A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Maharashtra

JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018-2019) A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Maharashtra Mumbai Pune Solapur Kolhapur INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL FOR JAIN STUDIES International School for Jain Studies SELF STUDY IS THE D-28, Panchsheel Enclave SUPREME AUSTERITY New Delhi-110 017 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in

JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018) A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Maharashtra International School for Jain Studies D-28, Panchsheel Enclave New Delhi – 110017 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in Page 1 of 66

CONTENTS List of Tables: Preface Executive Summary Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Socio-economic background of the Respondents Chapter 3: Population Profile Chapter 4: Education and Occupational Structure Chapter 5: Community Profile Chapter 6: Jain way of Life Page 2 of 66

LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Surnames of Jain respondents Table 2.2: Age and Gender distribution by States/Districts Table 2.3: Marital Status Table 2.4: Education Table 2.5: Medium of Education Table 2.6: Occupational Status Table 2.7: Income Table 2.8 Per capita income of Jains estimated Table 3.1: Total Sample Population Table 3.2: Family Size Table 3.3: Age and Gender distribution by States/Districts Table 3.4: Dependency Ratio Table 3.5: Sex Ratio Table 3.6: Awareness about shortage of girls Table 3.7: Knowledge about feticide among Jains Table 3.8: Opinion about discrimination against girls Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth) Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in Maharashtra Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generation Table 4.4: Occupational status by gender Table 4.5: Occupational status by Gender distribution for Youth Table 4.6: Size of land holding Table 4.7: Commercial property value Table 4.8: Residential property value Table 4.9: Size of the Business Table 4.10: House ownership Page 3 of 66

Table 5.3: Marital Status Table 5.4: Inter-faith marriage Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriage preference Table 5.6: Inter-faith marriage preference (Youth) Table 5.7: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages Table 5.9: Arranged vs marriage by choice Table 5.10: Changes in marriage institution Table 5.11: Prevalence of dowry Table 5.12: Widow and divorcee remarriage Table 5.13: Divorce Table 5.14: Organization and Associational Distribution Table 5.15: Jainism and Hinduism Table 6.1: Visit to temple Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) Table 6.3: Food after sunset Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth) Table 6.5: Drinking Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) Table 6.7: Dietary Habits Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth) Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth) Table 6.11: Religious education Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory? Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) Table 6.17: Suggestions for religious education Page 4 of 66

PREFACE International School for Jain Studies (ISJS) since its inception in 2005 has mainly been involved in promoting academic studies of Jainism among the overseas students and scholars through its Summer School programmes. So far about 686 participants from 136 universities, 103 high schools & institutions and 21 countries have attended and benefited, resulting in Jain centers and chairs set-up in 10 additional universities in USA. ISJS also had conducted over 20 national and international seminars and published a dozen books. ISJS also conducts research on Jain religion and philosophy and the Jain community, besides organizing national and international seminars, publishing books and an online journal “ISJS-Transaction”. The other primary objective is to undertake research project on Ahimsa and its application in today’s life as well as relevance of Indian philosophical schools to showcase them and enhance their use in resolving social issues. ISJS in 2017 - 2018 executed a series of population-related studies in order to find out the population dynamics of the Jain community which have been showing some evolving trends regarding population growth rate, fertility rate, sex and child sex ratios etc. In this series the first survey was done in Hauz Khas tehsil of South Delhi district and the second one was conducted in New Delhi district in 2017-2018. These studies are based on 2011 census data, voters list and our own field surveys of the Jain population. The findings of both the studies confirmed the fact that Jain population in the two areas was under-estimated in 2011 census by a range of 60% to 90%. “A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Maharashtra State” is the 3rd Report (1st being Madhya Pradesh & 2nd Rajasthan) with the primary emphasis on the sociological profile. The sociological profile includes select population characteristics, education, occupation and income levels, aspects of family and marriage and the Jain way of life and identity in terms of daily visit to temple, day dining, marriage within the community and the problem of drift away from Jain values by Jain youth, etc. The survey also suggests late marriage and marrying outside the community or not marrying at all and shifting from rural to metro areas for better economic opportunities. The above findings, it is hoped, would be useful to the Jain community leaders and academicians alike in order to initiate suitable corrective and constructive measures to address the problem of the community in order to find out the India-wide trends. Page 5 of 66

I thank Dr. Abhay Firodia, Shri Firodia Trust of Pune and Dr. Sulekh Jain of USA for their prompt financial and moral support to undertake this study. Special thanks are due to Shri Prafulla Parakh, CEO, Bhartiya Jain Sanghtana, Pune for taking up the entire responsibility of the survey and data collection in Pune, Solapur, and Kolhapur districts. I also thank my team members, particularly Prof. Prakash C Jain, Dr. Akhilesh K Jain and Mr. Shivam Saxena for their tireless efforts in completing this study. New Delhi Dr. Shugan C Jain Date: March 25th, 2019 Chairman International School for Jain Studies Page 6 of 66

About Maharashtra Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India. It is the third largest state of India by area. During the early period from the 4th century up to 12th century AD, the territory constituting the present-day state of Maharashtra was divided between several Hindu kingdoms. It was in the midst of the 17th century that Shivaji showed astonishing prowess by founding a large Maratha empire. After the fall of the Maratha Empire, the Peshwas came to the throne and ruled during the period 1712 to 1818. The British East India Company slowly expanded areas under its rule during the 18th century. The present state of Maharashtra was formed on May 1, 1960. The word “Maharashtra” was derived from Sanskrit words Maha (“great”) and Rashtra (“nation/dominion”) formally known as “Great Nation”. Maharashtra, a state spanning west- central India. As Maharashtra is a significant part of the famous Deccan plateau with the Sahyadri range or the Western Ghats forming the physical backbone as well as the coastal belt of the state, The Satpura hills in the North and the Chiroli-Bhamragad-Gaikhuri ranges on the east stand as the natural barriers for the state. The main rivers of Maharashtra are Godavari, Krishna and Tapi. As per Census 2011, the population of Maharashtra is 11.24 crores (51.83 % are male and 48.17 are female). Maharashtra is one of the wealthiest and the most developed states in India, contributing 25% of the country’s industrial output and 23.2% of its GDP (2010–11).It is best known for its fast-paced capital, Mumbai (formerly Bombay). This sprawling metropolis is the seat of the Bollywood film industry. Climate: The state has a typical tropical monsoon climate, with three distinct seasons of hot- scorching summers, rainy and cold- chilly winters. Monsoons cause heavy rainfall, usually on the Konkan area and mild drizzles on the rest of the state. The soil is residual type, black in colour, clayey in nature, retains moisture and is also rich in iron, shallow and poor, not suitable for every type of crop. On the coast, the average minimum temperature in January is 16° (61° F) and the average maximum temperature is 32° C (90° F). In June, the average minimum temperature is 26° C (79° F) and the average maximum is also 32° C (90° F). On land the average temperatures range from 14° to 29° C (57° to 84° F) in January and from 25° to 40° C (77° to 104° F) in May. Maharashtra has a monsoon season that accounts for about 80 percent of its annual rainfall. Cultural Heritage There is a unique blend of cultural heritage in the state of Maharashtra. A majority of the inhabitants are Hindu. Ganesh Chaturthi is one festival, which is celebrated all across the state with great pomp and enthusiasm. Other than these religious festivals, several other festivals like the Elephanta Festival and the Ellora Ajanta Festival in Aurangabad are also very popular among the inhabitants. Maharashtra offers many attractions to the tourists coming from all across the globe. The place is famous for caves dating back to 1st century Page 7 of 66

BC. Cave architecture developed by cutting the rocks to make halls called Viharas, Chaityas (pillared halls) and sculptures by Buddhist, Hindu and Jains. Maharashtra Geographical Map Districts and divisions: The state of Maharashtra has six revenue divisions; These are further divided into 36 districts. They are - Thane, Pune, Mumbai Suburban, Nashik, Nagpur, Ahmadnagar, Solapur, Jalgaon, Kolhapur, Aurangabad, Nanded, Mumbai City, Satara, Amravati, Sangli, Yavatmal, Raigarh, Buldana, Bid, Latur, Chandrapur, Dhule, Jalna, Parbhani, Akola, Osmanabad, Nandurbar, Ratnagiri, Gondiya, Wardha, Bhandara, Washim, Hingoli, Gadchiroli and Sindhudurg. Some important statistics about Maharashtra GDP: Rs 27.96 Lakh crores GDP Rank; 1st GDP Growth; 12% Per Capita income: Rs 1,80,596 Literacy rate: 82.3 % Sex- ratio: 929:1000 Child Sex-Ratio; 894:1000 Page 8 of 66

