Leaders Who Changed History

299Sirleaf’s supporters cheered when her political party, Unity, met in 2011 in Liberia’s capital, Monrovia, following her reelection.President of Liberia for more than a decade, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was the first woman to be elected as a head of state in Africa.Born in Monrovia, Sirleaf was the daughter of Jahmale Carney Johnson, the first indigenous member of Liberia’s National Legislature. In 1961, she left Liberia to study in the US at Harvard University, before returning to Liberia in 1971 to work in president William Tolbert’s cabinet as assistant finance minister. Nine years later, Master Sergeant Samuel Doe led a coup against Tolbert, executing him and many of his cabinet. Sirleaf fled to the US, then Kenya, working for Citibank and Equator Bank. In 1985, Sirleafreturned to Liberia and ran for the vice presidency. Following the election of Samuel Doe, Sirleaf was briefly imprisoned, then forced into a 12-year exile.Sirleaf returned to Liberia in 1997 to run for president, coming second to Charles Taylor, who exiled her for alleged treason to the Ivory Coast. Finally voted into office in 2005, Sirleaf stabilized the nation after years of civil war. Popular for her free market economics, she was reelected in 2011 and erased almost $5 billion in foreign debt. She resigned in 2017.“The future belongs to us, because we have taken charge of it.”Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, 2006193 8 –GOVERNMENT CAREERServes as assistant minister of finance, 1972–73, before becoming minister of finance, 1979–80.SEEKING POWERRuns for president, 1997, following first Liberian Civil War (1989–97). Loses vote to Charles Taylor. FIGHTS CORRUPTIONAs president, establishes Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 2006, to investigate corruption in her government.MILESTONESRETURNS TO OFFICEResumes presidency for second term following reelection, 2012.

300Angela Merkel has hosted many G8 summits, such as the one in Heiligendamm, Germany, 2007, in which state leaders from (clockwise from Merkel) Germany, US, UK, Italy, the EU Commission President, Japan, Canada, France, and Russia convened.The first female chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel has won four elections and continuously served since she was elected in 2005. As the leader of the strongest economy in Europe, she is considered by many to be the unspoken head of the European Union, and the most powerful woman in the Western world. Born in West Germany on 17 July 1954, but raised in the East, Merkel is the daughter of a Lutheran pastor. As a student, she studied physics, graduating in 1978 with a doctorate in quantum chemistry from Karl Marx University, Leipzig. She then applied for an assistant professorship at an engineering school—asked to spy on colleagues, she declined. After the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, Merkel was excited at the prospect of a united Germany with a free market economy, and sought a career in politics to help bring this to fruition. Standing for the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), she was first elected to the Bundestag (German’s federal parliament) in 1990. There, as a protégé of chancellor Helmut Kohl (see p.281), she progressed her career and became party leader in 2000. During her time as chancellor, her acute understanding of the economy has proved to be her key strength; during the 2008 global economic crises, she stimulated Germany’s economy by subsidizing workers’ wages and cutting their hours. Merkel will be remembered for her commitment to making the Euro a stable currency on the global market and for her progressive and inclusive belief on the universal human right to asylum.SECURES ELECTIONWins election to Germany’s Bundestag, 1990, becoming federal minister for women and youth.ELECTED SECRETARYAfter her party (CDU) is defeated in elections, 1998, becomes party leader, 2000.LEADER OF GERMANYBecomes chancellor of a German coalition government after a fraught election, 2005.COMBATS CRISISWins second term, 2009, and advocates austerity in face of Euro-zone debt crisis the same year.TENSE RELATIONSReelected as chancellor for fourth term, 2017, but struggles to build a coalition government.MILESTONES

ANGELA195 4 –MERKEL

302Obama’s supporters attend a campaign rally in Fort Worth, Texas, in 2008. He was the first Democrat to win more than half of the popular vote in three decades.Barack Hussein Obama II was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, to Ann Dunham, a white American, and Barack Obama Sr., a black Kenyan, on August 4, 1961. He was mostly raised by his mother, and he has credited her for bringing him up to have a strong sense of morality, recalling that she “disdained any kind of cruelty or thoughtlessness or abuse of power.” At 6 years old, he moved to Jakarta, Indonesia, with his mother to live with his stepfather, Lolo, who treated him like his own. Four years later, in 1971, Obama moved back to Honolulu to live with his grandparents, where he completed his middle school and secondary school education.Prestigious educationAfter high school, Obama attended Occidental College in Los Angeles. For the first time, he met other African Americans who, he realized, had less privileged backgrounds than his. He then transferred to Columbia University, in New York City, graduating in political science in 1983. In 1985, Obama became director of the Developing Communities Project, a church-based organization in Chicago. HIGH ACHIEVERStudies at Harvard Law School, 1988. Soon becomes president of the Harvard Law Review.TARGETS YOUTHAs director of Project Vote, 1992, greatly boosts voter registration levels in state of Illinois.ELECTED PRESIDENTAs Democratic nominee, wins 2008 presidential election with 52.9 percent of the vote. HEALING A NATION Passes the Affordable Care Act “Obamacare,” 2010, allowing millions of Americans to gain health insurance.MILESTONESThe charismatic Barack Obama was the first African American president of the United States, serving two terms from 2009 to 2017. His speeches inspired the public, who saw a vote for him as a rejection of the status quo and, in the wake of Republican George W. Bush’s presidency, welcomed Obama’s optimistic, liberal politics.

OBAMAB1961–“Yes we can!”Barack Obama, 2008

304There, he worked to rebuild communities devastated by steel plant closures, setting up programs for job training and tutoring.In the fall of 1988, Obama entered Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he attracted media attention as the first African American president of the Harvard Law Review, a respected scholarly journal. Four years later, he briefly became director of Project Vote, a nonprofit organization that aimed to increase the number of registered voters in underrepresented social groups. Under his guidance, Project Vote’s campaign was a huge success, hitting its target of registering 150,000 new African American voters.Political careerObama entered politics aged 34. He was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996 and the US Senate eight years later. In 2008, he beat Hillary Clinton for the Democratic Party nomination, winning over many young and minority voters who responded to his promises to bring lasting social change. Obama was sworn in as the 44th US president in 2009. Within days, Obama implemented an executive order banning “enhanced interrogation techniques,” including waterboarding. He also successfully passed the Affordable Care Act (ACA), known as Obamacare, which divided public opinion but saw dramatic increases in the number of people with health insurance. Many of Obama’s bills, however, notably those on climate change, were defeated by Republicans, who blocked them in Congress. Obama worked hard to foster positive links with other world leaders, thawing decades of icy political tensions with Cuba by visiting it in 2016, before his presidency term ended the next year.The first African American First Lady, Michelle Obama used her position and prestige to champion social issues and remains an active voice in US politics.A trained lawyer, Michelle met Barack in 1989 and married him three years later. She was actively involved in his presidential campaign, while also fighting obesity in children and poverty. In 2016, she received acclaim for her public condemnation of sexual misconduct following controversial remarks made by then-presidential candidate Donald Trump.MICHELLE OBAMA“We are the changethat we seek.”Barack Obama, 2008 WITHDREW FROM IRAQ LAUNCHED “OBAMACARE”REREGULATED BANKS

305REDUCED US TRADE DEFICITObama revived a failing healthcare system, saw the US through the 2008 financial crisis, ended the war in Iraq, and oversaw environmental reform.PROMOTED ENERGY EFFICIENCYCREATED 11.6 MILLION JOBSGAY MARRIAGELEGALIZEDNATIONWIDEDURING HISPRESIDENCY1.8ATTENDED HISINAUGURATIONMILLIONWON THE 2008ELECTION WITHLARGEST VOTE COUNTIN US HISTORY 69.5MILLIONVOTES

YOUSAFZAI MALALA

307Malala’s viewsresonated with women who held a vigil for her in Birmingham, UK, while she was recovering from her injuries in October 2012.Aged 15, Malala Yousafzai survived an assassination attempt by the Taliban, a radical Islamic group, in retaliation for her vocal activism. Since her recovery, Malala has campaigned globally for girls to have the right to an education.Malala was born in Mingora, in Swat, northern Pakistan, to Muslim parents on July 12, 1997. Her father, Ziauddin, an outspoken social activist, campaigned for girls to be educated, and Malala followed in his footsteps. Aged 11, she blogged for the BBC under a pseudonym about life in Mingora under Taliban rule, which had banned young girls from going to school. After the Taliban was pushed out of Swat by the Pakistani military in July 2009, Malala gained recognition for her activism, appearing publicly on television, and on local and international media. On October 9, 2012, in response to her growing influence as an activist, Malala was shot in the head by a Taliban gunman on the bus going home after an exam. First airlifted to Peshawar and treated by a team of doctors who saved her life, Malala then traveled to the UK for further treatment. Now, she lives in the UK with her family, where she campaigns for girls’ education, since it is too dangerous for her to return permanently to Pakistan. The Malala Fund, which she cofounded with her father in 2013, continues to support the education of young girls in countries across the world, including Brazil, Nigeria, Syria, Pakistan, and India. WORLD REPORTERAged 11, blogs about life under the Taliban, who leave her home city the next year. Gains international profile.ATTACKED ON BUSSuffers near-fatal injuries at Taliban hands, October 2012, while traveling on the bus to school.EARNS ACCLAIMReceives the Nobel Peace Prize, 2014, for her work on behalf of children’s rights, aged just 17. MILESTONES1997–“I am those 66 million girls who are deprived of education.”Malala Yousafzai, 2014

