E-Book 2021 E-Bookon RECENT FARM MECHANIZATION TECHNOLOGIES AICRP on Farm Implements and Machinery
E-Book Recent Farm Mechanization Technologies of AICRP on Farm Implements & Machinery Dr. C. R. Mehta, Project Coordinator Dr. Uday R. Badegaonkar, Principal Scientist February, 2021 All India Coordinated Research Project on Farm Implements and Machinery ICAR - Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal - 462038, India http://aicrp.icar.gov.in/fim
Technical Bulletin No: CIAE/FIM/2021/309 [E-Bulletin] E-Book on Recent Farm Mechanization Technologies Developed under AICRP on Farm Implements & Machinery (2021) All India Coordinated Research Project on Farm Implements and Machinery ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Nabi-bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal – 462038 Tel: 0755-2521163, 2733385, Fax: 0755-2733385 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Compilation and Editing Dr. C R Mehta Dr. Uday R. Badegaonkar Ms. Rita Patle Er. Aditya Sirmour Published by Coordinating Cell, AICRP on Farm Implements and Machinery ICAR - Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Nabi-bagh, Bhopal - 462 038
Foreword Mechanization of farm operations is becoming indispensable in production and post-production operations. Sustaining the current levels of production, timeliness of farm operation, efficient application of inputs (seeds, fertilizers and plant protection chemicals), reducing human drudgery and increasing the safety and comfort of farm workers are the main objectives of mechanization. Our research efforts during the last decade have resulted in numerous machinery for different farm operations. These machinery are ranging in sizes from small to very large and operational capacities from few cents to acres of coverage in a given unit time. The E-Book has brought out the brief details of a few Recent Farm Mechanization Technologies Developed under AICRP on Farm Implements and Machinery from 2012 onwards. I congratulate the authors for compiling and printing this valuable document, which will serve as a beacon for various stake-holders in farm mechanization and allied activities. Dr. K. Alagusundaram Deputy Director General (Agril. Engg) Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
Dr. CR Mehta, Project Coordinator, AICRP on Farm Implements and Machinery receiving Chaudhary Devi Lal Outstanding All India Coordinated Research Project Award 2018 from Union Minister of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India
Preface Mechanization of Indian Agriculture is a key step towards rural prosperity. The demand for new equipment is expected to rise, as machinery with better technology facilitates increased agricultural yield, rational use of resources, and improvement of life conditions of the rural population. While in some parts of the country, mechanization has reached to the farmers, still majority of farmers continue to use the outdated inefficient equipment which come in the way of attaining potential yields. Location specific, crop specific and operation specific improved implements need to be identified and provided. The research efforts of All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Farm Implements and Machinery (FIM) have resulted in development of machinery for different farm operations. Various types of tools and implements such as laser guided land leveler, rotavators, seed drills/planters, rice transplanters, sprayers/dusters, reapers, threshers and combine harvesters have been introduced under the scheme. Often the farmers and other stakeholders do not have access to the knowledge on new products developed and available. Lack of such vital information compels the buyers to buy farm machines based on the availability in the region than based on needs. This E-book is an effort in that direction to bridge the gap and making information available for making manufacturing and adoption of New farm machinery popular in the country. C R Mehta, Project Coordinator, AICRP on FIM Uday R. Badegaonkar, Principal Scientist, AICRP on FIM
Activities and Centres of AICRP on FIM 2021 Activity No of Centers Research & Development 10 Prototype 8 Manufacturing 25 Prototype Feasibility Testing 25 Front Line 25 Demonstration Custom Hiring Training
Introduction Major Objectives • To design, develop, test and adopt All India Coordinated Research Project on Farm Implements and Machinery (AICRP-FIM) improved farm implements and machinery was started during the V Five Year Plan period in 1975 with six centres with IARI, New Delhi for different agro-climatic regions, crops as the coordinating centre. The coordinating cell of the scheme was shifted from IARI, New and operations. Delhi to CIAE, Bhopal in September, 1977. The • To manufacture required number of project expanded its horizon over different regions of India during different five year selected improved and proven designs of plans. farm implements and machinery at The project is mandated to identify the mechanization gaps and future needs of Prototype Manufacturing Workshops improved farm equipment and machinery for different agro-climatic regions, crops and (PMWs). operations, and to conduct research and • To conduct prototype feasibility testing development, prototype production, feasibility testing, front line demonstration (PFT) and frontline demonstration (FLD) of and promote custom hiring of farm equipment and machinery at 25 centres to proven designs of farm implements and bridge identified mechanization gaps. machinery on farmer’s fields to test their efficacy for adoption and popularization under local conditions. • To train rural youth and entrepreneurs in custom hiring service of improved farm implements and machinery. • To develop skills of all stakeholders in operation, repair and maintenance of improved farm implements and machinery.
