JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018)A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Sagar District Bina Shahgarh Malthon Banda Khurai Rahatgarh Sagar Garhakota Rehli Kesli DeoriINTERNATIONAL SCHOOL FOR JAIN STUDIES International School for Jain Studies SELF STUDY IS THE D-28, Panchsheel Enclave SUPREME AUSTERITY New Delhi-110 017 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in
JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018)A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Sagar District International School for Jain Studies D-28, Panchsheel Enclave New Delhi – 110017 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in
CONTENTS v viiList of Tables ixPrefaceExecutive Summary 1Chapter 1: Introduction 3Chapter 2: Socio-economic background of the Respondents 7Chapter 3: Population Profile 11Chapter 4: Education and Occupational Structure 15Chapter 5: Community Profile 21Chapter 6: Jain way of Life 27Chapter 7: Summary and Conclusion 29Appendix-I: Questionnaire for general population 37Appendix-II: Questionnaire for Youth populationBibliography 41
LIST OF TABLES P. No.Table 2.1: Surnames of Sagar Jain respondents 3Table 2.2: Age and Gender Distribution 3Table 2.3: Marital Status 3Table 2.4: Education 4Table 2.5: Medium of Education 4Table 2.6: Occupational Status 4Table 2.7: Income 7Table 3.1: Total Sample Population of Sagar District 7Table 3.2: Population by Family Size and Gender 7Table 3.3: Population Distribution by Broad Age category and Gender 8Table 3.4: Distribution of Jain population by Age Groups 8Table 3.5: Dependency Ratios 9Table 3.6: Sex Ratio and Child Sex Ratios 9Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girls 9Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among Jains 9Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls 9Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth) 11Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of Sagar 11Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in Sagar 11Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generation 12Table 4.4: Occupational status by gender 12Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Jain youth 12Table 4.6: Size of land holding 13Table 4.7: Commercial property value 13Table 4.8: Residential property value 13Table 4.9: Size of the Business 13Table 4.10: House ownership 15Table 5.1: Family type 15Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect Distribution 15Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Sagar Respondents 16Table 5.4: Marital Status 16Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriage 16Table 5.6: Inter-marriage preference 16Table 5.7: Inter-marriage preference (youth) 17Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages
Table 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (youth) 17Table 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choice 17Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institution 17Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowry 18Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriage 18Table 5.14: Divorce 18Table 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution 18Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism 19Table 6.1: Visit to temple 21Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 21Table 6.3: Food after sunset 21Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth) 21Table 6.5: Drinking 22Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) 22Table 6.7: Dietary Habits 22Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth 22Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism 22Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth) 23Table 6.11: Religious education 23Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory? 23Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism 23Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) 24Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism 24Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) 24Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education 25vi
PREFACEInternational School for Jain Studies (ISJS) since its inception in 2005 has mainly beeninvolved in promoting academic studies of Jainism among the overseas students and scholarsthrough its Summer School Programme. So far about 700 participants have benefited fromthe programme. ISJS also conducts research on Jain religion and philosophy and the Jaincommunity, besides organizing national and international seminars, publishing books and anonline journal “ISJS-Transaction”.ISJS last year executed a series of population-related studies in order to find out thepopulation dynamics of the Jain community which have been showing some disturbing trendsin regard to population growth rate, fertility rate, sex and child sex ratios etc. In this series thefirst survey was done in Hauz Khas tehsil of South Delhi district and the second one wasconducted in New Delhi district in 2017-2018. These studies are based on 2011 census data,voters list and our own field surveys of the Jain population. The findings of both the studiesconfirmed the fact that Jain population in the two areas was under-estimated in 2011 censusby a range of 60% to 90%.“A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Sagar District” is the eighth report in this series,though with more emphasis on the sociological profile than on the population enumeration.The sociological profile includes select population characteristics, education, occupation andincome levels, aspects of family and marriage and the Jain way of life and identity in terms ofdaily visit to temple, day dining, marriage within the community and the problem of driftaway from Jain values by Jain youth, etc. The survey also suggests late marriage, too manynot marrying at all and shifting from rural to metro areas or going abroad for better economicopportunities.The above findings, it is hoped, would be quite useful to the Jain and academicians alike inorder to take suitable corrective and constructive measures to address the problem of thecommunity. In order to find out the India-wide trends similar studies of Belgaum, Pune,Solapur, Kolhapur, Indore, Jabalpur and Bhopal have already been completed, and others areunder-way at Mumbai, Jaipur, Udaipur, Jodhpur, Ahemdabad, Banglore and Chennai.