308OMAR TORRIJOS1929–1981Military leader of the National Guard of Panama, Omar Torrijos led the National Guard to victory in a coup against the Panamanian government to become the self-appointed dictator of Panama from 1968–1978. Seen as a supporter of the poor, mixed-race majority population, he implemented social reforms, created jobs, and promoted education. In 1977, Torrijos made political history through his successful negotiations with US President Jimmy Carter to secure Panama’s sovereignty over the Panama Canal and the surrounding Canal Zone. He died in a plane crash in 1981. HARVEY MILK1930–1978US politician and activist Harvey Milk gained legendary status in the gay community after his assassination in 1978. Milk was a leading voice for gay rights in the Castro district of San Francisco—elected to the city’s Board of Supervisors in 1977, he was one of the first openly gay officials in US history. His liberal policies won huge public appeal but earned him political enemies among conservatives, and he was assassinated by a conservative former city supervisor. Milk was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009. RUPERT MURDOCH1931–Rupert Murdoch is the Australian-born entrepreneur, who, in 1979, founded News Corporation (News Corp), which would become one of the largest mass-media companies in the world. He specialized in buying newspapers and transforming them into bestsellers by emphasizing sex, crime, scandal, and overtly conservative views. Although controversial, this formula gained huge successes in Australia, the UK, and US. Murdoch has since expanded his empire into entertainment, buying 20th Century Fox and launching Fox News. His media presence has made him one of the most powerful and influential people in the world. CORAZON AQUINO1933–2009Corazon Aquino was a leading figure in the People Power Revolution that ended the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines. Supported by factions of the military, Aquino led an exceptionally peaceful revolution, overthrowing Marcos in 1986 and becoming the country’s first female president. Her economic policies had mixed success, but she fostered human rights and civil liberties and tackled corruption. Aquino is still revered among the Filipino people.NORMAN SCHWARZKOPF JR.1934–2012US army officer Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. directed the 1991 military action that liberated Kuwait from Iraqi occupation during the Gulf War. A Vietnam War veteran known for his fiery temper, rigid discipline, and military diplomacy, he was appointed major general in 1983 and chief of US Central Command in 1988. Schwarzkopf led Operation Desert Storm, the multinational air campaign during which 750,000 troops launched air and ground offensives that drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait. He became a US national hero and was also knighted by Queen Elizabeth II. JACK WELCH1935–US executive Jack Welch was the CEO of General Electric, a multinational conglomerate based in New York and Boston. Rising through the ranks from chemical engineer (when he blew up a factory), he became the youngest chairman and CEO of the company, DIRECTORYThe last 50 years has witnessed the rise of global businesses, an increase in human rights activism, and the growth of the Internet, connecting ordinary people to each other. In today’s world, leaders range from heads of state and politicians to activists and tech entrepreneurs.

309aged 46. He streamlined and grew the business, reduced bureaucracy, and made brutal cuts in staffing. Within two decades, he had grown revenues from $25 billion to $130 billion and overseen a 4,000 percent increase in the company’s value. Following his retirement, he launched the Jack Welch Management Institute, a highly acclaimed online business school. EDDIE MABO1936–1992Torres Strait Islander Eddie Mabo was an Australian-indigenous activist who fought a decadelong campaign for land rights for the islanders and invalidated the 200-year-old legal doctrine of terra nullius. This concept, meaning “nobody’s land,” had been used by white settlers to build on indigenous territory. Through petition, campaign, and negotiation, Mabo led the Australian-indigenous people to be recognized as legal custodians of their land. Mabo had died five months before the victory, but his success marked a watershed in Australian history. He was posthumously awarded the Australian Human Rights Medal. SADDAM HUSSEIN1937–2006Iraqi political leader Saddam Hussein participated in the coup that brought the revolutionary Ba’ath Party to power in 1968. As party leader, and later president in 1979, he nationalized Iraq’s oil industry, boosting the economy, and expanded the military before launching costly invasions into Iran (1980) and Kuwait (1990). Saddam was a brutal dictator, responsible for the deaths of thousands in wars and state-sanctioned executions. In 2003, a military coalition led by the US and UK invaded Iraq, alleging that he had weapons of mass destruction. Saddam was captured, convicted of crimes against humanity, and hanged in 2006.MUAMMAR GADDAFI1942–2011Military and political leader Colonel Gaddafi deposed Libya’s King Idris I in 1969 and established a new republic. He expelled Italian settlers, removed Western military bases, and promoted Arab nationalism. By nationalizing the oil industry, Gaddafi made Libya the first developing country to have a majority share in its own oil production. He invested in the military, improved housing facilities and access to clean water and food, and introduced free education and health care. However, Gaddafi was later condemned for human rights abuses in Libya and for funding international terrorist groups. He was overthrown during the 2011 Arab Spring and killed by militants. HAROLD CARDINAL1945–2005A lawyer and leader of the Cree people, Harold Cardinal was a political activist from the age of 23, when he was elected president of the Indian Association of Alberta later helping to found the National Indian Brotherhood. His bestselling book The Unjust Society caused Pierre Trudeau’s administration to abandon legislation that denied the legal rights of Indigenous populations. Through his dedication to enforcing radical change, as well as preserving and developing indigenous rights and culture, Cardinal gave a voice to the First Nations of Canada. He also played a vital role in fostering a sense of understanding between indigenous and white people.DANIEL ORTEGA1945–President of Nicaragua from 1985 to 1990, and elected again in 2007, Daniel Ortega was previously the leader of the revolution that overthrew Nicaragua’s former dictatorship. He became one of the heads of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) and trained in guerrilla warfare after being exiled to Cuba in 1974. Returning to Nicaragua, he unified and strengthened the FSLN and led them to victory in a civil war against the government in 1979. As president, Ortega won strong support from poor communities and introduced food distribution, literacy, and unemployment programs.DONALD TRUMP1946–The 45th president of the United States, Donald Trump began his career as a high-profile businessman. Trump transformed his family’s real-estate business into a conglomerate including hotel-casino complexes, golf courses, and high-rise apartments. During his presidential campaign, Trump distancedhimself from the political establishment; his provocative manner, populist politics, and conservative views gained him huge appeal with working-class Americans. With no previous political experience, Trump’s election as US president represents one of the greatest political upheavals in American history. SHIRIN EBADI1947–An Iranian human rights activist and lawyer, Shirin Ebadi won international renown for her efforts to protect the human rights of women, children, and

310political dissidents in Iran. A former president of the Tehran City Court, Ebadi and her all-female co-judges were dismissed following the 1979 coup by leaders of the new Islamic republic. She set up a private practice to defend dissidents, founded the Defenders of Human Rights Center, and led a campaign to end legal discrimination against women and child abuse in Iran. In 2003, Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her work in human rights and diplomacy; she is the first Muslim woman to receive the award. THOMAS SANKARA1949–1987A Marxist revolutionary, Thomas Sankara became president of what was then Upper Volta, in West Africa, in 1983, aged 33, and launched the widest set of reforms in African history. In just four years, he shook off French colonial rule, renaming the country Burkina Faso, and instigated radical change to benefit the masses. His policies led to improvements in health care, education, women’s rights, infrastructure, and agriculture; he planted trees to combat desertification, promoted national self-sufficiency, and redistributed lands. However, Sankara became increasingly authoritarian and was eventually assassinated by his opponents.NARENDRA MODI1950–Elected prime minister of India in 2014, Narendra Modi has been a Hindu nationalist since joining the right-wing Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) in the 1970s. As chief minister of Gujarat (2001–2014), he was dogged by allegations of complicity in Hindu-Muslim riots in 2002 and involvement in extrajudicial killings. Yet Modi has had sustained political success and won a landslide election victory in 2014 as leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the political arm of the RSS. Modi’s administration has focused on attracting foreign investment and boosting infrastructure. TONY BLAIR1953–Leader of the British Labour Party from 1994 to 2007, Tony Blair shifted the party from its left-wing past to the political center, distancing it from trade unions and supporting integration into the European Union. He was elected prime minister in a landslide victory in 1997. His government brought about devolution in Scotland and Wales and successfully brokered the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland. He damaged his reputation by taking Britain into the Iraq War, fearing Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction; he resigned during his third term. HUGO CHÁVEZ1954–2013A military leader and revolutionary, Hugo Chávez served as president of Venezuela from 1999 to 2013 (with a brief removal from power in 2002). In 1992, Chávez and fellow military officers led an unsuccessful coup against the government, and he was imprisoned. After his release, he founded the Movement of the Fifth Republic; in 1998, he was elected president. Chávez used Venezuela’s oil wealth to boost health care, education, and housing for poor people. However, his popularity waned as his policies grew increasingly radical, alienating the middle class. He also pursued ties with Cuba, Iran, and Iraq and united many Latin American countries against globalization and US-led economic policies.RECEP TAYYIP ERDOĞAN1954–Turkish political leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has been a lifelong nationalist and Muslim. After being jailed for his early Islamist politics, Erdoğan founded the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in 2001 and was elected prime minister in 2003. He oversaw economic recovery,expanded religious freedoms, and led Turkey into the European Union. Gradually, he became more authoritarian,curbing freedom of the press and increasing political control of the judiciary. After three terms as prime minister, Erdoğan was elected president; he amended the constitution to abolish the post of prime minister and grant supreme powers to the presidency.SHINZŌ ABE1954–Originally elected prime minister of Japan in 2006, Shinzō Abe stepped down the following year, only to stage a political comeback in 2012. Abe’s administration has taken a tough stance on North Korea, backing UN sanctions against it, and has also strengthened ties with the US. In 2013, Abe launched an ambitious set of economic reforms, popularly called “Abenomics,” intended to boost Japan’s long-term economic slump, which in part encouraged greater participation for women in the workforce. A number of his nationalist policies have attracted criticism both in Japan and internationally, however. STEVE JOBS1955–2011The CEO of Apple, Inc., Steve Jobs was a pioneer of the computer era, whose innovations dictated the evolution of

