JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018)A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Indore District Sawer Depalpur Hatod Indore MhowINTERNATIONAL SCHOOL FOR JAIN STUDIES International School for Jain Studies SELF STUDY IS THE D-28, Panchsheel Enclave SUPREME AUSTERITY New Delhi-110 017 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in
JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018)A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Indore District International School for Jain Studies D-28, Panchsheel Enclave New Delhi – 110017 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in
CONTENTS v viiList of Tables ixPrefaceExecutive Summary 1Chapter 1: Introduction 3Chapter 2: Socio-economic background of the Respondents 7Chapter 3: Population Profile 11Chapter 4: Education and Occupational Structure 15Chapter 5: Community Profile 21Chapter 6: Jain way of Life 27Chapter 7: Summary and Conclusion 29Appendix-I: Questionnaire for general population 37Appendix-II: Questionnaire for Youth populationBibliography 41
LIST OF TABLES P. No.Table 2.1: Surnames of Indore Jain respondents 3Table 2.2: Age and Gender Distribution 3Table 2.3: Marital Status 3Table 2.4: Education 4Table 2.5: Medium of Education 4Table 2.6: Occupational Status 4Table 2.7: Income 7Table 3.1: Total Sample Population of Indore District 7Table 3.2: Population by Family Size and Gender 7Table 3.3: Population Distribution by Broad Age category and Gender 8Table 3.4: Distribution of Jain population by Age Groups 8Table 3.5: Dependency Ratios 9Table 3.6: Sex Ratio and Child Sex Ratios 9Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girls 9Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among Jains 9Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls 9Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth) 11Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of Indore 11Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in Indore 11Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generation 12Table 4.4: Occupational status by gender 12Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Jain youth 12Table 4.6: Size of land holding 13Table 4.7: Commercial property value 13Table 4.8: Residential property value 13Table 4.9: Size of the Business 13Table 4.10: House ownership 15Table 5.1: Family type 15Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect Distribution 15Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Indore Respondents 16Table 5.4: Marital Status 16Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriage 16Table 5.6: Inter-marriage preference 16Table 5.7: Inter-marriage preference (youth) 17Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages
Table 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (youth) 17Table 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choice 17Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institution 17Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowry 18Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriage 18Table 5.14: Divorce 18Table 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution 18Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism 19Table 6.1: Visit to temple 21Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 21Table 6.3: Food after sunset 21Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth) 21Table 6.5: Drinking 22Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) 22Table 6.7: Dietary Habits 22Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth 22Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism 22Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth) 23Table 6.11: Religious education 23Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory? 23Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism 23Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) 24Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism 24Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) 24Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education 25vi
PREFACEInternational School for Jain Studies (ISJS) since its inception in 2005 has mainly beeninvolved in promoting academic studies of Jainism among the overseas students and scholarsthrough its Summer School Programme. So far about 700 participants have benefited fromthe programme. ISJS also conducts research on Jain religion and philosophy and the Jaincommunity, besides organizing national and international seminars, publishing books and anonline journal “ISJS-Transaction”.ISJS last year executed a series of population-related studies in order to find out thepopulation dynamics of the Jain community which have been showing some disturbing trendsin regard to population growth rate, fertility rate, sex and child sex ratios etc. In this series thefirst survey was done in Hauz Khas tehsil of South Delhi district and the second one wasconducted in New Delhi district in 2017-2018. These studies are based on 2011 census data,voters list and our own field surveys of the Jain population. The findings of both the studiesconfirmed the fact that Jain population in the two areas was under-estimated in 2011 censusby a range of 60% to 90%.“A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Indore District” is the fifth report in this series,though with more emphasis on the sociological profile than on the population enumeration.The sociological profile includes select population characteristics, education, occupation andincome levels, aspects of family and marriage and the Jain way of life and identity in terms ofdaily visit to temple, day dining, marriage within the community and the problem of driftaway from Jain values by Jain youth, etc. The survey also suggests late marriage, too manynot marrying at all and shifting from rural to metro areas or going abroad for better economicopportunities.The above findings, it is hoped, would be quite useful to the Jain and academicians alike inorder to take suitable corrective and constructive measures to address the problem of thecommunity. In order to find out the India-wide trends similar studies of Belgaum, Pune,Solapur and Kolhapur have already been completed, and others are under-way at Mumbai,Ahemadnagar, Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur, Sagar, Jaipur, Udaipur, Jodhpur, Ahemdabad,Banglore and Chennai.