The population: 1123,74,333 in the 2011 census with 14,00,349 Jains. With high GDP and per capita income, the state is one the richest in India and the third-most urban amongst all. The major industries of Maharashtra are cotton textiles, machinery, chemicals, transport, electrical and metallurgy. Maharashtra is well known for producing agricultural crops like rice, bajra, jowar, wheat, several types of pulses, onions, turmeric, and several types of oil seeds. Mumbai, being the financial capital of the country, headquarters major banks, top insurance companies, ace financial institutions. The largest stock exchange of the country, the Bombay Stock Exchange is also located in Maharashtra. Page 9 of 66

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The present study of Jain community in Maharashtra study is the third (1st Madhya Pradesh and 2nd Rajasthan) survey of its kind in India and is expected to provide an insight into the distinctive features of Western India’s Jain population along with its concomitant attributes. Another highlight of this survey is the study of Jain youth population, which was carried out to understand the hopes, aspirations and their views on Jainism. The present sample survey report highlights the sociological profile of the Jain community of the Maharashtra State in terms of population characteristics, education, occupation and income levels, continuity and change in the community life, status of women and youth, and the Jain way of life. Major findings of the survey are based on two sets of questionnaires. The work on data collection began in October, 2018 and continued till the end of December, 2018. Data collection was done by volunteers of ISJS and some philanthropic organization devoted to social cause to improve the status of Jain community in India. Report is based on the data so collected. In all 912 respondents were interviewed and requested to fill the questionnaires (representing 4407 Jains as family members). Beside 656 Jain youth also participated in the survey. Summary of our findings is given below: ➢ Socio-economic-respondents: o Only 15.9 % of the respondents use Jain as their surnames, while 82.3 % of them use other surnames. o 47.6 % male & 38.6 % female Jain respondents are at least graduates. Still 3.2 % Jain female adults in Mumbai district are illiterate. o Running own Business (44.7 % male & 18.6 % female) is the dominant occupation. o 33.8 % male & 33.9 % female respondents reported their monthly income less than Rs 25,000. o The average per capita income of Jain comes to Rs 3,96,088 which is approximately 2.2 times of the per capita income for the state. ➢ Population Profile: o Gender distribution of Jains is 51.9 % male & 48.1 % female resulting in 926 females per 1000 males. o Child sex ratio (0-6) at 780 females per 1000 male o Average family Size: 4.6 (or say 5 members) o 69.0 % Jains are in age group of 15-59, compared to 66.6 % National average. o Young dependency ratio 177 and old dependency ratio 261 compared to 187 and 311 as national average respectively. Page 10 of 66

➢ Educational, Occupational characteristics: o 74.8 % male and 69.0 % female Jains are literate. 11.6 % male and 14.6 % female did not respond about their educational status. o 45.2 % male & 38.6 % female holding graduation and above educational qualifications, while 18.0 % male 15.8 % female educated up to Senior Secondary level. o 63.5 % male youth and 67.9 % female Jain youth have graduate and above qualifications. o Own business (27.7 % male and 5.0 % female) continue to be the preference with government/private service moving up to 19.2 % male and 7.8 % female opting for it with a shift to professional jobs (3.5 % male and 1.6 % female) o 31.5 % Jains having commercial property above 20 Lakhs while a large number 58.7 % did not report the economic value of their commercial property. o 88.4 % Jains live in their own homes and 65.0 % Jains showed more openness while sharing the value of their residential property. ➢ Community Profile: o 41.9 % of the families were reported to be joint, while 51.1 % families show the emerging trend towards nuclear families. o 57.1 % males and 54.1 % female reported as being married while 15.6 % males & 11.7 % females only reported unmarried o 57.3 % Jains were aware of the growing trend of Inter caste marriage. However, 79.2 % are not in favour of non- Jain marriage. o 55.8 % responded that they prefer late marriage compared to early marriages. o 84.3 % support remarriage of widows while 4.5 % not responded. ➢ Jain Way of Life: o 45.8 % males and 58.1 % female adults visit temples/sthanakas daily. o 29.0 % male and 31.6 % female youth visit temples/sthanakas daily. o 65.4 % Jain adults and 71.4 % Jain Youth take food after Sunset. o A large majority (70.3) of Maharashtra’s Jains believed that its youths are drifting away from Jain philosophy and way of life, while 25.1 % did not agree to the preposition. o 68.1 % Jain youth admitted that Jain youth in general are drifting away from Jainism. 85.6 % believed that religious education should be made mandatory Page 11 of 66

Other factors of significance: Jains are essentially urban dwellers with growing preference for the same due to higher economic benefits. This creates a situation demanding greater effort by the Jain community to initiate appropriate actions like providing formal and informal Jain Value education to young children for minimizing drift away from Jainism. Also, steps have to be initiated to ensure young male and female are prepared with Jain Way of life (like Smart Girl program by BJS) and encouraging active formation of Young Jain boys and girls associations (like YJA in USA) where the Jain youth meet without parents and socially interact with each other and have some religious talks/discussions periodically or through articles published by them. Way forward: There is a strong need to validate these findings in details and form Action groups at state and local levels to implement the findings and recommendation along with a dialogue in the community to prepare Jains for 2021 Census. ISJS will be happy to lead such Jain community initiatives. Page 12 of 66

Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTION Jainism has been present in Maharashtra since ancient times. The history of Jainism in Maharashtra can be traced back to at least 3rd century B C when a large number of Jain ascetics along with Emperor Chandragupta Maurya migrated to South India in the wake of a twelve –year long famine in North India. In all likelihood, Jainism must have spread from Karnataka to Maharashtra. Not surprisingly, the oldest Jain inscription is found in a cave near Pale village in the Pune District which is dated to 2nd Century B C. The first Marathi inscription known is at Shravanbelgol-Karnataka near the left foot of the statue of Bahubali, dated 981 CE. It was written in the Jain Prakrit and includes the Navkar Mantra. Modern Maharashtrian Jain communities: Maharashtra Jain community divided into Marathi Jains and the immigrants Jains. The native Jains of Maharashtra today are endogamous communities and generally do not intermarry with the Jains who have arrived from North India, and are divided into a number of castes like Jabade, Saitwal (originally Tailors and Cloth Merchants), Chaturtha (originally agriculturists, now engaged in various professions), Panchama (various professions), Kasar (traditionally coppersmiths), Upajjhaya, Kamboja, Harada, Dhakad (a small Jain community found primarily in Western Vidarbha districts of Akola, Yavatmal, Washim and Amravati). Each major community is led by its own spiritual leader (Bhattaraka), who heads a Matha. Immigrant Jains have a large population in Maharashtra. Majority of them are from Rajasthan and Gujarat with some of them from Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Some of these communities have been in Maharashtra for centuries, and are now indistinguishable from the native residents of Maharashtra. They are divided in to the following large groups/castes: Agrawal, Oswal, Sarawagi, Jaiswal, Shrimali, Humad, Bagherwal, Palliwal, Porwad, Parmar etc. Maharashtra had the largest concentration of Jain population (14,00,049) i.e. 31.5 % of the total population of Jains in the country as per 2011 Census. Jainism has a strong presence and influence here. The decadal growth rate during 2001-2011 was 7.6 % which is better than the all India decadal growth rate of Jains at 5.4%. The other demographic features of Jains include 95.3% literacy rate (male: 96.6% and female: 93.9%) in Maharashtra, similar to national averages 94.9% (96.8% male and 92.9% female). Sex-Ratio in Maharashtra in 2011 census was 964 and child sex-ratio (0-6 age group) was 887 compared to the national Jain average of 954 and 889 respectively. Work participation rate (WPR) of Maharashtra state for the Jains in 2011 census was 36.8 % (56.6% male and 14.1% female) compared to national averages 44 % (56 % for males and 31 % for females). The WPR is highest among the Jain males (56 %). However, it is lowest amongst Jain females (14.1 %) despite having highest literacy rate amongst all communities of the nation. Page 13 of 66

