Final Project

Magazine Damion M

Collectivism This is the basis of the idea that the group is more important than the individual when it comes to goals and needs/desires. Promotes selflessness, equality, and a central role.

\"Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workers of the world, unite!\" - Karl Marx Communism & Marxism Communism is based on Karl Marx theory of, “Marxism”. The theory is that a revolution must happen in order to overthrow capitalism in favor of communism. This in hopes, creates a classless society, or a society with the bourgeoisie (The ruling class/factories) and the working class (proletariat), who are exploited. In a utopian communist society everyone benefits off of publicly owned resources and the interests of groups are the priority. When Stalin ruled the soviet union he completely industrialized and created a military superpower for the union. In doing so, he collectivized farms and created the worst famine in history. Anyone who opposes these totalitarian leaders are purged or sent to prison camps.

Communism in Cuba The PCC (Communist Party of Cuba) was founded in 1923 but organized by Fidel Castro and his people in 1965. In 1976 it became the only party permitted to function in Cuba under the new constitution. In the revised constitution of 1992 it was defined as the, “organized vanguard of the Cuban nation”. Miguel Diaz-Canel now leads the PCC succeeding Raul Castro in 2021. Everything in Cuba has to be shared with the state and you would need permission from them to do almost anything, such as slaughtering your own farm animals for food.

Utopian Socialism Utopian Socialism presents future visions or imaginary futures for an ideal society and uses that as the positive ideal to push society forward. These utopian visions compete with marxist/communist use of revolution to speed up the process. They believed that all classes can voluntarily adopt their plan for society if it is presented convincingly. Robert Owens and Charles Fourier were only a couple of the founders of the utopian socialist ideology. Robert Owen turned his textile mill industry into a 2500 residential community with good living conditions, free schooling for children, gave 8 hours of work, 8 hours of recreation, and 8 hours of sleep to every individual. The factory and Owen both made a profit. However, this was as far as Owens visions would reach as his attempt to spread utopian socialism in the Americas fell flat.

\"Call it democracy, or call it democratic socialism, but there must be a better distribution of wealth within this country for all God's children.\" - Martin Luther King Jr. Democratic Socialism This ideology supports the removal of capitalism and the transition to a socialist economy, this means government involvement will be at a high peak and wealth will be more dispersed across their society. Democratic Socialism gives the people of Norway universal healthcare coverage, free education for all, including university students, and has some of the strongest social welfare programs in the world. Although there are pros of living in Norway there is also cons, such as high cost of renting or buying homes, consumption taxes of 25% and up to 60% taxed off their paychecks to keep services free, and hard to find jobs due to the highly educated population stemming from free education. As of 2022, Jonas Gahr Støre of the Labour Party is the Prime Minister of Norway. He replaced Erna Solberg of the Conservative Party who resigned in October 2021.

Centre/Moderate This political view is a wide variety of combination between conservatism and socialism, this includes individualistic and collectivist ideas in order to create a unique ideology without bias. The centre is mostly contained with people who are not ideologically extreme. They stray away from dictatorships and stick to democracy.

Liberalism Liberalism is the ideology that focuses on the person's ideals such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion and equality under the law, which are held up to a high standard. Liberalism gives the people their rights and availability of private property. Although Liberalism espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles most people would support a market economy. Modern Liberalism differs from classical liberalism in that more modern liberalists agree with more regulated and centralized ideals. Justin Trudeau is Canada’s Prime Minister and leader of the Liberal Party since 2015.

“The new mixed economy looks… for a synergy between public and private sectors.” - Anthony Giddens Mixed Economy Mixed economy includes free market characteristics and government regulated interventions. Some examples include freedom to set up a business as well as progressive taxes to reduce inequality. Canada uses a mixed economy which allows for businesses to make decisions about which goods to produce or services to offer and how they are priced. Since there are many businesses making goods or providing services, consumers can choose among a wide variety of products.

Individualism Individualism clashes with collectivism as the role of a singular person is put before a societal group. Some of the ideologies of an individualist include independence, individual achievement, competition, and freedom.

Conservatism Conservatism obtains very traditional beliefs and tends to be regressive when compared to socialist ideals. These political views include or favor free enterprise, private ownership, and socially traditional ideas. Limited government, the rule of law, individual freedom, fiscal responsibility, free market, and human dignity are some of the key principles of conservatism. Donald Trump was the most recent conservative United States President from 2016-2020. Erin O’toole is the current opposition to the Liberal Party in Canada.

“The real tragedy of the poor is the poverty of their aspirations.” - Adam Smith Capitalism/Classical Liberalism Capitalism is a political and economic system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, instead of being owned by the state. This includes principles such as competition, supply and demand, consumer sovereignty, profit motive, and invisible hand. Advantages of capitalism are being able to work hard to get ahead, free to own property and make decisions, while disadvantages are a large amount of disparity, companies may become too big, and producers may manufacture unhealthy goods (cigarettes). Adam Smith (1723-1790) is the founder of modern economics.

“Anyone can deal with victory. Only the mighty can bear defeat.” - Hitler Fascism Fascism is the extreme right wing ideology which includes dictatorships, censorship, indoctrination, and secret police. Key principles of Fascism include racism, extreme nationalism, militarism, and totalitarianism. Nazi Germany led to hyperinflation, unemployment, and drop in living standards. Nazism was expressed by Hitlers reign from 1933-1945 through propaganda, youth movements, elimination of opposition, use of terror, and scapegoating. Fascism leaders do not seem to be very prevalent anymore since usually the opposition is calling the other party fascists and no one claims to be one.