policy. violence, is illusionary. These perceptions have contributed to creating a dis- tinct regional governance model named \u201cstabilitocracy\u201d. Perceptions Matters Stabilitocracy The International community led by the EU and the US perceived Western Balkans as underdeveloped region that lacks democratic culture while keep- \u201cStabilitocracy\u201d is a regime with considerable shortcomings in democratic ing the same regional political context that inhibit prosperity and international governance yet enjoys external (the EU and the US) legitimacy by offering integration. Hence, the region has continuous political instability and econom- some supposed stability. This model or system allows us to keep the same ic stagnation. The perception-building process has historical roots. The histor- political context in the region. It grants survivability of the same regional cor- ical inception that European powers were only interested in the Balkan region rupted political elites to hold on to power while the EU and the US offer silent only if their interests were endangered can be traced back to Berlin Congress or unintentional support. Nevertheless, this particular rule system becomes in 1878. During the Congress, Otto von Bismarck\u2019s dictum established the entrenched deep in the roots of the political culture in contemporary Western fundamental principles of foreign policy toward the Balkans: Balkans. \u201cDisabuse yourselves if you think the Congress has convened solely for T\u00fcr- A brief history of the term \u201cstabilitocracy\u201d dates back to 2012 when Antoi- kiye. San Stefano would have remained unchanged if it had not affected nette Primatarova and Johana Deimel tried to describe Albanian\u2019s regime\u2019s specific European interests.\u201d The direct and consequential outcome of the way of providing stability externally but domestically oscillating between de- Berlin settlement included the Serbian-Bulgarian War of 1885, the Bosnian mocracy and autocracy (box ya da bold). In 2016 Canadian academic Srda crisis of 1908, the two Balkan wars of 1912-1913, and the assassination Pavlovic used it to describe Montenegrin\u2019s regime that promotes undemo- of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in 1914 (a precondition for WWI). The critical question remains, what does this signify for the regional politicians? It imparts a lesson to Balkan politicians that any decision they make must align with European interests. Otherwise, Europeans possess the power to modify it. Europe\u2019s primary interest lies in maintaining peace, which serves as a critical prerequisite for the stability of the present era. We can comprehend the same policy if we fast forward to the \u201890s. The resurgence of conflict in the Balkans through the violent disintegration of Yugoslavia, right in Europe\u2019s backyard, posed a significant threat to the propagation of liberalism! Just like in 1878, European interests were once again under threat. The outcomes manifested as the Dayton Accords in 1995 to stop the Bosnia War, the Kumanovo Agree- ment to end the Kosovo War in 1999, and the Ohrid Framework Agreement 66","cratic practices on which the West has turned a blind eye while simultaneous- absence of a comprehensive legal framework allowed a small economic ly preaching the virtues of democracy and the rule of law. Further, in 2017 elite to realize private gains and build robust networks that influence political Florian Biber and Marko Kmezic from The Balkans Europe Policy Advisory decision-making. Second, the power. Strong top-down conditionality stifles Group used this term to describe the state of democracy in the Western domestic deliberation and weakens internal accountability mechanisms, al- Balkans and highlight that the problem is not exclusively homemade. Next, lowing ruling elites to silence domestic opponents. Finally, the glory. Progress Clingendale Institute from the Netherlands examines how EU officials, even towards EU membership and frequent interactions with high-ranking EU and US embassies, intentionally or unintentionally promote \u201cstabilitocracy\u201d. \u201cSta- member state officials serve to legitimize ruling elites. bilitocracy\u201d benefits the West (the EU and the US) and the Balkan\u2019s political elites. Way forward The incomplete transition from social communism to democracy of the Bal- Today, the EU faces numerous internal challenges that can lead to implosion. kan countries is a critical factor in promoting \u201cstabilitocracy\u201d between regional It can be argued that the contemporary EU is the biggest threat to Europe political elites. Many countries in the Balkan region have retained the political with all its flaws, elitism, and disconnection from factual reality. While the EU culture inherited from pre-democratic regimes. The new democratic systems is trying to keep the union intact, they are constantly avoiding dealing with often employ the same methodologies as the old political cultures. Civil soci- its mess in Western Balkans. Therefore, the only way for the Western Balkan ety is excluded from the policymaking process and often marginalized due to countries to break the vicious circle is to stop chasing the EU accession the power that can trigger changes in a political context. Hence, the power is process. They must focus on strengthening the state from the inside. They concentrated within political parties where often political party agenda identi- should stop waiting for the EU or US to do something for them; they should fies as the state\u2019s interests. start building their resiliency to the shambles that the global West and global East are leaving behind while reshaping the World Order. Further, the Balkan political elites have learned that they will receive approval from the EU and the US if they maintain stability and demonstrate a commit- Additionally, the false perceptions and \u201cstabilitocracy\u201d made us forget what ment to reforms. There has not been any emphasis or requests for tangible actually democracy is all about. Democracy is to deliver to the citizens, not results or delivery. In Albania, the government took short-term measures that to corrupted elites. threatened civil liberties and undermined good governance and democracy. In Macedonia (today\u2019s North Macedonia) current government continues to According to James Carse, geopolitics is an infinite game. Thus, as many further jeopardize judicial independence and promote politicization in public Western Balkan political elites are trying to sell to the public, membership administration. It can be concluded that they prefer to rule by law rather than in NATO and EU or any other alliance is an option, not the end goal. This enforce the rule of law. To all of these activities, the EU and the US turn a is characteristic of a finite mindset. Having a finite mindset in the period the blind eye because none of these are endangering the peace; the primary World Order is changing is a worse mistake to make in foreign policy. goal is maintained. Despite the EU\u2019s and US\u2019s endeavors to foster Western Balkan prosperity, it has proven incapable and counterproductive. During the era of Liberal Hege- mony, the Europeans developed a sense of \u201cconformism,\u201d which gave birth to a distinct elite, the \u201cBrusselians. \u201cThese are bureaucrats from Brussels that are making decisions not appealing to all union\u2019s members, Further, academ- ics Robert Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin, in their research about National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy from 2018, examined how Brussels managed to gradually defuse the power away from the democrat- ically elected national government and making a decision beyond the realm of democratically accountable politics. Therefore, we have witnessed Brexit and the creation of the V4 (Poland, Czech, Slovaks, and Hungarians) group. Such internal European political discourse promotes \u201cstabilitocracy\u201d in the Western Balkans. To illustrate, the European Commission produces regular reports on Western Balkan democratic progress, which are similar in context. There are focused on technical measures without asking for tangible results or calling out in case of abuse of power. Three different linkages connect the EU and the US behavior to the \u201cstabil- itocracy\u201d. First, the money. Pressure for the liberalization of markets in the 67","Georgios Stavri THE CYPRUS PROBLEM & THE ECONOMY COMPLEX: \u201cIT\u2019S THE ECONOMY STUPID!\u201d KIBRIS SORUNU VE EKONOMI KOMPLEKSI: \u201c\u0130\u015eIN ASLI EKONOMI!\u201d Cyprus is definitely a comparatively small country and a state tucked away in the eastern corner of the Mediterranean. In economic terms its current size and potential is even further constrained by the de facto partition resulting from the massive 1974 military operation and presence by T\u00fcrkiye that continues to date with the perennial Cyprus Problem still unresolved. Thus, even though Cy- prus has indeed a rich history and culture throughout the ages spanning more than 3,000 years of recorded history, it is infamously best known globally for its long-running history of ethnic conflict between the two biggest ethnic communi- ties, Greek and Turkish living on the island. Greeks (Hellenes) arrived on the Island in the aftermath of the long Trojan War at around 1,100 BC when Evagoras son of the King of Salamis a small Island king- dom in the Saronic Bay, landed on the eastern coast of Cyprus and established the namesake of his Island as an important and thriving city- kingdom, Salamis of Cyprus. Due to various reasons and upheavals the modern city of Varosha was built south of both the ancient city of Salamis and the medieval Venetian city of Famagusta. After the establishment of the nascent Republic of Cyprus in August 1960 and due to the vastly different aspirations of the two major communities, i.e. Greek and Turkish Cypriots over their common homeland, union of the Island with Greece or partition of the Island between Greece and T\u00fcrkiye, clashes of various degrees of intensity and scale ensued. By virtue of these, the Turkish Cypriots withdrew to fortified positions and in the case of old Famagusta, most of them into the old Venetian City just adjacent to the modern city of Varosha with its lengthy beach. The unique combination of the Republic of Cyprus\u2019 largest and deepest port in the Eastern Mediterranean that of Famagusta as well as the outside walls where Varosha lied with a thriving agricultural sector and a prosperous new tourism industry, created a long-running economic boom for the area up to the 1974 conflagration without parallel. Con- trasting this area to the rest of Cyprus at the time was like dealing simultaneously with two contrasting universes, i.e Varosha and the rest of Cyprus. The ensuing economic and social shock of the loss of Varosha and its veritable entombment since 1974 to this date almost fifty years after the Turkish military intervention and occupation, imposed new development plans for the rest of Cy- prus by the Republic of Cyprus administered by the Greek Cypriots. New dormant areas of the Island\u2019s southern part still governed by the Greek Cypriots under the mantle of the Republic of Cyprus, were boosted thus having reached today enviable levels of development across old and new sectors of a 68","K\u0131br\u0131s kesinlikle Akdeniz\u2019in do\u011fu k\u00f6\u015fesinde yer alan nispeten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00fclke ve G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 Rumlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6neti- devlettir. Ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan mevcut b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve potansiyeli, 1974\u2019teki b\u00fcy\u00fck as- len adan\u0131n g\u00fcney kesiminde bulunan at\u0131l durumdaki yeni b\u00f6lgeler kalk\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131larak keri harek\u00e2t ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kaynaklanan fiili b\u00f6l\u00fcnme nedeniyle daha da turizm, bankac\u0131l\u0131k, yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar, fon y\u00f6netimi, gayrimenkul gibi h\u0131zla de\u011fi\u015fen k\u0131s\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sebeple onlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r K\u0131br\u0131s sorunu hala \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczd\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ekonomi b\u00fcnyesindeki eski ve yeni sekt\u00f6rlerde olduk\u00e7a imrenilecek kalk\u0131nma K\u0131br\u0131s, 3.000 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n tarihi boyunca zengin bir tarihe ve k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip olsa da seviyelerine ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda geli\u015fmekte adada ya\u015fayan en b\u00fcy\u00fck iki etnik topluluk olan Rumlar ve T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda uzun olan Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019ne ve daha sonra Euro B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ne tam \u00fcye ola- s\u00fcredir devam eden etnik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ile de d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. rak kat\u0131lmas\u0131, ekonomisini ve toplumunu b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve risk y\u00f6netimi gibi \u00f6nemli endekslerde yeni bir platoya yerle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece Yunanl\u0131lar (Helenler) uzun s\u00fcren Truva Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, M\u00d6 1.100 civar\u0131nda, yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7in cazibesini art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Saronik K\u00f6rfezi\u2019nde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir ada krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan Salamis Kral\u0131\u2019n\u0131n o\u011flu Evagoras\u2019\u0131n K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na ayak basmas\u0131 ve adaya ad\u0131n\u0131 veren \u00f6nemli ve geli\u015fen bir 1974\u2019teki olaylardan bu yana ge\u00e7en nesiller ve toplumu m\u00fclteciler ve m\u00fclteci \u015fehir-krall\u0131k olan K\u0131br\u0131s Salamis\u2019i kurmas\u0131yla bu toprak par\u00e7as\u0131na ayak basm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. olmayanlar olarak ikiye b\u00f6len b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sosyal\/ekonomik \u015fok, K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 Rumlar ara- s\u0131nda herkesi giderek daha fazla etkileyen patlay\u0131c\u0131 bir karma\u015faya sebep olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7e\u015fitli nedenler ve ya\u015fanan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar nedeniyle modern Mara\u015f kenti, hem Sa- lamis antik kentinin hem de orta\u00e7a\u011f Venedik kenti Ma\u011fusa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde in\u015fa Literat\u00fcrde bug\u00fcne kadar hi\u00e7 dikkat \u00e7ekmemi\u015f olan unsur ise, uzun s\u00fcredir devam edilmi\u015ftir. eden siyasi sorunun, yani g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti\u2019ndeki neredeyse t\u00fcm \u00f6nemli faaliyetleri etkileyen ve 1974\u2019ten bu yana sadece Ada\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney kesimiyle 1960 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n a\u011fustos ay\u0131nda K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra, iki b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olan me\u015fhur \u201cK\u0131br\u0131s sorununun\u201d sebep oldu\u011fu yeni \u201cend\u00fcstridir\u201d. toplumun; yani K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 Rumlar ve K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 T\u00fcrklerin ortak vatanlar\u0131, Ada\u2019n\u0131n Yunanis- tan\u2019la birle\u015fmesi veya Ada\u2019n\u0131n Yunanistan ve T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi konu- Uzun s\u00fcreli ve hi\u00e7 bitmeyecekmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle, sundaki birbirinden farkl\u0131 isteklerinden dolay\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli boyutlarda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ortaya K\u0131br\u0131s Sorunu ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir end\u00fcstri haline \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. gelmi\u015ftir ve binlerce insan bu end\u00fcstri ile yolunu bulmaktad\u0131r ve \u201cSorun\u201d \u00fczerinden hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7indirmektedir. T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n sonucunda ise K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 T\u00fcrkler m\u00fcstahkem mevkilere ve eski Ma\u011fu- sa \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi, \u00e7o\u011fu uzun kumsal\u0131yla modern Mara\u015f \u015fehrinin hemen \u201cSorun\u201d te\u015fkil eden unsurun, h\u00fck\u00fbmetin hem y\u00fcr\u00fctme hem de yasama organla- biti\u015fi\u011findeki eski Venedik \u015eehri\u2019ne \u00e7ekilmi\u015flerdir. K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin Do\u011fu Ak- r\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren ve kendilerini \u201csiyaset\u00e7i\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlayan ki\u015filerin elinde deniz\u2019deki en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en derin liman\u0131 olan Gazima\u011fusa\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Mara\u015f\u2019\u0131n oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fini de sindirmek gerek. Yani, her ikisi de yasalar \u00fcretiyor ve uy- bulundu\u011fu d\u0131\u015f surlar\u0131n geli\u015fen bir tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ve m\u00fcreffeh yeni bir turizm en- gun g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri \u015fekilde bu yasalar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde faaliyet g\u00f6steriyorlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, d\u00fcstrisi ile birle\u015fimi, 1974\u2019teki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya kadar b\u00f6lge i\u00e7in benzeri olmayan uzun KC\u2019deki siyasi partilerin, siyasi olgunlu\u011fa eri\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerdeki di\u011fer siyasi partiler i\u00e7in soluklu bir ekonomik patlamaya sebep olmu\u015ftur. O d\u00f6nemde bu b\u00f6lgeyi K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nemli ihlaller olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek konularda kendilerini denetlemelerine, kontrol geri kalan\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak, Mara\u015f ve K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n geri kalan\u0131 gibi iki z\u0131t evrenle ayn\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutmalar\u0131na ya da cezaland\u0131rmalar\u0131na gerek duyulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, ol- anda u\u011fra\u015fmak gibiydi. gun bir siyasi\/h\u00fck\u00fbmet g\u00f6zlemcisinin dikkatli ve kat\u0131 bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ayn\u0131 i\u015fleyi\u015f tarz\u0131, kontrolden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zde kurumsal \u201cyolsuzlu\u011fun\u201d t\u00fcm temel bile\u015fenlerine Mara\u015f\u2019\u0131n kayb\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomik ve sosyal \u015fok ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin askeri m\u00fcdaha- sahip olacakt\u0131r! lesi ve i\u015fgalinden neredeyse elli y\u0131l sonra 1974\u2019ten bu yana ger\u00e7ek anlamda bir mezara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucunda, K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 Rumlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhu- Uzun s\u00fcredir devam eden bu sorun, K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta t\u00fcm K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131lar\u0131 etkileyen bir ya\u015fam riyeti\u2019nin K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n geri kalan\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni kalk\u0131nma planlar\u0131 dayat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. bi\u00e7imi haline gelmi\u015ftir ve her b\u00fcy\u00fck toplumun, sorunlara ili\u015fkin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin aciliyet derecelerinin neden azald\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kendince bir cevab\u0131 vard\u0131r. K\u0131br\u0131s sorunundan a\u011f\u0131r derecede etkilenen ve 1974 T\u00fcrk askeri harek\u00e2t\u0131ndan son- ra bu etkilerin daha da belirginle\u015fti\u011fi nesiller, b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fckten ba\u015fka bir ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe \u015fahit olamadan gelip ge\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. \u201cPolitikac\u0131\u201d olman\u0131n, her iki tarafta da gelir\/verimlilik endeksinde \u00fcst s\u0131ralarda yer alan pek \u00e7ok K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6zde bir kariyer yolu haline gelmesi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta yasalar \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fken bir kavramd\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n do\u011frudan uygulanmas\u0131 da d\u00fczenli bir uygulamadan ziyade bir teoridir. Her iki toplumda da bilinen ve bilinmeyen \u201cpolitikac\u0131lar\u201d, hi\u00e7bir \u201cyetkili\u201d onlar\u0131 denetleyemeden neredey- se bir gecede ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc servetler elde etmi\u015flerdir. Adada yasalar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131, pratikte m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsa bile al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k derecede yava\u015f bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta bug\u00fcne kadar uluslararas\u0131 alanda tan\u0131nan tek devlet olan K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ruhu ve lafz\u0131, Cumhur- ba\u015fkan\u0131\u2019na \u00f6yle a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar tan\u0131maktad\u0131r ki Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 69","fast-changing economy, i.e tourism, banking, foreign investments, funds man- ingredients of pseudo-institutional \u201ccorruption\u201d beyond control! agement, real estate being prevalent. The 2004 accession of the Republic of Cyprus as a full member of the burgeoning European Union and The long running Problem has become notoriously, a way of life in Cyprus affect- later, of its Eurozone, have indeed placed its economy and society ing all Cypriots with each major community having its own narrative on why the on a new plateau in the important indices of growth and risk man- urgency of a resolution has subsided. agement and thus, its enhanced attraction of foreign investments. Generations affected by the grave impact of the Cyprus Problem and markedly so The passing of generations since the 1974 