311modern technology. In 1976, he and Steve Wozniak launched the company Apple. Having developed the groundbreaking Macintosh computer, Jobs left, first setting up NeXT, a computer development company, then Pixar Animation Studios before returning to Apple as CEO in 1997. Jobs instigated the trend for sleek, high-end computers and pioneered a string of revolutionary technologies, including iTunes, and the iPod, iPhone, and iPad. He redefined the way humans use and relate to computers, transforming businesses and generating a new wave of technological innovations. DONATELLA VERSACE1955 –Donatella Versace is an Italian fashion designer and the sister of Gianni, the iconic designer and founder of the Versace label who was killed in 1997. Assuming control of the business after his death, she has successfully developed and reinvented the high-end brand. In addition to her creative skills as artistic director, Donatella’s shrewd PR talents helped her to expand the company into new global markets, seek out business collaboration opportunities, and use celebrities to boost advertising campaigns. She has molded the label in her own style, giving it a new and enhanced image for which she was awarded a Fashion Icon Award in 2017. RIGOBERTA MENCHÚ 1959–Guatemalan political activist Rigoberta Menchú is a member of the indigenous Quiché Maya people. In her teens, she campaigned for women’s rights and social reform, but when her family was murdered for their activism, Menchú fled to Mexico. From there, she organized efforts to protect native peasants’ rights and fight human rights violations. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992 for her work in social justice and human rights; with the money, she set up an aid organization for indigenous people. Her autobiography I, Rigoberta Menchúhas won international acclaim.LARRY PAGE1973–US computer scientist Larry Page is a cofounder of Google. In 1998, Page and his friend Sergey Brin, while PhD students at Stanford University, created an algorithm that ranked web pages’ importance by the number of other pages that linked to them. By 2000, Google had become the premier Internet search engine. A perfectionist and technical genius, Page had a creative, anti-bureaucratic leadership style that was not to everybody’s taste. He stood down as CEO in 2001, focusing instead on initiatives such as the purchase of YouTube and Android, but returned as CEO in 2011. In 2015, Larry and Brin restructured Google, and its secondary companies, into a new conglomerate called Alphabet, Inc. EMMANUEL MACRON1977–The youngest president in French history, Emmanuel Macron was 39 years old when he was elected in 2017. A former investment banker and then finance minister under President François Hollande, Macron had never held elected office before founding the new centrist party “La République En Marche!” in 2016. He made political history when he was decisively voted into office, with a fledgling party with no existing formal structure. A strong but not uncritical supporter of the European Union, Macron has taken a liberal centrist political stance.HYEONSEO LEE1980–The North Korean human rights activist Hyeonseo Lee was a teenager when she defected from her country of birth seeking asylum in South Korea. After escaping, she returned to escort her family to safety, too. She made history when she published the global bestseller The Girl with Seven Names, a memoir of her life in North Korea that provides an unprecedented window into life under the brutal regime. Lee travels globally to raise awareness of human rights violations in North Korea and the plight of North Korean refugees. She has gained a strong media presence and actively supports other defectors from the country. MARK ZUCKERBERG1984–The US entrepreneur Mark Zuckerberg is the CEO and cofounder of Facebook,the global social-networking site. A programming prodigy, Zuckerberg, alongside two fellow students at Harvard, created Facebook in 2004. It was an instant success, gaining 1 million users within a year and by 2012, a billion. Facebook held its initial public offering (IPO); at $16 billion, it was the largest Internet IPO in history. Due to the dominance of his social media empire, business magazine Forbesranked Zuckerberg as the 10th most powerful person in the world in 2016. Although Facebook has attracted controversy in relation to alleged influence on political outcomes in 2016,Zuckerberg is committed to widening Internet access around the world.

312Page numbers in bold refer to main entriesAAachen 43Abe, Shinzō 310Abolition of the Slave Trade Act (1807) 105Aboriginal Australians 266–267absolutism 95, 96Achaemenid Empire 68Actium, Battle of 27, 34Adams, Abigail 103Adams, John 104Addams, Jane 167Adwa, Battle of 167Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) 304Africacolonialism 146, 231–233World War II 226African National Congress (ANC) 248, 250, 252African Americanscivil rights movement 224, 227, 241–245, 254–257education 167Malcolm X 254–257Martin Luther King Jr. 240–45Oprah Winfrey 286–288Olaudah Equiano 105rights 209, 225–226Sojourner Truth 136–137Afrikaner Nationalist Party (ANP) 251, 252Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius 34Ahuitzotl 75air power 167A’isha bint Abi Bakr 41Akkadian Empire, Sargon the Great 68al-Babein, Battle of 49al-Husseini, Abd-al-Qader 258al-Wazir, Khalil 258Alcuin of York 43Alexander the Great 18–23, 53Alexandria 22Algeria, independence 206, 207Alibaba Group 291, 292Allen, Paul 273, 274, 275Alvarado, Pedro de 74Amasya, Peace of 76American Civil War 123, 136, 139, 141–142, 151, 166American Revolution 101, 102Amin, Idi 267An Du-hui 186Andrews, Samuel 151Andropov, Yuri 280Anegawa, Battle of 87Anglo-Irish Treaty 173Angola 237Anthony, Susan Brownell 143anti-monopoly laws 151, 152apartheid 248–253, 251apostles, the twelve 29, 30, 31appeasement 177, 198Apple 310–311Aquino, Corazon 308Arab Revolt 258Arab Spring 309Arab-Israeli War 216, 258Arabian Peninsula 39, 40Arafat, Yasser 258–261ArgentinaErnesto “Che” Guevara 237Falklands War 270José de San Martin 119Ariq Böke 52Aristotle 19Arrian of Nicomedia 18, 23Ashoka, Emperor 68–69ashrams 189Aspromonte, Battle of 127assembly lines 162asylum 300Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 225Atayal tribe 225Attila the Hun 69Augustus Caesar 27, 32–35Aurelian, Emperor 37Auschwitz 176Austerlitz, Battle of 111AustraliaEddie Mabo 309Joseph Lyons 225Rupert Murdoch 308Vincent Lingiari 266–267Austriacontrol of northern Italy 127, 128German annexation of 177wars with Prussia 99Ayyubid Dynasty 49Azikiwe, Nnamdi 231Aztec Empire 73–75Azurduy de Padilla, Juana 123BBabur, Emperor 69Babylon 22Hammurabi 68Baghdad 78Bahira 39Baja California 73Balfour Declaration 216Bangladesh 266Bastille, storming of the 108Batista, Fulgenico 234, 236, 237Bavaria 43, 166–167Bay of Pigs 236–237Beaugency, Battle of 60Beauharnais, Alexandre de 113Beauregard, General PGT 142Beijing 52, 265Beirut 261Belarus 297Belavezha Accords 297Belgrade 76Ben-Gurion, David 214–217Bercu, Michaela 289Berlin Conference 146Berlin Wall, fall of 280, 281, 285, 300Bethlehem 29Bethune, Mary McLeod 224Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 310Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand 267Bhutto, Benazir 282–283Bhutto, Sulfikar Ali 283Biba boutique 289Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 273, 274Bismarck, Otto von 144–147Black Legion 255Black Power movement 256Blair, Tony 310Bloody Sunday 172Boer War 197Boleyn, Anne 80Bolívar, Simón 116–119Bolivia 117, 118, 119, 237Juana Azurduy de Padilla 123Bolivian War of Independence 123Bolsheviks 170–172, 180Bonaparte, Napoleon seeNapoleon IBooth, John Wilkes 142Borjigin clan 51Börte 51–52INDEX

