A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Rajasthan

JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018-2019) A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Rajasthan Jaipur Udaipur INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL FOR JAIN STUDIES International School for Jain Studies SELF STUDY IS THE D-28, Panchsheel Enclave SUPREME AUSTERITY New Delhi-110 017 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in

JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018) A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Rajasthan International School for Jain Studies D-28, Panchsheel Enclave New Delhi – 110017 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in Page 1 of 60

CONTENTS List of Tables: Preface Executive Summary Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Socio-economic background of the Respondents Chapter 3: Population Profile Chapter 4: Education and Occupational Structure Chapter 5: Community Profile Chapter 6: Jain way of Life Page 2 of 60

LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Surnames of Rajasthan Jain respondents Table 2.2: Age and Gender Distribution Table 2.3: Marital Status Table 2.4: Education Table 2.5: Medium of Education Table 2.6: Occupational Status Table 2.7: Income Table 3.1: Total Sample Population of Rajasthan Table 3.2: Population by Family Size Table 3.3: Distribution of Jain population by Age Groups and Gender Table 3.4: Dependency Ratios Table 3.5: Sex Ratio and Child Sex Ratios Table 3.6: Awareness about shortage of girls Table 3.7: Knowledge about feticide among Jains Table 3.8: Opinion about discrimination against girls Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth) Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of Rajasthan Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in Rajasthan Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generation Table 4.4: Occupational status by gender distribution Table 4.5: Occupational Status by gender distribution for youth Table 4.6: Size of land holding Table 4.7: Commercial property value Table 4.8: Residential property value Table 4.9: Size of the Business Table 4.10: House ownership Table 5.1: Family type Table 5.2: Caste Distribution of Rajasthan Respondents Table 5.3: Marital Status Table 5.4: Inter-faith marriage Table 5.5: Inter-marriage preference Table 5.6: Inter-marriage preference (youth) Table 5.7: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (youth) Table 5.9: Arranged vs marriage by choice Page 3 of 60

Table 5.10: Changes in marriage institution Table 5.11: Prevalence of dowry Table 5.12: Widow and divorcee remarriage Table 5.13: Divorce Table 5.14: Organization and Associational Distribution Table 5.15: Jainism and Hinduism Table 6.1: Visit to temple Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) Table 6.3: Food after sunset Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth) Table 6.5: Drinking Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) Table 6.7: Dietary Habits Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth) Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth) Table 6.11: Religious education Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory? Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) Table 6.17: Suggestions for religious education Page 4 of 60

PREFACE International School for Jain Studies (ISJS) since its inception in 2005 has mainly been involved in promoting academic studies of Jainism amongst the overseas students and scholars through its Summer School programmes. So far 686 participants have benefited from these programmes. ISJS also conducts research on Jain philosophy, way of life and the Jain community, besides organizing national and international seminars, publishing books and an online journal “ISJS-Transaction”. ISJS, during in 2017 – 2018, executed a series of population-related field studies to find out the population dynamics of the Jain community which have been showing some evolving trends regarding population growth rate, fertility rate, sex and child sex ratios etc. In this series the first survey was done in Hauz Khas tehsil of South Delhi district and the second one was conducted in New Delhi district in 2017-2018. These studies are based on 2011 census data, voters list and our own field surveys of the Jain population. The findings of both the studies confirmed the fact that Jain population in the two areas was under-estimated in 2011 census in the range of 60% to 90%. “A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Rajasthan State” is the 2nd report (1st is Madhya Pradesh State) with the primary emphasis on the sociological profile. The sociological profile includes select population characteristics, education, occupation and income levels, aspects of family and marriage, Jain way of life and identity in terms of daily visit to temple, day dining, marriage within the community and the problem of drift away from Jain values by Jain youth etc. The survey also explored the trend of late marriage and marrying outside the community or not marrying at all and shifting from rural to metro for better economic opportunities. The above findings, it is hoped, would be useful to the Jain community leaders and academicians alike in order to initiate suitable corrective and constructive measures to address the problem of the community. In order to find out the India-wide trends similar studies of Belgaum, Pune, Solapur, Kolhapur, Udaipur, Chennai, Bengaluru, Mysore and Mumbai and Ahmedabad are in progress. I thank Dr. Abhay Firodia, Shri Firodia Trust of Pune and Dr. Sulekh Jain of USA for their prompt financial and moral support to undertake this study. Special thanks are due to Dr. Shivani Bothra (Jaipur), Prof. N. L. Kachhara and Dr. V.K. Jain (Udaipur) for coordinating the survey work in Rajasthan. I also thank my team members, particularly Prof. Prakash C Jain, Dr. Akhilesh K Jain and Mr. Shivam Saxena for their tireless efforts in completing this study. New Delhi Dr. Shugan C Jain Date: March 8th, 2019 Chairman International School for Jain Studies Page 5 of 60

ABOUT RAJASTHAN Rajasthan, is the largest (area-wise) state in India, located in the north-western part of the subcontinent. It is surrounded on the north and north-east by Pakistan and Indian states of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, on the east and south-east by Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh and on the south-west by Gujarat. The state has an agricultural economy with nine agro-climatic zones and various types of soil that help during the cultivation of crops. It is among the largest mineral-producing states in India. Around 81 varieties of minerals are available in the state and 57 minerals are produced on a commercial scale in the state. It also contributes significantly to production of dimensional and decorative stones, such as marble, sandstone, and granite etc. The state is one of the leading tourist destinations in India. Historic palaces, especially those in Jaipur and Udaipur, offer opportunities to expand the luxury tourism segment, with increasing number of tourists visiting wild life sanctuaries and desert locations as well. Facts about Rajasthan o Rajasthan is the largest state by area of India as per Census 2011. o The state “Rajasthan” is also known as “The Land of Kings”. It was created on 30th March 1949. o A major portion of the state is covered by Thar Desert which is also known as The Great Indian Desert. Thus, it can be said as the land of sand dunes, desert and rocks as well. o The Aravalli’s are the oldest mountain range in India, perhaps even older than the Himalayas. o Jaipur is its Capital City, also known as the “Pink City”. Jaipur is also the largest city of the state. o The State of Rajasthan is a land of palaces, forts, temples, colours and festivals. o Almost every city in Rajasthan is colour coordinated; for example, Jaipur is pink, Udaipur is white, Jodhpur is blue and Jhalawar is purple. o Besides dessert, one finds dense green pastures in the middle of nowhere. o The terrain and the sky change their colours swiftly as if a painter is rushing to complete a majestic multi-hued painting. Some important statistics about Rajasthan ➢ GDP: Rs 8.40 lakh crores ➢ Per Capita income: Rs 100,551 ➢ Literacy rate: 66.11 % ➢ Sex ratio: 973:1000 ➢ Natural resources: Rajasthan is rich in minerals as well as sole producer of lead & zinc, calcite scheelite (Tungsten) and gypsum etc, Page 6 of 60

➢ Economic growth: The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of ➢ The population: Rajasthan expanded at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 11.60 per cent (in Rupee terms) over 2011-12 to 2017-18. 68,548,437 in the 2011 census of which 6,22,023 are Jains. Rajasthan has historical link with Jainism. It is home to major Jain centers including the largest and most renowned Jain temples throughout the state. Rajasthan also had many Jains as chief ministers of erstwhile Marwar Emperors since its inception. Bhamashah was a close aide and Maha-mantri of Raja Maharana Pratap of Udaipur. Rajasthan Geographical Map Page 7 of 60