I thank Dr. Abhay Firodia, Shri Firodia Trust of Pune and Dr. Sulekh Jain of USA for theirprompt financial and moral support to undertake this study. Special thanks are due to ShriPrafulla Parakh, CEO, Bhartiya Jain Sanghthna, Pune for taking up the entire responsibilityof the survey and data collection in Belgaum, Pune, Solapur, Kolhapur, Jabalpur and Bhopaldistrict. Thanks are due to Shri Nitin Jain for coordinating the survey work in Sagar. I alsothank my team members, particularly Prof. Prakash C Jain, Dr. Shrinetra Pandey and staffmembers Mr. Sushil Jana, Mr. Shivam Saxena and Miss. Jyoti Pandey for their tireless effortsin completing this study. Dr. Shugan C Jain Chairman International School for Jain StudiesNew DelhiDate: November 16h, 2018 viii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis summarizes the report of the Sagar district sociological survey, which was carried outduring September-October 2018. The report highlights the sociological profile of the Jaincommunity in terms of population characteristics, education, occupation and income levels,continuity and change in the community life, status of women and youth, and the Jain way oflife. Major findings of the survey based on three sets of Jain sample population of Sagardistrict are as follows:Table: Summary of Major findingsIndicators Respondents Sample Population Youth Population N=81Married N=82 N=369Sex Ratio 34%Child Sex Ratio Population Characteristics -Family Size - 98% 50.54% -Graduate +Medium of instruction - 1016 47.62%(i) Hindi -(ii) English - 222 53.74%Agriculture - 4.8 persons 44.21%Own BusinessProfession and Service Education 11.88%Students 23.76% 37% 61.82% 33.66%Less than Rs. 25,000/- 1.98%Rs. 25,000-Rs. 50,000/- -- -Awareness 100% - -Not in favour ofReasons (co-education/ 0% - -co-working) 47.62%Widow/Divorcee Occupationremarriage 73.47% 28% 1.09%Daily temple visitFood after sunset 45% 15.71%Eat Non-Vegetarian foodDrink alcohol 27% 15.20%Discrimination againstgirls - 5.01% Income 49% - 23% - Inter-faith marriage 62% - 90% 36% - 44% - - Jain way of life - 37.41% 85.02% - 67.35% 44.94% - 14.97% 0.81% - 8.16% 1.21% - 25.17% 8.50%
Other factors of significance: Almost all the respondents admitted a drift among the youthaway from Jainism. Most of them also suggested inculcating ethos of Jainism early in achild’s life. They said that making study of Jainism mandatory in schools and colleges,besides Sunday schools, religious camps could help in stopping the drift of youth away fromJainism. A good majority of our respondents (51.82%) considered Jainism as a separatecommunity and religion independent of Hinduism.Way forward: There is a strong need to validate these findings for many more such areaswith different geographical and socio-economical profile to represent total Jain population.Further, there is a strong need to start the dialogue in the community to prepare Jains for 2021Census and also initiate appropriate actions for minimizing drift away from Jainism. x
Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTIONSagar district had the second largest concentration of Jain population (62,992) in 2011Census. Sagar is the capital city of the Madhya Pradesh state. In 2001 census the Jainpopulation of the Sagar district was 59,931. The decadal growth rate during 2001-2011 was5.11% which is more than that of Madhya Pradesh (3.96%). The other demographic featuresinclude 96.15% literacy rate (Male: 97.25% and Female: 95.01%). Sex-Ratio in Sagar districtwas 974 and child sex-ratio was 994 – both being above the national Jain average of 954 and889 respectively. Work participation rate for the Jains in 2011 census was 35.13% (54.52%for males and 15.21% for females). Map: Sagar district and its sub-districts
The sociological survey of the Jain community in Sagar district is designed as an exploratorystudy with the following objectives.Objectives of the Survey 1. To investigate the nature of socio-demographic profile of the Jain communities in Sagar district. 2. To assess the infra structure available for education and skill development of Jain youth in the area. 3. To study the changing occupational structure of the Jain community. 4. To analyze trends of inter-generational occupational mobility and future aspirations. 