313computer science 272–277, 310–311concentration camps 175Condé Nast 289Confucianism 93Confucius 68Congo, Patrice Lumumba 267Conservative Party 270Constantinople 76Constantinople, Treaty of 76Constitution, US 103, 104, 143Continental Army 101, 102Convention People’s Party (CPP) 232corruption 185, 234, 237, 283, 299Corsica 110, 158Cortés, Hernán 72–75Crazy Horse 148–149Crecy, Battle of 61Cree people 309Crimean War 166Cromwell, Oliver 121–122Crook, General George 149Crucifixion, the 29, 31Crusades 48, 49Cuba 73Cuban Missile Crisis 237, 238Fidel Castro 234–237Cullen, Sarah 105Cultural Revolution 221, 223, 264, 291Currie, General Arthur 224Custer, General George 149Cyrus II the Great 68Czech Republic 285CzechoslovakiaVáclav Havel 285World War II 177DD-Day landings 198, 226Dalai Lama 17Damascus 260Darius III of Persia 20, 22Davison, Emily 159de Gaulle, Charles 204–207de Klerk, FW 252Debré, Michel 207Declaration of Independence 102“Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen” 108Deng Xiaoping 227Bourbon, House of 95, 128Boudicca 36Boyacá, Battle of 118brahmacharya (vow of abstinence) 189Braun, Eva 177Brazil 127, 237Maria Quitéria 120Brazilian War of Independence 120Brezhnev, Leonid 278Brin, Sergey 311BritainAmerican Revolution 101, 102, 104Arthur Wellesley 123Bernard Montgomery 226Boudica 36colonial rule 231–233, 267Elizabeth II 231, 267Emmeline Pankhurst 156–159Florence Nightingale 166Horatio Nelson 122Indian independence 189–193Irish independence 173John Churchill 122John Jellicoe 167Margaret Thatcher 270–271and Palestine 216Queen Victoria 166Tony Blair 310Winston Churchill 196–201World War II 226see also EnglandBritain, Battle of 196British East India Trading Company 192Brutus, Marcus Junius 32Buddhismfollowers worldwide 17Śiddhartha Gautama 14–17Bukhara 52Bunche, Ralph 227Bundestag 300Burgundians 60, 61Burkina Faso, Thomas Sanakara 310Burns, Alan 232Bush, George W. 302business and industryAkio Morita 246–247Henry Ford 160–163Jack Ma 290–293Jamsetji Tata 154Li Ka-shing 262–265Solina Chau 265Byzantine Empire 35, 44Justinian I 69CCaesar, Julius 27Caesarion 27Calatafimi, Battle of 127CanadaArthur Currie 224Harold Cardinal 309John Alexander MacDonald 166Lester B. Pearson 227Pierre Trudeau 267Underground Railroad 136Capel, Captain Arthur 164capitalism 132–133, 151Caprera 128car industry 160–163Carabobo, Battle of 119Caragulian, Bea 255Cardinal, Harold 309Carnegie, Andrew 152Carolingian Empire 42–47Carolingian Renaissance 45Carter, Jimmy 267, 308Cassius, Gaius 32caste system 65Castillon, Battle of 61Castro, Fidel 234–237, 238Castro, Raúl 234, 237Catherine of Aragon 83Catherine the Great of Russia 122–123Cavour, Camille 128Chacabuco, Battle of 119Chaeronea, Battle of 19, 20Chamberlain, Neville 197, 198Chanel, Gabrielle Bonheur “Coco” 164–65Chao, Solina 265charity 153, 273, 274, 288, 292Charlemagne 42–47Charles I of England 97, 121Charles VI of France 58Charles VII of France 58, 60, 61Chavez, Cesar 267Chávez, Hugo 310Chernenko, Konstantin 280Cheung Kong Plastics 263Cheung Kong Real Estate 264Cheung Tze-keung 263Chibás, Eduardo 234Chile 119ChinaConfucius 68Deng Xiaoping 227Genghis Khan 52Jack Ma 290–293Li Ka-shing 262–265Mao Zedong 218–223Qin Shi Huang 24–26Solina Chao 265Chinese Civil War 218–220Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 218, 220, 221Chinese Revolution (1911) 221Choi Junrye 186Choi Si-hyung 185Christ, Jesus 28–31Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 281, 300ChristianityCharlemagne and 43, 44, 45followers worldwide 31Jesus Christ 28–31outlawed in Japan 87, 89Reformation 69Christmas 29Church of England 80, 83Churchill, John, 1st Duke of Marlborough 122Churchill, Winston 196–201CIA 236, 237Civic Forum 285Civil Rights Act (1964) 238, 243civil rights movement 224, 238, 241–245, 243, 254–257Clark, Maurice 151class struggle 132–134Cleopatra , 3427“Cleveland Massacre” 151Clinton, Hillary 304Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 95, 96Colchester 36Cold War 183, 266, 281Collins, Michael 173Colombia 118–119colonialismin Africa 146, 231–233end of 266, 267Columbia Pictures 246Columbus, Christopher 69Commonwealth 267CommunismAsia 238, 266China 218–223, 227, 291Cuba 234–237Eastern Bloc 284, 285Germany 176, 224Karl Marx 130–135Soviet Union 170–172, 180– 183, 226, 278–281, 294Communist Manifesto (Marx/Engels) 130, 132, 221

314Deoksu Yi clan 91Desiderius, King of the Lombards 43Detroit Automobile Company 162Dincklage, Baron Hans Gunther von 164Directory 112disease 75Doe, Samuel 299Donghak Peasant Movement 185Douglas, Stephen A. 139, 141Douglass, Frederick 143Douhet, General Giulio 167Drexler, Anton 175Duet Group 264Dutch Republic 97, 121Dynastic Wars 96Ee-commerce 291–293Easter Rising 173Eastern Bloc 183, 278, 284, 285Ebadi, Shirin 309–310Ebola 299Ecuador 117, 118, 119Edo see Tokyoeducation, girls’ 307Edward III of England 61Edward VI of England 80Edward VII 167EgyptCleopatra 27Gamal Abdel Nasser 266and Israel 215Menes 68Moses leads Israelites out of 11–12Ottoman rule 76Saladin overthrows Fatimids 49Six-Day War 260Zenobia invades 37Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty (1979) 267Eichman, Adolf 215Eightfold Path 17Einhard 43Eisenhower, Dwight 198El Alamein, Battle of 226Eleanor of Aquitaine 48electronics 246Elijah Muhammad 257Elizabeth I of England 80–85Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom 231, 267Emancipation Proclamation 142Engels, Friedrich 130–132, 133, 170EnglandCivil War 121–122Eleanor of Aquitaine 48Elizabeth I 80–85Hundred Years’ War 58–60, 61Oliver Cromwell 121–122see also BritainEnglish Reformation 80, 82Enlightenment, Age of 108enlightenment (Buddhism) 14, 16Equiano, Olaudah 105Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip 310Essenes 30Estates-General 106–108Ethiopia 237Haile Selassie 194–195Tayty Betul 167European Union 281, 300, 310, 311FFacebook 311Falklands War 270Fard Muhammad, Wallace 257Farrakhan, Louis 257fascism 225fashion 164–165, 289, 311fasting 192Fatah 258, 260Fatimid Dynasty 49FBI 242Felixstowe 263Fell, Anthony 200Ferdinand II of Aragon 69Festival of Unleavened Bread 11Finland 159Five-Year Plans 182Ford, Henry 160–163Four Noble Truths 17FranceCatherine de’ Medici 121Charles de Gaulle 204–207colonial rule 266Emmanuel Macron 311Joan of Arc 58–63Louis XIV 94–97Marie Antoinette 122Maximilien Robespierre 106–109Napoleon Bonaparte 110–115World War II 204–207, 226Franco, Francisco 226Franco-Prussian War 145, 146Frankfurt 146Franks 43–45Fraser, Revd. Alex Garden 231Frederick II the Great of Prussia 98–99Frederick William I of Prussia 99Frederick William IV of Prussia 146Free French movement 206“Freedom or Death” speech 157French and Indian War 101, 102French Revolution 106–109, 110, 132, 133FSB 294GG8 summits 300Gabriel, Angel 39Gaddafi, Muammar 309Galilee 29, 30Gallipoli campaign 197, 198, 225Gandhi, Indira 266Gandhi, Karamchand 189Gandhi, Kasturba 189Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand 155, 188–192, 193, 226Gandhi, Putlibai 189Garibaldi, Giuseppe 126–129Garvey, Marcus 194, 225–226, 231, 255, 256Gates, Bill 272–277Gates, Melinda 273Gaugamela, Battle of 22Gaul 34Gaullism 204Gautama, Śiddhartha 14–17gay marriage 305gay rights 308Gdansk shipyards 284General Electric 308–309Genghis Khan 50–55, 56, 69Genoa 127genocide 175, 177George V of the United Kingdom 159GermanyAdolf Hitler 174–179Angela Merkel 300–301communism 176, 224Erwin Rommel 226Frederick the Great 98–99Heinz Guderian 226Helmut Kohl 291Ludwig II of Bavaria 166–167Martin Luther 69Otto von Bismarck 144–147reunification of 281Rosa Luxemburg 224unification of 146, 147Wilhelm I 147World War II 198, 203, 204, 206, 226Gettysburg Address 140, 142GhanaGhanaian Empire 69Kwame Nkrumah 230–233Giáp, Võ Nguyên 266Gilbert, Olive 136glasnost 280global economic crisis 300Godse, Nathuram 192Gokhale, Gopal Krishna 191Gold Coast 231, 232Golden Temple (Amritsar) 65Good Friday Agreement 310Google 311Gorbachev, Mikhail 278–281Goulden, Sophia 157, 159Government of India Act (1858) 192Granicus, Battle of 20Grant, Ulysses S. 136, 142, 166Grau, Ramón 237Great Depression 176, 203, 225Great Leap Forward 220Great Purge 180, 183Great Sioux War 149Great Wall of China 26Griffith, Arthur 173Guatemala, Rigoberta Menchú 311Guderian, General Heinz 226Guevara, Ernesto “Che” 236, 237Gülbehar 78Gulf War 308Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 121