Historical Facts about Rajasthan The history of Rajasthan dates back to the pre-historic times. Around 3,000 and 1,000 BC, it had a culture akin to that of the Indus valley civilisation. The Chauhans dominated Rajput’s affairs from the seventh century and by the 12th century d became an imperial power. After the Chauhans, it was the Guhilots of Mewar who controlled the destiny of the warring tribes. Besides Mewar, the other historically prominent provinces/states were Marwar, Jaipur, Bundi, Kota, Bharatpur and Alwar. All these states accepted the British Treaty of Subordinate Alliance in 1818 protecting the interests of the princess. This naturally left the people discontented. After the revolt of 1857, the people united themselves under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi to contribute to the freedom movement. With the introduction of provincial autonomy in 1935 in British India, an agitation for civil liberties and political rights became stronger in Rajasthan. By 1949, major provincial states like Bikaner, Jaipur, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer joined this Union making it the United State of Greater Rajasthan. Ultimately in 1958, the present State of Rajasthan formally came into being with Ajmer and the Abu Road Taluka joined it. Climate Rajasthan lies to the north west of India, just above the Tropic of Cancer. The climate of Rajasthan greatly varies throughout the state. In the west, Rajasthan is relatively dry and infertile; this area includes some of the Thar Desert. The Aravalli Hill ranges tower over the Thar Desert. They are famous for the hill station of Mount Abu that is home to the famous Dilwara Jain Temples. The presence of the desert makes the summer days very hot and nights very cold. Night time temperatures in winters can reach -1°C, as happened recently in Churu district in north Rajasthan. Jaisalmer and Barmer districts also lie in the western Rajasthan, and every winter tourists flock to these districts to take camel rides on the shifting sand dunes. Jaisalmer is known for its peculiar yellow sandstone, which was used to construct the \"golden\" Jaisalmer Fort. The maximum daytime temperatures in summers can surpass 45°C. Ecology:  There are many Wildlife Sanctuaries in Rajasthan. Some of these are: Jaisalmer, Kailadevi, Kesarbagh, Kumbhalgarh, Mount Abu, Sariska and Sawaimadhopur Wildlife Sanctuaries etc.  There are four National Parks in Rajasthan viz. Keoladeo Ghana, Ranthambhor and Sariska. Page 8 of 60

Desert: The Thar Desert: The Great Indian Desert Thar lies mostly in the state of Rajasthan India and extended into some portion of Haryana, Punjab and Rann of Kutch in Gujrat. Thar desert covers eastern Sindh province and some area of Pakistan Punjab as well. The maximum area is covered in Rajasthan, India with a covered area of 208,110 km extending towards Gujarat as well. A camel safari into the Thar desert is an experience not to be missed for tourist. Best time to visit The Great Indian Desert is between October to March. The Desert National Park, Jaisalmer has a collection of fossils of animals and plants of 180 million years old. Some fossils of Dinosaurs of 6 million years old have also been found in the area. The Camel also known as “Ship of the desert” is the best way to explore The Great Indian Desert. The people of Thar have a great passion for music and poetry. People get together to play soft music and dance. This event continues till late nights. Thar people travel miles of distance to get one pot of water. Women of Thar Desert love to wear beautiful jewellery. Rajasthan desert festival is held once a year during winters. Famous Places in Rajasthan UDAIPUR: The “City of Lakes”, the “Venice of the East”, – Udaipur is known by several names. Udaipur is regarded as one of the most romantic cities of the World. Places to visit in the city are Pichola Lake, Fateh Sagar Lake, Udaisagar Lake, Lake Palace, City Palace etc. MOUNT ABU: Mount Abu is the most famous “hill station” in India. Places to visit are: Nakki Lake, Dilwara Jain Temples, Brahma Kumaris Spiritual University and Museum etc. JODHPUR: Jodhpur is known as the “Sun City”. Jodhpur city has many beautiful palaces and forts such as Mehrangarh Fort, Jaswant Thada, Umaid Bhavan Palace etc. JAISALMER: Jaisalmer is also called the Golden city of India. The Jaisalmer city is known for its old mansions, better known as Havelis. Places to visit in the city are Jaisalmer Fort with four Jain temples, Camel Safari, Desert, Patwon ki Haveli etc. JAIPUR: Jaipur is also popularly known as the “Pink City”, is the capital of the state. The Amber Fort, Jantar Mantar – the observatory, Hawa Mahal, the City Palace, Albert Hall, the Jal Mahal, the Amer Fort are some of the architectural splendours of Jaipur. Page 9 of 60

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The present study of Jain community in Rajasthan is the second survey (first is Madhya Pradesh) of its kind in India and is expected to provide an insight into the distinctive features of its Jain community along with its concomitant attributes. Another highlight of this survey is the study of Jain youth population, which was carried out to understand the hopes, aspirations and their views on Jainism. The present sample survey report highlights the sociological profile of the Jain community of the Rajasthan State in terms of population characteristics, education, occupation and income levels, continuity and change in the community life, status of women and youth, and the Jain way of life. The survey was conducted in the cities of Jaipur and Udaipur by highly qualified volunteers of ISJS. Major findings of the survey are based on two sets of questionnaires. The work on data collection began in September 2018 and continued till the end of December ,2018. This report is based on the data so collected. In all 390 respondents were interviewed (representing 1831 Jains as family members) who were also requested to fill the questionnaires. Besides 343 Jain youth also participated in the survey. Summary of our findings is given below: ➢ Socio-economic-respondents: o 41.5 % of the respondents use Jain as their surnames while 57.4 % of them use other surnames. o 77.6 % male & 77.1 % female Jain respondents are at least graduates. Still 1.2 % adults in Udaipur district are illiterate. o Running own Business (47.3 % male & 29.4 % female) is the dominant occupation. o 27.8 % male & 20.2 % female respondents reported their monthly income less than Rs 25,000. o The average per capita income of Jain comes to Rs 8,55,174 which is approximately 8.5 times of the per capita income for the state. ➢ Population Profile: o Gender distribution of Jains is 51.1 % male & 48.9 % female resulting in 973 females per 1000 males. o Child sex ratio (0-6) at 1024 females per 1000 male o Average family Size: 4.7 (say 5 members) o 63.3 % Jains are in age group of 15-59, compared to 66.6 % National average. o Young dependency ratio 199 and old dependency ratio 303 compared to 187 and 311 as national average respectively. Page 10 of 60

➢ Educational, Occupational characteristics: o A very few people (0.3% Jain male) were found to be illiterate, while, 25.3 % male and 28.8 % female did not respond about their educational status. o 53.8 % male & 49.1 % female holding graduation and above educational qualifications, while 8.1% male 7 % female educated up to Senior Secondary level. o 82.2 % male youth and 81.6 % female Jain youth have graduate and above qualifications. o Own business (41.8 % male and 44.7 % female) continue to be the preference with government/private service moving up to 24.8 % male and 22.5 % female opting for it with a large shift to professional business (26.2 % male and 20.5 % female) o 39.3 % Jains having commercial property above 20 Lakhs while a large number 72.5 % did not report the economic value of their commercial property. o 86.6 % Jains live in their own homes and 55.2 % Jains showed more openness while sharing the value of their residential property. ➢ Community Profile: o 55.8 % of the families were reported to be joint while 37.9 % families show the emerging trend towards nuclear families. o 56.9 % males and 55.4 % female reported as being married while 3.4 % males & 1.7 % females only reported married o 89.7 % Jains were aware of the growing trend of Inter caste marriage. However, 76.7 % are not in in favour of non- Jain marriage. o 32.6 % responded that they prefer late marriage compared to early marriages. o 88.8 % support remarriage of widows while 4.3 % not responded. ➢ Jain Way of Life: o 64.1 % males and 50.4 % female adults visit temples/sthanakas daily. 42.5 % male and 31 % female youth visit temples/sthanakas daily. o 54.6 % Jain adults and 70.6 % Jain Youth take food after Sunset. o A large majority (77.7 %) of Rajasthan Jains believed that its youths are drifting away from Jain philosophy and way of life, while 17.9 % did not agree to the preposition. o 82.2 % Jain youth admitted that Jain youth in general are drifting away from Jainism. o 92.3 % believed that religious education should be made mandatory. Other factors of significance: Jains in Jaipur or a metropolitan city are more educated to pursue professional careers, are more aware of the happenings in the community and economically better off than in smaller cities/towns. Jains are essentially urban dwellers with growing preference for the same due to higher economic benefits. This creates a situation demanding greater effort by the Jain community to Page 11 of 60

initiate appropriate actions like providing formal and informal Jain Value education to young children for minimizing drift away from Jainism. Also, steps have to be initiated to ensure young male and female are prepared with Jain Way of life (like Smart Girl program by BJS) and encouraging active formation of Young Jain boys and girls associations (like YJA in USA) where the Jain youth meet without parents and socially interact with each other and have some religious talks/discussions periodically or through articles published by them. Way forward: There is a strong need to validate above findings in details and form Action groups at state and district levels to implement the findings and recommendation. Further, there is a strong need to start Jain value education for Jain youth and providing better formal education to Jain youth in smaller towns along with a dialogue in the community to prepare Jains for 2021 Census. ISJS will be happy to lead such Jain community initiatives. Page 12 of 60

Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTION Rajasthan has the second largest concentration of Jain population (6,22,023) after Maharashtra (14,00,349) as per 2011 Census. It is one of the few states in India where Jainism has a close and historical link as well as a strong presence and influence. Decadal growth rate during 2001-2011 was 4.4 % that is less than that of India (5.4 %). The other demographic features of Jains include highest literacy 95.1 % (97.9 % male 92.2 % female) rate against 66.1% (79.2% male & 52.2 % female) among all communities in Rajasthan. Of the total Jains in Rajasthan , 29.4% as against 25.7% for national average have Graduate & above qualifications. Census 2011 also reveals that in Rajasthan 2,09,493 Jains are engaged in economic activities with 85% of them male and 15 % females. Thus, work participation rate (WPR) of Rajasthan state for the Jains in 2011 census was 33.7 % (56.1% males and 10.3 % females) as compared to national averages of 36.5 % (57.7 % males and 12.3% females). Sex-Ratio in Rajasthan in 2011 census was 958 and child sex-ratio (0-6 age group) was 859 as compared to the national Jain average of 954 and 889 respectively. Economically, Rajasthan State is highly dependent on mining with very little development in educational, industrial and infrastructure sectors. Consequently, the region is characterised by high level of poverty and emigration. Traditionally, Jains in the region had been engaged in retail as well as wholesale trade of handicraft and provisional items etc. Most of the people in and around Marwar (The region includes the present-day districts of Barmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali and parts of Sikar) speak Marwari language and has the largest population of Jains in the state. On the other hand, as the state has greater proximity to Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra, their cultural influence is visible. Jaipur has famous trade centres of jewellery, handicraft items etc. Rajasthan State is also home to some of the leading Jain business houses of India as well as a number of important Jain tirthas. Famous Jain tirths in the state are: Shri Mahaveer ji, Padampura, Sanganer, Bijolia Parshnath, Nareli ji, Nakoda ji, Soni ki Nasiyan (Ajmer). The Dilwara Jain temples are world famous. The temples of Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Ranakpur, Mount Abu, Chittor, Sirohi and Sawaimadhopur are also there and example of the grandeur of architecture in art and sculptor. Page 13 of 60

A brief description of each district with respects to Jains is given below: As per Census 2011, there are 33 districts in Rajasthan. The six districts namely Jaipur, Udaipur, Ajmer, Jodhpur, Bhilwara and Barmer have more than 50% of Jains in Rajasthan. For the present survey, we have selected Jaipur and Udaipur with high Jain population. Jaipur District: It had the largest concentration of Jain population (81,079) in 2011 Census of Rajasthan. In 2001 census the Jain population of the Jaipur district was 73,631. The decadal growth rate during 2001-2011 was 10.1% which is more than that of Rajasthan (4.4%). The other demographic features include 97.6% literacy rate (male: 98.5% and female: 96.7%). Sex- Ratio in Jaipur district was 940 and child sex-ratio was 834. Work participation rate for the Jains in 2011 census was 35.1% (56.6% male and 12.2% female). Udaipur District: It had the second largest concentration of Jain population (78,647) in 2011 Census in Rajasthan. In 2001 census the Jain population of the Udaipur district was 83,699. The decadal growth rate during 2001-2011 was -6.1 % which is more than that of Rajasthan (-4.4 %). The other demographic features include 95.1 09o% literacy rate (Male: 98.2 % and Female: 91.9%). Sex-Ratio in Udaipur district was 955 and child sex-ratio was 848.The sex-ratio being marginally high and child sex-ratio quite low compared to the respective national averages (954 and 889) of the Jain population. Work participation rate for the Jains in 2011 census was 35.5 % (56.2 % male and 13.8 %female). The present sociological survey of the Jain community in Rajasthan is designed as an exploratory study with the following objectives: Objectives of the Survey: 1. To investigate the nature of socio-demographic profile of the Jain communities in Rajasthan. 2. To analyze trends of inter-generational occupational mobility and future aspirations. 3. To study the changing occupational structure of the Jain community. 4. To review the infra-structure available for education and skill development of Jain youth in the area to enable Jain youth to move up the economic ladder. 5. To examine the emergent status of women in the community, particularly in terms of education and occupational status, work participation and religiosity. Page 14 of 60

Research Methodology: The two regions of significance and representative of Jains in the state were selected for field survey and analysis. These are: Jaipur (Capital city) Jain population 81,079 Udaipur (2nd Largest city) Jain population 78,647 Total Jain population in Rajasthan 6,22,023 Note: All figures as per census 2011 The same Questionnaire (common for PAN-INDIA survey) was used for data collection. The questionnaire consisted of about 50 questions. The data were collected from the 2 districts of Rajasthan namely Jaipur and Udaipur. In all, 390 respondents (male: 281 and female:109) generally being head of family, as well as 343 youth respondents (male: 213 and female:130) were contacted for filling the questionnaires. Besides the questionnaire the report also relied on secondary sources, including books, newspaper and magazine articles, census data and acquaintance of our staff members with Jain community. Along with general Jain population (heads of families), Jain youth – both male and female were also interviewed through a separate questionnaire which consisted of 22 items/questions. Youth were generally defined as respondents under 35 years of age. A total number of 343 youth were interviewed. In most cases the selected youth belonged to the same families which participated in the Jain community survey. Their views and opinions have been highlighted at appropriate places in the report. The method to arrive at state averages from the survey data for two regions is same as used in Madhya Pradesh report and analysis which is as follows: State average (say for surname) = ((% in Jaipur * Population of Jains in Jaipur + % in Udaipur * Population in Jains in Udaipur)) / Population of Jains in the two districts, where % is % of Jains reported as using Jains as surname from the survey data. Mathematically, it can be represented as State Average of factor ‘f’. = Summation of (ai* pi)/ P where ‘a’ is % of factor ‘f’ and ‘p’ represents the population of Jains in region ‘i’ and ‘i’ ranges from 1 to 2 for Jaipur and Udaipur. P is the total population of Jains in the four regions or values of ‘i’. Significance of the Study It is hoped, the study would fill a major gap in our understanding of the socio-cultural, demographic, educational and economic status of the contemporary Jain community in Rajasthan in general as no anthropological/sociological work on the subject has so far been done. Page 15 of 60

Map: Fieldwork sites in Rajasthan Page 16 of 60

Chapter – 2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE RESPONDENTS This chapter presents data on socio-economic background of the respondents of the Jaipur & Udaipur districts of Rajasthan in terms of age and gender, marital status, education, occupational status, and income. There are 390 (281 Male and 109 Female) respondents who participated in our survey which includes 390 persons 182 of Jaipur and 208 of Udaipur districts respectively. Total respondents surveyed Population Respondents No. No. District Total Male Female % of % of Total No. No. % of % of No. Male Female No. Female Jaipur 444 445 50.0 Male Female Male Udaipur 889 484 458 51.4 50.0 182 35.7 Total 942 928 903 50.7 48.6 208 117 65 64.3 21.2 State 1,831 49.3 390 27.9 Population 164 44 78.8 281 109 72.1 6,22,023 3,17,614 3,04,409 51.1 48.9 - - - -- We also surveyed the Jain youth as respondents. Their profile is given in blow Table. Their responses will be used later at appropriate places only. Youth respondents Youth Respondents District Total No. Male No. Female % of % of No. Male Female Jaipur 141 Udaipur 202 84 57 59.6 40.4 State Average 343 36.1 129 73 63.9 37.9 213 130 62.1 Youth Respondents 80 Male 60 Female 40 20 Udaipur State Average 0 Jaipur Page 17 of 60