5. To assess the gaps in availability of infrastructure/occupational opportunities for youth (Get their opinion) 6. To examine the emergent status of women in the community, particularly in terms of education and occupational status, work participation and religiosity.Research MethodologyA carefully constructed Questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaireconsisted of about 50 items/questions. The data were collected from 2 tehsils (sub-districts)of the Sagar district, namely Berasia and Huzur. In all, respondents from 86 Jain familiesparticipated in the survey. Besides the questionnaire the report also relied on secondarysources, including books, newspaper and magazine articles, census data etc.Along with general Jain population in Sagar, Jain youth – both male and female – were alsointerviewed through a separate questionnaire which consisted of 21 items/questions. Youthwere generally defined as respondents under 35 years of age. A total number of 16 youthwere interviewed. In most cases youth belonged to the same families which participated inthe Sagar Jain community survey. Their views and opinions have been highlighted atappropriate places in the report.Significance of the StudyIt is hoped, the study would fill a major gap in our understanding of the socio-cultural,demographic, educational and economic status of the contemporary Jain community in Sagarin particular and Madhya Pradesh in general as no anthropological/sociological work on thesubject has so far been done. [2]
Chapter – 2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE RESPONDENTSTable 2.1: Surnames of Sagar Jain respondents Jain % Other % No Response % 84.15 Surnames 1 1.2269 14.63Total 12 82Table 2.2: Age and Gender DistributionAge Group Total % Male % Female %< 2525-34 0 0 0 00035-44 5 6 545-54 22 27 20 60055-64 29 35 2965-74 17 21 17 25 2 10075-84 4 5 485+ 0 0 0 36 0 0No response 0 0 0Total 5 6 5 21 0 0 82 100 80 500 000 000 600 100 2 100Table 2.3: Marital StatusMarital Status Number % Male % Female % 2 2 2 2.5 0 0Unmarried 80 98 78 97.25 2 100 0 0 0 0 0 0Married 0 0 0 0 0 0Widow/Widower 0 0 0 0 0 0Divorce / 82 100 80 100 2 100separatedNo responseTotal
Table 2.4: EducationEducational Number % Male % Female %Qualification 30.00 0 0 35.00 0 0Illiterate 24 29 24 35.00 2 100Upto Middle 28 34 28 0.00 0 0Upto S. Sec 30 37 28 0.00 0 0 100 2 100Graduate & 0 00AboveNo response 0 00Total 82 100 80Table 2.5: Medium of EducationMedium of your education Number % Male % Female %English 0 0 0 0 0 0Hindi 82 100 80 100 2 100Other 0 0 0 0 0 0No response 0 0 0 0 0 0Total 82 100 80 100 2 100Table 2.6: Occupational StatusOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 23 28 23Own Business 37 45 37 29 0 0Service 46 0 0(Govt/Private) 18 22 16Professional 4 5 4 20 2 100Managing 5 00Household 0 0 0Others 0 0 0 0 00Students 0 0 0 0 00No response 0 0 0 0 00Total 82 100 80 0 00 100 2 100 [4]
Table 2.7: IncomeIncome (Rs.) Number % Male % Female %Less than 100 025,000 40 49 38 48 2 0 025,000 – 50,000 19 23 19 24 0 0 10050,000-1,00,000 4 5 45 0Above 1,00,000 19 23 19 24 0No response 0 0 0 0 0Total 82 100 80 100 2Findings:Table 2.1: Surnames: Jain 84%Table 2.2: Gender and Age Male 97.56%, Female 2.44% (i) Gender Majority 88% 35-74 Years (ii) Age Married 98%Table 2.3: Marital Status:Table 2.4: Education: 34% (i) Upto Sr. Secondary 37% (ii) Graduate and AboveTable 2.5: Medium of Education: 100% (i) HindiTable 2.6: Occupational Status: 28% (i) Agriculture 45% (ii) Own Business 22% (iii) Service 5% (iv) ProfessionalTable 2.7: Income: 49% (i) Less than Rs. 25,000 23% (ii) 25,000 – 50,000 5% (iii) 50,000-1,00,000 23% (iv) Above 1,00,000 [5]
Chapter – 3 POPULATION PROFILETable 3.1: Total Sample Population of Sagar DistrictDistrict Number Male % Female % 0-6 Age %Sagar 369 183 49.59 186 50.41 Group 2.98 11Table 3.2: Population by Family Size and GenderFamily Size Numbers of % Total % Families Members1-Member 4.88 12-Member 4 1.22 4 13-Member 1 10.98 2 74-Member 9 40.24 27 365-Member 33 23.17 132 266-Member 19 10.98 95 157-Member 9 4.88 54 88-Member 4 1.22 28 29-Member 1 1.22 8 210-Member 1 1.22 9 310+-Member 1 0.00 10 0Total/Average 0 100.00 0 100 82 369Table 3.3: Population Distribution by Broad Age category and GenderAge Number % Male % Female %Categories0-14 60 16.26 32 17.49 28 15.0515-59 239 64.77 119 65.03 120 64.5260+ 32 8.67 20 10.93 12 6.45Noresponse 38 10.30 12 6.56 26 13.98Total 369 100.00 183 100.00 186 100.00