315Israelconflict with Arabs 227, 258–261David Ben-Gurion 214–217foundation of 258Golda Meir 216Israelites 11–13Issus, Battle of 20, 23Istanbul 76ItalyBenito Mussolini 225Donatella Versace 311Garibaldi, Giuseppe 126–129Giulio Douhet 167Giuseppe Mazzini 129invasion of Ethiopia 194unification of 128–129Ivan the Terrible, Czar 121JJack Ma Foundation 292Jacobins 106, 108, 111Jaffa, Battle of 49Jahan, Shah 121Jamaica 117, 118, 194Marcus Garvey 194, 225–226James II of England 97James VI of Scotland (James I of England) 83Januka 52Janville, Battle of 60JapanAkio Morita 246–247and China 221Emperor Meiji 167Empress Kōjun 227and Korea 91–93, 185–187Shinzō Abe 310and Taiwan 225Tōgō Heihachirō 167Tokugawa Ieyasu 86–89Toyotomi Hideyoshi 89World War II 202, 203, 225, 227Jaxartes, Battle of 22Jellicoe, Admiral John 167Jerusalem 30, 49, 215Jesus Christ 28–31Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party 215Jim Crow laws 243Jingganshan 218Jinnah, Mohammed Ali 224Joan of Arc 58–63Gwanghaegun, Crown Prince 93Gwangmu, Emperor 186HHabsburg Empire, and Ottomans 76, 78Hadrian, Pope 43Haiti 118Hammurabi 68Hansan Island, Battle of 92Hattin, Battle of 49Havel, Václav 285Hawaii, King Kamehameha 123Heath, Edward 270Heihachirō, Tōgō 167Hellenistic style 19Henry II of England 48Henry VIII of England 80, 83heresy 60, 80, 83Herod, King 29Hibbat Zion 215Hickok, Lorena 210Hideyori, Toyotomi 89Hideyoshi, Toyotomi 89Hindenburg, Paul 176Hinduism 65, 67, 155, 192Hirohito, Emperor 186, 227Hispaniola 73Hitler, Adolf 99, 174–179, 198, 226Hojo clan 89Hollande, François 311Holocaust 175, 176, 177, 215Holy Roman Empire 45, 78Holy Spirit 29Hong Kong 263–264HongKong Electric 264Horizons Ventures 264Houston, Sam 123Huerta, Victoriano 224–225Huguenots 95, 96, 121human rights 209–211, 267, 308, 309–311Hundred Years’ War 58–60, 61Hungary 78Hürrum 76, 78, 79Husayn of Balkh 56Hussein, Saddam 309Hutchinson Whampoa 263, 264, 265Hydapses, Battle of the 22Hyeon-Seo Lee 311Hyphasis River, mutiny at 22I“I Have A Dream” speech 243, 245Ibara, Battle of 117IBM 274Ibrahim Pasha 78Ibuka, Masaru 246Iceni 36Idris I of Libya 309Ieyasu, Tokugawa 86–89Imagawa clan 87IndiaAlexander the Great 22Ashoka 68–69Babur 69Bhagat Singh 193Guru Nanak 64–67independence movement 189, 191–192, 224, 226Indira Gandhi 266Jamsetji Tata 154Jawaharlal Nehru 226Mohammed Ali Jinnah 224Mohandas Gandhi 188–192Narendra Modi 310partition 192, 224Shah Jahan 121Sri Aurobindo 224Swami Vivekananda 155Indian National Congress (INC) 191, 192, 226indigenous peoples 148–149, 266–267, 309, 311Indonesia, Sukarno 227Industrial Revolution 132industrialization, China 220industry see business and industryInternet 291–293IRA 173, 270IranNader Shah 122Ruhollah Khomeini 227Shirin Ebadi 309–310Iraq 260Saddam Hussein 309Iraq War 309, 310Ireland, Michael Collins 173Irish Civil War 173Irish War of Independence 173Isabella I of Spain 69Islamfollowers worldwide 41Muhammad 38–41Nation of Islam 257Isle of Man 159Jobs, Steve 310–311John the Baptist 29John II, Duke of Alençon 60John, King of England 48Johnson, Lyndon B. 238, 243Jordan 260Jordan River 29Josephine, Empress 111, 113Joshua 11, 13journalism 210, 308Juan Carlos I of Spain 226Judaismat time of Christ 30David Ben-Gurion 214–217followers worldwide 13Holocaust 175, 176, 177, 215Moses 10–13Judas Iscariot 30Judea 30Julia 34Julius Caesar 32, 34Junkers 145Jurchen horsemen 91Justice and Development Party (AKP) 310Justinian I the Great, Emperor 69Jutland, Battle of 167Juvayni, Ata-Malik 55KKagekatsu, Uesugi 87Kamehameha, King of Hawaii 123Kamenev, Lev 182Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) 140–141Das Kapital (Marx) 130, 132, 133Karameh 260Katanga 267Kennedy, John F. 209, 238–239Kennedy, Robert 242Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta 227Kenyatta, Jomo 227KGB 182, 294Khadija 39Khalaf, Salah 258Khomeini, Ruhollah 227Khrushchev, Nikita 183, 226, 237Kim Il-Sung 185, 266Kim Koo 184–187King, Coretta Scott 241King, Martin Luther Jr. 240–245Knights of St. John 78

316kobukson (turtle ships) 91, 92Kohl, Helmut 291, 300Kōjun, Empress 227Korea 89Kim Koo 184–187Yi Sun-sin 90–93see also North Korea; South KoreaKorean Liberation Army 186Korean Patriotic Corp (KPC) 186Korean Provisional Government 185, 186Korean War 187, 198, 202, 226–227Kornilov, General Lavr 172Ku Klux Klan 255Kublai Khan 52Kunersdorf, Battle of 99Kuomintang (KMT) 218, 220, 221Kuwait, Iraqi invasion 308, 309Llabor movements 267Labour Party 198, 270, 310Langar (free kitchen) 66Lao Ai 25Last Supper 29, 30–31lawHammurabi 68Qin Shi Huang 25Yassa code 54League of the Just 132Lebanon 260, 261Lebensraum 177Lee, General Robert E. 142Lee, Spike 257Lenin, Vladimir 170–172, 180, 182Leo III, Pope 45, 46–47Lepidus 32Leuthen, Battle of 99LGBT people 288, 302, 305, 308Li Ka-shing 262–265Li Ka Shing Foundation 264, 265Li Si 25, 26Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 298–299Libya, Muammar Gaddafi 309Lincoln, Abraham 136, 138–142, 256Lincoln, Mary (née Todd) 139Lingiari, Vincent 266–267Little Bighorn, Battle of the 149Little Red Book 220Livia Drusilla 34London 36Long March 218–220Long Walk to Freedom (Mandela) 252Louis VII of France 48Louis XIII of France 95Louis XIV of France 94–97Louis XVI of France 106, 109Lu Buwei 25Ludwig II of Bavaria 166–167Lumumba, Patrice 267Luther, Martin 69Luxembourg, World War II 177Luxemburg, Rosa 224Lyons, Joseph 225MMa, Jack 290–293Maastricht Treaty 281Mabo, Eddie 309MacArthur, Douglas 202MacDonald, John Alexander 166Macedonia 18–23Macron, Emmanuel 311Madison, James 104Mahan, Alfred Thayer 166Maintenon, Madame de 95Maipú, Battle of 119Malala Fund 307Malcolm X 254–257Mali Empire, Sundiata Keita 69Malta 78Mandela, Winnie 250Mao Zedong 218–223, 227, 264March 1st Movement 186March on Washington 243Marcos, Ferdinand 308Marcus Antonius 27, 32, 34Marie Antoinette 109, 122Marx, Karl 130–135, 170, 193, 221Marxism 170, 215, 218, 234Mary I of England 80Mary II of England 97Mary, Queen of Scots 80Mary, the Virgin 29mass media 308Matsudaira clan 87Maurice of Nassau 121Mauryan Empire 68Mazarin, Cardinal 95Mazzini, Giuseppe 127, 129Mecca 39, 40, 65, 76media 286–289Medici, Catherine de’ 121Medina 39, 40, 41Medvedev, Dmitry 294Mehmet II, Sultan 76Mehsud, Baitullah 283Meiji, Emperor of Japan 167Mein Kampf (Hitler) 176, 179Meir, Golda 216Menchú, Rigoberta 311Menelik II of Ethiopia 167, 194Menes, Pharaoh 68Merkel, Angela 285, 300–301Merkits 51–52Messiah 29, 31Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art (New York) 289Meung, Battle of 60Mexican Revolution 224–225Mexican-American War 139MexicoEmiliano Zapata 224–225Hernán Cortés 73–75Mexico City 75Microsoft 273–275Middle Way 16, 17Midian 11Midway, Battle of 225Mihrimah Sultan 79Milan 127, 129Milk, Harvey 308mining 270minority groups, persecution of 176, 177miracles 29Model T car 160–163Modi, Narendra 310Mohács, Battle of 78Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah 227Moldavia 78Mona Rudao 225Moncada Barracks, storming of 234Möngke Khan 52Mongol Empire 50–55Montezuma II 74, 75Montgomery, Field Marshall Bernard 226Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) 241, 242moon landings 238Morita, Akio 246–247Moses 10–13Mount Horeb 11Mount Jabal al-Nour 39Mount Nebo 13Mount Sinai 12Mount Vernon 101, 104Movement of the Fifth Republic 310Mugabe, Robert 233Mughal Empire 69, 121Muhammad Ali 257Muhammad, the Prophet 38–41Murdoch, Rupert 308Muslim League 224MuslimsIndia 192, 224Muhammad 38–41numbers worldwide 41Mussolini, Benito 194, 225Myeongnyang, Battle of 91, 93Myeongseong, Empress (Queen Min) 185, 186NNader Shah 122Nagashino, Battle of 87Naidu, Sarojini 191Nanak, Guru 64–67Nantes, Edict of 96Naples 128Napoleon I, Emperor 45, 53, 110–115, 117, 118, 119Napoleonic Wars 111, 112–113, 118, 122Nasser, Gamal Abdel 215, 258, 266Natal Indian Congress party 189, 191Nation of Islam 255, 256, 257National Assembly 108National Indian Brotherhood 309National Socialist German Workers’ Party see NazisnationalismChinese 221German 145–147Indian 155Irish 173Italian 127–129Palestinian 258–261Native Americans 123, 148–149NATO 198, 227naval strategy 166, 167, 225Nazis 175–179, 180, 198, 204, 206, 225Nehru, Jawaharlal 226, 266Nelson, Horatio 122Nepal, Śiddhartha Gautama 14–17Nero, Tiberius 34