Surnames In the survey data of the State, about 41.5% of the respondents used Jain as their surnames while 57.4 % of them use other surnames. Jaipur had majority of Jains who use Jain as their surname. Udaipur district was different though where more than 60.6 % Jains used surnames other than Jain. It is very likely that “Jain” surnames are used by Jains living in areas adjacent to Uttar Pradesh and state capital as Jain is commonly used in Hindi speaking states of Northern India. It is also observed that 1.1 % Jains did not respond to this query. Table 2.1: Surnames of respondents Districts Jain% Other Surnames% No Response% Jaipur 46.1 53.8 0.1 Udaipur 37.5 60.6 1.9 State Average 41.5 57.4 1.1 80 Surnames 60 40 Jain% 20 Other Surnames% No Response% 0 Jaipur Udaipur State Average Age and Gender The respondents include 72.1 % males and 27.9 % female. Table 2.2 shows that 54.4 % of male and 75.3 % female of the respondents are in the age group 14-59 years while Senior citizens (60+), being the head of families numbered 44.8 % male and 22.9 % females. Table 2.2: Age and Gender distribution in State /Districts District 14-59 60+ No Response MF MF MF Jaipur 56.4 73.8 42.7 23.1 0.9 3.1 Udaipur 53.1 77.3 46.3 22.7 0.6 0.0 State Average 54.4 75.3 44.8 22.9 0.8 1.8 Page 18 of 60

90 14-59 80 70 Male 60 Female 50 40 Udaipur State Average 30 20 10 0 Jaipur 50 60+ 40 30 Male 20 Female 10 Udaipur State Average 0 Jaipur Marital Status 94.6 % male and 82.5% female respondents are married. The corresponding figure for the two areas surveyed are males as married 97.4 % in Jaipur and 92.7 % in Udaipur while the picture for female in Jaipur (84.6%) and Udaipur (79.5 %). 11 % female are widows while only 1.7% male are widowers. Divorce/separation is still an insignificant factor with all districts showing 1.8 % for female and 0.4% for male. Table 2.3 Marital Status District Jaipur Udaipur State Average MF MF MF Unmarried 1.8 6.2 4.3 2.3 3.3 4.7 Married 97.4 84.6 92.7 79.5 94.6 82.5 Widow/ 1.7 11.0 Widower 0.8 7.7 2.4 15.9 Divorce separated 0.4 1.8 No Response 0.0 1.5 0.6 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Page 19 of 60

Married 100 Male 90 Female 80 70 Udaipur State Average 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Jaipur Education The survey data and its analysis (Table 2.4) shows 77.6 % male & 77.1% female respondents hold graduate and above educational degrees at the state level, corresponding to 29.4% with similar qualifications as per census 2011. Jaipur district has 78.6 % male Jains with at least graduate degree. Further it has 5.2 % male with education up to middle level and 15.4 % up to secondary school level. The figures for female are better with 16.9 % having up to secondary school education. No female in Jaipur and Udaipur is illiterate. For males, a small fraction of 1.2% in Udaipur and 0.8% in Jaipur reported as illiterate. Table 2.4: Education (%) District Illiterate Up to Middle Up to S. Sec Graduate & No response Above Jaipur MF MF MF MF Udaipur 0.8 0.0 5.2 6.2 15.4 16.9 MF 0.0 0.0 State 1.2 0.0 8.5 9.1 13.5 13.6 78.6 76.9 0.0 0.0 Average 76.8 77.3 1.1 0.0 7.1 7.3 14.2 15.6 0.0 0.0 77.6 77.1 Page 20 of 60

Graduate & Above 79 78.5 78 77.5 Male 77 Female 76.5 76 75.5 Udaipur State Average Jaipur Medium of Education Majority of Jains in the state go to Hindi medium schools. However, in Jaipur (Table 2.5). 23.1% male and 33.8 % female and 10.4 % male and 18.2 % female in Udaipur attended English medium schools. These figures are obvious as these being big cities have a number of English medium schools available. Normally the medium of education in school shows its effect in higher education, particularly going for professional courses and hence become higher income generators. Table 2.5: Medium of Education (%) District English Hindi Other No response MF MF MF MF Jaipur 23.1 33.8 76.1 64.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.5 Udaipur 10.4 18.2 89.0 77.3 0.00 2.3 0.6 2.2 State average 15.7 27.5 83.6 69.7 0.4 0.9 0.3 1.9 Page 21 of 60

Hindi Medium 100 Male 80 Female 60 40 Udaipur State average 20 0 Jaipur Occupation The dominant occupation of the respondents in the state is Own Business (47.3 % male & 29.4 % female). Detailed analysis reveals own business (as trading business/shop) in Jaipur (52.1 % male and 30.8 % female) and in Udaipur (43.9 % male and 27.3 % female). Surprisingly 38.4% male and 22.0% female reported to be engaged in government or private service with a small percentage of them (3.6 and 5.5 for male and female respectively) reported engaged in professional services. Very few Jains of Udaipur (7.9%) are engaged in agriculture (14.6 % male & 4.5 % female) even though it was the main occupation of the state. However, 2.5 % male & 11 % female did not respond about their occupational status due to either being involved in managing household (female) or leading a retired life for male. Expectedly, a large number of women respondents (32.1 %) did report themselves to be engaged in house hold affairs. Table 2.6: Occupational Status District Jaipur Udaipur State Average MF MF MF Agriculture 0.0 0.0 7.9 0.0 4.6 0.0 Own Business 52.1 30.8 43.9 27.3 47.3 29.4 Service (Govt/Private) 31.6 18.5 43.3 27.3 38.4 22.0 Professional 6.0 7.7 1.8 2.3 3.6 5.5 Managing Household 6.9 26.1 1.2 40.9 3.6 32.1 Others 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Students 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No response 3.4 16.9 1.9 2.3 2.5 11.0 Page 22 of 60

Own Business 60 Male 50 Female 40 30 Udaipur State Average 20 10 0 Jaipur Income 27.8 % male & 20.2 % female respondents reported their monthly income less than Rs. 25,000/- indicating their having low paid jobs. The income figure in the range of for Rs. 25000-50000 per month was reported by 40.2 % males & 32.1 % females. However, the figures are different for the monthly income group of Rs.50,000/- to Rs. 1,00,000/- with 12.1 % male & 7.4 % female. The % distribution amongst male and figure for monthly income of Rs. 100,000 and above is very different at 8.5 % male & 6.4 % female. A higher percentage of women (33.9 %) did not respond to the question about their income in comparison to men (11.4 %), perhaps due to their not engaged in activities involving financial remuneration. This may be the case as work participation data shows those engaged in agriculture as 4.6% and in own business as 47.3 % and 29.4 % respectively for male and female. The results, however, show different results as against our expectation of higher income levels in Jaipur (18% male and 10.8 % female) compared to Udaipur (1.8 % male and female 0.1 %) This is perhaps due to higher income Jains in Jaipur and Udaipur either being not represented as the respondents or the figures given by them were not properly understood. Also, Jains by nature tend to under state their actual financial power. Table 2.7: Income District Less than 25,000 – Income (Rs.) Above No response 25,000 50,000 50,000- 1,00,000 Jaipur MF 1,00,000 MF MF Udaipur MF 29.1 16.9 18.0 10.8 18.8 43.1 State 17.9 20.0 48.2 54.6 MF 1.8 0.1 6.1 20.3 Average 34.8 20.5 16.2 9.2 9.1 4.5 8.5 6.4 11.4 33.9 27.8 20.2 40.2 32.1 12.1 7.4 Page 23 of 60