events coupled with a massive social\/ after the 1974 Turkish military operation have come and gone with great numbers economic shock that divided society into separate groups of refugees and not, knowing no other reality but that of division. created an explosive cocktail among Greek Cypriots that has been increasingly affecting all. It is not surprising that being a \u201cpolitician\u201d has become a favourite career track for many Cypriots on both sides ranking high on the income\/productivity index. Aside What has not received any attention to date in the literature, is the new \u201cindustry\u201d from that, laws in Cyprus are a very malleable concept. Their outright application that has been created by the long-running political problem, i.e. the notorious is also a theory rather than regular practice. Known and unknown \u201cpoliticians\u201d \u201cCyprus Problem\u201d that has affected all activity in almost all important activities in in both communities have created large fortunes almost overnight without any the Republic of Cyprus nowadays constrained since 1974 only to the southern \u201cauthorities\u201d pursuing them. Application of laws on the Island is an unusual slow part of the Island. process even if it actually happens. Due to its lengthy and seemingly never-ending presence, the Cy- The very spirit and letter of the Constitution of the Republic of Cy- prus Problem has inevitably become an industry unto itself with prus the only internationally-recognized state in Cyprus to date, thousands of people engaged in it and living off the \u201cProblem\u201d. result in such extreme privileges bestowed upon the President that he appears and is in practice actually, almost the absolute \u201cmon- Add to that the fact that the \u201cProblem\u201d is in the hands of self-proclaimed \u201cpoliti- arch\u201d with a permanent net of impunity along with it. The extensive cians\u201d who operate both in the executive as well as in the legislative branches of bureaucracies engaged in both communities in administering order and daily government. This means they both, make laws and operate within them as they tasks of government are an inalienable part of the labyrinth-like Cyprus Problem. see fit.Thus, political parties in the RoC basically, never need to monitor, contain or Their monthly incomes and also status depend on the continuation of the Cyprus punish themselves for what would seem to others in politically-mature countries, Problem even if its resolution would reunite the Island with all its attached benefits as substantive transgressions. Thus, the same modus operandi to the careful strict in the years to come. gaze of a mature political\/governmental observer would have all the essential 70","neredeyse mutlak bir \u201ch\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u201d gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir ve uygula- Sonu\u00e7 mada da bu ayr\u0131cal\u0131klarla birlikte s\u00fcrekli bir dokunulmazl\u0131k a\u011f\u0131na sahiptir. Her iki toplumda da d\u00fczenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetin g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015flerinin \u201cIt\u2019s the economy stupid\u201d (i\u015fin asl\u0131 ekonomi) ifadesi 1992 Ameri- y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinde g\u00f6rev alan kapsaml\u0131 b\u00fcrokrasiler, labirenti and\u0131ran K\u0131br\u0131s sorunu- kan ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda Ba\u015fkan Clinton\u2019\u0131n se\u00e7ilme ara- nun ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Ayl\u0131k gelirleri ve stat\u00fcleri, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc Aday\u0131 gelecek y\u0131llarda y\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve Clinton\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6revdeki George H.W t\u00fcm faydalar\u0131yla birlikte yeniden birle\u015ftirecek olsa bile K\u0131br\u0131s sorununun devam Bush\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 yar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada kampanya stratejisti James Carville etmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yukar\u0131dakilere, vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\/b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n vs. herhangi bir b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi- Her ne kadar bu ak\u0131lda kal\u0131c\u0131 terim asl\u0131nda sadece kampanya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n kendi \u015fiklik olmamas\u0131 nedeniyle bunlar\u0131 sunan arac\u0131lar olan siyasi partiler vs. taraf\u0131ndan aralar\u0131nda kullanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f olsa da, i\u00e7erik olarak o kadar spesifik ve desteklendi\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fini de unutmamak gerek. Bahsi ge\u00e7en z\u00fcmreye dahil olma do\u011fru hale geldi ki, ikinci c\u00fcmlesi Clinton se\u00e7im kampanyas\u0131 i\u00e7in an\u0131nda fiili bir slo- kriterleri, \u00fcretkenlik ve ba\u015far\u0131lan g\u00f6revlerin i\u015faretlenmesi kriterleriyle dolu bir ortam- gan haline gelmi\u015ftir. Slogan\u0131n g\u00fczelli\u011fi ve etkili olu\u015fu, se\u00e7men kitlelerine eldeki ger- da oldu\u011fu gibi kesinlikle meritokratik de\u011fildir. \u00e7ek meselelerin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc sunma konusunda son derece etkili bir y\u00f6ntem olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Adil olmak ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n\u0131n yukar\u0131da bahsi ge\u00e7en analizinde Daha \u00f6nce de belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere, altm\u0131\u015f y\u0131ldan uzun bir s\u00fcredir devam eden dengeyi korumak ad\u0131na, k\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6ng\u00fcn\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve karma\u015f\u0131k K\u0131br\u0131s ve art\u0131k k\u00f6k salm\u0131\u015f olan K\u0131br\u0131s sorunu, ilgili taraflar\u0131n politikac\u0131la- sorununun ger\u00e7ek bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in derin te\u015fviklere dayal\u0131 ger\u00e7ek r\u0131n\u0131n zihninde, ilgili t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerde gelip giden politikac\u0131lar, b\u00fcrok- bir itici g\u00fc\u00e7 meydana gelmesi gerekmektedir. ratlar ve halktan olu\u015fan ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir end\u00fcstri haline gelmi\u015ftir. Bu \u201cend\u00fcstri\u201d, ilgili politikac\u0131lara kendilerini g\u00f6stermeleri i\u00e7in bir yol sunmaktad\u0131r. Yukar\u0131daki karga\u015faya, K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin uluslararas\u0131 kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f M\u00fcnhas\u0131r Bug\u00fcne kadar onlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r g\u00fcndeme gelen \u00e7ok say\u0131da ve kafa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 anla\u015f- Ekonomik B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ndeki (MEB) \u00f6nemli do\u011fal gaz rezervlerinin de eklenmesi, K\u0131b- mazl\u0131klarla u\u011fra\u015fan her \u00fclkede b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00fcrokrasilerin meydana gelmesine sebep r\u0131s\u2019a ve halk\u0131na uzun y\u0131llar s\u00fcrecek ger\u00e7ek bir servet beklentisi getirmi\u015ftir. AB\u2019nin olmu\u015f ve bu b\u00fcrokrasileri ayakta tutmu\u015ftur. Her iki toplumdan da nesiller donmu\u015f geri kalan\u0131na yeti\u015fmek i\u00e7in K\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrk toplumunun \u00f6zel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 konusunda bir ihtilaf\u0131n i\u00e7ine do\u011fmu\u015f ve daimi \u201cK\u0131br\u0131s sorunu\u201d onlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 ve i\u015flevlerini \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yoluyla bir d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131labilir ve b\u00f6ylece gerekli t\u00fcm yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n, \u00e7al\u0131\u015f- yerine getirdikleri b\u00fct\u00fcn bir evren haline gelmi\u015ftir. \u00c7o\u011fu insan, istihdamlar\u0131ndan malar\u0131n vb. h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in do\u011fal gaz gelirinden daha fazla pay almas\u0131 sa\u011flana- ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131na kadar bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde 60 ya\u015f sorunundan do\u011frudan veya bilir. Bu da K\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrk ekonomisinde ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde h\u0131z- dolayl\u0131 olarak etkilenmektedir. land\u0131racak ve K\u0131br\u0131s Rum ekonomisi ile e\u015fitlik hedefine ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Daha da detayland\u0131racak olursak, uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r ge\u00e7imlerini sa\u011f- Yak\u0131n zamanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti\u2019ndeki cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7im- lamak i\u00e7in K\u0131br\u0131s sorunu ile \u00e7e\u015fitli derecelerde ilgilenen binlerce lerinde adaylar ve siyasi partiler, K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131lar\u0131n rasyonel bir uzla\u015fman\u0131n faydalar\u0131- kamu g\u00f6revlisini, h\u00fck\u00fcmetteki siyaset\u00e7ileri, parlamentoyu, siyasi n\u0131 anlamalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak uygulanabilir ve adil bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm i\u00e7in do\u011fal bir gayret parti kadrolar\u0131n\u0131 ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 Rum\u2019u ele almak gerekir. g\u00f6stermeden oy toplad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in, se\u00e7menlerin \u00f6zg\u00fcr iradesinin gereken ilgiyi g\u00f6r- mesine ve etkisini hissettirmesine izin verilmesi konusunda \u015f\u00fcpheci ve karamsar Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak hi\u00e7 bahsedilmeyen husus; bitmek bilmeyen anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n olunmaktad\u0131r. ekonomik y\u00f6nleridir ve bu da yine kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak ve neredeyse tek ba\u015f\u0131na yaln\u0131zca m\u00fckemmel bir siyasi mesele olarak tasvir edilmektedir. Ne yaz\u0131k ki \u00f6yle de\u011fil! Sonu\u00e7 olarak, K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019taki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm matrisi; (a) BM ve AB gibi aktif ve iyi niyetli bar\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla g\u00fcvenli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, (b) \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 Bitmek bilmeyen K\u0131br\u0131s sorunu \u201cend\u00fcstrisinden\u201d yararlananlar\u0131n listesi ne yaz\u0131k ki yeniden in\u015fa \u00e7abalar\u0131 ile ekonominin canland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, (c) yeni bir kurumsal mima- sayfalardan dolup ta\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Burada \u00f6zellikle K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti taraf\u0131ndan kont- ri yoluyla, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sonras\u0131 K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n siyasi ekonomisi \u00fczerinde gerekli t\u00fcm kontrol rol edilen ve y\u00f6netilen b\u00f6lgelere at\u0131fta bulunulmaktad\u0131r. ve dengelerin bulundu\u011fu temsili bir federal demokraside mevcut siyasi yap\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131 kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn gev\u015fetilmesi, b\u00f6ylece ge\u00e7mi\u015fte yap\u0131lan eski hatalar\u0131n, yani her K\u0131br\u0131s sorununun zirvesinde, a\u011f\u0131r siyasi ve ekonomik meselelerde, yani hangi b\u00fc- iki tarafta varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren veya yabanc\u0131 politikalardan entegre edilen fanatik mil- y\u00fck harcamalar\u0131n ve yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 konusunda, \u00e7o\u011funlukla kendi menfaat- liyet\u00e7ili\u011fin, uzun s\u00fcredir ac\u0131 \u00e7eken ada devletini ve t\u00fcm halk\u0131n\u0131 yeniden raydan leri nedeniyle belirleyici bir etkiye sahip olan baz\u0131 siyasi liderler, parti ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 vs. \u00e7\u0131karmamas\u0131 unsurlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. yer almaktad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekler ve olaylarla g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde desteklenen \u00f6rnekler \u00e7oktur. 