317Netherlandscolonial rule 227Maurice of Nassau 121William of Orange 97World War II 177New Deal 203New Government of India Act (1919) 192New Granada 118–119New Spain 73, 75New Testament 29New Zealand 159Nicaragua 237Daniel Ortega 309Nicholas II 170, 172Nigeria 105Nightingale, Florence 166Nile, Battle of the 27Nile River 11Nirvana 14, 16Nishapur 52Nkrumah, Kwame 230–233Nobuhide, Oda 87Nobunaga, Oda 87, 89nonviolence (ahimsa) 191, 192, 250North Korea 185, 186, 187Hyeon-Seo Lee 311Kim Il-Sung 266Northern Ireland 310Noryang, Battle of 93nuclear weapons 206, 278Nuremberg rallies 176nursing 166Nyerere, Julius 267OObama, Barack 155, 257, 285, 288, 302–305, 307Obama, Michelle 289, 304Octavia 34Octavian see Augustus CaesarOda clan 87, 89Odaenathus of Palmyra 37Office, Microsoft 273oil industry 151–152Operation Desert Storm 308Operation Valkyrie 175opium trade 221Oprah Winfrey Show 287–288Orange 264Organization of African Unity 194, 232, 267Orléans, Siege of 58, 60Ortega, Daniel 309Osaka, Siege of 87, 89Oslo Accords 261Oswald, Lee Harvey 238Ottoman Empire 216, 225Mirimah Sultan 79Suleiman the Magnificent 76–79World War I 198see also TurkeyPPage, Larry 311PakistanBenazir Bhutto 282–283East Pakistan 266Malala Yousafzai 306–307Mohammed Ali Jinnah 224partition 192Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) 283PalestineAhmad Sa’adat 261Jewish settlements in 215, 216Yasser Arafat 258–261Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 258, 260–261Palmyrene Empire 37Pan-Africanism 225, 231, 232, 267Panama 117, 119Omar Torrijos 308Panama Canal 308Pankhurst, Adela 157, 159Pankhurst, Christabel 157Pankhurst, Emmeline (née Goulden) 156–159Pankhurst, Richard 157Pankhurst, Sylvia 157panokseon (cannon-armed warships) 92, 93parables 30Paris, liberation of 204, 206Parr, Catherine 80Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963) 238Pascal, Michael 105Patay, Battle of 60Patton, General George S. 225Peace Corps 238Pearl Harbor 203Peninsular War 118People Power Revolution 308People’s Republic of China 220, 221Pepin III, King of the Franks 43, 45Peres, Shimon 258perestroika 280perfumes 164Persian Empire 19–23, 78Cyrus the Great 68Peru 118, 119Pétain, Marshall Philippe 204, 206Peter the Great 122Pharisees 30philanthropy 152, 264, 274, 287, 288, 292 Philip II of France 49Philip II of Macedonia 19, 20Philip II of Spain 83Philip V of France 96Philippi, Battle of 32PhilippinesCorazon Aquino 308World War II 202Pius V, Pope 83plagues 12Platt Amendment 237Plutarch 19Poitiers, Battle of 61PolandLech Wałęsa 284Partition of 99World War II 175, 198, 226Politburo 278Polo, Marco 50Pompey 34Pompidou, Georges 207Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) 261Portugal, colonies 120Porus, King of the Pauravas 22poverty 14, 155, 273, 276, 283, 304 Prague 285privatization 270Project Vote 304Promised Land 11–13PrussiaFrederick the Great 98–99Otto von Bismarck 144–147Ptolemy XIII, Pharaoh 27Putin, Vladimir 294–297QQazaghan, Amir 56QDOS operating system 275Qin Er Shi 26Qin Shi Huang 24–26Qing Dynasty 221Quebec 267Quiche Maya people 311Quitéria, Maria 120Qur’an 39RRabin, Yitzhak 258, 261racismSouth Africa 248–253United States 159, 241–245, 254–257Ragamuffin War 127Rai, Lajpat 193Ramakrishna 155Rastafarianism 194Ray, James Earl 243Reagan, Ronald 266, 278, 281Red Army 182, 218Red Cloud 149Red Guard 170, 172Red Sea 12Reformation 69, 80, 82refugees 300Reichstag 146, 176Reims 60religionBuddha 14–17Elizabeth I 80, 82Genghis Khan 54Guru Nanak 64–67Jesus Christ 28–31Moses 10–13Muhammad 38–41Swami Vivekananda 155Representation of the People Act (1918) 159Resistance, French 206Rhodes 76Richard I the Lionheart of England 48, 49Ridgway, General Matthew B. 226–227Risorgimento 127Robespierre, Maximilien 106–109Rockefeller Foundation 152Rockefeller, John D. 150–153Rockefeller, Laura (née Spelman) 151Roman Civil War 34Roman Empire 32, 35, 36, 37Roman Republic 32, 34, 35

318Rome 127–128, 129Rome, ancient 27Augustus Caesar 32–35Boudica 36Jesus Christ 29, 30Julius Caesar 34Spartacus 69and Zenobia 37Romée, Isabelle 60Rommel, Field Marshall Erwin 226Roosevelt, Eleanor 203, 208–213Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 198, 202, 203, 209–210, 224Rossbach, Battle of 99Rouen 60Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 106Rowlatt Acts 192Roxana 19, 22Russiaanti-semitism 215, 216Catherine the Great 122–123Ivan the Terrible 121Nicholas II 172Peter the Great 122Russian Civil War 172Russian Revolution 170–172, 180see also Russian Federation; Soviet UnionRussian FederationVladimir Putin 294–297see also Russia; Soviet UnionRusso-Japanese War 167, 170Rüstem Pasha 79Rykov, Alexei 182S Sa’adat, Ahmad 261Sadducees 30Safavid Empire 76, 78St. Albans 36St. Petersburg (Petrograd) 172Saladin 49Salt Marsh 189, 191Samarkand 52San Martin, José de 119Sancheon, Battle of 92sanctionsagainst Russian Federation 296against South Africa 252Sandinista National Liberation Front 309Sankara, Thomas 310Sardinia 127, 128Sargon the Great 68satyagraha (nonviolent civil disobedience) 191, 192Saxons 43, 44Saxony 99Schleswig Holstein 145, 146Schwarzkopf, Norman Jr. 308Scott, Winfield 123Scribonia 34Scythians 22Sedan, Battle of 145segregationSouth Africa 248–253United States 241, 242, 243Sekigahara, Battle of 87, 89Selassie, Haile 194–195Selim I, Sultan 76Selim II, Sultan 78, 79Selma to Montgomery marches 241, 243Sengoku Period 87Seonjo of Joseon 92, 93serfs 172Sermon on the Mount 29Seven Years’ War 99, 102Sharpeville massacre 250Shepard, Alan B. 238Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) 152Sicily 128Sikh separatists 266Sikhismfollowers worldwide 67Guru Nanak 64–67Silesia 99Sinan, Mimar 76Singh, Bhagat 193Sinminhoe 186Sinn Féin 173Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson 298–299Sitting Bull 149Six-Day War 260slavery 101, 104, 105, 136, 139, 256 Sobchak, Anatoly 294social reform 167, 308, 311social-networking 311socialism 130–135, 224software 273–275Solidarity 284, 285Sony 246South Africaapartheid 267Gandhi in 189, 190–191Nelson Mandela 248–253South African Native National Congress (SANNC) 252South America, independence movements 117–119, 120, 123South Korea 185, 186, 187Southern Rhodesia 233Souvestre, Marie 209Soviet UnionCold War 226collapse of 278, 281, 297communism 226, 294control of Eastern Bloc 183, 278, 284, 285Cuban Missile Crisis 237, 238foreign debt 296Joseph Stalin 180–183and Korea 186, 187Leon Trotsky 182Mikhail Gorbachev 278–281Nikita Khrushchev 226Vladimir Lenin 170–172World War II 198, 226see also Russia; Russian Federationspace race 238SpainFrancisco Franco 226Hernán Cortés 72–75Isabella I 69South American colonies 117–119Spanish Armada 80, 83, 85Spanish Civil War 226Spanish Netherlands 95, 96Spartacist Uprising 224Spartacus 69Spielberg, Steven 287Spruance, Admiral Raymond 225Sri Aurobindo 224Stalin, Joseph 180–183, 198, 226Stalingrad, Battle of 180, 183Standard Oil Company 151, 152Stanton, Elizabeth Cady 143Stasi 300steel industry 152, 154Stevenson, Adlai 210Strabo, Walafrid 44strikes 284, 285Suetonius 36Suez Canal 266Suez Canal Crisis 215, 227suffering 14suffrageEmmeline Pankhurst 156–159Malcolm X 256Sojourner Truth 136Susan B. Anthony 143Sukarno 227Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan 76–79Sun Yat-sen 221Sundiata Keita 69Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus 121Syria 37, 260war in 296, 300TTadatomo, Honda 87Taft, Lydia 158Taiwan, Mona Rudao 225Taj Mahal Palace Hotel (Mumbai) 154Taliban 283, 307tank warfare 226Tanzania, Julius Nyerere 267Tascher de la Pagerie, Marie Josèphe Rose see Josephine, EmpressTassillo III of Bavaria 43Tasuŋka Witko (Crazy Horse) 148–149Tata, Jamsetji 154Tayty Betul, Empress of Ethiopia 167Tecumseh, Chief 123Temüjin Borjigin see Genghis KhanTen Commandments 12–13Tengrism 54Tenochtitlán 74–75Terek, Battle of 56terra nullis 309terracotta army 25, 26the Terror 109terrorism 309textile industry 154Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej 267Thatcher, Margaret 270–271, 281Thebes 19Tiberius, Emperor 32, 35Tibet, Dalai Lama 17Timur, Amir 56–57, 69Timurid Dynasty 56Tlaxcalans 74