25,000-50,000 25,000-50,000 60 60 50 40 50 30 20 40 10 Male 30 Male 0 Female 20 Female Jaipur Udaipur State 10 Average 0 Jaipur Udaipur State Average Per Capita Income Based on the above analysis, we tried to estimate the per Capita income of Jains in the two district and the state as whole. Per capita income is the mean hence, income calculated for population of Jains in Rajasthan State, does not represent the actual income of any single respondent. Table 2.8 shows the calculated per capital income for the two districts as well as the average for the state. The average for the state shows Jain per capita income to be 855174/100551 or approximate 8.5 times the per capita income for the state. Table 2.8 Per capita income of Jains estimated District Per Capita (Monthly) Rs. Per Capita (Annually) Rs. Jaipur 59250 711000 Udaipur 82603 991240 State Average 71264 855174 Concluding remarks: Following summary indicates results of the survey for respondents: • Total number of respondents: 390 with 281 males (72.1 %) and 109 females (27.9 %). Their age-wise distribution is 54.4 % male and 75.3 % female in the age group 14-59. • 41.5 % of the respondents use 'Jain' as their surnames, while 57.4 % of them preferred to use some other surnames. • 94.6 % males and 82.5 % female were married; 3.3 % male and 4.7 % female were unmarried; 1.7% male and 11 % female were widower/widows; and 0.4 % male and 1.8 % female were divorced. • 77.6 % male and 77.1% female had graduate or higher education. However highlighting figure is that 1.1 % male were illiterate and 7.1 % had education up to middle class. • 83.6 % male and 69.7 % female attended Hindi medium schools. More female (27.5 %) Jains went to English medium schools than males (15.7 %). It seems that upward economic mobility of Jains is related to the medium of Language used in high schools. Page 24 of 60

• Occupation: 47.3 % male and 29.4 % female were engaged in their own business. 38.4 % male and 22 % female were in service (government or private). Agriculture (cultivators and workers) work is performed by 4.6 % males only. • Income: 27.8 % male and 20.2 % female reported income less than Rs 25000 per month. 40.2 % male and 32.1 % female reported income between Rs 25-50000 per month. The balance was in higher income groups with 11.4% male and 33.9 % female not responding to the query. Per capita income of Jains come to Rs 8,55,174 which is more than 8.5 times the state average but low from Jain perspective. Page 25 of 60

Chapter – 3 POPULATION PROFILE This chapter presents the survey results of the Jain population of the two districts of Rajasthan in terms of the family size, age structure, sex and child sex ratios, etc. Table 3.1 shows the Jain population in the two districts surveyed (390 respondents accounting for 1,831 family members). Jain population covered by field survey Table 3.1 presents the population profile of the Jain community in the two districts along with estimated average for the state for Rajasthan as a whole. As per our survey, 390 respondents and their family members took part in the survey for a total Jain population of 1,831 individuals (928 males and 903 females). The sex ratio was found to be 973 per 1,000 males. The percentage of children in 0-6 years age group stands at 5.1 %. Table 3.1: Total Surveyed Population District Number Male % Female % 0-6 Age % Male Female Group %% Jaipur 889 444 49.9 445 50.1 Udaipur 942 484 51.4 458 48.6 55 6.2 6.3 6.1 State Average 1831 928 50.7 903 49.3 30 3.2 2.9 3.5 85 5.1 4.5 4.8 Surveyed Population 100 Male 90 Female 80 70 Udaipur State Average 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Jaipur Page 26 of 60

Family Size Table 3.2 presents survey data about Jain family size in the State. The range of the family size was chosen between single and 10+ members. It is clear from the table that the largest number of families (18.5 %) is a 6-member unit followed by 4-member units (17.7 %), 5- member (14.9%) and 3-member families (11.9 %). These four categories of families account for over 63 % of the Jain families in the Rajasthan State. The upper limit (with 10+ members) of the family size was 1.5% of the total sample size, while 1-member constituted 8.4 %. The average family size comes to 4.7 or say 5 members. Table 3.2: Family Size (%) Family Size Jaipur Udaipur Total/Average 1-Member 14.3 2.9 8.4 2-Member 6.6 15.9 11.4 3-Member 7.2 16.3 11.9 4-Member 17.1 18.3 17.7 5-Member 15.4 14.4 14.9 6-Member 19.2 17.8 18.5 7-Member 7.1 4.8 5.9 8-Member 0.5 6.7 3.7 9-Member 4.9 1.0 2.9 10-Member 6.1 0.5 3.2 10+-Member 1.6 1.4 1.5 Family Size 20 3 Member 18 4 Member 16 5 Member 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Jaipur Udaipur State Average Page 27 of 60

Age structure and Dependency Ratios Tables 3.3 and, 3.4 present data on Jain population in terms of age, age group categories and dependency ratios respectively. Table 3.3 summarizes the age-structure of the Jain community surveyed. Jain adults (14-59 age group), that is economically active, constitute 63.3 % of Jain population for a state average as compared to the national average of 66.5% in the same age group. 12.6 % Jain are young (0-14) and 19.3% Jain are old (60+) for an overall state average. The comparative figures of the age structure of Jain population in India as per 2011 census data were as follows: 20.7% below 15 years of age, 66.5% between 15-59 years and about 12.8% over 60 years of age (See Jain, Dheeraj 2017:7). Dependency ratio gives the proportion of persons whom the persons in economically active age group need to support. Dependency ratio can be divided into two parts: (i) young dependency ratio, and (ii) old dependency ratio. Dependency ratio can be calculated as the number of persons in age group 0-14 plus the number of persons in age group 60 years or more divided by number of persons in age group 15-59 years and multiplied by 1,000. Dependency Ratio= Number of persons in 0−14 years + Number of Persons above 60 years divided by Number of Persons in 15−59 age group X 1,000. Young dependency ratio can be calculated by number of persons in age group 0-14 years divided by number of persons in age group 15-59 and multiplied by 1,000. Young Dependency Ratio= Number of Persons in 0−14 years divided by number of Persons in 15−59 age group X 1,000. Similarly, old dependency ratio can be calculated by number of persons in age group 60+ years divided by number of persons in age group 15-59 years and multiplied by 1,000. Old Dependency Ratio = Number of Persons above 60 years divided by number of Persons in 15−59 age group X 1,000. Table 3.4 presents dependency ratios for the two districts and the state averages. It is observed that overall dependency ratio for the state (502) is much lower than the national (597 as per census 2011). Further analysis shows that the young dependency ratio is also low in the Rajasthan State (199) compared to the Jain national figure of (311) while the old dependency ratio was higher in the case of Rajasthan State survey (303) compared to national average (187). This implies ageing Jain population in the state with lesser number of children being added by Jain community. Page 28 of 60

Table 3.3: Age and Gender distribution by States/Districts District 0-14 15-59 60+ No Response MF MF MF MF Jaipur 14.2 13.5 64.2 66.7 19.8 18.4 1.8 1.4 Udaipur 11.6 11.6 61.6 62.0 20.2 18.6 6.6 7.8 State Average 12.8 12.5 62.8 64.3 20.1 18.5 4.3 4.7 15-59 Age Group 68 66 64 Male 62 Female 60 58 Udaipur State Average Jaipur Table 3.4: Dependency Ratio District Dependency Young Dependency Old Dependency Ratio Ratio Ratio Jaipur 503 211 292 Udaipur 501 187 314 State Average 502 199 303 Dependency Ratio 600 Dependency Ratio 500 Young Dependency Ratio 400 Old Dependency Ratio 300 200 Udaipur State Average 100 0 Jaipur Page 29 of 60

Sex and Child Sex Ratios The sex ratio (number of females per 1,000 males) as per our survey was found to be 973, which was much higher as compared to the Rajasthan State 2011 census data of 928 and compared to the 2011 national Jain sex ratio of 954. The child (0-6) sex ratio at 1024 is significantly higher in comparison to the 2011 Rajasthan State census figure of 888 and 2011 national Jain child sex ratio of 889. Table 3.5: Sex Ratio District Sex Ratio Child Sex Ratio 1002 (0-6-year age Jaipur 946 group) Udaipur 964 State 1142 Average 973 1024 Sex-Ratio 1200 Sex Ratio 1000 Child Sex Ratio 800 600 400 200 0 Jaipur Udaipur State Average Page 30 of 60

Awareness about shortage of girls As seen in Table 3.6 over 43.3 % of the respondents said yes to the question about shortage of girls in the Jain community; about 51.3 % said no and about 5.4 % had no response. Table 3.6: Awareness about shortage of girls District Question: Are you aware that there is shortage of girls against boys in the Jain Jaipur Udaipur community? State Average No Yes No Response 68.0 22.0 10.0 20.0 79.0 1.0 43.3 51.3 5.4 Awareness about feticide Female feticide is considered as the prime suspect in declining child sex ratio among the Jains. Our sample data suggest that about 18 % of respondents replied in the affirmative about female feticide and about 74 % in negative. Table 3.7: Knowledge about feticide among Jains District Question: Have you heard of any case of feticide among Jains in your area? Jaipur Udaipur Yes No No Response State 32.5 53.8 13.7 Average 4.8 92.3 2.9 18.2 73.6 8.2 Discrimination against girls Although Jain families are more egalitarian than those in other communities in India, yet due to patriarchy some discrimination against girls is still seen in the Jain families. Accordingly, 5.5 % of the respondents replied in the affirmative, while 90 % replied in the negative. About 4.5 % of the respondents had no response (Table 3.8). Page 31 of 60