71","Add to the above the fact that citizens\u2019\/bureaucrats\u2019 rights etc. are supported by Conclusion the political parties etc.who are the agents that offer them due to lack of any major changes. The criteria of becoming engaged in the above are definitely not merito- The phrase, \u201cIt\u2019s the economy stupid\u201d originated amidst the 1992 cratic as the case would be in an environment imbued with criteria of productivity American Presidential Election with President Clinton seeking and marked tasks achieved. election victory and was coined by his campaign strategist James Carville when Clinton was running against the incumbent George In all fairness and maintaining balance in the above analysis of present day divided H.W Bush. Cyprus the above vicious cycle needs to be broken somehow creating a real impetus based on profound incentives in order to achieve a veritable resolution of Although, the catchy term was really intended to be used by the campaign staff the ever complex Cyprus Problem. among themselves only, it became so specific and accurate in substance that its second phrase became instantly a de facto slogan for the Clinton Election cam- The addition to the above mayhem of considerable reserves of natural gas in the paign. Its beauty and effectivenes was its accutely effective mode of delivering to internationally accepted Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the Republic of Cyprus the electorate audiences the substance of the real issues at hand. has brought upon Cyprus and its People the real prospect of a long-running bo- nanza for many, many years. In catching up with the rest of the EU an arrangement As aforementioned the long-running and well-rooted by now Cyprus through a solution can be established on the special needs of the Turkish Cypriot Problem, in the minds of politicians of the sides involved after sixty community for it to have an enhanced absorption of the natural gas income in long years has truly become an industry unto itself consisting of pol- order to speed up all needed investments, works etc. This will significantly accel- iticians, bureucrats and the public that come and go in all countries involved. This erate the needed investments in the Turkish Cypriot economy that will allow it to \u201cindustry\u201d delivers a way to be upstaged to politicians involved. It has created and aim for parity with the Greek Cypriot Economy. sustains to this day large bureucracies in each country engaged in the many and perplexing disputes that come to the fore for many decades to date. Generations Having witnessed the recent have been born from both communities into the frozen conflict and the perennial \u201cCyprus Problem\u201d has become their complete universe within which they live and Presidential Elections in the Republic of Cyprus with candidates and political par- function. Most people are directly or indirectly affected by the 60-year old Prob- ties collecting votes without the natural vigour for a workable and fair solution lem in many different ways from their employment to their very lifestyles. that would allow Cypriots to understand the merits of a rational compromise, one remains sceptical and pessimistic over the voters\u2019 free will allowed to take its due To drive this point further, consider the thousands of public ser- weight and make its impact felt. vants, politicians in government, Parliament, political party cadres and many other Greek Cypriots who are to varying degrees en- At the end, the matrix of a solution in Cyprus consists of, (a) Security via the arbiter gaged with the Cyprus Problem for their livelihood for many years. of the presence of active and bona fide peacekeepers, i.e UN & EU (b) the economy boosted by the solution and massive reconstruction effort, (c) through Thus, what is purposely never mentioned are the economic aspects of the nev- a new institutional architecture, a loosening of the tight grip of the existing political er-ending dispute which is also purposely and almost singularly portrayed as only structure in a representative federal democracy with all the requisite checks and a political issue par excellence. It is sadly not so! balances over the political economy of a post-solution Cyprus so that the old sins of the past, i.e. extreme nationalism on either side or imported cannot derail again The list of the beneficiary agents of the eternal Cyprus Problem \u201cIndustry\u201d is un- the long-tormented Island state and all of its people. fortunately very long indeed. Particular reference is here made to the areas con- trolled and governed by the Republic of Cyprus. At the Cyprus Problem pinnacle lie certain political leaders, party chiefs etc whose own effective influence is frequently of a determining impact on weighty political abd economic issues, i.e. what sizeable expenses and investments are indeed made and frequently, because of mainly self-serving, vested interests. Examples strongly supported by facts and events, abound. The hugely expensive adventure in the 90s of Greek Cypriot pol- iticians who rushed to order and cheerfully paid for the supply from Russia, batteries of the S-300 missiles allegedly to beef up air defenses against T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s military aggression but was finally lightheartedly cancelled, remains indeed a case study in support of the argument. Simply put, the Cyprus Problem \u201cpoliticians\u201d in an extremely peculiar frenzy proceeded with their authorization to buy the above missiles exceeding a billion Euros in cost without ever bothering for a minute to ponder the feasibility of actually and 72","K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 Rum politikac\u0131lar\u0131n 90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin asker\u00ee sal- bir beceri havuzlar\u0131 var. B\u00f6ylesine geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir olaydan sonra her \u015fey b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 hava savunmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek amac\u0131yla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fecek ve radara yakalanmadan ge\u00e7en ve esasen ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131 olan Rusya\u2019dan S-300 f\u00fczelerinin bataryalar\u0131n\u0131 aceleyle ithal etmeye pek \u00e7ok faaliyet, bunlara ba\u011fl\u0131 kazan\u00e7l\u0131 avantajlar ve g\u00f6z doldurma ama\u00e7l\u0131 eylem- \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve paras\u0131n\u0131 seve seve \u00f6demeleri, ancak sonunda g\u00f6- lerle birlikte sona erecektir. n\u00fcls\u00fczce bu sipari\u015flerin iptal edilmesi, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de bu arg\u00fcman\u0131 destekleyen bir \u00f6rnektir. Basit\u00e7e ifade etmek gerekirse, K\u0131br\u0131s so- \u0130vedi bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, onlar\u0131n affedilmez derecede l\u00fcks ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 ya- runu \u201cpolitikac\u0131lar\u0131\u201d son derece tuhaf bir \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131k i\u00e7inde, bu s\u00fcper \u015fam tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak sona erdirecektir. silah\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten ve ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir \u015fekilde K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019a getirmenin ve fiilen kullanman\u0131n fizibilitesini bir dakika bile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme zahmetine kat- Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sonras\u0131 yeni kurulan bir devlette her lanmadan, maliyeti bir milyar euroyu a\u015fan yukar\u0131daki f\u00fczeleri sat\u0131n \u015fey de\u011fi\u015fece\u011fi i\u00e7in kayda de\u011fer bir endi\u015fe yaratan yerle\u015fik bir kabulleni\u015f ve olum- alma yetkisiyle ilerlemi\u015flerdir. suz bir tepki vard\u0131r. Kay\u0131rmac\u0131l\u0131k sona erecektir.T\u00fcm ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar ve dokunulmazl\u0131klar bir anda duracakt\u0131r. Siyasi \u201cliderler\u201d i\u00e7in hala cevaplanmam\u0131\u015f sorularla dolu bu destan\u0131n i\u00e7 karart\u0131c\u0131 so- nucunda f\u00fczeler nihayetinde Yunanistan\u2019a ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r... Bu, hi\u00e7bir zaman \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmayan ve yanl\u0131\u015f olan \u00f6nemli bir konudur. Nere- deyse yar\u0131m as\u0131r sonra hala b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f durumda olan talihsiz K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta siyasi yolsuz- Yerel politikac\u0131lar bir gecede mutab\u0131k kal\u0131nan yollarla ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc servetlerin \u00fcze- luk seviyeleri ger\u00e7ekten de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli olup, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir ve belgelenmi\u015f bir halde rine konmu\u015flard\u0131r ancak bu destan\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir soru\u015fturma kayda ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. ba\u015flat\u0131lmad\u0131. Akl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda olan bir g\u00f6zlemci, \u201cUluslararas\u0131 \u015eeffafl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u201d taraf\u0131ndan K\u0131br\u0131s \u201cPolitikac\u0131lar\u201d taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen benzer soygunlar\u0131n listesi utan\u00e7 verici de- (\u201cK\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti\u201d) hakk\u0131nda sa\u011flanan yolsuzluk ve yolsuzlu\u011fun \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli bi- recede uzundur. Son birka\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r siyasi yolsuzluklar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya ve bunlarla \u00e7imleri hakk\u0131ndaki veri ve endekslere g\u00f6z atabilir. Maalesef ki K\u0131br\u0131s siyasi yolsuzluk m\u00fccadele etmeye odaklanan AB ve di\u011fer uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar, k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce seviyelerinde en \u00fcst s\u0131ralarda yer almaktad\u0131r ve bunun g\u00f6bek ba\u011f\u0131, hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz, K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti h\u00fck\u00fbmeti taraf\u0131ndan sunulan ve pasaportlar\u0131n\u0131 (asl\u0131nda AB pasa- yerel siyasi tarafla\u015fmalar ve \u00e7\u0131karlarla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc bir iblis olan K\u0131br\u0131s sorunu ve azmetti- portlar\u0131n\u0131!) \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u201c\u00fccretler\u201d kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00e7ok aranan baz\u0131 ki\u015filerine riciler i\u00e7in nispeten kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f bir muafiyet \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. satan \u201calt\u0131n pasaportlar\u201d plan\u0131na ili\u015fkin geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 soru\u015fturmalar ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r! Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, sorumluluktan ka\u00e7an, ruhlar\u0131 ve ahlak\u0131 zedeleyen ve en az\u0131ndan kendi- E\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak, k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce emekli olan K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n aile- sine ve vatanda\u015flar\u0131na, yani herkese sayg\u0131 duyan normal bir devlet olma umutlar\u0131n\u0131 siyle birlikte Suudi Arabistan Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ait bir \u00f6zel jetle Sey\u015fel Adalar\u0131\u2019na, belli ki k\u00f6retlen, yolsuzlu\u011fa bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f kurumlar\u0131m\u0131z, akt\u00f6rlerimiz ve uygulamalar\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131r! uluslararas\u0131 bankac\u0131l\u0131k sistemi taraf\u0131ndan tespit edilmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in milyonlarca Hem K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 Rumlar hem de K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 T\u00fcrkler. euro ile doldurulmu\u015f birka\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7anta ile l\u00fcks seyahatler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belgelenmi\u015ftir! \u201cSonu\u00e7 olarak K\u0131br\u0131s sorunu ekonomisidir aptalca olan!\u201d Varl\u0131k sebepleri, s\u00f6z\u00fcm ona, bitmek bilmeyen K\u0131br\u0131s sorununa halklar\u0131n\u0131n yarar\u0131na bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmak olan siyaset\u00e7ilerin bu t\u00fcr davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ve derinli\u011fini kavramak ger\u00e7ekten \u015fok edici. Yukar\u0131da bahsedilen hususlara, mart 2013\u2019te K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde bankac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn neredeyse tamamen \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir d\u00f6nemde siyaset\u00e7ilerin yara alma- dan kurtuldu\u011fu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00e7irkin olay da eklendi\u011finde, trajik bir hik\u00e2ye daha vuku bulmaktad\u0131r. AB\u2019nin onaylad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ctasarruf kesintisinden\u201d sadece dakikalar \u00f6nce, Ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n bir gecede neleri kabul ettiklerine dair hi\u00e7bir fikri olmayan K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019taki talihsiz va- tanda\u015flar\u0131n banka hesaplar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce, Ba\u015fkan\u2019dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 siyasi liderler, yerel bankalar\u0131n sa\u00e7mal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 finanse etmek amac\u0131yla hayatlar\u0131 boyunca biriktirdikleri tasarruflar\u0131n yok oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmeden saatler \u00f6nce, tuhaf bir \u015fekilde \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck mevduatlar\u0131n\u0131 bankac\u0131l\u0131k sisteminden \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Esas\u0131nda bankalar\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fterilerinin mevduatlar\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131lalmaz bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netmeleri ve bunun sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan b\u00fcy\u00fck zararlar basit\u00e7e m\u00fc\u015fterilerine, yani K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin yerel vatanda\u015flar\u0131na yans\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r! Bu \u201cpolitikac\u0131lar\u201d uzun s\u00fcredir devam eden K\u0131br\u0131s sorununa bulunacak bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm- den ne kadar kolay ya da h\u0131zl\u0131 ve ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkileneceklerdir? Olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde! Bir\u00e7o\u011funun \u00f6zge\u00e7mi\u015fleri ger\u00e7ekten de \u00e7ok zay\u0131f ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnen o ki s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 73","realistically bringing this super weapon to Cyprus and putting it to before they saw their lifetimes\u2019 savings disappear in order to finance the local actual use. banks\u2019 chennaniganisms. Remembering the depressing conclusion of this saga still infested with questions Essentially, the banks\u2019 disastrous management of their clients\u2019 deposits and the for the political \u201cleaders\u201d that remain unanswered, the missiles were ultimately resulting huge losses was simply passed on to their clients, i e the local citizens donated to Greece. of the Republic if Cyprus!!! Local politicians became extremely wealthy overnight in ways documented but no How easily or swiftly and to what extent would these \u201cpoliticians\u201d be affected by investigation was ever commissioned to probe all in this saga. a solution to the long-running Cyprus Problem? To a great extent indeed! Most of them have indeed very poor CVs indicating limited aptitude. All would change The list of similar heists by \u201cpoliticians\u201d is shamefully lengthy. The EU and other international organizations focused during the last few years on ex- substantially after such a widely-ranging event and many actions below the posing and battling political corruption, recently launched radar that are essentially, their very livelihood, would cease far reaching investigations of the \u201cGolden passports\u201d along with lucrative perks and frills attached to them. scheme offered by the Republic of Cyprus government that literally sold its passports An imminent solution would bring their (essentially EU passports!) to some of the inexcusably lavish and privileged world\u2019s most wanted in exchange for lifestyles to an end inevitably. very large \u201cfees!\u201d Thus, there is indeed a built-in kneejerk Simultaneously, the recently retired and negative reaction to a solution of President of Cyprus was docu- the Problem that creates consider- mented of taking lavish trips with his able worrying since everything in a family on a Saudi Arabian Kingdom newly-founded post solution state private jet to the Seychelles loaded would change. Cronyism would with several large bags stuffed with cease. All perks and impunity would millions of Euros obviously to avoid de- come to a screeching halt. tection of them through the international banking system! This is a major issue that is never brought to the fore and wrongly so. Lev- It is indeed shocking to fathom the extent and els of political corruption are indeed size- depth of such behavior by politicians whose raison able, measurable and documented in hapless d\u2019etre is, supposedly, to reach a solution in the never-end- Cyprus that remains divided after almost half a ing Cyprus Problem for the benefit of their peoples. century. Adding also to the aforementioned the following outrageous incident whereby in An astute observer can simply look at the data and indi- March 2013 amidst the near total collapse of the banking sector in the Republic ces provided by \u201cTransparency International\u201d on Cyprus (\u201cRepub- of Cyprus politicians escaped unscathed, is another telling tragic story. lic of Cyprus\u201d) on corruption and its multitude of forms it operates in. Shamefully, Cyprus ranks high on levels of political corruption and the main Political leaders from the President down just minutes before the EU-sanctioned birthplace and sustenance of this is, without any doubt, the monster-like Cyprus \u201csavings\u2019 haircut\u201d but in reality, the looting of hapless citizens\u2019 bank accounts in Problem draped with local political colors and expediencies coupled with an al- Cyprus who had no clue what their President had agreed to overnight, managed most permanent veil of impunity for the instigators. to get their peculiarly very large deposits out of the banking system literally, hours Thus, we have our own obvious corruption-infested institutions, actors and prac- tices that have been escaping responsibility, damaging souls and ethos as well as diminishing prospects to become a normal state that at least respects itself and its citizens and we mean, all of them! Both, Greek and Turkish Cypriots alike. \u201cSo finally, it really is the Cyprus Problem economics stupid!\u201d 74","BILKENT INTERNATIONAL 2023 FESTIVAL COMMENCES B\u0130LKENT ULUSLARARASI 2023 FEST\u0130VAL\u0130 BA\u015eLADI Foreign students studying at Ankara Bilkent University organized the Bilkent Ankara Bilkent \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6ren yabanc\u0131 uyruklu \u00f6\u011frenciler, International 2023 Festival. Bilkent Uluslararas\u0131 2023 Festivali d\u00fczenledi. The festival was attended by students from Albania, Kosovo, Iran, Kazakh- Festivale; Arnavutluk, Kosova, \u0130ran, Kazakistan, Endonezya, Azerbaycan, Filis- stan, Indonesia, Azerbaijan, Palestine, Bahrain, and T\u00fcrkiye. tin, Bahreyn ve T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011frenciler kat\u0131ld\u0131. 75","TRADITIONAL SPRING RECEPTION HELD AT THE GERMAN EMBASSY IN ANKARA ANKARA\u2019DA, ALMANYA B\u00dcY\u00dcKEL\u00c7\u0130L\u0130\u011e\u0130 GELENEKSEL BAHAR RESEPS\u0130YONU D\u00dcZENLEND\u0130 The traditional \u201cSpring Reception\u201d took place in the garden of the German Embassy in Ankara, hosted by Dr. Philipp Schmidt, Press Secretary of the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany. In his opening speech, Secretary Schmidt stated that this reception served as a farewell event for him, as he announced the appointment of Bj\u00f6rn Meusel as the new Press Counselor of the German Embassy. Almanya Federal Cumhuriyeti\u00a0 Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi Bas\u0131n M\u00fcste\u015far\u0131\u00a0 Dr. Philipp Schmidt\u2019in ev sahipli\u011finde geleneksel \u201cbahar resepsiyonu\u201d Almanya B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi bah\u00e7esinde d\u00fczenlendi. A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapan M\u00fcste\u015far Schmidt, bunun kendisi i\u00e7in bir veda resepsiyonu oldu\u011funu belirterek yerine Almanya B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi yeni Bas\u0131n M\u00fc\u015faviri Bj\u00f6rn Meusel\u2019in atand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. 76","DEFENSE INDUSTRY COOPERATION BETWEEN T\u00dcRK\u0130YE AND UGANDA SAVUNMA SANAY\u0130\u0130NDE T\u00dcRK\u0130YE - UGANDA \u0130\u015e B\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130 Akya End\u00fcstri Savunma Sanayi A\u015e Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Hakan Akidil\u2019in ev sahipli\u011finde, T\u00fcrkiye-Uganda savunma sanayii i\u015f birli\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri Ankara\u2019da yap\u0131ld\u0131. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere, Uganda B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Nusura Tiperu, B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Asistan\u0131 Yusuf Mubarak ile davetliler kat\u0131ld\u0131. Yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde toplant\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131n, Uganda ile T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131ndaki ikili ili\u015fkileri geli\u015ftirmek ve savunma sanayiindeki giri\u015fim ve i\u015f hacmini art\u0131rmak oldu\u011fu belirtildi. Ankara played host to a significant meeting on defense industry collaboration between T\u00fcrkiye and Uganda, chaired by Hakan Akidil, the Chairman of Akya Industrial Defense Industry Inc. Distinguished guests in attendance included Nusura Tiperu, the Ambassador of Uganda, Yusuf Mubarak, the Ambassador\u2019s Assistant, and other esteemed invitees. The purpose of the talks, as outlined during the discussions, aimed at strengthening the bilateral relations between Uganda and T\u00fcrkiye while fos- tering growth in entrepreneurial initiatives and expanding the business vol- ume within the defense industry. 77","232ND ANNIVERSARY OF THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MAY 3, 1791 CELEBRATED IN ANKARA 3 MAYIS 1791 ANAYASASI\u2019NIN KABUL\u00dcN\u00dcN 232. YIL D\u00d6N\u00dcM\u00dc ANKARA\u2019DA KUTLANDI Hosted by the ambassadors of Poland and Lithuania, a reception was held in Ankara to commemorate the 232nd anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of May 3, 1791. The reception was attended by Ambassador Maciej Lang of Poland, Am- bassador Ricardas Degutis of Lithuania, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and Ambassador Mehmet Kemal Bozay, who also serves as the European Union (EU) Presidency Ambassador, Ambassador Vasyl Bodnar of Ukraine, as well as numerous ambassadors, foreign mission representatives, and dis- tinguished guests.\u201d Polonya ve Litvanya\u2019n\u0131n Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilerinin ev sahipli\u011finde, 3 May\u0131s 1791 Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kabul\u00fcn\u00fcn 232. y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc nedeniyle bir resepsiyon d\u00fczenlendi. Resepsiyona, Polonya\u2019n\u0131n Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Maciej Lang ile Litvanya\u2019n\u0131n Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Ricardas Degutis\u2019in yan\u0131 s\u0131ra D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi (AB) Ba\u015fkan\u0131 B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Mehmet Kemal Bozay, Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Vasyl Bodnar, b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7iler, yabanc\u0131 misyon temsilcileri ile \u00e7ok say\u0131da davetli kat\u0131ld\u0131. 78","ITALIAN DESIGN DAY: \u201cSUSTAIN-IT 2ND EDITION: ENLIGHTENING QUALITY\u201d CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION \u0130TALYAN TASARIM G\u00dcN\u00dc \u201cSUSTAIN-IT 2. BASKI: AYDINLATAN KAL\u0130TE\u201d KONFERANS VE SERG\u0130S\u0130 The conference and exhibition, titled \u201cSUSTAIN-IT 2nd Edition: Enlightening Quality,\u201d took place at the Embassy of Italy in Ankara. The event was attended by Ambassador Giorgio Marrapodi, Italian Design Ambassador Bahar Gedikli, and the participating students from METU (Middle East Technical University). Following the speeches, Ambassador Marrapodi presented plaques of ap- preciation to the contributors of the exhibition.\u201d \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi\u2019nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen konferansa B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Gior- gio Marrapodi\u2019nin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u0130talyan Tasar\u0131m El\u00e7isi Bahar Gedikli ile projeye kat\u0131lan ODT\u00dc \u00f6\u011frencileri kat\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Marrapodi, konu\u015fmalar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan sergiye katk\u0131da bulunanlara plaket verdi. 79","TURKISH-JAPANESE FOUNDATION TURKISH MUSIC CHOIR FRIENDSHIP CONCERT T\u00dcRK JAPON VAKFI T\u00dcRK M\u00dcZ\u0130\u011e\u0130 KOROSU DOSTLUK KONSER\u0130 Under the hosting of the President of the Turkish-Japanese Foundation, Prof. Dr. T\u00fcrk Japon Vakf\u0131 Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Prof. Dr. Nejat Bora Sayan\u2019\u0131n ev sahipli\u011finde,\u00a0\u015fefli\u011fini Nejat Bora Sayan, the Turkish-Japanese Foundation Turkish Music Choir, con- Emine G\u00fcrsel\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrk Japon Vakf\u0131 T\u00fcrk M\u00fczi\u011fi Korosu dostluk konseri ducted by Emine G\u00fcrsel, organized a friendship concert. d\u00fczenledi. The concert was attended by Prof. Dr. Nejat Bora Sayan, President of the Turk- Konsere, T\u00fcrk Japon Vakf\u0131 Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Prof. Dr. Nejat Bora Sayan\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra eski ish-Japanese Foundation, as well as former Minister of Justice Hikmet Sami T\u00fcrk, Adalet Bakan\u0131 Hikmet Sami T\u00fcrk, Japonya, Letonya, Kosova B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ileri ile ambassadors from Japan, Latvia, Kosovo, and distinguished guests. se\u00e7kin davetliler kat\u0131ld\u0131. During the concert, Rina Okumura-Vaivara, the spouse of Ambassador Peteris Konserde, Letonya B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Peteris Vaivara\u2019n\u0131n e\u015fi Rina Okumura-Vaivara Vaivara of Latvia, performed the song \u201cR\u00fczg\u00e2r\u201d (Wind).\u201d \u201cR\u00fczg\u00e2r\u201d isimli \u015fark\u0131y\u0131 seslendirdi. 80","AZERBAIJAN INDEPENDENCE AND ARMED FORCES DAY CELEBRATED IN ANKARA AZERBAYCAN BA\u011eIMSIZLIK VE S\u0130LAHLI KUVVETLER G\u00dcN\u00dc ANKARA\u2019DA KUTLANDI Azerbaycan Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetler G\u00fcn\u00fc nedeniyle Ankara JW Mar- riott Hotel\u2019de bir resepsiyon d\u00fczenlendi. Resepsiyona, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Re\u015fad Memmedov\u2019un yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Yard\u0131mc\u0131 Fuat Oktay, Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Ya\u015far G\u00fcler, Kuvvet Komutanlar\u0131, Ankara\u2019da g\u00f6revli misyon temsilcileri, asker\u00ee ata\u015feler ile \u00e7ok say\u0131da davetli kat\u0131ld\u0131. A reception was held at Ankara JW Marriott Hotel to commemorate Azerbai- jan\u2019s Independence and Armed Forces Day. The reception was attended by Ambassador Re\u015fad Memmedov of Azer- baijan, as well as Vice President Fuat Oktay, Chief of the General Staff Ya\u015far G\u00fcler, Force Commanders, mission representatives stationed in Ankara, mili- tary attach\u00e9s, and numerous distinguished guests. 81","PISCO EVENT HELD AT THE EMBASSY OF PERU PERU B\u00dcY\u00dcKEL\u00c7\u0130L\u0130\u011e\u0130\u2019NDE \u201cP\u0130SCO\u201d ETK\u0130NL\u0130\u011e\u0130 D\u00dcZENLEND\u0130 Hosted by Ambassador C\u00e9sar Augusto De las Casas D\u00edaz and Charg\u00e9 d\u2019Af- faires Patricia Duran Cotrina of the Embassy of Peru, an event was organized to promote Pisco, the soul of Peru. The event, held at the embassy, was attended by numerous guests. Pisco, a spirit derived from grapes, was introduced to South America with the arrival of the Spaniards. Renowned and acclaimed worldwide for its exquisite taste and aroma, Pisco carries a rich history and traditions. The first mention of Pisco dates back to the year 1528. In 1988, following extensive research conducted by the National Institute of Culture on the Peruvian roots of this distillate dating back to the 16th century, Pisco was officially recognized as Peru\u2019s Cultural Heritage.\u201d Peru\u2019nun Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi C\u00e9sar Augusto De las Casas D\u00edaz ile Peru B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi Maslahatg\u00fczar\u0131 Patricia Duran Cotrina\u2019n\u0131n ev sahipli\u011finde, Pe- ru\u2019nun ruhu olan Pisco\u2019nun tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilikte yap\u0131lan etkinli\u011fe \u00e7ok say\u0131da davetli kat\u0131ld\u0131. Pisco, \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fc G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019ya getiren \u0130spanyollar\u0131n geli\u015fiyle yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Enfes tad\u0131 ve aromas\u0131yla d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda be\u011fenilen ve \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilen Pisco, bir\u00e7ok tarih ve gelenek i\u00e7erir. Pisco\u2019dan ilk kez bahsedildi\u011fi y\u0131l 1528\u2019dir. 1988\u2019de Ulusal K\u00fclt\u00fcr Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Pisco\u2019yu 16. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar uzanan bu dam\u0131t- man\u0131n Perulu k\u00f6kleri \u00fczerine bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckten sonra Peru\u2019nun K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Miras\u0131 olarak tan\u0131d\u0131. 82","REPUBLIC OF CROATIA NATIONAL AND ARMED FORCES DAY CELEBRATED IN ANKARA HIRVAT\u0130STAN CUMHUR\u0130YET\u0130 ULUSAL VE S\u0130LAHLI KUVVETLER G\u00dcN\u00dc ANKARA\u2019DA KUTLANDI H\u0131rvatistan Cumhuriyeti Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Hrvoje Cvitanovi\u0107 ve Savunma Ata\u015fesi Albay Dra\u017een Keser\u2019in ev sahipli\u011finde, H\u0131rvatistan Milli ve Silahl\u0131 Kuv- vetler G\u00fcn\u00fc ile Schengen ve euro b\u00f6lgelerine kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 nedeniyle Ankara Divan Oteli\u2019nde bir resepsiyon d\u00fczenlendi. Resepsiyona, b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7iler, askeri ata\u015feler ile \u00e7ok say\u0131da davetli kat\u0131ld\u0131. A reception was held at the Ankara Divan Hotel, hosted by Ambassador Hrvoje Cvitanovi\u0107 and Defense Attach\u00e9 Colonel Dra\u017een Keser, to commem- orate the National and Armed Forces Day of the Republic of Croatia, as well as its accession to the Schengen and Euro zones. The reception was attended by ambassadors, military attach\u00e9s, and numer- ous distinguished guests.