Table 3.4: Distribution of Jain population by Age GroupsAge Group Total % Male % Female %0-4 5 1.36 4 2.19 1 0.545-9 27 7.32 13 7.10 14 7.5310-14 28 7.59 15 8.20 13 6.9915-19 16 4.34 7 3.83 9 4.8420-24 19 5.15 7 3.83 12 6.4525-29 31 8.40 12 6.56 19 10.2230-34 25 6.78 15 8.20 10 5.3835-39 31 8.40 11 6.01 20 10.7540-44 32 8.67 22 12.02 10 5.3845-49 36 9.76 16 8.74 20 10.7550-54 28 7.59 15 8.20 13 6.9955-59 21 5.69 14 7.65 7 3.7660-64 17 4.61 13 7.10 4 2.1565-69 7 1.90 2 1.09 5 2.6970-74 6 1.63 4 2.19 2 1.0875-79 2 0.54 1 0.55 1 0.5480+ 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00No response 38 10.30 12 6.56 26 13.98Total 369 100.00 183 100.00 186 100.00Table 3.5: Dependency RatiosDependency Ratio National Jain (National) Sagar 2001 2011 2001 2011 Survey (2018)Dependency Ratio 544 597Young Dependency 752 652 390 311 385Ratio 621 510 251Old Dependency 154 187Ratio 131 142 134 [8]
Table 3.6: Sex RatiosCensus/Survey Year Sex Ratio Child (0-6 Years) Sex Ratio2001(National Jain Data) 940 8702011(National Jain Data) 954 8892018 (Sagar Survey) 1,016 222Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girlsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 1 1Are you aware that thereis shortage of girlsagainst boys in the Jain 72 88 9 11community?Total 82Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among JainsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 4 4.88Have you heard of anycase of feticide among 16 19.51 62 75.61Jains in your area?Total 82Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girlsQuestion Yes % No % No % 19.51 responseDo you believe that in Jain families 16 65 79.27 1 1.22girls are discriminated against in regard 82to food, education and health provisionsTotalTable 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth)Question Yes % No % No response %Do you believe that in 10 12.35 66 81.48 5 6.17Jain families girls are 81discriminated in regard to [9]food, education andhealth provisions?Total
Findings: 49.59%Table 3.1: Total sample profile: 50.41% (i) Male: 4.5 (ii) Female: 40.24%Table 3.2: Population by family size: 10.98% (i) Average family size: 23.17% (ii) 4 member family: (iii) 3 member family: 16.26% (iv) 5 member family: 64.77%Table 3.3: Population distribution by broad age: 8.67% (i) 0-14 age group: (ii) 15-59 age group: 385 (iii) 60+ age group: 251Table 3.5: Dependency Ratio: 134 (i) Dependency Ratio: (ii) Young Dependency Ratio: 1,016 (iii) Old Dependency Ratio: 222Table 3.6: Sex Ratio: 88% (i) Sex Ratio: 19.51% (ii) Child Sex Ratio: 19.51%Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girls: 12.35%Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among Jains:Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls:Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth):[10]
Chapter – 4 EDUCATION, OCCUPATION AND INCOME STRUCTURETable 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of SagarEducational Level Total % Male % Female %Illiterate 7 1.90 4 2.19 3 1.61Up to Middle 107 29.00 57 31.15 50 26.88Up to Senior Secondary 55 14.91 39 21.31 16 8.60Graduate & Above 131 35.50 61 33.33 70 37.63No response 69 18.70 22 12.02 47 25.27Total 369 87.23 183 100.00 186 100.00Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in SagarEducational Number % Male % Female %QualificationIlliterate 1 1.23 1 1.69 0 0Upto Middle 6 7.41 4 6.78 2 9.09Upto S. Sec 41 50.62 30 50.85 11 50.00Graduate &Above 29 35.80 21 35.59 8 36.36No response 4 4.94 3 5.08 1 4.55Total 81 100.00 59 100.00 22 100.00Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generationOccupation line Number % Male % Female % 23 28.05Family Business or 37 45.12 23 28.75 0 0.00New Business 37 46.25 0 0.00 18 21.95Government Services 4 4.88 82 100.00Professionaleducation(Engineering,Medicine, Law,Accountancy etc.) 16 20.00 2 100.00No Response 4 5.00 0 0.00Total 80 100.00 2 100
Table 4.4: Occupational status by genderOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 4 1.08 4 2.19 0 0.00Own Business 60 16.26 57 31.15 3 1.61Service(Govt/Private) 26 7.05 19 10.38 7 3.76Professional 6 1.63 4 2.19 2 1.08ManagingHousehold 39 10.57 2 1.09 37 19.89Others 0.00 0.00 0.00Students 16 4.34 10 5.46 6 3.23No response 218 59.08 87 47.54 131 70.43Total 369 100 183 100 186 100Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Jain youthOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 1 1.23 1 1.69 0 0.00Own Business 14 17.28 11 18.64 3 13.64Service(Govt/Private) 21 25.93 16 27.12 5 22.73Professional 3 3.70 3 5.08 0 0.00Others 29 35.80 23 38.98 6 27.27Students 0.00 0.00 0.00No response 13 16.05 5 8.47 8 36.36Total 81 100.00 59 100.00 22 100Table 4.6: Size of land holdingHow muchagricultural Number % Male % Female %land you own? 2 2.44 5 6.10Up to 5 acres 0 0.00 2 2.50 0 0.00 75 91.46 5 6.25 0 0.005 to 10 acres 82 100 0 0.00 0 0.00 73 91.25 2 100.00Above 10 acres 80 100 2 100No responseTotal [12]