Famous Jain tirthas in the state are: Mangi Tungi , Gaj Pantha , Kachner , Paithan , Kunthal Giri , Ram Tek , Kumbhoj- Bahuvali followed by Jalgaon and the state capital Mumbai. We conducted surveys in four distric of Maharashtra, namely Mumbai, Pune, Kolhapur and Solapur. A brief description of each district with respects to Jains is given below: 1. Mumbai District: Mumbai district had the 3rd largest concentration of Jain population 1,66,000 (1st Mumbai Suburban 3,43,639& 2nd Thane 1,72,052) in 2011 Census in Maharashtra. The decadal growth rate during 2001-2011 was 4.4 % which is lower than that of Maharashtra (7.6 %). The other demographic features include 96.1 % literacy rate (Male: 96.9 % and Female: 95.4 %). Sex-Ratio in Mumbai district was 1001 and child sex-ratio was 937, the sex-ratio and child sex-ratio both being marginally higher compared to the respective national averages (954 and 889) of the Jain population. Work participation rate for the Jains in 2011 census was 35.47% (56.19% for males and 13.77% for females). 2. Pune District: Pune has the fifth largest concentration of Jain population in Maharashtra. In 2011 census the Jain population in Pune district was 1,27,786 (Male: 65,560 and Female: 62,226). The decadal growth rate of Jain population was 22.78 %. Among another demographic indicators sex-ratio in the district was 949 and child sex ratio 912 compared to the National Jain average of 954 and 889 respectively. Literacy rate in the Jain population was found to be 96 % (Male: 96.8 % and Female: 95.3%). Work participation rate was 37.2 % (Male: 58.4 %, Female: 14.8 %). 3. Kolhapur District: Kolhapur has been an important seat of Jainism since ancient times. According to \"Shrutavatar\" of Vibudh Shridhar, two Jain monks Bhutabali and Pushpadnata from Kolhapur studied under Dharasena of Mt. Girnar, Junagarh and wrote the famous \"Shat-khandagam\" in the first century A.D. During the medieval period many kings in Kolhapur area followed or supported Jainism. The most glorious among them were the Rashtrakuta who originated from Latur and had their capital at Mayurkhandi (near Nasik) and later at Manyakhet During their reign numerous famous Jain texts were composed, including Dhavala, Jayadhavala, Mahapurana, Uttarapurana and Ganita-sara-samgraha. They ruled from about 752 AD to 972 AD. Kolhapur again became a major Jain centre during the rule of Shilahar kings in the 11th century. Kolhapura was also known as Kshullakapur (because of the presence of a large number of Junior Jain monks) or Padmalaya, after the deity Padmavati who is now worshipped there as Mahalakshmi and is the tutelary goddess of Kolhapura. During the reign of Bhoja I, a dynamic Acharya Maghanandi helped establish an institute at Rupanarayana-Basadi. Several of the kings and nobles of the dynasty were disciples of Maghanandi. Maghanandi is often called Siddhanta-chakravarti ie the great master of the scriptures. He is sometimes called \"Kolapuriya\" to distinguish him from many other Acharyas with the name Maghanandi. Page 14 of 66

In modern time Kolhapur continues to be a unique place in the sense that it has two functioning Bhattaraka seats, that of Lakshmisena Swami and of Jinasena Swami which has shifted from Nandni to Kolhapura. The Lakshmisena Matha is an active publisher of books and a periodical \"Ratnatryaya\". The 1871 Maha-Mastakabhisheka of Lord Gommateshvar at Shravanbelgola was entirely organized by the then Lakshmisena of Kolhapura. Kolhapur continues to have a large Jain population. As per 2011 census it had the fourth largest concentration of Jain population at 1,54,882 (80,024 Males and 74,858 Females). The decadal growth rate of Jain population in Kolhapur was 5.16% among other demographic features Kolhapur had the sex-ratio at 935 and the child sex-ratio at 813 – both far below the Jain national average of 954 and 889. Literacy rate in Kolhapur was 91.57% (95.03% for Male and 87.91% for Female). The work participation rate was 38.95% (59.01% for Male and 17.51% for Female). 4. Solapur District: Solapur has the tenth largest concentration of Jain population in Maharashtra. In 2011 census the Jain population in Solapur district was estimated at 28,134 (Male: 14,635 and Female: 13,499). The decadal growth rate of Jain population was only 0.82%. Sex-ratio in the district was 922 and child sex ratio 854. Both these indicators are far below the National Jain average of 954 and 889 respectively. Literacy rate in the Jain population was found to be 95.0% (Male: 96.7% and Female: 93.3%). Work participation rate was 36.3% (Male: 54.6%, Female: 16.4%). The present sociological survey of the Jain community in Maharashtra is designed as an exploratory study with the following objectives: Objectives of the Survey: 1. To investigate the nature of socio-demographic profile of the Jain communities in Maharashtra State. 2. To analyze trends of inter-generational occupational mobility and future aspirations. 3. To study the changing occupational structure of the Jain community. 4. To review the infra-structure available for education and skill development of Jain youth in the area to enable Jain youth move up the economic ladder. 5. To examine the emergent status of women in the community, particularly in terms of education and occupational status, work participation and religiosity. Research Methodology: The four regions of significance and representative of Jains in the state were selected for field survey and analysis. These are: Page 15 of 66

Mumbai (Capital city) Jain population 166000 28134 Solapur Jain population 127786 154882 Pune Jain population 1400349 Kolhapur Jain Population Total Jain population in Maharashtra Note: All figures as per census 2011 A carefully developed Questionnaire (common for PAN-INDIA survey) was used for data collection. The questionnaire consisted of about 50 questions. The data were collected from the 4 districts of the Maharashtra namely Mumbai, Solapur, Pune and Kolhapur. In all, 952 respondents (male: 716 and female: 236) generally being head of family, were contacted for filling the questionnaire. Besides the questionnaire the report also relied on secondary sources, including books, newspaper and magazine articles, census data and acquaintance of our staff members with Jain community. Along with general Jain population (heads of families), Jain youth – both male and female were also interviewed through a separate questionnaire which consisted of 21 items/questions. Youth were generally defined as respondents under 35 years of age. A total number of 653 youth (438 male and 218 female) were interviewed. In most cases the selected youth belonged to the same families which participated in the Jain community survey. Their views and opinions have been highlighted at appropriate places in the report. The method to arrive at state averages from the survey data for four regions is follows: State average (say for surname) = ((% in Mumbai * Population of Jains in Mumbai + % in Solapur * Population in Jains in Solapur + % in Pune * Population of Jains in Pune + % in Kolhapur * Population of Jains in Kolhapur)) / Population of Jains in the four districts, where % is % of Jains reported as using Jains as surname from the survey data. Mathematically, it can be represented as State Average of factor ‘f’. = Summation of (ai* pi)/ P where ‘a’ is % of factor ‘f’ and ‘p’ represents the population of Jains in region ‘i’ and ‘i’ ranges from 1 to 4 for Mumbai, Solapur, Pune and Kolhapur. P is the total population of Jains in the four regions or values of ‘i’. Significance of the Study It is hoped, the study would fill a major gap in our understanding of the socio-cultural, demographic, educational and economic status of the contemporary Jain community in Maharashtra in general as no anthropological/sociological work on the subject has so far been done. Page 16 of 66

Map: Fieldwork sites in Maharashtra Page 17 of 66

Chapter – 2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE RESPONDENTS This chapter presents data on socio-economic background of the respondents of the Mumbai, Solapur, Pune & Kolhapur districts of Maharashtra State in terms of age and gender, marital status, education, Medium of Education, occupational status, and income. There were 952 (716 Male and 236 Female) respondents who participated in our survey including (male & female) 322 of Mumbai, 219 of Solapur, 208 of Pune and 203 of Kolhapur districts. Total respondents surveyed Population as per 2011 census Respondents Total No. No. % of District Total No. No. % of % of No. Male Female Male % of 322 164 158 50.9 Female Mumbai No. Male Female Male Female 219 181 38 82.6 Solapur 208 200 8 96.1 49.1 Pune 1,66,000 82,950 83,050 50.0 50.0 203 171 32 84.2 17.4 Kolhapur 952 716 236 75.2 3.9 28,134 14,635 13,499 52.0 48.0 15.8 Total 24.8 State 1,27,786 65,560 62,226 51.3 48.7 Population 1,54,882 80,024 74,858 51.7 48.3 4,76,802 2,43,169 2,33,633 51.0 49.0 14,00,349 7,13,157 6,87,192 50.9 49.1 - - - - - Page 18 of 66