\u201d 83","INTERVIEW WITH TARKAN OZVARDAR: ABOUT DOG TRAINING TARKAN \u00d6ZVARDAR\u2019LA S\u00d6YLE\u015e\u0130: K\u00d6PEK E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M\u0130NE DA\u0130R Which dogs can be trained as search and rescue dogs? It would not be correct to focus upon a specific breed in this regard, but hybrid dogs have also high potential for being search and rescue dogs. However; Ger- man Shepherds, Bordor Collies, Labrador Retrievers and Belgian Shepherds are often preferred as search dogs. How are search and rescue dogs trained? Training process is very demanding. Steps of the training includes strict obedi- ence, agility and searching skills. What can a search and rescue dog find? Search and rescue dogs are bred for the sole purpose of finding survivors. In which situations are search and rescue dogs used? They are used in natural disasters and in the search for people lost and trapped in nature, especially for the searching of surviving people trapped under the rubble caused by earthquakes. Can you exemplify their field of use in saving lives? My own dog K\u00f6m\u00fcr rescued a human trapped under the rubble for 72 hours during the earthquake in Erci\u015f, Van in 2011. What do you think about the population of stray animals in T\u00fcrki- ye? Although exact figures are not clear, it is estimated that over 10 million stray dogs live in T\u00fcrkiye. This number continues to increase uncontrollably. What can be done for the nutrition and health of stray animals? Unfortunately, it is not possible to provide shelter to all stray animals, but we can feed them. Providing shelter and feeding are, as you may have guessed, different concepts. Paw-friendly communities living in big cities can organize on this issue. On the other hand, stray animals living in peripheral areas struggle with starving. Which social responsibility projects would you recommend for stray animals? Sterilization and Vaccination are the only proposal to solve this issue. What steps can be taken to prevent violence against stray ani- mals? Strict regulation and monitoring by lawmakers and practitioners andthe imposi- 84","Hangi k\u00f6pekler arama kurtarma k\u00f6pe\u011fi olarak e\u011fitilebilir? Sokak hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n beslenmesi ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ne yap\u0131labilir? Bu konuda belli bir \u0131rk\u0131 i\u015faret etmek do\u011fru olmaz melez k\u00f6peklerden de y\u00fcksek Sokak hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131 beslemek maalesef \u00e7ok m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil ancak doyurabilmek- potansiyelli arama kurtarma k\u00f6pe\u011fi \u00e7\u0131kabilmektedir. Ancak genellemede Alman teyiz. Beslemek ve doyurmak tahmin etti\u011finiz gibi farkl\u0131 kavramlard\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fe- \u00e7oban k\u00f6pe\u011fi, border collie, labrador retriever ve Bel\u00e7ika \u00e7oban k\u00f6pekleri arama hirlerde ya\u015fayan hayvansever topluluklar bu konuda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenebilirken. Periferik k\u00f6pe\u011fi olarak s\u0131k\u00e7a tercih edilir. b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan sokak hayvanlar\u0131 a\u00e7l\u0131kla m\u00fccadele etmektedir. Arama kurtarma k\u00f6peklerinin e\u011fitimi nas\u0131l yap\u0131l\u0131r? Sokak hayvanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in hangi sosyal sorumluluk projelerini \u00f6nerir- siniz? Olduk\u00e7a zorlu bir e\u011fitim s\u00fcreci vard\u0131r. E\u011fitimde kat\u0131 itaat, \u00e7eviklik ve arama \u00e7al\u0131\u015f- malar\u0131 basamak olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u201cK\u0131s\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r, a\u015f\u0131lat, ya\u015fat\u201d bu konunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in tek \u00f6neridir. Bir arama kurtarma k\u00f6pe\u011fi neleri bulabilir? Sokak hayvanlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddetin \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in ne t\u00fcr ad\u0131mlar at\u0131labilir? Arama k\u00f6pekleri sadece canl\u0131 insan bulmak hedefli olarak yeti\u015ftirilir. Yasa koyucular\u0131n ve uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131 d\u00fczenleme ve takibi ile a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f cezai Arama kurtarma k\u00f6pekleri hangi durumlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r? yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olabilir. Ba\u015fta deprem sonucunda olu\u015fan enkazlar\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalan canl\u0131 insan tespiti olmak Sokak hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n toplumda kabul g\u00f6rmesi i\u00e7in neler yap\u0131labi- \u00fczere do\u011fal afetler ve do\u011fada kaybolan, mahsur kalan insanlar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131nda lir? kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. En ba\u015fta \u00e7ocukluk d\u00f6neminden ba\u015flayan e\u011fitim yeti\u015fkin insanlar\u0131n bilin\u00e7lendiril- Arama kurtarma k\u00f6peklerinin hayat kurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00f6rnek anlatabilir mesi \u00f6zellikle Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fcfredat\u0131nda bu konunun yer verilmesi. misiniz? Deprem sonras\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n psikolojisi nas\u0131l etkilenir? Kendi k\u00f6pe\u011fim olan K\u00f6m\u00fcr 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda Van\u2019\u0131n Erci\u015f il\u00e7esinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen dep- remde 72 saat boyunca enkaz alt\u0131nda mahsur kalan bir insan\u0131 kurtarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u0131pk\u0131 insanlarda oldu\u011fu gibi travma sonras\u0131 stres bozukluklar\u0131 en s\u0131k rastlanan davran\u0131\u015f problemi olacakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, sahiplerini bir \u015fekilde kaybeden hayvanlarda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sokak hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n n\u00fcfusu hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor- olu\u015fabilecek ayr\u0131l\u0131k anksiyete g\u00f6zlemlenebilmektedir. sunuz? Hayvan sahipleri, deprem s\u0131ras\u0131nda hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l koruyabilir- Tam rakamlar net olmasa da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 10 milyonun \u00fczerinde sokak k\u00f6pe\u011finin ler? ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. Bu say\u0131 kontrols\u00fcz bir \u015fekilde artmaya devam et- mektedir. Depremden korunman\u0131n tek yolu \u00f6nlem almakt\u0131r. 85","tion of aggravated criminal sanctions may What do you recommend for provide a solution. making emergency preparations for animals? What can be done for the accept- ance of stray animals in society? We can prepare an emergency kit to meet the needs of our pets just like we do for our- Early education should be provided, adults selves. should be made aware of this issue and this issue should be addressed in the curriculum of the Ministry How have attitudes towards animals changed of National Education. in T\u00fcrkiye? How is the psychology of animals affected after an earthquake? We can say that there has been an increase in sensitivity, but we still have a long way to go in establishing such a culture. Just like in humans, post-traumatic stress disorders will be the most common behavioral problem. Also, separation anxiety can be observed in animals that What do you think about legal regulations on animal rights? have lost their owners in some way. It is absolutely inadequate and needs to be revised and deterrent punitive in- How can pet owners protect their animals during an earthquake? vestments need to be implemented. The only way to prevent an earthquake is to take precautions. What do you think about the animal trade? How can psychological problems of animals after an earthquake I am not in favor of animal trade in practice, but animals of cattle, small cattle be treated? and poultry types are useful in terms of economic dynamics in the world. Through the implementation of behavioral therapies and rehabilitation pro- What kind of social responsibility projects would you recom- grams and recovery works. mend for animal welfare in T\u00fcrkiye? What do you think about rescue teams working with animals First and foremost, animal rights legislation should be regulated, children should during earthquakes? be educated and awareness should be provided to adults. Search and rescue dogs constitute key elements of search and rescue teams. 86","Deprem sonras\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n psikolojik sorunlar\u0131 nas\u0131l tedavi edilebilir? Davran\u0131\u015f terapileri ve rehabilitasyon programlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 ve iyile\u015ftirme \u00e7a- l\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla. Deprem s\u0131ras\u0131nda hayvanlarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kurtarma ekipleri hakk\u0131nda neler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsunuz? Arama kurtarma ekiplerinin en \u00f6nemli par\u00e7as\u0131 arama kurtarma k\u00f6pekleridir. Hayvanlar i\u00e7in acil durum haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in neler \u00f6nerirsiniz? Tabii ki insanlarda oldu\u011fu gibi k\u00f6pe\u011fimizin de ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak bir acil durum \u00e7antas\u0131 haz\u0131rlayabiliriz. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de hayvanlara kar\u015f\u0131 tutum nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti? Genel \u00e7er\u00e7evede duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olumlu y\u00f6nde artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebilsek de halen k\u00fclt\u00fc- r\u00fcn oturmas\u0131nda halen yol almam\u0131z gerekmektedir. Hayvan haklar\u0131 ile ilgili yasal d\u00fczenlemeler hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc- yorsunuz? Kesinlikle yetersiz revize edilmesi cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 cezai yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi ge- rekmektedir. Hayvanlar\u0131n ticareti hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsunuz? Hayvan ticaretine tabii ki de s\u0131cak bakm\u0131yorum ancak d\u00fcnyadaki ekonomik di- namikler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015f, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ba\u015f ve k\u00fcmes hayvanlar\u0131ndan istifade edil- mektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de hayvanlar\u0131n refah\u0131 i\u00e7in ne t\u00fcr sosyal sorumluluk proje- leri \u00f6nerirsiniz? En ba\u015fta hayvan haklar\u0131 yasas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesi \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n e\u011fitilmesi, yeti\u015fkinlerin bilin\u00e7lendirilmesi gerekmektedir. 87","Uzm. Dr. Dt. Nisa Ild\u0131z \u00c7elebio\u011flu ABOUT ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT ORTODONTIK TEDAVI \u00dcZERINE We would like to first get to know you a little better? Are orthodontic treatments only applied to children and young people? I am Nisa Ild\u0131z \u00c7elebio\u011flu. I was born in 1994 in Ankara. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 2012, I have started to study at Ba\u015fkent University Faculty No, it is not. Orthodontic treatment can be applied to individuals of any age with of Dentistry in the same year. Following my undergraduate education, I completed healthy teeth and surrounding tissues. When it comes to the correction of teeth, my doctorate at Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodon- the age factor does not constitute any limitation regarding the application of or- tics and received the title of Doctor of Orthodontics in 2021. I am currently active- thodontic treatment. However, in some cases, only changing the position of the ly working on young and adult orthodontic treatments, preventive and interceptive teeth may not be sufficient to eliminate the existing problem. If there are skeletal treatments, orthodontic treatments before orthognathic surgery and orthodontic problems such as jaw protrusion, retrusion or narrow upper jaw, they should be treatments with clear aligners. treated during the growth and development period. What is Orthodontics? Why is orthodontic treatment necessary? Orthodontics literally means \u201cstraight teeth\u201d. In orthodontic treatments, various Orthodontic treatment not only gives you a great smile that you can show freely, methods are used to correct teeth that are crowded or spaced. In addition, the but it is also very important for the performance of important functions such treatment of bite disorders caused by problems between the jaws is also among as chewing and speaking. At the same time, by eliminating existing orthodontic the subjects of orthodontics. problems, it is easier for you to provide dental care, preventing tartar formation, gum problems and tooth decay. How do I know if I need orthodontic treatment? You have orthodontic problems if you have overlapping teeth, gaps between teeth, teeth that are in a different position or angle than they should be, or if you have a congenital missing tooth. At the same time, orthodontic treatments are also necessary to eliminate the bite problems between your upper and lower teeth. You can find out if you need orthodontic treatment by consulting ortho- dontic specialists. Why do orthodontic problems occur? As with many health problems, the most common cause of orthodontic problems is genetic factors. If you have orthodontic problems or have undergone orthodon- tic treatment in the past, it is very likely that your child will have similar problems. In addition to genetics, some environmental factors and especially habits play an important role in the development of orthodontic problems. Habits such as finger sucking, lip biting, mouth breathing, which are acquired at a young age and which are not stopped, cause permanent effects on the teeth and surrounding tissues. At what age should an orthodontic examination be done? The ideal age for orthodontic examination is 7-8 years, which is the age of erup- tion of permanent incisors. At this age, the jaws grow and develop under the guidance of the incisors. More serious possible orthodontic problems that may be encountered in the future can be prevented with some minor preventive and interceptive applications to be made at young ages. 88","Do I need to wear braces to straighten my teeth? Ortodontik tedavi neden gereklidir? No. As in every field, materials in the field of dentistry are constantly developing with the advancements in technology. With the emergence of aesthetic con- Ortodontik tedavi sizlere \u00f6zg\u00fcrce g\u00fcl\u00fcmseyebilece\u011finiz harika bir g\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f sunmakla cerns, the use of clear aligners as an alternative to metal brackets and wires has kalmaz ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7i\u011fneme ve konu\u015fma gibi \u00f6nemli fonksiyonlar\u0131n do\u011fru \u015fe- increased even more. In addition to being aesthetic, orthodontic treatments with kilde yerine getirilmesi i\u00e7in de olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir.Ayn\u0131 zamanda mevcut ortodontik clear aligners are more hygienic in that they can be put on and taken off by the problemlerin giderilmesiyle di\u015f bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flaman\u0131z kolayla\u015farak di\u015f ta\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fu- patient during the treatment, and there are no eating and drinking restrictions in mu, di\u015f eti problemleri ve di\u015f \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcklerinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaktad\u0131r. orthodontic treatments with clear aligners. Ortodontik tedaviye ihtiyac\u0131m oldu\u011funu nas\u0131l anlayabilirim? \u00d6ncelikle sizi biraz tan\u0131yabilir miyiz? Ben Nisa Ild\u0131z \u00c7elebio\u011flu. 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ankara\u2019da do\u011fdum. 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda TED An- \u00dcst \u00fcste duran di\u015flere, di\u015fler aras\u0131nda bo\u015fluklara, olmas\u0131 gerekenden farkl\u0131 bir kara Koleji\u2019nden mezun olduktan sonra ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Ba\u015fkent \u00dcniversitesi Di\u015f Hekimli\u011fi konumda ya da a\u00e7\u0131da duran di\u015flere sahipseniz veya do\u011fu\u015ftan eksik bir di\u015finiz Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019ni kazand\u0131m. Lisans e\u011fitimimi takiben Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Di\u015f Hekimli\u011fi varsa ortodontik problemlere sahipsinizdir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda alt ve \u00fcst di\u015fleriniz ara- Fak\u00fcltesi Ortodonti Anabilim Dal\u0131\u2019nda yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fum doktoram\u0131 tamamlayarak s\u0131ndaki kapan\u0131\u015f problemlerinin giderilmesi i\u00e7in de ortodontik tedaviler gereklidir. 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda ortodonti doktoru unvan\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131m. \u015eu anda gen\u00e7 ve eri\u015fkin ortodontik Ortodontik tedaviye ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ortodonti uzmanlar\u0131na dan\u0131\u015farak tedavileri, koruyucu ve durdurucu uygulamalar, ortognatik cerrahi \u00f6ncesi ortodon- \u00f6\u011frenebilirsiniz. tik tedaviler ve \u015feffaf plaklarla ortodontik tedavilerle ilgili aktif olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekteyim. Ortodontik problemler neden olu\u015fur? Ortodonti nedir? Ortodonti kelime anlam\u0131yla d\u00fczg\u00fcn di\u015f demektedir. Ortodontik tedavilerde de \u00e7e- Pek \u00e7ok sa\u011fl\u0131k sorununda oldu\u011fu gibi ortodontik problemlerin de en s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclme \u015fitli y\u00f6ntemler kullan\u0131larak \u00e7apra\u015f\u0131k veya bo\u015fluklu olan di\u015flerin d\u00fczeltimi sa\u011flan- nedeni genetik fakt\u00f6rlerdir. E\u011fer sizlerde bir ortodontik problem mevcutsa ya da maktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7eneler aras\u0131 problemlerden kaynaklanan kapan\u0131\u015f bozukluklar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ortodontik tedavi g\u00f6rd\u00fcyseniz, \u00e7ocu\u011funuzda da benzer problemlerin tedavileri de ortodontinin konular\u0131 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi \u00e7ok olas\u0131d\u0131r. Geneti\u011fin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra baz\u0131 \u00e7evresel fakt\u00f6rler ve \u00f6zellikle de Ortodontik tedaviler yaln\u0131zca \u00e7ocuklara ve gen\u00e7lere mi uygulan\u0131r? al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar ortodontik problemlerin olu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynamaktad\u0131r. Par- Hay\u0131r. Ortodontik tedavi sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 di\u015f ve \u00e7evre dokulara sahip her ya\u015fta bireye uy- mak emme, dudak \u0131s\u0131rma, a\u011f\u0131z solunumu gibi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flarda edinilen ve b\u0131rak\u0131l- gulanabilmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu tedavi di\u015flerin d\u00fczeltilmesi oldu\u011funda ya\u015f fakt\u00f6r\u00fc mayan al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar di\u015flerde \u00e7evre dokularda kal\u0131c\u0131 etkiler olu\u015fturabilmektedir. Ayn\u0131 ortodontik tedavinin uygulanmas\u0131 ile ilgili herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama olu\u015fturamamakta- zamanda s\u00fct di\u015flerinin erken \u00e7ekilmesi ve di\u015flerde ara y\u00fcz \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcklerine ba\u011fl\u0131 yer d\u0131r. Ancak baz\u0131 durumlarda yaln\u0131zca di\u015flerin pozisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi mevcut kay\u0131plar\u0131 da \u00e7apra\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k olu\u015fumuna zemin haz\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. problemin giderilmesi i\u00e7in yeterli olmayabilir. E\u011fer \u00e7ene ilerili\u011fi, gerili\u011fi veya darl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi iskeletsel problemler mevcutsa b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve geli\u015fim d\u00f6neminde tedavi edil- Ortodonti muayenesi ka\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131nda yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r? melidir. Ortodontik muayene i\u00e7in en ideal ya\u015f daim\u00ee kesici di\u015flerin \u00e7\u0131kma ya\u015f\u0131 olan 7-8 ya\u015flard\u0131r. Bu ya\u015flarda \u00e7eneler kesici di\u015flerin rehberli\u011finde b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve geli\u015fim g\u00f6s- terirler. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flarda yap\u0131lacak durdurucu ve \u00f6nleyici baz\u0131 min\u00f6r uygulamalarla ileride kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilecek daha ciddi olas\u0131 ortodontik problemlerin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilebil- mektedir. Di\u015flerimin d\u00fczelmesi i\u00e7in tel takmam gerekli mi? Hay\u0131r. Her alanda oldu\u011fu gibi di\u015f hekimli\u011fi alan\u0131ndaki materyaller de teknolojideki ilerlemelerle birlikte s\u00fcrekli olarak geli\u015fmektedir. Estetik kayg\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131k- mas\u0131yla metal braketlere ve tellere alternatif olan \u015feffaf plaklar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 daha da artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eeffaf plaklarla ortodontik tedaviler estetik olmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra tedavi s\u0131ras\u0131nda hasta taraf\u0131ndan tak\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilmeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hem daha hijyeniktir hem de tel tedavilerinde mevcut olan yeme-i\u00e7me k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 \u015feffaf plaklar i\u00e7in s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. 89","OVER THE SEAS FOR 10 YEARS 10 YILDIR DENIZLERIN \u00dcZERINDE MARINBASE, which is not only T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s first and only yacht management company but also one of the most important firms in the European yacht market, hosted its closely-knit team, meticulously managed crew, and cherished partners at their barbecue party named \u201cMode 10\u201d to celebrate their 10th anniversary. As the guests enjoyed the DJ performance and toast to MARINBASE\u2019s 10-year history, the team\u2019s strong bond became evident, truly embodying the #alwaysmarinbase motto. It was a testament to the fact that this team will successfully overcome many more waves at sea. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk ve tek yat y\u00f6netim firmas\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Avrupa yat pazar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli firmalar\u0131ndan birisi olan MARINBASE, birbirine s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131- k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 ekibini, titizlikle y\u00f6netti\u011fi m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n\u0131 ve sonsuz memnuniyetle ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 korudu\u011fu i\u015ftiraklerini, 10. y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 kutlamak amac\u0131 ile \u2018\u2019Mode 10\u2019\u2019 ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri barbek\u00fc partisinde a\u011f\u0131rlad\u0131. Misafirler DJ performans\u0131 ile e\u011flenip MARINBASE\u2019in 10 y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015fine kadeh kald\u0131r\u0131rken, ekibin birbirlerine olan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 da #alwaysmarinbase mottosunun ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir \u015fekilde hayata ge\u00e7ti\u011finin ve bu ekibin denizde daha nice dalgay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131larla atlatacaklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesiydi. 90","91","92"]