Youth perception about discrimination against girls in the Jain community is slightly at variance from the general public in that only 3 % of the youth believe that girls are discriminated against while 93.7 % denied it and 3.3% did not reply the question. Table 3.8: Opinion about discrimination against girls District Question: Do you believe that in Jain family’s girls are discriminated against in regard to food, Jaipur education and health provisions Udaipur Yes No No Response State Average 8.8 84.1 7.1 2.4 95.7 1.9 5.5 90.0 4.5 Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth) Question: Do you believe that in Jain families girls are discriminated against District in regard to food, education and health Jaipur provisions Udaipur State Average No Yes No Response 3.6 94.3 2.1 2.5 93.0 4.5 3.0 93.7 3.3 Concluding Remarks: Our conclusions are based on the Jain sample population of 1,831in Rajasthan State, which are as follows: Gender distribution: 50.7 % male & 49.3 % female. Sex Ratio: 973 females per 1000 male and child sex ratio (0-6) at 1024 per 1000 male. Sex ratio compared to census figures for Rajasthan (958) and the national average (954) for Jains. Family Size: 4.7 or say 5 members. Age distribution: 63.3 % in age group 15-59 compared to 66.6% national average; Only 12.6 % were in the age group in 0-14 years age group - a very serious issue leading to a likely sharp decline in Jain population in future. Elderly population (60+) relatively high at 19.3 %. Dependency ratio: Economically active- 50%. Overall dependency ratio 502 compared to national average of 597; Young dependency ratio 199 and old Page 32 of 60

dependency ratio 303 compared to 187 and 311 as national average respectively. Awareness (female issues): 5.5% Discrimination against girls (respondents) 3% Discrimination against girls (youth) 43.3 % Awareness about shortage of girls 18.2 % Awareness about female feticide Issues concerning Jain community which need to be addressed urgently are: • Rapid decline in birth rate: Only 5.1 % were in the age group 0-6 years; young dependency ratio 199 compared to 311 national average • Aging Jain population: old dependency ratio 303 compared to 187 national average. Page 33 of 60

Chapter – 4 EDUCATION, OCCUPATION AND INCOME STRUCTURE This chapter analyses the survey data on Jain families, their educational and occupational structure, income levels, employment, unemployment, land holding, ownership of commercial and residential property, scale of their businesses and house ownership in the state. Education Census 2011 shows that 29.4% Jains in the state to be at least graduate. Our survey shows 53.8 % of male and 49.1% female for the overall state average of 51.5 % who responded with their education were at least graduate. 25.3 % male respondents and 28.8% female respondent did not respond about their educational qualification. An unfortunate part revealed that while women (15.2 %) continued to do better than their male (12.5 %) counterparts till Middle education, their number dropped down considerably by the time they reached graduation and post-graduation. On the happier side, 82.2 % male & 81.6 % female Jain youth have graduation and above qualifications (Table 4.2). 14% male & 13 % female have studied up to senior secondary classes, about 4% male & 5 % female up to middle classes. Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population (%) District 0-6 6-18 Illiterate Up to Up to Graduate No Age Age Middle Senior & Above response Jaipur Group Group MF Secondary Udaipur MF MF 0.2 0.0 MF MF MF MF 3.8 2.4 16.7 10.6 0.4 0.0 10.1 10.1 9.5 8.5 59.9 60.0 20.3 21.3 State 2.9 3.0 14.0 13.5 0.3 0.0 14.7 20.1 6.8 5.4 48.1 38.4 30.0 36.0 Average 1.6 1.3 15.3 12.1 12.5 15.2 8.1 7.0 53.8 49.1 25.3 28.8 100 Graduate & Above 80 60 Male 40 Female 20 0 Udaipur State Average Jaipur Page 34 of 60

Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth (%) District Illiterate Up to Up to Senior Graduate & No response Middle Secondary Above Jaipur MF MF MF MF Udaipur 0.0 0.0 1.2 5.3 10.7 5.3 MF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 5.5 17.1 20.6 88.1 89.5 0.0 0.0 State 76.7 74.0 Average 0.0 0.0 3.8 5.4 14.0 13.0 0.0 0.0 82.2 81.6 Vocational preference for next generation Table 4.3 reveal that 20.5% female respondents prefer jobs with professional qualifications for their youngsters compared to 22.5% preferring government service. Surprisingly only 6.2% female in Jaipur prefer their youngsters to be employed in Government service. 44.7 % females prefer their youngsters to be engaged in Family business. Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generation (%) Occupation Line District Family Government Professional education No Business or (Engineering, Medicine, Response Jaipur New Business Services Udaipur Law, Accountancy etc.) MF State Average MF 11.1 20.0 37.6 41.5 MF M F 3.7 6.8 45.7 47.7 14.5 6.2 36.8 32.3 7.2 12.3 41.8 44.7 34.2 36.4 16.5 9.1 24.8 22.5 26.2 20.5 Occupation 39 % male and 49.2 % female respondents chose not to respond to his query. Of the remaining who did respond, own business for 29.2% male and household work for 27.1% female were the main occupations, followed by Government and private service for 19.2% males (Table 4.4). Page 35 of 60

Table 4.4: Occupational status by Gender distribution Occupation Type Gender Jaipur Udaipur State Agriculture Average M 0.0 2.7 Own Business F 0.0 0.0 1.3 Services M 31.5 27.1 0.0 F 11.2 5.5 29.2 (Govt/Private) M 16.9 21.3 8.3 Professional F 7.2 8.5 19.2 M 2.9 1.2 7.9 Managing Household F 3.2 0.9 2.0 M 2.5 1.2 2.0 Others F 26.3 28.0 1.8 Students M 0.0 0.0 27.1 F 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Response M 5.2 9.4 0.0 F 4.0 7.0 7.4 M 41.0 37.0 5.5 F 48.1 50.2 39.0 49.2 Occupational status by Gender distribution (State Average) 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 Male 5 0 Female Page 36 of 60

Occupational status by Gender for Youth A majority of Jains youth (82.2 % male and 81.6 % female) have graduation and above degrees (Table 4.2). This gets reflected in their occupation as well which can be seen from the following table with professional females being less perhaps due to their getting married and living elsewhere: Table 4.5: Occupational status by Gender distribution for Youth (%) Occupation Type Gender Jaipur Udaipur State Average Agriculture M 0 2.3 F 0 0.0 1.1 Own Business M 52.4 34.9 0.0 Services F 24.6 23.3 43.2 M 21.4 41.1 23.9 (Govt/Private) F 8.7 17.8 31.7 Professional M 13.1 10.8 13.4 F 12.3 38.4 11.9 Others M 0.0 9.3 25.5 F 0.0 15.1 4.8 Students M 3.6 0.0 7.6 F 42.1 0.0 1.7 No Response M 9.5 1.5 20.8 F 12.3 5.5 5.6 8.8 Comparison of occupational preferences by Jain adult and youth respondents is shown in table below. (Table 4.3) (Table 4.5) Description Male Female Male Female Own business 41.8% 44.7 % 43.2% 23.9% Service 24.8% 22.5% 31.7% 13.4% Profession 26.2% 20.5% 11.9% 25.5% Page 37 of 60