• Highest arable land - 43% of total land against avg. 11% in the world LARGE > 10 ha • (0.83 mil) Round the year cultivation - 15 agro-climatic zones & 46 soil Medium 4-10 ha • types for round the year (5.49 mil) • cultivation Semi medium 2-4 ha Ranks first in production of (13.78 mil) Pulses, Sorghum, Jute and allied fibers Small 1 -2 ha ( 25.78 mil) Second largest producer of Wheat, Rice, Groundnut, Tea, Fruits and Marginal < 1 ha • Vegetables, Sugarcane (99.86 mil) Small fragmented land holdings, • hill agriculture and shifting cultivation Land holding size and no. of farmers 145.75 million cultivators, over 4.3% own > 4 ha. Avg farm land size < 1.08 ha
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MPKV, Rahuri Tractor Operated Check Basin Former Utility For Sowing of berseem/lucerne and onion crops. The machine scraps, collects and distributes the collected soil uniformly to form side bunds and cross bunds at regular interval of 6m in a single pass.
Benefits over conventional/traditional practices Specifications •Saving of Rs. 1425/ha (32%) in cost of operation as Power source : 34-38 kW compared to conventional manual method. Height of main side ridge, mm : 220 •Saving in time of 96% over manual traditional Base width of main side ridge, mm : 440 method. Height of tie ridge, mm : 160 •Reduces human drudgery and maintain timeliness Base width of tie ridge, mm : 320 in operation. Earth work done per check basin, m3 : 0.632 Cost of machine, Rs. : 70,000
Tractor Operated System for Controlled Level Puddling Constructional Features TNAU, Coimbatore Utility The system uses a commercially available laser It helps in maintaining the depth of transmitter, receiver and operation of the puddling by using laser control box. The receiver is level controller to improve productivity mounted on top of a mast and to reduce water consumption. fitted to a rotary tiller. The lifting and lowering of the implement is performed by a pair of externally mounted hydraulic cylinders at the rear of the tractor, powered by the hydraulic output from the tractor.
Benefits Specifications & Performance : 34 kW •Controlled puddling helps in maintaining the Power required : 20 to 25 depth of puddling and uniform water level Depth of Ploughing(cm) : throughout the field which facilitates smooth Fuel Consumption(l/h) : 5 operation of the transplanting machinery. This Field Capacity(ha/hr) : 0.25 improves productivity and reduces water Cost of Operation(Rs./acre) : 1200 consumption. Puddling index,% 86%
PAU, Ludhiana Tractor Operated Irrigation Channel Former Utility To form channels and beds at regular intervals, for irrigation. Constructional Features It consists of four tynes with reversible shovels and two mould boards joined with faces opposite to each other for inverting the soil on the sides. Two deflectors are fixed on either side to give direction to the flow of the loose soil. A spring loaded floating type roller shaper unit is attached behind plough. The roller is slanted on both sides. The sheet metal plates fitted at the end of soil gathering unit to compact side walls.
Benefits Specifications •There is a saving of 66 % in labour and 60 % in cost Power Source : 50 hp or more as compared to manual method of irrigation Type of furrow openers : Shovel/sweep 02 channel making . No. of furrow openers : 02 •The machine can form a 1750-1890 m water 610 Number of mould board ploughs : 380 channel in one hour. •Fuel consumption of the machine is about 6.0 l/h Diameter of soil shaper, mm : Width of soil shaper, mm :
Tractor Operated Ridge Plastering Machine PJTSAU, Hyderabad Constructional Features It consists of a frame, rotary mechanism with blades, plastering disc, chain, sprockets and plastering cylinder. Utility A rectangular frame of 610 x 240 It is used for making bunds that are mm is used with 50 mm square trimmed, plastered and compacted. hollow pipe of 6 mm thickness for mounting of ridge plastering mechanism. Ten blades of 6 mm thickness are fitted on one side on the periphery of the shaft for cutting grass and pulverizing soil. The machine can form bunds of 290 mm height and 180 mm width.