I thank Dr. Abhay Firodia, Shri Firodia Trust of Pune and Dr. Sulekh Jain of USA for theirprompt financial and moral support to undertake this study. Special thanks are due to ShriPrafulla Parakh, CEO, Bhartiya Jain Sanghthna, Pune for taking up the entire responsibilityof the survey and data collection in Indore district, and some other places in Maharashtra.Thanks are due to Dr. Sangeeta Vinayaka for coordinating the survey work in Indore. I alsothank my team members, particularly Prof. Prakash C Jain, Dr. Shrinetra Pandey and staffmembers Mr. Sushil Jana, Mr. Shivam Saxena and Miss. Jyoti Pandey for their tireless effortsin completing this study. Dr. Shugan C Jain Chairman International School for Jain StudiesNew DelhiDate: October 4th, 2018 viii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis summarizes the report of the Indore sociological survey, which was carried out duringMay-July 2018. The report highlights the sociological profile of the Jain community in termsof population characteristics, education, occupation and income levels, continuity and changein the community life, status of women and youth, and the Jain way of life. Major findings ofthe survey based on three sets of Jain sample population of Indore district are as follows:Table: Summary of Major findingsIndicators Respondents Sample Population Youth Population N=147Married N=247 N=1,197Sex Ratio 34%Child Sex Ratio Population Characteristics -Family Size - 87.45% 50.54% -Graduate +Medium of instruction - 969 47.62%(i) Hindi -(ii) English - 815 53.74%Agriculture - 4.8 persons 44.21%Own BusinessProfession and Service Education 11.88%Students 23.76% 73.68% 61.82% 33.66%Less than Rs. 25,000/- 1.98%Rs. 25,000-Rs. 50,000/- -- -Awareness 56.68% - -Not in favour ofReasons (co-education/ 35.63% - -co-working) 47.62%Widow/Divorcee Occupationremarriage 73.47% 2.43% 1.09%Daily temple visitFood after sunset 43.72% 15.71%Eat Non-Vegetarian foodDrink alcohol 29.15% 15.20%Discrimination againstgirls - 5.01% Income 32.39% - 28.74% - Inter-faith marriage 75.30% - 78.54% 57.09% - 76.92% - - Jain way of life - 37.41% 85.02% - 67.35% 44.94% - 14.97% 0.81% - 8.16% 1.21% - 25.17% 8.50%
Other factors of significance: Almost all the respondents admitted a drift among the youthaway from Jainism. Most of them also suggested inculcating ethos of Jainism early in achild’s life. They said that making study of Jainism mandatory in schools and colleges,besides Sunday schools, religious camps could help in stopping the drift of youth away fromJainism. A good majority of our respondents (51.82%) considered Jainism as a separatecommunity and religion independent of Hinduism.Way forward: There is a strong need to validate these findings for many more such areaswith different geographical and socio-economical profile to represent total Jain population.Further, there is a strong need to start the dialogue in the community to prepare Jains for 2021Census and also initiate appropriate actions for minimizing drift away from Jainism. x
Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTIONSituated in the Malwa region of central India, Indore had the largest concentration of Jainpopulation (71, 667) in 2011 Census. The City is not only the largest in Madhya Pradesh, butalso the business and educational hub of the state. The Indore district is very highly urbanizedwith 98.38% of its population living in urban areas. In 2001 census the Jain population of theIndore district was 63,037. The decadal growth rate during 2001-2011 was 13.7% which ismore than that of Madhya Pradesh (3.96%). The other demographic features include 97.1%literacy rate (Male: 97.7% and Female: 96.5%). In the district 1,934 Jains were foundilliterate – 785 Males and 1,149 Females. Sex-Ratio in Indore district was 966 and child sex-ratio was 917 – both being above the national Jain average of 954 and 889 respectively. Workparticipation rate for the Jains in 2011 census was 36.5% (58.4% for males and 13.9% forfemales). Map: Indore district and its sub-districts