319Toghril 51–52Tokhtamysh 56Tokugawa clan 87Tokugawa shogunate 87Tokyo 87Tolbert, William 299Torah 12Torres Strait Islanders 309Torrijos, Omar 308Totonacs 74trade unions 270, 284Trafalgar, Battle of 113Transoxiana 56Trotsky, Leon 170, 182Trudeau, Pierre 267, 309Truman, Harry S. 202, 210Trump, Donald 309Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) 299Truth, Sojourner 136–137Tsuchida, Josuke 186TurkeyMustafa Kemal Atatürk 225Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 310see also Ottoman EmpireTurner, Nat 123Tyre, Battle of 20, 22UVUdasis 66Uganda 267Ukraine 297Russian annexation of 296Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”) 250Underground Railroad 136United Australia Party 225United Farm Workers 267United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) 232United Nations 204, 209, 210, 211, 227United StatesAbraham Lincoln 138–142Alfred Thayer Mahan 166Anna Wintour 289Barack Obama 302–305Bill Gates 272–277Booker T. Washington 167Cesar Chavez 267civil rights movement 227, 238, 243, 254–257and Cuba 236–237, 238, 304Donald Trump 309Douglas MacArthur 202Eleanor Roosevelt 208–213George S. Patton 225George Washington 100–104Harvey Milk 308Henry Ford 160–163Jack Welch 308–309Jane Addams 167Jimmy Carter 267John D. Rockefeller 150–153John F. Kennedy 238–239Korean War 187Larry Page 311Mark Zuckerberg 311Martin Luther King Jr. 240–245Mary McLeod Bethune 224Matthew B. Ridgway 226–227Michelle Obama 304Nat Turner 123Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. 308Oprah Winfrey 286–288Ralph Bunche 227Raymond Spruance 225Ronald Reagan 266Sam Houston 123slavery 101, 104, 105, 136, 139–143, 167Sojourner Truth 136–137Steve Jobs 310–311suffrage 136, 158, 159, 304Susan B. Anthony 143Tasuŋka Witko (Crazy Horse) 148–149Tecumseh 123Ulysses S. Grant 166Winfield Scott 123World War II 198, 202, 203, 225, 226Universal Declaration of Human Rights 210Universal Negro Improvement Association 225Upper Volta, Thomas Sankara 310Uruguay 127, 237Uthman, Caliph 41Utrecht, Treaty of 96 Vaballathus 37vaccines 273Vassa, Gustavas see Equiano, OlaudahVelázquez de Cuéllar, Diego 73, 74Velvet Revolution 285Venezuela 237Hugo Chávez 310Simón Bolívar 117–119Verden, massacre of 44Verdun, Battle of 204Versace, Donatella 311Versace, Gianni 311Versailles 95, 96Versailles, Treaty of 175, 176Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 128Victoria, Queen 166Victory in Europe Day (1945) 199Vienna, Siege of (1529) 78Viet Minh 266Vietnam, Võ Nguyên Giáp 266Vietnam War 238, 266, 267Vivekananda, Swami 155Vogue, American 289Volturnus, Battle of 129WYZWagner, Richard 166–167Wałęsa, Lech 284War of the Grand Alliance 95, 96War in the Pacific 186, 202, 203War of the Spanish Succession 96, 122Warring States period 25Washington, Booker T. 167Washington, George 100–104Washington, Martha 101Waterloo, Battle of 111, 113Watling Street, Battle of 36weapons of mass destruction 310Welch, Jack 308–309Wellesley, Arthur, Duke of Wellington 123Westphalen, Jenny von 130Wilberforce, William 122Wilhelm I of Germany 146, 147William II of Orange (William III of England) 96, 97Windows, Microsoft 274Winfrey, Oprah 286–288Wintour, Anna 289womenAfrican American 136–137, 224education for 307rights 67, 136, 209, 283, 299, 311 suffrage 136, 143, 156–159Women’s Franchise League 157Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) 157, 159Won, Admiral 93World War I 172, 216Arthur Currie 224Emmeline Pankhurst 159John Jellicoe 167Treaty of Versailles 175, 176Winston Churchill 197, 198World War IIAdolf Hitler 174–179aircraft and vehicles 160, 163Benito Mussolini 225Bernard Montgomery 226Charles de Gaulle 204–207Coco Chanel 164Douglas MacArthur 202Erwin Rommel 226George S. Patton 225Heinz Guderian 226Indian troops 192Joseph Stalin 180–183Korea 186Matthew B. Ridgway 226–227Raymond Spruance 225Winston Churchill 196–201Wozniak, Steve 311Wushe Rebellion 225Wyatt, Thomas 80 Yahoo 291, 292Yang, Jerry 292Yashruti, Khaled 258Yathrib 40Yeltsin, Boris 294, 296, 297Yemen 237Yesügei 51Yi Myon 91Yi Sun-sin 90–93yoga 224Yorktown, Siege of 104Yoshimoto, Imagawa 87Young Italy movement 129Yousafzai, Malala 306–307Yousafzai, Ziauddin 307Ypres, Battle of 224Zanzibar 267Zapata, Emiliano 224–225Zealots 30Zeevi, Rehavam 261Zenobia, Septimia 37Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe 233Zinoviev, Grigory 182Zionism 215, 216Zipporah 11Zuckerberg, Mark 311