Benefits •The saving in cost is about Rs. 2000 – 2500/- (?) over traditional methods. •The machine output is 1000 m per hour. •Rodents can be controlled by this machine due to its effective trimming, plastering and compaction.
PAU, Ludhiana Tractor Operated Auger Plough for Green Manuring and Straw Incorporation Utility Green manure and straw can be cut and incorporated effectively in single pass to give well-prepared soil for sowing. Constructional Features The machine consists of cutting unit, truncated/shortened mould board and vertical rotating clod-crusher/soil- ripper. The cutting unit cuts the crop mass into small pieces. The share of MB plough cuts the furrow slice and the shortened mould board lifts it. Finally, the vertical rotating auger behind each bottom pulverizes the furrow slice and buries the crop biomass.
Benefits over conventional/traditional practices Performance results : 258-314 •Ability to incorporate the green manure crops into Average size of cut, mm : 180 Working depth, mm : :3.5 the soil helps in early decomposition of the manure Operating speed, km/h : 0.25 - 0.28 Effective field capacity, ha/h : 6.68 - 8.22 crop and also results in reduction in requirement of Fuel consumption, l/h : 93.69 - 96.22 Mixing index, % : 1030 chemical fertilizers. Cost of operation, Rs/h •Significant labour and cost saving over traditional practice.
Trend in Farm Power Availability (INDIA) Share of agricultural worker & draught animals came down from 60.8% in 1971-72 to 10.1% in 2012-13
Rotary Till Drill with Disc Type Furrow Openers for Direct Sowing of Wheat PAU, Ludhiana Specifications : 1780 × 2160 Overall dimensions × 1355 (L x B x H), mm Weight, kg : 940 Power source : 37.5kW Cost, Rs. tractor or more : 1,90,000 Utility The machine consists of a disc type Rotary till drill with disc type furrow straw managing rotor for incorporation openers can help to incorporate of paddy straw and a seeding unit for paddy straw and sowing sowing wheat directly after combine simultaneously in combine harvested harvesting. paddy field in a single operation.
Benefits over conventional/traditional practices Performance results : 1800 • Straw incorporation and sowing in a single : 1.75-2 Effective width, mm : 0.26-0.30 operation facilitate crop residue management Operational speed, km/h : 7-7.5 Effective field capacity, ha/h : 4230/- and avoid burning of paddy straw in the fields Fuel consumption, l • Traditional practice may take 6-8 tilling Cost of operation, Rs./ha operations to incorporate paddy straw into soil.
Tractor Operated Planter for Tissue Culture Banana Specifications TNAU, Coimbatore Overall dimensions : 1650 x 1050 (L x B x H), mm x1200 Power source : 33 kW and above tractor Furrow opener : Chisel type Seedling dispensing : Oscillating unit spoon type Cost of machine, Rs. : 50,000 Utility It consists of chisel type furrow Conventional planting of banana is done opener, furrow enlarger, plants manually by making pit and then manual dispensing unit, earthling up planting. This planter can make furrow assembly, operator seat and press and planting simultaneously giving wheel. Seedlings are earthed up by a accurate plant spacing and leading to suitable shovel and the soil around higher productivity. the plant is compacted by the set of press rollers.
Benefits over conventional/traditional practices Performance results • Reduces human drudgery and increases field Effective field capacity, ha/h : 0.19 coverage. Plant to plant spacing, m : 1.52 • Saves 50% in time, 81% in cost of operation and Depth of planting, mm : 200 90% in labour requirement as compared to Cost of the operation, Rs./ha : 3500 traditional practice.