Land Holding Surprisingly, 78.3 % of Jains did not respond to this query, indicating reluctance by respondents in general not to discuss financial matters with others. Of those who responded, land holding pattern by Jains show 7.1 % holding 5 acres or less, 28.1 % holding 5-10 acers and 1.4 % only holding more than 10 acres. Table 4.6: Size of land holding (%) How much agricultural Jaipur Udaipur State Average land you own? 5.5 24.5 15.3 Up to 5 acres 6.0 6.3 6.1 5 to 10 acres 0.6 0.0 0.3 Above 10 acres 87.9 69.2 78.3 No response Commercial Property Valuation The pattern here is similar to land holding with 72.5 % not responding to the query. Amongst those who indicated; 19.3 % owned commercial property up to Rs 5 lakhs, 41.4 % mentioned their property value between Rs 5 to 20 lakhs, and 39.3 % mentioned the value of their such property to be above Rs 20 lakhs. Table 4.7: Commercial property value (%) Market Value Jaipur Udaipur State Average Up to Rs. 5 lakhs 3.3 7.2 5.3 Rs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lakhs 2.8 21.6 11.4 Above Rs. 20 lakhs 19.2 2.9 10.8 No response 74.7 68.3 72.5 Commercial Property Value 80 70 60 50 Jaipur Udaipur 40 State Average 30 20 10 0 Up to Rs. 5 Rs. 5 lacs to Rs. Above Rs. 20 No response lakhs 20 lakhs lakhs Page 38 of 60

Residential Property Only 55.2 % respondents were forthcoming in sharing information about the value of their residential property. Surprisingly 59.4 % claimed their property value above Rs 20 lakhs, while 26.4 % declared the same between Rs. 5-20 lakhs and 14.1 % declaring the same at less than Rs 5 lakhs. Table 4.8: Residential property value (%) Market Value Jaipur Udaipur State Average Up to Rs. 5 lakhs 3.3 12.0 7.8 Rs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lakhs 6.1 22.6 14.6 Above Rs. 20 lakhs 53.8 13.0 32.8 No response 36.8 52.4 44.8 Scale of the Business 46.2 % respondents did not respond to this query (Table 4.9). Only 24.8 % respondents reported their business of medium scale, while 20.7 % reported the same as small scale and only 8.3 % of large scale. Table 4.9: Size of the Business (%) Small Jaipur Udaipur State Average Medium 22.5 18.7 20.7 Large 27.5 22.1 24.8 No response 2.8 13.5 8.3 47.2 45.7 46.2 House Ownership An overwhelming majority of Jain respondents (86.6 %) in Rajasthan State had their own house instead of living in a rented house. Those living in rented accommodation formed a meagre 6 % of the respondents while 7.4 % did not reveal the status of their residence. This implies a majority of Jains do own their residential property, a natural trend amongst Jains to own a house for providing emotional stability and financial security to the family. Table 4.10: House Ownership (%) Own Jaipur Udaipur State Average Rented 78.6 94.2 86.6 No response 8.8 3.4 6.0 12.6 2.4 7.4 Page 39 of 60

Concluding Remarks: Education: Up to middle 12.5 % male & 15.2 % female Up to SS School 8.1 % male 7 % female Graduation and above 53.8 % male & 49.1 % female. However, for the youth, education level moves as 14 % male and 13 % female have SS school education at least with 82.2 % male & 81.6 % female have graduation and higher qualifications. Vocational preferences 20.5% female respondents prefer jobs with professional qualifications for their youngsters compared to 22.5% preferring government service. Surprisingly only 6.2% female in Jaipur prefer their youngsters to be employed in Government service. 44.7 % females prefer their youngsters to be engaged in Family business. Own business (41.8 % male & 44.7 % female) continues to be the first preference with government /private service opting for it (24.8 % male 22.5% female) followed by a large shift to professions (26.2 % male & 20.5 % female). Existing occupation: 39 % male and 49.2 % female respondents chose not to respond to his query. Of the remaining who did respond, own business for 29.2% male and household work for 27.1% female occupy the highest occupation levels followed by Government and private service occupations by 19.2% males. So, a major shift in occupation, based on higher level of education is expected. This might be a reason for emigration of Jains from villages/small towns to bigger cities anywhere. Land holding: 78.3 % of Jains did not respond to this query indicating reluctance by respondents in general not to discuss financial matters with others. Of those who responded, land holding pattern by Jains show 7.1 % holding 5 acres or less, 28.1 % holding 5-10 acers and 1.4 % only holding more than 10 acres. Commercial property: The pattern here is similar to land holding with 72.5 % not responding to the query. Amongst those who indicated; 19.3 % owned commercial property up to Rs 5 lakhs, 41.4 % mentioned their property value between Rs 5 to 20 lakhs, and 39.3 % mentioned the value of their such property to be above Rs 20 lakhs. Residential Property: Only 55.2 % respondents were forth coming in sharing information about the value of their residential property. Surprisingly 59.4 % Page 40 of 60

Size of business: claimed their property value above Rs 20 lakhs, while 26.4 % declared the same between RS 5-20 lakhs and 14.1 % declaring the same at less than Rs 5 lakhs. This also compares to 86.6 % Jains living in their own homes and 6 % only living in rented places. 20.7 % Jains reported as having small business (perhaps shops (provisions or general merchant); 24.8 % with medium business. A small % (8.3) reported as having large business and 46.2 % did not respond (perhaps as they are probably involved in service or profession). Page 41 of 60

Chapter – 5 COMMUNITY PROFILE This chapter analyses some of the macro and micro social structuralfeatures and religious practices of Jain community in Rajasthan state. It gives a glimpse of Family type, caste distribution, marital status, inter-faith marriage, inter- caste marriage preference, marriage age, religious rituals, prevalence of dowry, remarriage and the perception of Jainism as a separate religion, independent of Hinduism. Family The Rajasthan State sample survey of Jain population corroborated the increasing trend of Joint families. About 55.8 % of the families were reported to be Joint while 37.9 % were found to be nuclear. 6.3% respondents did not respond to the question. Table 5.1: Family type (%) Family type Jaipur Udaipur State Average Joint 61.0 51.0 55.8 Nuclear 28.6 46.6 37.9 No response 10.4 2.4 6.3 Family Type 100 Joint 90 Nuclear 80 70 Udaipur State Average 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Jaipur Page 42 of 60

Caste/ Sub-Caste Caste-based distribution of Jain population is presented in Table 5.2. The data reveal some important facts: About 47.2 % correctly mentioned Khandelwal etc. as their caste. No response category was also significant at 15.4%. About 37.4 % respondents mentioned wrongly Jain religion as their caste. This means that approximately half of our respondents (52.8 %) did not know about their caste. They also seemed to be ignorant about the distinction between religion, sect and caste. Table 5.2: Caste Distribution (%) Sec/ Jaipur Udaipur State Average Sub-Sect 29.7 44.2 37.4 Jain 13.2 0.0 0.0 6.7 6.2 Khandelwal 2.2 0.0 3.6 Kothari 31.8 40.4 1.0 Bakliwal 8.7 36.4 Others 23.1 15.4 No response Marital Status The survey data of Jain population of Rajasthan (based on 1831 respondents) reveal that 56.9 % male & 55.4 % female were married. However, the percentage of unmarried at 3.4 % male & 1.7 % female is intriguing. It may be that a majority of them are students. The population of widowers/widows was 1% male & 3.3 % female. About 38.6 % male & 38.9 % female did not reveal their marital status raising a question about the reasons (social stigma of being unable to get married or being separated/divorced) for the same. Only 0.1 % male & 0.5 % female reported themselves as divorced or separated. Table 5.3: Marital Status (%) District Unmarried Married Widow/ Divorce / Vowed to No Widower separated Celibacy Response Jaipur MF MF MF MF MF MF Udaipur 22.1 17.1 61.0 60. 2 0.9 3.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 16.1 19.1 State 20.0 17.2 53.1 50.7 1.0 3.1 0.2 0.9 0.0 0.7 25.6 27.5 Average 21.0 17.2 56.9 55.2 1.0 3.2 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.4 21.0 23.4 Page 43 of 60