320Dorling Kindersley would like to thank the following; Tom Morse and Joe Scott for additional design assistance, and:Additional illiustraton: Agung Yuwanda (www.fiverr.com) Jackets Editorial Coordinator: Priyanka SharmaJacket Designer: Priyanka BansalSenior DTP Designer: Harish AggarwalManaging Jackets Editor: Saloni SinghPICTURE CREDITSThe publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs:(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top)1 Alamy Stock Photo: IllustratedHistory. 2 123RF.com: Ivan Aleshin / ivan604. 8-9 akg-images: Heritage Images / Fine Art Images. 10 123RF.com: abxyz. 11 Bridgeman Images: The Finding of Moses, 1638 (oil on canvas), Poussin, Nicolas (1594-1665) / Louvre, Paris, France (b). 12 123RF.com: neyro2008 (r). Alamy Stock Photo: Prisma Archivo (tr). 14-15 Dreamstime.com: Efired (b). 16-17 Dreamstime.com: Meryll (Water). 16 Alamy Stock Photo: Marius Graf (b). 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Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-hec-06641 (bl); LC-DIG-ppmsca-39001 (br). 144 Alamy Stock Photo: Glasshouse Images. 145 Alamy Stock Photo: Interfoto (b). 147 123RF.com: seamartini (crb). Alamy Stock Photo: Classic Image (tr). Dreamstime.com: Gary Blakeley / Blakeley (clb); Cherkas (cla). Getty Images: DEA / G. Dagli Orti / Deagostini (cb). 148 Alamy Stock Photo: IllustratedHistory. 149 Getty Images: Universal History Archive / UIG (b). 150 Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive. Getty Images: Bettmann (tr). 151 Alamy Stock Photo: Everett Collection Inc (b). 152-153 123RF.com: iqoncept. 152 123RF.com: pixelrobot (crb). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-USZ62-120152 (tr). 153 123RF.com: Oksana Desiatkina (crb). Dreamstime.com: Teewara soontorn / Slalomp (tr). Getty Images: Bettmann (cr). 154 Alamy Stock Photo: Dinodia Photos (br). Tata Central Archives: (bl). 155 Alamy Stock Photo: Historic Collection (cla). Getty Images: Subhankar Chakraborty / Hindustan Times (cb). 156 Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-ggbain-12112. 156-157 Getty Images: Jimmy Sime / Central Press / Hulton Archive (bc). 158 Alamy Stock Photo: Lazyllama (background); Trinity Mirror / Mirrorpix (bl). Getty Images: Hulton Deutsch / Hulton-Deutsch Collection / Corbis. 158-159 Getty Images: Popperfoto (b). 159 Alamy Stock Photo: Chronicle (tc). 160-161 Getty Images: Hulton Archive (b). 161 Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-USZ62-98129. 162-163 123RF.com: Maxim Kazmin. Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / R. Florio (cb/Model T). 162 123RF.com: mousemd (cb). Alamy Stock Photo: Archive Pics (bc). 163 123RF.com: norbertsobolewski (cr); tomaccojc (cra); Philippe Renaud (ca). Alamy Stock Photo: Everett Collection Historical (crb). 164 Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive (br). 165 Getty Images: Lipnitzki / Roger Viollet. 168-169 123RF.com: Chris Dorney. 170 Alamy Stock Photo: IanDagnall Computing (b). 171 Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-USZ62-101877. 173 Getty Images: Central Press (br); Topical Press Agency (clb). 174 Alamy Stock Photo: Shawshots. 174-175 Alamy Stock Photo: Glasshouse Images (bc). 176 123RF.com: Jiri Pravda (c). 177 Dreamstime.com: Hugolacasse (b/flames). Getty Images: Culture Club (b). 178 Getty Images: Library of Congress / Corbis / VCG. 180 Getty Images: Laski Diffusion (b). 181 Alamy Stock Photo: Everett Collection Historical. 182 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam: (tc). 182-183 Getty Images: Historical / Corbis Historical. 184 Dreamstime.com: Steve Allen / Mrallen (cra). Getty Images: Alfred Eisenstaedt / The LIFE Picture Collection. 185 Getty Images: Carl Mydans / The LIFE Picture Collection (b). 186-187 123RF.com: Mykhailo Ridkous / rms164 (b). 187 123RF.com: ljupco (clb); nikolae (cr). Getty Images: Alfred Eisenstaedt / The LIFE Picture Collection (cl). 188 123RF.com: Ivan Aleshin / ivan604. 189 Getty Images: Bettmann (bl). 191 123RF.com: Robert Biedermann (cra/map); Pavel Lipskiy (bl). Alamy Stock Photo: Heritage Image Partnership Ltd (cra). Getty Images: George Rinhart (crb). 192 Getty Images: Bettmann (cla). 193 Alamy Stock Photo: Dinodia Photos (crb). 194-195 Getty Images: CBS Photo Archive (b). 195 Getty Images: Hulton Archive. 196-197 Getty Images: Popperfoto (b). 197 123RF.com: Chris Dorney. 198 Getty Images: Historical / Corbis (crb). Courtesy of U.S. Army: USAMHI (clb). 198-199 123RF.com: David Carillet (cb/party hats). Alamy Stock Photo: Matthew Mawson (c). Getty Images: Moore / Fox Photos (cb). 200 Getty Images: Mark Kauffman / The LIFE Picture Collection. 202 Dreamstime.com: Mircea Hotea (tr/clouds). Getty Images: Carl Mydans / The LIFE Picture Collection (cr). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-USE6-D-008874 (tr). 203 Getty Images: Underwood Archives (bl). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-USZ62-117121 (br). 204-205 Getty Images: Art Media / Print Collector (bc). 205 Getty Images: Culture Club. 206 123RF.com: Aloysius Patrimonio (clb). 206-207 123RF.com: prospective56 (background). 207 123RF.com: frameangel (b/radio); Marguerite Voisey (cb). Alamy Stock Photo: Sputnik (tr). Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (cla). Dreamstime.com: Gary Blakeley / Blakeley (crb). Getty Images: AFP (fcla). 208 Getty Images: Image Source / United Nations (cr). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-USZ62-108091. 209 Getty Images: Fotosearch (b). 210 Rex by Shutterstock: AP (clb). 210-211 123RF.com: Andriy Popov. 211 123RF.com: Sviatlana Sheina (crb). 213 Getty Images: Afro Newspaper / Gado. 214 Getty Images: ullstein bild Dtl.. 215 Getty Images: Bettmann (b). 216 Alamy Stock Photo: World History Archive (cb). 218-219 Alamy Stock Photo: Interfoto (b). 219 Alamy Stock Photo: Glasshouse Images. 220-221 Getty Images: VCG. 221 Dreamstime.com: Jasmineforum (tr). 222 Getty Images: Universal Images Group. 228-229 Getty Images: Michael Ochs Archives. 230 Alamy Stock ACKNOWLEDGMENTSPhoto: Everett Collection Inc. 231 Getty Images: Paul Schutzer / The LIFE Picture Collection (b). 232 123RF.com: Maria Averburg (cra); Juan Pablo Gonzalez / jpgon (cra/Africa map); Pavel Konovalov (cla). Getty Images: Afro Newspaper / Gado (tc). 233 123RF.com: Maria Averburg (b); Juan Pablo Gonzalez / jpgon (clb, br). Alamy Stock Photo: Peter Jordan (tr). 234 Getty Images: Hulton Archive (br). 235 Getty Images: ullstein bild Dtl.. 236 123RF.com: tawhy (cb). Getty Images: © Wally Mcnamee / Corbis (bl). 237 123RF.com: Pablo Hidalgo (bl). Alamy Stock Photo: Alpha Historica (tr). Dorling Kindersley: James Young (clb). Dreamstime.com: Tanyashir (clb/flame). 238 Alamy Stock Photo: Everett Collection Inc (br). 239 Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-ppmsca-38698. 240 Getty Images: Michael Ochs Archives. 241 Rex by Shutterstock: AP (br). 242-243 Getty Images: Francis Miller / The LIFE Picture Collection. 243 123RF.com: Pavel Konovalov (br). 244 Alamy Stock Photo: MARKA. 246 Getty Images: Dick Lewis / New York Daily News Archive (b). 247 Getty Images: Bill Pierce / The LIFE Images Collection. 248 Getty Images: Popperfoto (br). 249 Getty Images: Trevor Samson / AFP. 250 123RF.com: Anton Starikov (tc, cra); Dmytro Titov (tr, c). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler / James River Equipment (tl). 250-251 Getty Images: Gideon Mendel. 252 123RF.com: Anton Starikov (bl). 254 Getty Images: John van Hasselt / Sygma (background). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-USZ62-119478 / Herman Hiller. 255 Getty Images: Bettmann (bl). 256-257 Dreamstime.com: AWesleyFloyd. 256 Dreamstime.com: James Steidl / Jgroup (cb). 257 Dreamstime.com: Parawat Isarangura Na Ayudhaya / Isuaneye (clb). 258 Getty Images: Universal History Archive / UIG (b). 259 Getty Images: P / F / H / ullstein bild. 260 123RF.com: ostapenko (tc). Dreamstime.com: Cunaplus (r/Pattern); Jannoon028 (r). Getty Images: Fayez Nureldine / AFP (cra). 261 123RF.com: Aleksandr Sulga (bl). Getty Images: Jamal Aruri / AFP (tr). 262 Alamy Stock Photo: Xinhua. 263 Getty Images: VCG (b). 264-265 123RF.com: estherpoon (b); Leo Lintang (c). Dreamstime.com: Meryll (ca/clouds). 264 123RF.com: dolgachov (tl). 265 123RF.com: Irochka (c); Agnieszka Murphy / redkoala (cr). Alamy Stock Photo: Xinhua (ca). Getty Images: China Photos (crb). 268-269 Rex by Shutterstock: CCN / Rex Features. 270 Getty Images: Peter Jordan / The LIFE Images Collection (b). 271 Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-ppmsca-09786. 272-273 Dreamstime.com: Djama86 (background). 272 Dreamstime.com: Joachim Eckel. 273 123RF.com: hxdyl (bl). 274-275 Dreamstime.com: Djama86 (background). 275 123RF.com: Nontawat Thongsibsong (cb). Getty Images: Drew Angerer (tr); Kim Kulish / Corbis (crb). 277 Getty Images: Geoff Robins / AFP. 278-279 Dreamstime.com: Tatiana Belova. Getty Images: U. Shvezov / TASS (b). 279 Getty Images: Georges De Keerle. 280-281 Alamy Stock Photo: Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo. Dreamstime.com: Laurenthive (All hands); Zdenek Sasek (All hammers). 281 123RF.com: Achim Prill (crb). Rex by Shutterstock: Helmut Lohmann / AP (tr). 282 Alamy Stock Photo: Allstar Picture Library. 283 Getty Images: Peter Charlesworth / LightRocket (bl). 284 Getty Images: AFP (bl); Alain Nogues / Sygma (crb). 285 Getty Images: STF / AFP (cra); Peter Turnley / Corbis / VCG (cb). 286 Alamy Stock Photo: Allstar Picture Library. 287 Getty Images: Don Arnold / WireImage (b). 288 123RF.com: captainvector (crb). 289 Getty Images: Dave M. Benett (bl); Slaven Vlasic (crb). 290 Alamy Stock Photo: dpa picture alliance. 290-291 Getty Images: VCG (b). 292-293 Dreamstime.com: Silvertiger (background). 293 123RF.com: ahasoft2000 (cr); Olexandr Moroz / alexandrmoroz (cr/Football). Dreamstime.com: Unsplash / publicdomainstockphotos (bl). Getty Images: VCG (clb). 294 123RF.com: Xabier Tovar Aldonza (br). 295 Alamy Stock Photo: Pictorial Press Ltd. 296 123RF.com: Dmytro Bilyk (cb); miceking (cla); Sviatlana Sheina (bl); Milic Djurovic (cb/chain); neyro2008 (bc). 297 123RF.com: Milic Djurovic (c); Iuliia Kryvko (tr). Alamy Stock Photo: Sputnik (crb). 298 Getty Images: Antoine Antoniol / Bloomberg. 299 Alamy Stock Photo: Newscom (b). 300 Getty Images: Michael Urban / AFP (b). 301 Getty Images: Popow / ullstein bild. 302 Getty Images: Charles Ommanney (b). 303 Dreamstime.com: Misty Pfeil. 304 Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-ppbd-00357 (ca). 304-305 iStockphoto.com: thelinke (b). 305 Dreamstime.com: Klausmeierklaus (l). 306 Rex by Shutterstock: CCN / Rex Features. 307 Getty Images: Gavin Fogg / AFP (b)All other images © Dorling KindersleyFor further information see: www.dkimages.com