Surnames In the survey data of the State, only 15.9 % of the respondents used Jain as their surnames while 82.3 % of them used other surnames. Solapur, Pune and Kolhapur had majority of Jains who did not use Jain as their surname. Mumbai district was different though where more than 40 % Jains used surname Jain. It is very likely that “Jain” surnames are used by Jains living in Hindi speaking states of Northern India. It is also observed that 1.8 % Jains did not respond to this item, with Kolhapur district accounting for the most (3 %). Table 2.1: Surnames of Jain respondents (%) Districts Jain Other Surnames No Response Mumbai Solapur 40.4 57.1 2.5 Pune Kolhapur 2.3 96.4 1.4 State Average 7.7 92.3 0.0 0.5 96.6 3.0 15.9 82.3 1.8 Surnames 120 Jain% 100 Other Surnames% No Response% 80 60 Solapur Pune Kolhapur State Average 40 20 0 Mumbai Page 19 of 66

Age and Gender Gender-wise breakup of was respondents was: 75.2 % males and 24.8 % female (Table 2.0). Further on, 65.8 % of male and 72 .1 % female respondents were in the age group 14-59 years. Senior citizens (60+), being the head of families numbered 33.2 % male and 26.9 % as females. (Table 2.2). Table 2.2: Age and Gender distribution by States/Districts District 14-59 60+ No Response MF MF MF Mumbai 75.0 74.1 Solapur 70.7 73.7 24.4 26.0 0.6 0.6 Pune 60.0 50.0 28.2 26.3 1.1 0.0 Kolhapur 58.5 65.6 39.0 50.0 1.0 0.0 State 40.4 31.3 1.2 3.1 Average 65.8 72.1 33.2 26.9 1.0 1.0 14-59 60+ 80 80 Male Female 60 60 40 40 20 Male 20 0 Female 0 Page 20 of 66

Marital Status About 94.8% male and 79.2 % female respondents are married. The corresponding figure for males as married is almost even throughout the state while the picture for female in Kolhapur (43.8 %) are important for further review. Significantly 43.6 % female are widows in this district. Divorce/separation is still an insignificant factor with all districts showing 0.1 against 1.2% male divorced /separated in Kolhapur. Table 2.3 Marital Status District Mumbai Solapur Pune Kolhapur State Average MF MF MF MF MF Married 97.0 85.4 93.9 81.6 96.5 87.5 91.8 43.8 94.8 79.2 Unmarried 0.6 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.0 0.0 4.7 6.3 2.5 3.4 Widow/ 1.6 16.1 Widower 1.8 11.4 2.7 13.2 0.0 12.5 1.1 43.6 Divorce 0.1 0.0 separated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 No Response 0.6 2.6 1.5 0.0 1.2 6.3 1.0 1.3 0.6 0.0 Married 120 Solapur Pune Male 100 Female 80 60 Kolhapur 40 20 0 Mumbai Page 21 of 66

Education The survey data (Table 2.4) shows 47.6 % male & 38.6 % female are at least graduates at the state level i.e. 45.7 % Jains in Maharashtra are graduate, compared to 34.9 %. in census 2011. However, in depth analysis of the four districts reveal significant differences in education profile of Jains as indicated below: In Mumbai 3.2 % female are still illiterate. Further, it has 24.4% male and 28.5 female with education up to Middle level only. Solapur district has 55.3 % male and 44.7 % male Jains with graduate and above qualified, while 23.2 % male and 21.1 % female are with education up to secondary level Pune has maximum percentage of female (50 %) graduates and above qualified among all district of Maharashtra. Kolhapur has highest percentage Jain male (62%) having graduation and above qualification with females not far behind with 46.9%. However, 1.8% male in Kolhapur reported as illiterate. Table 2.4: Education (%) District Illiterate Up to Middle Up to S. Sec Graduate & No response Above Mumbai MF MF MF MF Solapur 0.0 3.2 24.4 28.5 39.0 32.9 MF 0.0 0.6 Pune 1.1 0.0 18.2 34.2 23.2 21.1 36.6 34.8 2.2 0.0 Kolhapur 0.5 0.0 25.5 25.0 33.0 25.0 55.3 44.7 3.5 0.0 State 1.8 0.0 19.9 40.6 15.8 12.5 37.5 50.0 0.5 0.0 Average 62.0 46.9 0.8 2.1 22.1 30.9 27.8 28.0 1.7 0.4 47.6 38.6 Graduate & Above 70 Male 60 Female 50 40 Solapur Pune Kolhapur State 30 Average 20 10 0 Mumbai Page 22 of 66

Medium of Education Majority (70.6% male and 35.1% female) of Jains in the state go to Marathi medium schools except in Mumbai (22.0 % male and 15.2 % female) where 43.9 % male and 42.4 % female attended English medium schools. These figures are obvious as Mumbai district, being a metropolitan city has a number of English medium schools available. Normally the medium of education in school shows its effect in higher education, particularly going for professional courses and hence become higher income generators. Table 2.5: Medium of Education (%) District Marathi English Hindi Other No response MF MF MF MF MF Mumbai 22.0 15.2 43.9 42.4 13.4 21.5 12.8 13.3 7.9 7.6 Solapur 84.5 79.0 10.5 7.9 0.0 5.3 3.9 5.3 1.1 2.5 Pune 85.9 75.0 9.1 12.5 1.5 12.5 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.0 Kolhapur 84.8 68.8 9.4 9.4 1.8 3.1 0.6 12.5 3.4 6.2 State average 70.6 35.1 17.5 30.9 3.9 16.1 4.1 11.8 3.9 6.1 Medium of Education of Marathi 90 Male 80 Female 70 60 Solapur Pune Kolhapur 50 40 30 20 10 0 Mumbai Page 23 of 66

Occupation The dominant occupation of the respondents in the state was found to be Own Business 44.7 % male & 18.6 % female). Detailed analysis reveals likely trend of own business (as trading business/shop) in Mumbai (69.5 % male) and Pune (56 % male) while Kolhapur and Solapur may have midsize trading business/shops. The % female business persons (Solapur 26.3% and Pune 50 %) may substantiate the large Jain food and household/ handicraft items used in religious rituals produced and marketed by female business persons. Maharashtra’s Jains are also involved in agriculture (16.8 % male & 4.2 % female), primarily in Kolhapur and Solapur, even though it is the main occupation of the state. 23.6 % male & 14.5 % female were engaged in service, while 7.4 % male & 1.2 % female are engaged in professions. Expectedly, a large number of women respondents (56.8 %) did report themselves to be engaged in house hold affairs. Table 2.6: Occupational Status District Mumbai Solapur Pune Kolhapur State Average Agriculture MF MF MF MF MF Own Business 0.6 0.6 17.1 7.9 7.0 0.0 43.3 18.8 16.8 4.2 Service 69.5 13.3 32.6 26.3 56.0 50.0 20.5 25.0 44.7 18.6 (Govt/Private) 23.6 14.5 Professional 14.0 6.3 39.8 44.7 21.0 37.5 18.7 15.6 Managing 7.4 1.2 Household 7.9 0.6 4.4 0.0 7.0 0.0 10.5 6.3 3.9 56.8 Others Students 7.3 78.5 5.0 10.5 0.0 0.0 4.1 18.8 1.7 0.4 No response 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 1.9 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.6 0.6 1.1 10.5 3.0 0.0 2.9 12.5 Own Business 80 Male 70 Female 60 50 Solapur Pune Kolhapur State Average 40 30 20 10 0 Mumbai Page 24 of 66

Income About 33.8 % male & 33.9 % female respondents reported their monthly income less than Rs 25,000/- indicating their having low paid jobs. The figures for Rs 25000-50000 per month is also similar as 36.3 % male & 39.0 % female. However, the figures are different for the monthly income group of Rs.50,000/- to Rs. 1,00,000/- with 10.1 % male & 9.8 % female. About 5.7 % male & 11.6 % female reported incomes of Rs 100,000 or higher per month. A higher percentage of women (31.5 % in Solapur and 21.8% in Kolhapur) did not respond to the question, perhaps due to their not engaged in activities involving financial remuneration. The results, however, different as against our expectation of higher income levels in Bombay and Solapur compared to Pune and Kolhapur. This is perhaps due to higher income Jains in Mumbai and Solapur either being not represented as the respondents or the figures given by them were not properly understood. Also, Jains by nature tend to under state their actual income levels. Table 2.7: Income District Less than 25,000 25,000 – 50,000 Income (Rs.) Above 1,00,000 No response MF MF MF MF Mumbai 30.5 27.9 39.6 51.9 50,000-1,00,000 7.9 5.7 8.6 5.6 Solapur 33.2 39.5 35.4 15.8 MF 7.2 0.0 12.7 31.5 Pune 25.0 25.0 36.0 12.5 13.4 8.9 12.0 25.0 17.0 12.5 Kolhapur 48.0 59.4 30.4 9.4 11.6 13.2 8.2 3.1 8.1 21.8 State 10.0 25.0 Average 5.3 6.3 5.7 11.6 14.1 5.7 33.8 33.9 36.3 39.0 10.1 9.8 <25,000 Above 1,00,000 60 25 50 20 40 15 30 20 Male 10 Male 10 Female 5 Female 0 0 Page 25 of 66