Tractor Operated Sugarcane Trench Planter Specifications Overall dimensions : 1830 x 1830 x2240 (L x B x H), mm 33 kW and above tractor IISR, Lukhnow Power source : Reversible shovel Type of furrow : opener Type of trencher : Ridger board Cost of machine, Rs. : 1,80,000/- Utility Whole sugarcane can be used as planting material for planting in two rows. It makes trenches (furrows) and the whole sugarcane fed by the workers sitting on the machine, is cut automatically into pieces and placed in the furrows. Fertilizer is also applied simultaneously along with the sets. Cultivation of sugarcane crop otherwise is still done manually because of non-availability of efficient equipment and highly laborious operation.
Benefits over conventional/traditional practices Performance results • Reduces human drudgery and increases field Effective field capacity, ha/h : 0.24 : 6.5-7.5 coverage. Fuel consumption, l/h : 80-90 : • Saves 50% in time, 81% in cost of operation and Labour requirement, man-h/ha 90% in labour requirement as compared to Cost of the operation, Rs./ha traditional practice.
Tractor Operated Seeder for Mat Type Paddy Nursery Specifications PAU, Ludhiana Type of machine Trailed type (link type drawbar) Source of power Tractor PTO 35 hp Soil cutting unit 2 Number of cutting units 24 cm Width of cut Soil conveyor unit Flat belt with cleats Type of conveyor Sieve unit 910 × 560 Sieve dimension (L x B), mm Utility Rectangular opening sieve 25 × 20 Intended to completely eliminate the size, mm manual intervention in nursery Soil metering unit Fluted roller preparation. It can lay a polythene sheet, Type 13 lay one meter wide tilled soil bed on it, No of flutes uniformly places seed on the bed and Seed metering mechanism Fluted roller again covers the seed with top soil. Thus Type 40 whole operation is completely Diameter of fluted roller, mm mechanized with the help of this machine. No. of flutes 14 Soil compaction roller 1000, 220 Width and diameter of roller, mm
Benefits over conventional/traditional practices Performance results • Reduces human drudgery and increases field Effective field capacity, ha/h : 0.11 Forward speed, km/h : 1.7 coverage. Fuel consumption, l/h : 4.45-4.85 • Timely sowing of nursery, reduction in cost and Seed spread (Overall), % : 92 Cost of the operation, Rs./ha : boost the adoption of mechanical transplanting of paddy .
Tractor Operated Multi-crop Planter Specifications Dimensions (L x W x : 1380 × 2410 × CCSHAU, Haryana H), mm 1160 Weight, kg : 425 Power source : 34 kW tractor Utility Cost of implement , : It is suitable for planting of small and Rs 80,000 bold seeds on beds. Bed making and sowing is done simultaneously. In It consists of trapezoidal hopper, 8 traditional practice of sowing on furrow openers, 3 ridgers, notched beds, first ridges are formed with the incline plate type seed metering help of bund former and then mechanism, lugged ground wheel for seeds/seedlings are planted transmitting power and one bed shaper. manually.
Benefits over conventional/traditional practices Performance results • Saves inputs (water, fertilizer, seeds) as Average width of sowing, m : 2.10 - 2.13 Forward speed, km/h : 3.3 compared to sowing by seed drill. Effective field capacity, ha/h : 0.29 - 0.31 • Increases yield by 8-10% due to presence of Field efficiency, % : 79 - 82 Fuel consumption, l/h : 5.8 lesser weeds Cost of operation, Rs./ha : 3,800
Tractor Operated Planter cum herbicide applicator for DSR Specifications Power source : 34kW tractor Number of rows :9 UAS, Raichur Row to row spacing, mm : 300 Number of nozzles :7 Nozzle to nozzle spacing : 600 mm Herbicide tank capacity : 200 litres Pump power, kW : 1.0-1.5 Cost of equipment, Rs. : 1.00 lakh Utility It consists of pto powered piston type pump, A combo-equipment which facilitates flat pattern nozzle on the boom, two drums herbicide application and planting of of 220 l capacity each, seed box of 40 kg seeds in one operations. Herbicides capacity and incline plate metering application at the time of sowing itself mechanism for planting of seeds. prevents emergence of weeds and ensures better crop growth. The spraying attachment is fitted at the back of the planter which sprays the chemical uniformly after the furrow is closed by the covering device.