Table 4.7: Commercial property valueMarket Value Number %Up to Rs. 5 lakhs 3 3.66Rs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lakhs 6 7.32Above Rs. 20 lakhs 0 0.00No response 73 89.02Total 82 100Table 4.8: Residential property valueMarket Value Number %Upto Rs. 5 lacsRs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lacs 12 14.63Above Rs. 20 lacs 22 26.83No response 5 6.10Total 43 52.44 82 100Table 4.9: Size of the BusinessSmall Number % Male % Female %MediumLarge 20 24.39 19 23.75 1 50.00No response 39 47.56 38 47.50 1 50.00Total 10 12.20 10 12.50 0 0.00 13 15.85 13 16.25 0 0.00 82 100 80 100 2 100Table 4.10: House ownershipHouse ownership Number %Own 73 73.00Rented 6 6.00No response 6 6.00Total 85 34.41 [13]
Findings:Table 4.1: Education:(i) Graduate & Above: 34.50%(ii) Upto Middle: 29%Table 4.2: Educational Status Youth:(i) Graduate & Above: 35.80%(ii) Upto Sr. Sec. : 50.62%Table 4.3: Vocational Preferences for next generation:(i) Family Business: 28%(ii) Professional Education: 21.95%Table 4.4: Occupational Status:(i) Own Business: 16.26%(ii) Service & Professional: 8.67%(iii) Managing Household: 10.57%Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Youth:(i) Own Business: 17.28%(ii) Services & Professional: 29.63%(iii) Students: 0%Table 4.6: Ownership agriculture land:(i) Less than10 Acers: 6.10%Table 4.7: Commercial property value:(i) Rs. 5 to 20 Lacs: 7.32%Table 4.8: Residential property value:(i) Above Rs. 20 Lac: 6.10%(ii) Rs. 5 to 20 Lac: 26.83%Table 4.9: Size of Business:(i) Medium: 47.56%(ii) Large: 12.20%Table 4.10: House Ownership:(i) Own: 86.59%(ii) Rented: 6.10% [14]
Chapter – 5 COMMUNITY PROFILETable 5.1: Family typeFamily type Number % Male % Female %Joint 68 82.93 66 82.50 2 100.00Nuclear 7 8.54 7 8.75 0 0.00No response 7 8.54 7 8.75 0 0.00Total 82 100 80 100 2 100Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect DistributionSec/ Number % Male % Female %Sub-Sect 82 100.00 80 100.00 2 100.00DigambarShwetambar 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00MurtipujakShwetambar 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00SthanakvasiShwetambar 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00Terapanthi 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00No response 82 100 80 100 2 100TotalTable 5.3: Caste Distribution of Sagar RespondentsCaste/Sub-Caste Distribution PercentageJain 61 74Parvar 11 13Others 2 2No response 8 10Total 82 100
Table 5.4: Marital StatusMarital Status Number % Male % Female % 92 24.93 46 25.14 46 24.73Unmarried 189 51.22 104 56.83 85 45.70 1 0.27 0 0.00 1 0.54Married 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00Widow/Widower 29.03 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 100Divorce / 87 23.58 33 18.03 54 100 183 100 186 %separated 369 2.44Vowed to % 3.66Celibacy %No response 8.64TotalTable 5.5: Inter-faith marriageQuestion Yes % No % No response 2Are you aware of thegrowing trends of marriageof Jains Boys/Girls outside 51 62.20 29 35.37the Jain community?Total 82Table 5.6: Inter-marriage preferenceQuestion Yes % No % No response 3Are you in favour of Jain- 5 6.10 74 90.24non-Jain marriagesTotal 82Table 5.7: Inter-marriage preference (youth)Question Yes % No % No responseAre you in favour of Jain- 18 22.22 56non-Jain marriages 69.14 7Total 81 [16]
Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain MarriagesReasons Number % 29 35.37Co-education/co-workCould not find suitable match in Jain 33 40.24community 20 24.39Other (please specify) 0 0.00 82 100.00 No responseTotalTable 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (youth)Reasons Number % 49 60.49Co-education/co-workCould not find suitable match in Jain 17 20.99community 0 0.00Other (please specify) 15 18.52 81 100.00No responseTotalTable 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choiceQuestion Yes % No % No response % 1.22Are arranged marriagesbeing replaced by love 35.37 1marriages among Jains in 52 63.41 29SagarTotal 82Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institutionLate marriage Number % Male % Female %Day-time marriage 22 26.83 21 26.25 1 50.00Marriage by Jain 35 42.68 35 43.75 0.00Pandit 0Marriage by own 1 1.22 1 1.25 0.00choiceNo response 23 28.05 22 27.50 1 50.00Total 1 1.22 1 1.25 0 0.00 82 100.00 80 100 2 100 [17]
Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowrySituation of dowry Number % Male % Female %Prevalent to a largeextent 16 20 16 20.00 0 0.00Prevalent to some extentNot prevalent 58 71 56 70.00 2 100.00No response 3 4 3 3.75 0 0.00Total 5 6 5 6.25 0 0.00 82 100 80 100 2 100Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriageQuestion Yes % No % No response % 2 2.44Do you supportremarriage ofdivorcees/widows in 34 41.46 46 56.10JainsTotal 82Table 5.14: DivorceQuestion Yes % No % No response % 1 1.22Has there been any caseof divorce in your 7 8.54 74 90.24family/relations?Total 82Table 5.15: Organization and Associational DistributionBharatiya Jain Sanghatan Number % Male % Female %Dakshin Bharat Jain SabhaJain Social Group 1 1.22 1 1.25 0 0.00Jain Conference 6 7.32 6 7.50 0 0.00Other 14 17.07 14 17.50 0 0.00No response 8 9.76 7 8.75 1 50.00Total 13 15.85 12 15.00 1 50.00 40 48.78 40 50.00 0 0.00 82 100 80 100 2 100 [18]
Table 5.16: Jainism and HinduismWithin the Hindu Varna Number % Male % Female %system 2 2.44 2 2.50 0 0.00A separate communityindependent of Hindus 59 71.95 57 71.25 2 100.00No response 21 25.61 21Total 82 100 80 26.25 0 0.00 100 2 100Findings:Table 5.1: Family type:(i) Nuclear: 82.93%(ii) Joint: 8.54%Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect Distribution(i) Digamber: 100%Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Sagar Respondents(i) Jain: 74%(ii) Golapurav: 13%(iii) Others 2%Table 5.4: Marital Status(i) Married: 51.22%Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriageAwareness of the trends of growing interfaith marriages;(i) Yes: 62.20%Table 5.6: Inter marriage preferenceIn favour of(i) No: 90.24%Table 5.7: Inter marriage preference (Youth)In favour of(i) No: 69.24%Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages(i) Co-education/co-work: 35.57%(ii) No match in Jain Community: 40.24% [19]
Table 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (Youth)(i) Co-education/co-work: 60.49%(ii) No match in Jain Community: 21%Table 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choiceArranged marriage being replaced by love marriage(i) Yes: 63.41%Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institution(i) Late marriage: 26.63%(ii) Day time marriage 42.68%Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowry(i) Not prevalent: 4%(ii) Prevalent to some extent: 71%(iii) Prevalent to a large extent: 20%Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriage 56.10%Support for 8.54% (i) No:Table 5.14: Divorce Divorce in family (i) Yes:Table 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution(i) Jain Social Group: 17%(ii) Others: 15.85%(iii) No response: 48.78%Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism(i) A separate community: 71.95%(ii) No response: 7% [20]
Chapter – 6 JAIN WAY OF LIFETable 6.1: Visit to templeDaily Number % Male % Female %Occasionally 80 98 78 97.50 2 100.00Sunday 0 0 0 0.00 0 0.00During Paryushan Parv 0 0 0 0.00 0 0.00OnlyNo response 0 0 0 0.00 0 0.00Total 2 2 2 2.50 0 0.00 82 100 80 100 2 100Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth)Daily Number % Male % Female % 76 93.83 56 94.92 20 90.91Occasionally 2 2.47 1 1.69 1 4.55 1 1.23 1 1.69 0 0.00SundayDuring Paryushan Parv 2 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00Only 81 59 22No response 2.47 1.69 4.55 100 100 100TotalTable 6.3: Food after sunsetQuestion Yes % No % No response %Take food after sunset 9 10.98 72 87.80 1 1.22Total 82Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth)Question Yes % No % No response %Take food after sunset 32 39.51 46 56.79 3 3.70Total 81
Table 6.5: DrinkingQuestion Yes % No % No response %Drink alcohol 0 0.00 78 95.12 4 4.88Total 82 No response % 5 6.17Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) No response %Question Yes % No % 4 4.88Drink alcohol 0 0.00 76 93.83Total No response % 81 5 6.17Table 6.7: Dietary HabitsQuestion Yes % No %Eat non-vegetarian food 0 0.00 78 95.12Total 82Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth)Question Yes % No %Eat non-vegetarian food 0 0.00 76 93.83Total 81Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from JainismQuestion Yes % No % No response % 2 2.44Younger generation isdrifting away from 58 70.73 22 26.83JainismTotal 82 [22]
Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth)Question Yes % No % No response % 6 7.41Younger generation isdrifting away from 52 64.20 23 28.40JainismTotal 81Table 6.11: Religious educationQuestion Yes % No % No response %Religious Education 70 85.37 10 12.20 2 2.44Total 82Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory?Question Yes % No % No response %Do you think that 77 93.90 1.22religious education 82 4 4.88 1should be madecompulsory to Jainchildren?TotalTable 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from JainismToo Many rituals in Number % Male % Female %Jainism 10 12.20 9 11.25 1 50.00Lack of exposure to 26 25Jainism 38 31.71 38 31.25 1 50.00Not in tune with modern 8 8culture 82 46.34 80 47.50 0 0.00Other 9.76 0No response 0.00 10.00 0.00Total 100 0.00 2 0.00 100 100 [23]
Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth)Too Many rituals in Number % Male % Female %Jainism 37 45.68 29 49.15 8 36.36Lack of exposure toJainism 25 30.86 14 23.73 11 50.00Not in tune with modernculture 11 13.58 9 15.25 2 9.09No response 8 9.88 7 81 100 59 11.86 1 4.55Total 100 22 100Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism Number % Male % Female %Jain moral education 10 12.20 9 50classes in 6 7.32 6 11.25 1 0school/colleges 58 70.73 57 50 4 4.88 4 0Jain Sunday schools for 4 4.88 4 7.5 0 0 82 100 80 100teaching Jainism 71.25 1 5 0Jain shivris (camps) for 5 0 2religious education 100OtherNo responseTotalTable 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth)Jain moral education Number % Male % Female %classes in 23 28.40 16 27.12 7 31.82school/colleges 22 27.16 17 28.81 5 22.73Jain Sunday schools for 29 35.80 20 33.90 9 40.91 3 3.70 2 3.39 1 4.55teaching Jainism 4 4.94 4 6.78 0 0.00 81 100 59 100 22 100Jain shivris (camps) forreligious educationOtherNo responseTotal [24]
Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious educationSpiritual Number % Male % Female %Campus 19 23.46 14 23.73 5 22.73Special 22 27.16 19 32.20 3 13.64TrainingReligious 31 38.27 18 30.51 13 59.09educationprogram 9 11.11 8 13.56 1 4.55No 81 100 59 100 22 100responseTotalFindings: 0% 98%Table 6.1: Visit to temple (i) Occasionally: 2.47% (ii) Daily: 93.83%Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 10.98% (i) Occasionally: (ii) Daily: 39.51%Table 6.3: Eating after sunset 4.88% (i) Yes: 6.17%Table 6.4: Eating after sunset (youth) (i) Yes: 4.88%Table 6.5: Drinking (i) No response:Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) (i) No response:Table 6.7: Dietary Habits, Eat non-vegetarian food (i) No response: [25]
Table 6.8: Dietary Habits Young, Eat non-vegetarian food(i) No response: 6.17%Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism(i) Yes: 70.73%Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth)(i) Yes: 64.20%Table 6.11: Religious education(i) Yes: 85.37%Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory?(i) Yes: 93.90%Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism(i) Lack of exposure to Jainism: 31.71%(ii) Not in tune with modern culture: 46.34%(iii) Too many rituals in Jainism: 12.20%Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) 30.86% (i) Lack of exposure to Jainism: 13.58% (ii) Not in tune with modern culture: 45.68% (iii) Too many rituals in Jainism: 7.32%Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism 12.20% (i) Jain Sunday schools for teaching Jainism: (ii) Jain moral education classes in school/colleges: 28.40% 27.16%Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) (i) Jain moral education classes in school/colleges: 38.27% (ii) Jain Sunday schools for teaching Jainism: 23.46%Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education (i) Religious education program: (ii) Spiritual camps: [26]
Chapter – 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSagar district hosts the second largest Jain population in Madhya Pradesh. This Jain samplesurvey in Sagar is based on 82 Jain families and 81 Jain youth. Our survey data suggest thetotal sample Jain population in Sagar district at 369 persons. The gender distribution ofrespondents is in favour of male members (97.56%). Average Jain family size comes to 4.5members. Only 8.5% Jain families in Sagar district are joint.A great majority of respondents in our survey was male (97.56%). About 88% of therespondents were in the age group 35-74 years. A large majority (98%) of them weremarried. An overwhelming majority of them were literate, with 