Per Capita Income Based on the above analysis, we tried to estimate the per capita income of Jains in the four districts and the state as a whole. Per capita income is the mean hence, income calculated for population of Jains in Maharashtra State, does not represent the actual income of any single respondent. Table 2.8 shows the calculated per capital income for the four districts as well as the average for the state. The average for the state shows Jain per capita income to be 3,96,088/1,80,956 or approximately 2.2 times the per capita income for the state. Table 2.8 Estimated per capita income of Jains District Per Capita (Monthly) Rs. Per Capita (Annually) Rs. Mumbai 56,511 6,78,130 Solapur 30,346 3,64,152 Pune 37,719 4,52,628 Kolhapur 27,352 3,28,224 State Average 33,007 3,96,088 Concluding remarks The following summarized the results of the survey for respondents in Maharashtra: • Total number of respondents: 952 with 716 males (75.2 %) and 236 females (24.8 %). • Age-wise distribution is 65.8 % male and 72.1 % female in the age group 14-59. • 15.9 % of the respondents use 'Jain' as their surnames, while 82.3 % of them preferred to use some other surnames. • 94.8 % males and 79.2 % female were married; 2.5 % male and 3.4 % female were unmarried; 1.6 % male and 16.1 % female were widower/widows; and only 0.1 % male were divorced or separated. • Literacy rate is 97.5 % among Jain adults corresponding figure of census 2011 is 95.4 which is highest literacy rate among all communities in Maharashtra. 47.6% male and 38.6% female had graduate or higher education. Disturbing factor is 22.1 % male and 30.9 % female had education up to middle class only. • Majority of Jains in the state (70.6 % male and 35.1% female) go to Marathi medium schools except in Mumbai (22.0 % male and 15.2 % female) Also in Mumbai district 43.9 % male and 42.4 % female attended English medium schools. It seems that upward economic mobility of Jains is related to the medium of Language used in high schools. • Occupation: 44.7 % male and 18.6 % female were engaged in their own business. 23.6 % male and 14.5 % female were in service (government or private). Agriculture (cultivators and workers) work is performed by 16.8 % males and 4.2 % females. Page 26 of 66

• Income: 33.8 % male and 33.9 % female reported income less than Rs 25000 per month .36.3 % male and 39.0 % female reported income between Rs 25-50000 per month. The balance fewer in higher income groups with 14.1 % male and 5.7 % female, not responding to the query. Per capita income of Jains come to Rs 3,96,088 which is more than 2.2 times the state average but low from Jain perspective. However, this figure is be seen keeping the following factors in mind 1. Our survey perhaps did not cover the high net-worth Jains as surveyors are generally reluctant to meet such persons and such persons do not wish to talk on these matters. 2. Jains in particular and Indians in general tend to understand their financial status due to many reasons 3. Clubbing of above Rs 1 lakh income at Rs 1 lakh only. Solapur and Kolhapur seem to have large number of low-income Jains as a large number are involved in agriculture. Women in these areas also have large number of widows (43.6%). The biggest revelation is 30.5% males and 27.9% female in Mumbai district also reported monthly income of less than Rs 25,000. Page 27 of 66

Chapter – 3 POPULATION PROFILE This chapter presents the survey results of the Jain population of the four districts of Maharashtra in terms of the family size, age structure, sex and child sex ratios, etc. Table 3.1 shows the Jain population in the four districts surveyed (952 respondents accounting for 4,407 Jains). Jain population covered by field survey Table 3.1 presents the population profile of the Jain community in the four districts along with estimated average for the state for Maharashtra State as a whole. As per our survey, 952 respondents and their family members took part in the survey giving a total Jain population of 4,407 individuals (2,288 males and 2,119 females). The female sex ratio was found to be 926 per 1,000 males. The percentage of children in 0-6 years age group was found to be at 4.7%. Table 3.1: Total Sample Population District 0-6 Total Male Female Number Male % Female % Age Mumbai Solapur %% % Pune Group Kolhapur State 1,472 738 50.1 734 49.9 47 3.2 3.5 2.9 Average 1,031 557 54.0 474 46.0 48 4.7 5.6 3.6 919 479 52.1 440 47.9 35 3.8 3.3 4.3 985 514 52.2 471 47.8 48 4.9 5.3 4.5 4,407 2,288 51.9 2,119 48.1 178 4.0 4.4 3.7 Male & Female % 55 Male Female 50 Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State 45 Average 40 Indore Page 28 of 66

Family Size Table 3.2 presents survey data about Jain family size in the State. The range of the family size was chosen between single and 10+ members. It is clear from the table that the largest number of families (30.3 %) is a 4-member unit followed by 5-member units (18.0 %), 3- member (15.8 %) and 6-member families (11.3 %). These four categories of families account for over 75.4 % of the Jain families in the Maharashtra State. The upper limit (with 10+ members) of the family size was 1.8 % of the total sample size, while 1-member constituted 3.1 %. The average family size comes to 4.6 or say 5 members. Table 3.2: Family Size (%) Family Size Mumbai Solapur Pune Kolhapur State Average 1-Member 0.9 2.7 3.8 4.9 2-Member 9.0 6.8 7.2 6.9 3.1 3-Member 15.8 16.9 18.3 12.3 7.5 4-Member 34.5 27.4 34.1 25.1 15.8 5-Member 16.5 19.6 13.5 22.7 30.3 6-Member 8.1 13.2 13.0 10.8 18.0 7-Member 6.5 3.7 3.4 4.4 11.3 8-Member 6.5 1.8 1.4 3.4 4.5 9-Member 0.0 2.7 2.9 4.9 3.3 10-Member 0.6 1.8 1.4 3.0 1.1 10+-Member 1.5 3.2 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.8 Family Member 35 3 Member 30 4 Member 25 5 Member 20 15 Solapur Pune Kolhapur State Average 10 5 0 Mumbai Page 29 of 66

Age structure and Dependency Ratios Tables 3.3 and, 3.4 present data on Jain population in terms of age, age group categories and dependency ratios respectively. Table 3.3 summarizes the age-structure of the Jain community surveyed. Jain adults (15-59 age group), that is economically active persons constitute 69% of Jain population (65.9 % male and 68.3 % female) for a combined state average of 65.7 %(67.1 % male and 66.8 % female) as per Census,2011 in the same age group). Only 9.9% population fall in age group 0-14 (10.4 % male & 9.5 % female are young (0-14) and 18% (18.3 % male & 16.8 % female) in 60+ age group. The comparative figures of the age structure of Jain population in India as per 2011 census data were as follows: 21.5 % male and 19.8 % female below 15 years of age, 66.4 % male and 66.8 % female between 15-59 years and about 12.1 % male and 13.44 % female over 60 years of age (See Jain, Dheeraj 2017:7). Dependency ratio gives the proportion of persons whom the persons in economically active age group need to support. Dependency ratio can be considered in terms of: (i) young dependency ratio, and (ii) old dependency ratio. Dependency ratio can be calculated as the number of persons in age group 0-14 plus the number of persons in age group 60 years or more divided by number of persons in age group 15-59 years and multiplied by 1,000. Dependency Ratio= Number of persons in 0−14 years + Number of Persons above 60 years divided by Number of Persons in 15−59 age group X 1,000. Young dependency ratio can be calculated by number of persons in age group 0-14 years divided by number of persons in age group 15-59 and multiplied by 1,000. Young Dependency Ratio= Number of Persons in 0−14 years divided by number of Persons in 15−59 age group X 1,000. Similarly, old dependency ratio can be calculated by number of persons in age group 60+ years divided by number of persons in age group 15-59 years and multiplied by 1,000. Old Dependency Ratio = Number of Persons above 60 years divided by number of Persons in 15−59 age group X 1,000. Table 3.4 presents dependency ratios for the four districts and the state averages. It is observed that overall dependency ration for the state (438) is much lower than the national (597 as per census 2011). Further analysis shows that the young dependency ratio is also very low in the Maharashtra State (177 calculated) compared to the Jain national figure of (311) while the old dependency ratio was marginally higher in the case of Maharashtra State survey Page 30 of 66