Inter-caste or inter-religion Marriages In the case of Jains, inter-religion marriage means marriage between Jain and Hindu, Jain and Sikh, Jain and Christian, etc. There has been a long practice of inter-religious marriages between Jain and Vaishnav Hindus in Gujarat, Delhi, Western Uttar Pradesh and major towns and cities. In recent times such marriages have not only increased in number, they have also been extended to include various other castes/sub-castes of Brahamins, Kshatriyas, and even non-Vaishnav Vaishyas. Given the scenario, it should not be surprising that a majority of respondents (89.7 %) in Rajasthan are aware of this phenomenon (Table 5.4). Incidentally, despite high percentage of awareness about inter-religion marriages, those who prefer such marriages is only 18.5 %, which signifies a deficit between awareness and actual choices (Table 5.5). When respondents were asked about the reasons of growing trends of marriage of Jain boys/girls outside the Jain community, a large number (73.6 %) responded in affirmation in regard of Co-education/Co-work, thus the marital problem faced by them within Jain community. While 8.7 % of them showed inability to find suitable match in Jain community, some17.7 % did not respond to our query (Table 5.7). Almost 79.2 % of the respondents felt that Jain arranged marriages are being gradually replaced by self-arranged love marriages, while 9.8 % respondents did not respond (Table 5.9). Table 5.4: Inter-faith marriage (%) District Question: Are you aware of the growing trends of marriage of Jains Boys/Girls outside the Jain Jaipur community? Udaipur State Average Yes No No Response 88.5 5.5 6.0 87.0 12.5 0.5 89.7 9.2 3.1 Inter caste / religion marriage preference An overwhelming majority (76.7 %) did not favour such matrimonial alliances or religious exogamy even though a high 95.2 % were aware of this practice. However, 18.5 % of our respondents favoured inter-religious marriages for various reasons. Some 4.8% of our sample did not answer the query. (See Table 5.5) The situation with Jain youth is different with 30 % favoured inter-faith marriages. 68 % Jain youth were not in favour of such marriages, and the rest 2% did not respond to this question (See Table 5.6). Page 44 of 60

Table 5.5: Inter-cast marriage preference (%) Question: Are you in favour of Jain-non-Jain District marriages? Jaipur Yes No No Response Udaipur State Average 33.6 58.2 8.2 5.3 92.8 1.9 18.5 76.7 4.8 Table 5.6: Inter-faith marriage preference (Youth) (%) District Question: Are you in favour of Jain-non-Jain marriages? Jaipur Udaipur Yes No No Response State Average 53.1 44.1 2.8 14.8 83.7 1.5 30.0 68.0 2.0 Reasons of Inter-faith Marriage While responding to the reasons of inter-faith marriages, 73.6 % of the respondents suggested co-education/ co-working as the main reason of inter-faith marriages and 8.7 % mentioned non-availability of suitable match in the Jain community as the second reason (Table 5.7). Among the youth respondents78.4 % mentioned co-education/ co-work as the main reason of inter-faith marriage and 12.5 % mentioned unavailability of suitable partners in the Jain community as the second reason (Table 5.8). Table 5.7: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (%) Reasons Jaipur Udaipur State 64.3 81.7 Average Co-education/co-work Could not find suitable match in Jain 7.7 9.7 73.6 community 28.0 8.6 8.7 No response 17.7 Page 45 of 60

Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (Youth) (%) Reasons Jaipur Udaipur State Average Co-education/co-work 67.4 86.1 78.4 Could not find suitable match in Jain 16.3 9.9 12.5 community No response 16.3 4.0 9.1 Comparison of Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages by Jain adult and youth respondents is shown in table below. Description (Table 5.7) (Table 5.8) Jain Adults Jain Youth Co-education/co-work Could not find suitable match in Jain 73.6 78.4 community No response 8.7 12.5 17.7 9.1 Table 5.9: Arranged vs marriage by choice (%) State District Question: Are arranged marriages being replaced by Rajasthan love marriages among Jains in Rajasthan Jaipur Udaipur Yes No No Response State Average 65.4 15.4 19.2 92.3 6.7 1.0 79.2 10.9 9.8 Arranged vs marriage by choice No Response 10% No 11% Yes 79% Page 46 of 60

Changes in institution marriage As per our survey, 32.6 % Jains married late. This is surprising in view of the rural Jain population inhabiting the state. 73.9 % Jains preferred night time wedding ceremony as compared to 16.9% favouring daytime marriage. Only 10.3 % Jains wished their marriages to be solemnized by a Jain pandit, which again is a surprising revaelation. Only 31 % Jains favoured selecting of their partner by their own choice as against family arranged. This again is surprising for the area surveyed. However, 9.2 % did not respond to this question (Table 5.10). Table 5.10: Changes in marriage institution (%) Late marriage Jaipur Udaipur State Average Day-time marriage 51.6 14.4 32.6 Marriage by Jain Pandit 10.4 22.6 16.9 Marriage by own choice 2.7 16.8 10.3 No response 15.4 44.7 31.0 19.8 1.4 9.2 Prevalence of dowry (%) Only 56.9 % Jains responded negatively to the prevalence of the dowry in the community. However, 34.6 % of them said that it was prevalent to some extent, while 8.5 % felt that it existed to a larger extent (Table 5.11). Table 5.11: Prevalence of dowry (%) Situation of dowry Jaipur Udaipur State Average Prevalent to a large extent 13.7 3.8 8.5 Prevalent to some extent 42.9 11.6 26.1 Not prevalent 31.9 78.8 56.9 No response 11.5 5.8 8.5 Widow and divorcee remarriage A sizeable majority (88.8%) of Jain respondents favoured remarriage of Jain divorcees/widows. However, 6.9 % did not favour such alliances and only 4.3 % respondents gave no response to this question. Page 47 of 60

Table 5.12: Widow and divorcee remarriage (%) District Question: Do you support remarriage of divorcees/widows in Jains? Jaipur Udaipur Yes No No Response State Average 83.5 8.3 8.2 93.7 5.8 0.5 88.8 6.9 4.3 Divorce Only 17.4 % of the respondents reported known cases of divorce within their family or amongst their relatives (Table 5.13). Table 5.13: Divorce (%) Question: Has there been any case of divorce in your family/relations? District Yes No No Response Indore 29.1 56.6 14.3 Udaipur 7.2 90.4 2.4 State Average 17.4 74.6 8.0 Membership of Jain Associations A great majority of Jains (86.5 %) did not reveal their association or affiliation with any Jain social or religious group, even with four major socio-religious associations namely; Digamber Jain Mahasamiti, Rajashthan Jain Mahasabha and Jain Conference command only 2.2 % of Jains as their members. 11.3 % Jains were members of other less-known associations or groups like Jain Yuvak Mandal, Jain Yuvak Sangh, Veer Sewa Dal & Jain Milan etc. Table 5.14: Organization and Associational Distribution (%) Digamber Jain Mahasamiti Jaipur Udaipur State Average Rajashthan Jain Sabha 2.2 0.0 1.0 Jain Conference 1.1 0.0 1.0 Other 0.0 0.5 0.2 No response 14.8 8.2 11.3 81.9 91.3 86.5 Page 48 of 60

Inter-Ethnic Relations As pointed out earlier, in spite of Jainism being a separate religion, Jains are often regarded as Vaishyas in the framework of the Hindu Varna-Vyavastha. Our survey revealed that 72.5 % considered Jains as a separate community independent of Hindus, while 15.4 % considered Jains to be a part of the Hindu Varna system (Table 5.15). Table 5.15: Jainism and Hinduism (%) Within the Hindu Varna system Jaipur Udaipur State Average A separate community independent 22.5 9.1 15.4 of Hindus 72.5 No response 55.5 87.5 22.0 3.4 12.1 Concluding Remarks This chapter is mainly based on the opinions of the respondents on certain issues pertaining to family, marriage and Jain identity, which have repercussions on Jain population dynamics. Family type: Joint family (55.8 %) is still the prevailing family type but 37.9 % nuclear families show the emerging trend towards nuclear families. Caste system: No clear understanding prevails amongst Jains as 37.4 % reported Jain religion as their caste, and 47.2 % reported /caste correctly while 15.4 % did not respond. Marital status: 56.9% male and 55.4 % female reported as being married. 3.4% male and 1.7 % female reported as being unmarried. Very few people reported their status did report their status as widows/widowers or divorcees with 38.6 male and 38.9% female not responded. Changes in the institution of marriage: Inter-caste marriage: 89.7 % were aware of the growing trend. Preferences: 76.7 % do not prefer compared to 30 % youth preferring it. Reasons: 73.6 % Jains and 78.4 % Jain youth cited co-education and co- working as the main reason with 8.7 % Jains and 12.5 % Jain Page 49 of 60