37% holding graduation andabove educational qualifications.The study of Sagar district survey revealed the dominant presence of Digambar Jains (100%).Caste-wise there were 13% Parwars. A majority (74%) of them wrongly mentioned Jain asthere caste. In our sample of Sagar district, about 84% of the respondents were found to beusing 'Jain' as their surnames.In Sagar district 45% Jains had their own business followed by 28% doing agriculture 27%were in profession and service. About 49% of respondents had income under Rs 25, 000and 23% between Rs 25,000 to Rs. 50,000.The sex ratio in Sagar district was found to be 1,016 and the child sex-ratio 22. While the Jainsex ratio is much better than national average of 954, the child sex-ratio is far-far below theaverage of 889. The dependency ratio for Sagar Jain sample population is calculated at 385,the young dependency ratio at 251 and old dependency ratio 134. The dependency for youngas well as old in our survey was found to be low.As per our survey of Jain sample population of Sagar (369) about 35% had graduation andabove qualifications. About 4% of the sample population was engaged in studies as students.Predictably, the medium of instruction was Hindi (100%).In the Sagar district sample the awareness about inter-religion marriages is 65%, but a vastmajority (90%) did not favour inter-faith marriages. While responding to the reasons of inter-faith marriage, about 36% of the respondents suggested co-education/ co-working as the mainreason of interfaith marriage and about 40% of them mentioned non-availability of suitablematch in the Jain community as the second reason. Among the youth respondents a majority(about 60%) also mentioned co-education and co-working as the major reason of inter-faithmarriage and 21% the non-availability of a suitable match in the Jain community as thesecond reason. Only about 44% of the respondents supported widow/divorcee re-marriage.
Responding to the question about the on-going changes in the marriage institution Day-timemarriage figured prominently with as many as 43% singling it out as a major change. Amongother changes late marriage was mentioned by of the respondents 27%. A large number ofour respondents (91%) admitted the prevalence of dowry in the community, whereas only 4%of them denied the prevalence of dowry.The opinions of the respondents on certain issues pertaining to Jain way of life, whichincludes visits to religious places, food and dietary habits, religious teachings and religiousinteraction of Jain youths have also been included in the report for giving a comparativeview.The Sagar survey result did not report much difficulties in practicing the Jain way of life,especially related to food and dietary habits. In our survey the consumption of liquor was notfavoured by majority of general population (94%) and youth population (76.19%). The samewas found to be true for non-vegetarianism, with both general population and youthpopulation saying no to it. Overwhelming majority of respondents 98% and 94% youth visitthe Jain temple daily. Similarly about 89% Jain respondent do not eat after sun set this figureabout 40% among youth.When it came to the religious education of children, a great majority (94%) of ourrespondents believed that religious education should be made mandatory for Jain children forinculcating in them the ethos of Jain way of life. The respondents appeared to be following amoderate and relaxed Jain way of life.The Sagar sociological survey was found to be quite significant in a number of ways. Whileour survey positively validates some major population characteristics of the Jain communitysuch as age and gender structure, family size, sex and child sex ratios, literacy andeducational levels, occupational structure etc., it also highlights a number of features of theJain community of Sagar district such as sect/sub-sect and caste composition, size and type offamily, education, occupation and income levels and the change and continuity in the Jainway of life. An important finding of the survey was that about 72% of the Jain respondentsconsidered Jains as a separate community and religion, independent of Hinduism. [28]
Appendix – 1 [29]
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[31]
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[34]
[35]
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Appendix – 2 [37]
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