(261) compared to national average (187). This implies ageing Jain population in the state with lesser number of children being added by Jain community. Table 3.3: Age and Gender distribution by States/Districts District 0-14 15-59 60+ No Response MF MF MF MF Mumbai 10.2 13.1 71.4 67.6 17.9 18.7 0.5 0.7 Solapur 13.3 10.5 66.2 67.7 15.8 16.2 4.7 5.5 Pune 11.5 11.6 64.7 70.7 22.1 15.2 1.7 2.5 Kolhapur 14.6 10.6 61.5 67.1 17.5 17.0 6.4 5.3 State Average 10.4 19.5 65.9 68.3 18.3 16.8 3.4 3.4 Table 3.4: Dependency Ratio District Dependency Young Dependency Old Dependency Ratio Ratio Ratio Mumbai 434 167 263 Solapur 363 180 239 Pune 385 171 279 Kolhapur 394 198 268 State Average 438 177 261 15-59 Age Group 75 Solapur Pune Male 70 Female 65 60 Kolhapur State Average 55 Mumbai Dependency Ratio 600 Dependency Ratio Young Dependency Ratio 400 Old Dependency Ratio 200 Pune Kolhapur State Average 0 Mumbai Solapur Page 31 of 66

Sex and Child Sex Ratios The sex ratio (number of females per 1,000 males) as per our survey was found to be 926, which was lower as compared to the Maharashtra (964), and national (954) as per 2011 census data. The child (0-6) sex ratio at 780 is significantly low in comparison to the 2011 Maharashtra (887) and National (889) as per Census 2011. Table 3.5: Sex Ratio District Sex Ratio Child Sex Ratio (0-6 year age group) Mumbai 995 808 Solapur 851 548 Pune 918 1187 Kolhapur 916 777 State Average 926 780 Sex-Ratio 1400 Sex Ratio 1200 Child Sex Ratio 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Mumbai Solapur Pune Kolhapur Page 32 of 66

Awareness about shortage of girls As seen in Table 3.6 over 77.1 % of the respondents said yes to the question about their awareness of shortage of girls in the Jain community with 18.3 % saying no. Table 3.6: Awareness about shortage of girls District Question: Are you aware that there is shortage of girls against boys in the Jain community? Mumbai Yes No No Response Solapur Pune 66.5 32.9 0.6 Kolhapur 85.8 11.0 3.2 State Average 78.3 8.7 13.0 82.8 12.3 4.9 77.1 18.3 4.6 Awareness about feticide Female feticide is considered as the prime suspect in declining child sex ratio among the Jains. Our sample data suggest that about 26.3 % of respondents were aware of this while 68.5 % were not. It seems that in big cities (except Pune), Jains are more aware of this than in smaller cities. Table 3.7: Knowledge about feticide among Jains District Question: Have you heard of any case of feticide among Jains in your area? Mumbai Solapur Yes No No Response Pune Kolhapur 46.6 53.1 0.3 State Average 10.1 84.9 5.0 6.7 80.3 13.0 31.5 63.1 5.4 26.3 68.5 5.2 Page 33 of 66

Discrimination against girls Although Jain families are more egalitarian than those in other community in India; yet due to patriarchy, some discrimination is also seen in the Jain families. Accordingly, 12.9 % of the respondents replied in the affirmative, while 81.6 % relied in the negative. About 5.5 % of the respondents had no response (Table 3.8). Youth perception about discrimination against girls in the Jain community is slightly at variance as 14.5 % of the youth were aware while 81.9% were not and did not believe it to be true. (Table 3.9). Table 3.8: Opinion about discrimination against girls District Question: Do you believe that in Jain family’s girls are discriminated against in regard to food, Mumbai education and health provisions Solapur Yes No No Response Pune Kolhapur 18.9 80.7 0.3 State Average 8.7 84.0 7.3 9.1 78.8 12.1 11.8 83.3 4.9 12.9 81.6 5.5 Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth) District Question: Do you believe that in Jain family’s girls are discriminated against in regard to food, Mumbai education and health provisions Solapur Yes No No Response Pune Kolhapur 18.8 78.8 2.4 State Average 8.2 86.4 5.4 14.6 79.1 6.3 12.9 87.1 0.0 14.5 81.9 3.6 Page 34 of 66

Concluding Remarks Our conclusions are based on the sample population of 4,407 Jains. Jain population profile is presented for the Maharashtra state as follows: Gender distribution: 51.9 % male & 48.1 female. Sex Ratios: 926 females per 1000 male and child sex-ratio (0-6) at 780 per 1000 male these findings are disturbing compared to census figures of 2011 (0-6) for Maharashtra (964) and the national average (889) for Jains. Family Size: 4.6 or say 5 Persons. Age distribution: 69.0% in age group 15-59 compared to 66.5% national average and 66.8 % state average; 9.9 % were in the age group in 0-14 years compared to 20.7 % national average and 18.3 % state average - a very serious issue leading to a likely sharp decline in Jain population in future. Elderly population (60+) is 18.2% compared to 12.8 % national average and 14.3 % state average indicating more ageing population. Dependency ratio: Economically active- 69% in the state. Overall dependency ratio 438 compared to national average of 597; Young dependency ratio 177 and old dependency ratio 261 compared to 311 and187 as national average respectively. Awareness (female issues): : 12.9% Discrimination against girls (respondents) : 14.5% Discrimination against girls (youth) : 77.0% Awareness about shortage of girls : 26.3% Awareness about female feticide The issues concerning Jain community which need to be addressed urgently are: • Rapid decline in birth rate: Only 4.7 % were in the age group 0-6 years; young dependency ratio 177 compared to 311 national average • Aging Jain population: old dependency ratio 261 compared to 187 national average. Page 35 of 66

Chapter – 4 EDUCATION, OCCUPATION AND INCOME STRUCTURE This chapter analyses the survey data on Jain families, their educational and occupational structure, income levels, employment, unemployment, land holding, ownership of commercial and residential property, scale of their businesses and house ownership in the state of Maharashtra. Education Census 2011 data shows that 34.9 % Jains in the state are graduates and above. Our survey shows 45.2 % male and 38.6 % female for the overall state average of 43.6 % who responded with their education were at least graduate. 11.6 % male respondents and 14.6% female respondents did not respond about their qualification. An unfortunate part revealed was that even though women (30.7 %) continue to do better than their male (24.5 %) counterparts till Middle education, yet their number dropped down considerably by the time they reached graduation level. On the happier side, 63.5 % male & 67.9 % female Jain youth have graduation and above qualifications (Table 4.2). 24 % male & 22.5 % female Jain youth have studied up to senior secondary classes, about 10 % male & 7 % female Jain youth studied up to Middle classes. Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population (%) District 0-6 Age 6-18 Illiterate Up to Up to Graduate No Group Age Middle Senior & Above response Mumbai Group MF Secondar Solapur MF 0.1 0.7 MF MF MF Pune 3.5 2.9 MF 0.7 0.2 26.8 33.0 y 38.5 33.2 8.3 10.9 Kolhapur 5.6 3.6 16.4 19.5 0.2 0.0 24.2 31.2 MF 49.2 39.9 12.0 15.8 State 3.3 4.3 14.9 13.5 1.9 0.0 23.0 25.0 26.3 22.2 44.5 42.7 13.8 17.3 Average 5.3 4.5 13.6 14.8 0.7 0.3 23.0 31.8 13.8 12.9 51.2 42.0 13.8 16.8 16.0 11.0 24.5 30.7 18.6 15.0 45.2 38.6 11.6 14.6 4.4 3.7 10.1 9.3 15.3 15.3 18.0 15.8 Page 36 of 66

Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth (%) District Illiterate Up to Up to Senior Graduate & No response Middle Secondary Above Mumbai MF MF MF MF Solapur 0.7 0.9 15.0 10.0 32.1 22.7 MF 0.7 0.0 Pune 0.0 0.0 8.3 5.9 16.7 33.3 51.4 66.4 6.3 3.9 Kolhapur 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.0 28.6 15.6 68.8 56.9 1.6 3.1 State 0.0 0.0 6.6 4.0 10.5 8.0 62.7 81.3 2.6 8.0 Average 0.2 0.5 9.8 6.9 24.0 22.5 80.3 80.0 2.5 2.3 63.5 67.9 Graduate & Above 60 Male 50 Female 40 30 Solapur Pune Kolhapur State Average 20 10 0 Mumbai Graduate & Above (Youth) 100 Male 90 Female 80 70 Solapur Pune Kolhapur State Average 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Mumbai Page 37 of 66