The sociological survey of the Jain community in Indore district is designed as an exploratorystudy with the following objectives.Objectives of the Survey 1. To investigate the nature of socio-demographic profile of the Jain communities in Indore district. 2. To assess the infra structure available for education and skill development of Jain youth in the area. 3. To study the changing occupational structure of the Jain community. 4. To analyze trends of inter-generational occupational mobility and future aspirations. 5. To assess the gaps in availability of infrastructure/occupational opportunities for youth (Get their opinion) 6. To examine the emergent status of women in the community, particularly in terms of education and occupational status, work participation and religiosity.Research MethodologyA carefully constructed Questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaireconsisted of about 50 items/questions. The data were collected from 5 tehsils (sub-districts)of the Indore district, namely Indore, Depalpur, Hatod, Sawer and Mahu. In all, respondentsfrom 247 Jain families participated in the survey. Besides the questionnaire the report alsorelied on secondary sources, including books, newspaper and magazine articles, census dataetc.Along with general Jain population in Indore, Jain youth – both male and female – were alsointerviewed through a separate questionnaire which consisted of 21 items/questions. Youthwere generally defined as respondents under 35 years of age. A total number of 147 youthwere interviewed. In most cases youth belonged to the same families which participated inthe Indore Jain community survey. Their views and opinions have been highlighted atappropriate places in the report.Significance of the StudyIt is hoped, the study would fill a major gap in our understanding of the socio-cultural,demographic, educational and economic status of the contemporary Jain community in Indorein particular and Madhya Pradesh in general as no anthropological/sociological work on thesubject has so far been done. [2]
Chapter – 2SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE RESPONDENTSTable 2.1: Surnames of Indore Jain respondents Jain % Other % No Response % 45.34 Surnames 11 4.45 112 50.20Total 124 247Table 2.2: Age and Gender DistributionAge Group Total % Male % Female %< 2525-34 1 0.40 1 0.53 0 035-44 12 4.86 8 4.28 4 6.6745-54 37 14.98 26 13.90 11 18.3355-64 71 28.74 53 28.34 18 3065-74 77 31.17 62 33.16 15 2575-84 34 13.77 28 14.97 6 1085+ 6 2.43 5 2.67 1 1.67No response 2 0.81 2 1.07 0Total 7 2.83 2 1.07 5 0 247 100 187 100 60 8.33 100Table 2.3: Marital StatusMarital Status Number % Male % Female % 14 5.67 10 5.35 4 6.67Unmarried 216 87.45 172 91.98 44 73.33 15 6.07 5 2.67 10 16.67Married 1 0.40 0 0 1 1.67Widow/Widower 1 0.40 0 0 1 1.67Divorce / 247 100 187 100 60 100separatedNo responseTotal
Table 2.4: EducationEducational Number % Male % Female %QualificationIlliterate 3 1.21 3 1.60 0 0Upto Middle 18 7.29 11 5.88 7 11.67Upto S. Sec 42 17 36 19.25 6Graduate & 10Above 182 73.68 136 72.73 46No response 76.67Total 2 0.81 1 0.53 1 247 100 187 100 60 1.67 100Table 2.5: Medium of EducationMedium of your education Number % Male % Female %English 88 35.63 66 35.29 22 36.67Hindi 140 56.68 106 56.68 34 56.67Other 3 1.21 2 1.07 1 1.67No response 16 6.48 13 6.95 3Total 247 100 187 100 60 5 100Table 2.6: Occupational StatusOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 6 2.43 5 2.67 1 1.67Own Business 108 43.72 90 48.13 18 30Service(Govt/Private) 59 23.89 45 24.06 14 23.33Professional 13 5.26 11 5.88 2 3.33ManagingHousehold 23 9.31 10 5.35 13 21.67Others 0 0 0 0 0 0Students 0 0 0 0 0 0No response 38 26 12 20Total 247 15.38 187 13.90 60 100 100 100 [4]
Table 2.7: IncomeIncome (Rs.) Number % Male % Female %Less than25,000 80 32.39 70 37.43 10 16.6725,000 – 50,000 71 28.74 53 28.34 18 3050,000-1,00,000 26 10.53 18 9.63 8Above 1,00,000 28 11.34 24 12.83 4 13.33No response 42 22 11.76 20 6.67Total 247 17 187 100 60 33.33 100 100Findings:Table 2.1: Surnames: Jain 45.34%Table 2.2: Gender and Age Male 75.71%, Female 24.29% (i) Gender Majority 88.66% 35-74 Years (ii) Age Married 87.45%Table 2.3: Marital Status:Table 2.4: Education: 17% (i) Upto Sr. Secondary 73.68% (ii) Graduate and AboveTable 2.5: Medium of Education: 56.68% (i) Hindi 35.63% (ii) EnglishTable 2.6: Occupational Status: 2.43% (i) Agriculture 43.72% (ii) Own Business 23.89% (iii) Service 5.26% (iv) ProfessionalTable 2.7: Income: 32.39% (i) Less than Rs. 25,000 28.74% (ii) 25,000 – 50,000 10.53% (iii) 50,000-1,00,000 11.34% (iv) Above 1,00,000 [5]