Benefits over conventional/traditional practices Performance results • Net saving of Rs. 446/- per hectare when Effective working width, m : 2.1 Effective field capacity, ha/h : 0.38 sowing with planter cum sprayer over Pump speed, rpm : 800-1200 Pump operating pressure, kPa : 200-500 traditional method. Application rate of sprayer, l/ha : 480 • Saves 25% in cost of operation and 50% in Seed rate, kg/ha : 15 labour requirement.
Tractor Operated Sugarcane Seedling Transplanter Specifications MPKV, Rahuri Power source : 37.30 kW tractor Weight, kg : 450 Furrow openers : Disc type Power transmission : Through ground drive wheel Utility Cost of : Rs. 200,000 equipment Mechanical transplanting of sugarcane seedlings in multi-rows. The traditional It consists of main frame, two rotary method is arduous and time drum, power transmission system, consuming. To reduce human drudgery seedling tray, furrow openers, ground and cost of operation, mechanized wheel, press wheels, seats for workers multi-row unit is needed among and depth control mechanism. sugarcane growers.
Benefits over conventional/traditional practices Performance results : 1.50 : 148 – 150 • It helped in reducing cost of transplanting by Effective working width, m : 600 more than 50% as compared to traditional Depth of planting, mm : 2.56 practice. Plant to plant spacing, mm : 0.30 Speed of operation, km/h : 10 Effective field capacity, ha/h : 2000 Labour requirement, man-h/ha Cost of operation, Rs./ha
Micro-controller based Sugarcane Planter with Autonomous Fungicide Application System Specifications Dimensions (L x W x H), : 2000 x 900 x 1400 mm IIT, Kharagpur Power source : 34 kW tractor Cost of implement, Rs. : 1.00 lakh It consists of a main frame, two furrow openers, pair of seed boxes (hoppers), metering mechanism, seed delivery tubes, ground wheel, powered transmission and sensor based autonomous fungicide application system. Utility The planting of sugarcane buds is labour intensive and drudgery prone operation. The sugarcane buds (eyes) are exposed at both ends and are prone to pest and disease attacks leading to poor establishment of plants. This requires the seed material and the surrounding soil to be treated with appropriate fungicides to avoid yield loss due to poor germination.
Benefits over conventional/traditional practices Performance results : 28350 Seed rate, buds/ha : 1.2 • Reduces labour cost and drudgery as compared Row to row spacing, m : 3.8 to traditional practice. Fuel consumption, l/h : 52.2 Germination, % : 0.34 • Saves chemical upto 48% as compared to Effective field capacity, ha/h continuous spraying method. : 56 Field efficiency, % : 33.3 Missing index, %
Tractor Operated Mulch Laying cum Seedling Planting Machine Specifications Dimensions (L x W : 2190 × 2060 × MPUAT, Udaipur x H), mm 1065 Weight, kg 328 Power required 34 kW Tractor Type of metering Star wheel Cost of implement, Rs 1.5 lakh It consists of bund forming unit, fertilizer unit, mulch laying unit, drip laying arrangement, press wheel, punch planter unit and covering device. Utility The punch planter arrangement is capable to make bunds, drip laying, laying plastic film on it, making holes in the plastic mulch film and to plant seedling into the soil on the bund. Fertilizer unit is also provided on the mulch laying machine to apply fertilizer at the time of mulch laying.
Benefits over conventional/traditional practices Performance results : 170-180 Height of bund, mm : 700 -720 • Multiple operations reduce time and labour in Bottom width of bund, mm : 400 - 414 mulch laying over the traditional method which Top width of bund, mm : 3.6 - 4.2 ultimately reduces total cost of cultivation. Fuel consumption, l/h : 0.08 - 0.12 Effective field capacity, ha/h : 7680 Mulch film required, m2/ha : 6500 Cost of operation, Rs./ha
Tractor Operated Turmeric Rhizome Planter Specifications Dimensions (L x W x H), : 2000 x 2060 x mm 1030 TNAU, Coimbatore Power source : 26-34 kW tractor Weight, kg : 213 Hopper capacity, kg : 20 Cost of equipment, Rs. : 70,000 Utility The planter consists of three ridger bottoms, rhizome hopper, cup feed seed Useful for planting of turmeric metering mechanism, shoe type furrow rhizomes on the raised beds. Bed openers and spike tooth ground wheel making and planting is done with chain sprocket drive for transmitting simultaneously. The row to row power from ground wheel to rhizome spacing is adjustable metering shaft.