Vocational preference for next generation Table 4.3 reveal that 27.2 % female respondents prefer jobs with professional qualifications for their youngsters compared to 24.2 % preferring government service. However, in Pune, only 12.5 % female prefer their youngsters to be employed in Government service with 39.8 % female prefer their youngsters to be engaged in Family business. Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generation (%) Occupation Line Family Professional education Business or District New Business Government (Engineering, No Response Mumbai MF Services Medicine, Law, Solapur 59.1 45.6 MF Pune 29.3 13.2 Accountancy etc.) 7.3 6.3 Kolhapur 46.0 75.0 8.8 15.8 State Average 33.9 34.4 MF M F 10.5 0.0 41.9 39.8 7.0 15.6 9.1 24.1 24.4 24.1 8.5 8.8 20.4 31.6 41.4 39.5 11.5 12.5 32.0 12.5 18.1 18.8 40.9 31.3 14.8 24.2 34.8 27.2 Family Business or New Business 80 M 70 F 60 50 Solapur Pune Kolhapur State Average 40 30 20 10 0 Mumbai Page 38 of 66

Occupation 21.6 % male and 27 % female respondents chose not to respond to this query. Of the remaining who did respond, own business for 27.7% male and perhaps household work for 41.8 % female occupy the highest occupation level. Government and private service occupations by 19.2 % Jain males occupy the next preferred occupation. Surprisingly, very few Jains prefer professional career even though they are highly educated. (Table 4.4) Table 4.4: Occupational status by Gender Occupation Type Gender Mumbai Solapur Pune Kolhapur State Average Agriculture M 0.1 5.6 2.9 19.8 F 0.1 0.8 0.0 2.5 6.5 Own Business M 42.0 17.4 30.5 15.6 0.8 Services F 5.4 5.5 5.0 3.6 27.7 M 16.5 27.5 16.3 16.9 5.0 (Govt/Private) F 6.5 12.7 4.8 7.6 19.2 Professional M 3.1 2.7 3.8 4.5 7.8 Managing F 0.7 1.7 1.4 3.0 3.5 Household M 6.5 2.9 1.9 2.3 1.6 F 58.0 28.3 29.3 41.6 3.7 Others M 0.0 2.9 4.0 2.3 41.8 F 0.0 1.9 1.6 1.5 2.1 Students M 22.9 11.3 10.4 15.2 1.1 F 22.3 8.0 11.1 14.0 15.7 No Response M 8.8 29.8 30.3 23.3 14.9 F 6.8 41.1 46.8 26.1 21.6 27.0 45 State Average Male Female 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Page 39 of 66

Occupational status by Gender for Youth Jains youth (63.5 % male and 67.9% female) are at least graduates. This gets reflected in their occupation as well which can be seen from the following table with professional females being less perhaps due to their getting married and living elsewhere. Table 4.5: Occupational status by Gender distribution for Youth (%) Occupation Type Gender Mumbai Solapur Pune Kolhapur State Average Agriculture M 0.7 9.4 1.6 15.8 F 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 Own Business M 52.9 26.0 51.6 27.6 0.9 Services F 21.8 7.8 21.9 12.0 42.2 M 15.0 26.0 23.0 35.5 17.4 (Govt/Private) F 11.8 9.8 21.9 16.0 23.3 Professional M 3.6 1.0 11.1 1.3 13.3 F 5.5 3.9 12.5 8.0 4.8 Others M 0.0 31.3 6.3 17.1 6.4 F 0.0 56.9 21.9 40.0 11.6 Students M 13.6 3.1 1.6 0.0 21.1 F 39.1 9.8 12.5 8.0 5.5 No Response M 14.3 3.1 4.8 2.6 24.8 F 20.0 11.8 9.4 16.0 7.1 16.1 Land Holding Surprisingly, 61.6 % of Jains did not respond to this query indicating reluctance by respondents in general not to discuss financial matters with others. Based on those who responded, land holding pattern by Jains show 28.9 % having no agriculture land ,46.3 % holding 5 acres or less, 12.7 % holding 5-10 acers and 11.7 % holding more than 10 acres. Page 40 of 66

Table 4.6: Size of land holding (%) How much Mumbai Solapur Pune Kolhapur State agricultural Average land you own? 0.0 21.9 27.9 0.0 No agriculture 12.4 7.8 6.3 48.8 11.1 Land 1.2 8.7 4.3 7.4 17.8 Up to 5 acres 0.6 13.7 1.0 4.4 4.9 5 to 10 acres 85.7 47.9 60.6 39.4 4.5 Above 10 acres 61.6 No response Commercial Property Valuation The pattern here is similar to land holding with 58.7 % not responding to the query. Based on those who responded; 35.8 % owned commercial property up to Rs 5 lakhs, 32.7 % mentioned their property value between Rs 5 to 20 lakhs, and 31.5 % mentioned the value of their such property to be above Rs 20 lakhs. Table 4.7: Commercial property value (%) Market Value Mumbai Solapur Pune Kolhapur State 22.8 10.1 31.5 Average Up to Rs. 5 lakhs 1.9 Rs. 5 lacs to Rs. 4.7 10.5 25.0 18.7 14.8 20 lakhs 13.5 Above Rs. 20 9.9 2.7 23.1 18.7 lakhs 83.5 63.9 41.8 31.0 13.0 No response 58.7 Page 41 of 66

Residential Property Only 35.0 % respondents were forth coming in disclosing the value of their residential property. Based on those who responded, 51.5 % claimed their property value above Rs 20 lakhs, while 29.7 % declared the same between Rs 5-20 lakhs and 18.8 % declaring the same at less than Rs 5 lakhs. Table 4.8: Residential property value (%) Market Value Mumbai Solapur Pune Kolhapur State 17.4 7.7 27.6 Average Up to Rs. 5 lakhs 1.9 Rs. 5 lacs to Rs. 25.1 21.2 30.5 12.2 20 lakhs 7.1 19.3 Above Rs. 20 25.1 38.9 24.6 lakhs 41.3 32.4 32.2 17.2 33.5 No response 49.7 35.0 Scale of the Business 35.8 % respondents did not respond to this query (Table 4.9). Out of those who responded, 54.0 % respondents reported their business of medium scale, while 40.8 % reported the same as small scale and only 5.3 % of large scale. Table 4.9: Size of the Business (%) Small Mumbai Solapur Pune Kolhapur State Medium Average Large 28.6 22.8 20.7 31.5 No response 29.5 35.2 39.9 36.9 26.2 1.9 3.7 7.7 1.0 34.7 40.1 38.4 31.7 30.5 3.4 35.8 House Ownership An overwhelming majority of Jain respondents (88.4 %) in Maharashtra State had their own house instead of living in a rented house. Those living in rented accommodation formed a meagre 6.1 % of the respondents while 5.6 % did not reveal the status of their residence. This implies a majority of Jains do own their residential property, a natural trend amongst Jains to own a house for providing emotional stability and financial security to the family. Page 42 of 66

Table 4.10: House Ownership (%) Own Mumbai Solapur Pune Kolhapur State Rented Average No response 92.9 81.7 83.2 93.6 3.7 11.4 8.7 1.5 88.4 3.4 6.8 8.2 4.9 6.1 5.6 Concluding Remarks Education: up to middle 24.3 % male & 30.7 % female up to SS School 18.0 % male % 15.8 % female Graduation and above 45.2 % male & 38.6 % female. However, for the youth, education level moves as 24.0% male and 22.5 % female have SS school education and 63.5% male & 67.9 % female have graduation and higher degrees. Existing occupation: 22.7 % male & 5.0 % female are engaged in own business; 19.2 % male &7.8% female working in government or private business and a very small (3.5% male & 1.6 % female) engaged in professional service. 41.8 % female reported managing household as their occupation. Surprisingly 21.6 % male & 27.0 % female did not respond to the query which may mean their being student /looking for a job. Vocational preferences: Own business (41.9 % male & 39.8 % female) continues to be the first preference followed by a large shift to professions (34.8 % male & 27.2 %female). Government /private service ranked third (14.8 % male 24.2 % female). So, a major shift in occupation, based on higher level of education is in process with perhaps not enough infrastructure available. This might be a reason for migration of Jains from villages/small towns to bigger cities anywhere. Land holding: 61.6 % of Jains did not respond to this query indicating reluctance by respondents in general not to discuss financial matters with others. Of those who responded, land holding pattern by Jains show 46.3 % holding 5 acres or less, 12.7 % holding 5-10 acers and 11.7 % only holding more than 10 acres. Commercial property: The pattern here is similar to land holding with 58.7 % not responding to the query. Amongst those who indicated; 35.8 % owned commercial property up to Rs 5 lakhs, 32.7 % mentioned their property value between Rs 5 to 20 lakhs, and 31.5 % mentioned the value of their such property to be above Rs 20 lakhs. Page 43 of 66

Residential Property: 88.4 % Jains live in their own homes and 6.1 % only living in rented places. Only 65.0 % respondents were forth coming in sharing information about the value of their residential property. Surprisingly 51.5 % claimed their property value above Rs 20 lakhs, while 29.7 % declared the same between RS 5-20 lakhs and 18.8 % declaring the same at less than Rs 5 lakhs.. Size of business: 40.8 % Jains reported as having small business (perhaps shops (provisions or general merchant); 54.0 % with medium business. A small % (5.3) reported as having large business and 35.8 % did not respond (perhaps as they are probably involved in service or profession). Page 44 of 66

Chapter – 5 COMMUNITY PROFILE This chapter analyzes some of the macro and micro social structural attributes and religious practices of Jain community in Maharashtra state. It gives a glimpse of Jains’ Family type, caste distribution, marital status, vocational preferences, inter-marriage, inter-marriage preference, marriage age, religious rituals, prevalence of dowry, remarriage of widows and divorcees and the perception of Jainism as a separate religion, independent of Hinduism. Family The Maharashtra State sample survey of Jain population corroborated the increasing trend of nuclear families (51.1% of the families) followed by 41.9% joint families (Table 5.1). Table 5.1: Family type (%) Family type Mumbai Solapur Pune Kolhapur State Average Joint 18.0 55.7 39.4 67.5 41.9 Nuclear 78.3 37.0 49.0 25.1 51.1 No response 3.7 7.3 11.5 7.4 7.0 Family Type 100 Joint 90 Nuclear 80 70 Solapura Pune Kolhapur State Average 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Mumbai Page 45 of 66

Caste/ Sub-Caste Caste-based distribution of Jain population is presented in Table 5.2. About 49.2% did not respond leading us to believe that they did not know their own caste or the meaning of the same. This is further corroborated by the fact that 19.5% reported Jain as their caste leading us to believe that they report themselves as Hindus in Census. Only 30.8% correctly reported their caste as Kasar, Chaturtha, Oswal etc. Table 5.2: Caste Distribution of Maharashtra Respondents (%) Caste/Sub-Caste Mumbai Solapur Pune Kolhapur State Average Jain 16.8 39.7 13.0 8.4 Kasar 0.0 1.4 1.4 0.0 19.5 Chaturth 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.5 0.6 Pancham 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.1 7.6 Shaitwal 0.0 8.7 0.0 0.0 5.2 Pancha 0.0 6.8 0.0 0.0 2.0 Bissa 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.0 1.6 Oswal 0.0 0.0 7.7 0.0 1.1 Others 10.9 21.0 8.7 4.9 1.7 No response 72.4 22.4 64.4 27.1 11.5 49.2 Marital Status The survey data of Jain population of Maharashtra (based on 952 respondents) reveal that 57.1 % male & 54.1 % female as married. However, the percentage of unmarried at 15.6 % male & 11.7 % female suggest a large number of them may be students earlier in chapter 4 we noted their 15.7% male and 14.9% female reported themselves as students Table 4.4). The population of widowers/widows was 0.9 % male & 3.8 % female. About 26.1 % male & 29.5 % female did not reveal their marital status raising a question about the reasons (social stigma of being unable to get married or being separated/divorced) for the same. Only 0.2 % male & 0.1 % female reported themselves as divorced or separated. Page 46 of 66

Table 5.3: Marital Status (%) District Unmarried Married Widow/ Divorce / Vowed to No Widower separated Celibacy Response Mumbai MF MF MF MF MF MF Solapur 19.2 21.7 62.7 60.8 0.7 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 17.3 11.0 Pune 34.6 22.8 51.9 53 2.0 2.3 0.0 0.2 0.2 1.7 11.3 20.0 Kolhapur 26.9 27.3 57.2 47.7 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.7 15.2 23.2 State 31.7 24.2 54.1 50.6 0.6 4.2 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.6 12.8 20.2 Average 27.4 23.7 57.0 54.1 0.9 3.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.8 14.4 17.6 Inter-caste or inter-religion Marriages In recent times such inter-religion marriages have not only increased in number, they have also been extended to include various other castes/sub-castes of Brahamins, Kshatriyas, and even non-Vaishnav Vaishyas. Given the scenario, it should not be surprising that a majority of respondents (57.3 %) in Maharashtra are aware of this phenomenon with Mumbai at 87.7% and Pune lowest at 38.8%. Incidentally, despite high percentage of awareness about inter-religion marriages, those who prefer such marriages is only 16.9 %, which signifies a deficit between awareness and actual choices (Table 5.5). Almost 58.5 % of the respondents felt that Jain arranged marriages are being gradually replaced by self-arranged love marriages, whereas 32% respondent did not agree with this 9.5% respondents not respond. (Table 5.9). Table 5.4: Inter-faith marriage (%) District Question: Are you aware of the growing trends of marriage of Jains Boys/Girls outside the Jain Mumbai community? Solapur Pune Yes No No Response Kolhapur 87.0 12.7 0.3 State Average 45.2 49.8 5.0 38.0 53.8 8.2 42.9 52.2 4.9 57.3 38.6 4.1 Page 47 of 66

Inter caste / religion marriage preference An overwhelming majority (79.2 %) did not favour such matrimonial alliances or religious exogamy even though a high 96.1 % were aware of this practice indicting that either suitable matches are not found or more and more boys and girls are preferring love marriage. Some 3.9 % of our sample did not answer the query (See Table 5.5). The situation with Jain youth is different with 20 % of them favouring inter-faith marriages.76.6 %. A very large number of Jain youth were not in favour of such marriages. This indicates a slow and growing trend amongst youth for such marriages (See Table 5.6). Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriage preference (%) District Question: Are you in favour of Jain-non-Jain marriages? Mumbai Solapur Yes No No Response Pune Kolhapur 31.4 67.4 1.2 12.3 83.6 4.1 State Average 8.6 83.2 8.2 7.4 89.2 3.4 16.9 79.2 3.9 Table 5.6: Inter-faith marriage preference (Youth) (%) District Question: Are you in favour of Jain-non-Jain marriages? Mumbai Solapur Yes No No Response Pune Kolhapur 28.8 69.6 1.6 16.3 82.3 1.4 State Average 12.7 77.8 9.5 14.9 84.1 1.0 3.4 20.0 76.6 Page 48 of 66

Reasons of Inter-faith Marriage While responding to the reasons of inter-faith marriages, 49.5 % of the respondents suggested co-education/ co-working as the main reason of inter-faith marriages and 22.3 % mentioned non-availability of suitable match in the Jain community as the second reason (Table 5.7). Among the youth respondents 35.7 % mentioned co-education/ co-work as the main reason of inter-faith marriage and 20.9 % mentioned unavailability of suitable partners in the Jain community as the second reason, while a large (42.7%) number of them did not respond (Table 5.8). However, almost all Jain youth in Kolhapur and Solapur did not respond to this query. Table 5.7: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (%) Reasons Mumbai Solapur Pune Kolhapur State 56.2 43.4 54.3 40.4 Average Co-education/co-work Could not find suitable match 30.4 18.7 15.9 19.7 49.5 in Jain community 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 22.3 Other (please specify) 13.4 37.9 28.8 39.9 No response 0.2 28.1 Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (Youth) (%) Reasons Mumbai Solapur Pune Kolhapur State 51.6 6.8 58.9 2.0 Average Co-education/co-work Could not find suitable match 36.0 2.7 25.3 3.0 35.7 in Jain community 0.8 2.0 0.0 0.0 20.9 Other (please specify) 11.6 88.4 15.8 95.0 No response 0.8 42.7 Comparison of Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages by Jain adult and youth respondents is shown in table below. Description (Table 5.7) (Table 5.8) Jain Adults Jain Youth Co-education/co-work Could not find suitable match in Jain 49.5 35.7 community No response 22.3 20.9 28.1 42.7 Page 49 of 66