Benefits over conventional/traditional practices Performance results : 300-500 • Reduces human drudgery and increases field Rhizome requirement, kg/ha : 50-75 Depth of operation, mm : 0.15- 0.20 coverage. Effective field capacity, ha/h : 80-85 • Saves 500 kg/ha seed rhizomes as compared to Field efficiency, % :5 Miss index, % : 15 manual planting. Multiple index, % : 4,000 • Saves 51% in cost of operation and 88% in Cost of operation, Rs./ha labour requirement as compared to manual planting.
Mechanization Levels of Major Crops in India Major crops Mechanization levels for field operations, % Seed bed Sowing/ Planting/ Weeding and Plant Harvesting and preparation Transplanting Protection Threshing Rice 70 20 30 60 Wheat 70 60 50 70 Maize 60 40 30 30 Sorghum and 50 30 15 10 millets 50 40 20 25 Pulses Oilseed 50 40 20 25 Cotton 50 30 25 0 Sugarcane 55 10 20 10 Source- Mehta, C.R., Chandel, N.S., P C Jena, Anamika Jha (2019). Indian agriculture counting on farm mechanization. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America (AMA), 50(1), 84-89.
Tractor Operated Inter cum Intra Row Weeder for Orchards Specifications TNAU, Coimbatore Dimensions (L x : 1070 x 700 x 800 W x H), mm Power source : 18.63 kW tractor Type of rotary : One side shift unit rotary unit Rotary width, : 600 mm Side shift, mm : 500 Utility Weight, kg : 270 It is useful for removal of inter-row as It consists of a gear box, hydraulic well as intra-row weeds in orchards. It is easy to extend and retract the rotary pump, single acting cylinder, double unit by swiveling action of hydro- mechanically controlled sensor. acting cylinder, hydraulic valve assembly, hydro-mechanically controlled sensor, hydraulic valve actuator and a rotary unit consisting of 18 nos. of C-shaped blades.
Benefits over conventional/traditional practices Performance results : 200 Max. depth of tilling, mm : 0.17 (pomegranate), • Net saving of Rs. 1775/ha in pomegranate Effective field capacity, orchard and Rs. 1480/ha in grape vineyard over ha/h 0.15 (grape) traditional method. Field efficiency, % : 89 (pomegranate), Weeding efficiency, % 81 (grape) : 95
Tractor Operated Sensor based Inter cum Intra Row Weeder Specifications PTO Torque, Nm : 196 IIT, Kharagpur Working width of the : 1.92 machine, m Speed of operation, km/h : 2.25 Cost of machine, Rs. : 2,00,000 The system consists of three rotary hoes working independently for inter-row weeding and three independent rotary hoes for intra-row weeding. which draws power from tractor as well as externally controlled DC motor. Utility The intra-row weeding is based on sensing to discriminate between main crop and weeds while weeding. The rotary hoe for intra-row weeding works on the principle of ultrasonic sensing which provides information of presence of main crop. This information is utilized by the automatic embedded control system to control the rotary hoe movement within the intra-row region for weeding.
Benefits over conventional/traditional practices Performance results : 2.25 Forward speed km/h : 1.95 • Reduces total cost of cultivation by 10-15% due Working width of the machine, m : 0.43 to reduction in labour cost. Effective field capacity, ha/h : 75 • Timely precise weeding in rows and between Field efficiency, % : 90 plants increases yield and also saves soil Weeding efficiency, % :9 nutrients consumed by unwanted weeds. Plant damage, % : 3.7 Fuel consumption, l/h
Tractor operated high clearance weeder Specifications Overall dimensions : 2220 x 1070 x 717 TNAU, Coimbatore (L x W x H), mm 33.5 kW Tractor Power source : 15 65 No. of tines : Width of blade, mm Max. width, mm : 3790 Working depth, mm : 70 Utility It is used for doing intercultural operation in tall row crops. The design is focused on multi row operation with passive hoe and sweep type tool. High clearance weeder can operate between the standing rows of the crop with height up to 60 cm. The unit can be used for other wider row spacing crops like maize, pigeonpea etc.
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