Chapter – 3 POPULATION PROFILETable 3.1: Total Sample Population of Indore DistrictDistrict Number Male % Female % 0-6 Age %Indore 1197 608 50.79 589 49.21 Group 4.09 49Table 3.2: Population by Family Size and GenderFamily Size Numbers of % Total % Families Members1-Member 10.28 10.282-Member 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.283-Member 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.284-Member 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.285-Member 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.286-Member 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.287-Member 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.288-Member 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.289-Member 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.2810-Member 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.2810+-Member 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.28Total/Average 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.28Table 3.3: Population Distribution by Broad Age category and GenderAge Number % Male % Female %Categories0-14 139 11.61 69 11.35 70 11.8815-59 812 67.84 406 66.78 406 68.9360+ 210 17.54 113 18.59 97 16.47Noresponse 36 3.01 20 3.29 16 2.72Total 1197 100 608 100 589 100
Table 3.4: Distribution of Jain population by Age GroupsAge Group Total % Male % Female %0-4 24 2.01 13 2.14 11 1.875-9 53 4.43 20 3.29 33 5.6010-14 62 5.18 36 5.92 26 4.4115-19 75 6.27 36 5.92 39 6.6220-24 104 8.69 48 7.89 56 9.5125-29 97 8.10 55 9.05 42 7.1330-34 87 7.27 51 8.39 36 6.1135-39 72 6.02 36 5.92 36 6.1140-44 89 7.44 40 6.58 49 8.3245-49 99 8.27 46 7.57 5350-54 97 8.10 48 7.89 49 955-59 92 7.69 46 7.57 46 8.3260-64 72 6.02 42 6.91 30 7.8165-69 60 5.01 33 5.43 27 5.0970-74 36 3.01 19 3.13 17 4.5875-79 18 1.50 11 1.81 7 2.8980+ 24 2.01 8 1.32 16 1.19No response 36 3.01 20 3.29 16 2.72Total 1197 100 608 100 589 2.72 100Table 3.5: Dependency RatiosDependency Ratio National Jain (National) Indore 2001 2011 2001 2011 Survey (2018)Dependency Ratio 544 597Young Dependency 752 652 390 311 430Ratio 621 510 171Old Dependency 154 187Ratio 131 142 259 [8]
Table 3.6: Sex RatiosCensus/Survey Year Sex Ratio Child (0-6 Years) Sex Ratio2001(National Jain Data) 940 8702011(National Jain Data) 954 8892018 (Indore Survey) 969 815Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girlsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 9 3.64Are you aware that thereis shortage of girlsagainst boys in the Jaincommunity? 204 82.59 34 13.77Total 247Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among JainsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 22 8.91Have you heard of anycase of feticide amongJains in your area? 70 28.34 155 62.75Total 247Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girlsQuestion Yes % No % No % 8.50 response 5.67Do you believe that in Jain families 21 212 85.83 14girls are discriminated against in regard 247to food, education and health provisionsTotalTable 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth)Question Yes % No % No response %Do you believe that in 72.79 3 2.04Jain families girls are 37 25.17 107discriminated in regard to 147 [9]food, education andhealth provisions?Total
Findings: 50.79% 49.21%Table 3.1: Total sample profile: (i) Male: 4.8 (ii) Female: 24.73% 10.28%Table 3.2: Population by family size: 17.96% (i) Average family size: (ii) 4 member family: 11.61% (iii) 3 member family: 67.84% (iv) 5 member family: 17.54%Table 3.3: Population distribution by broad age: 430 (i) 0-14 age group: 171 (ii) 15-59 age group: 259 (iii) 60+ age group: 969Table 3.5: Dependency Ratio: 815 (i) Dependency Ratio: 82.59% (ii) Young Dependency Ratio: 28.34% (iii) Old Dependency Ratio: 8.50% 25.17%Table 3.6: Sex Ratio: (i) Sex Ratio: (ii) Child Sex Ratio:Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girls:Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among Jains:Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls:Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth):[10]
Chapter – 4 EDUCATION, OCCUPATION AND INCOME STRUCTURETable 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of IndoreEducational Level Total % Male % Female %Illiterate 5 0.42 4 0.66 1 0.17Up to Middle 198 16.54 89 14.64 109 18.51Up to Senior Secondary 116 9.69 66 10.86 50 8.49Graduate & Above 740 61.82 386 63.49 354 60.10No response 138 11.53 63 10.36 75 12.73Total 1,197 100 608 100 589 100Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in IndoreEducational Number % Male % Female %QualificationIlliterate 0 0 0 0 0 0Upto Middle 3 2.04 2 2.30 1 1.67Upto S. Sec 72 48.98 40 45.98 32 53.33Graduate &Above 70 47.62 44 50.57 26 43.33No response 2 1.36 1 1.15 1 1.67Total 147 100 87 100 60 100Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generationOccupation line Number % Male % Female % 94 38.06Family Business or 54 21.86New Business 67 27.13 78 41.71 16 26.67 32 12.96 40 21.39 14 23.33Government Services 247 100Professionaleducation(Engineering,Medicine, Law,Accountancy etc.) 46 24.60 21 35 23 12.30 9 15No Response 187 100 60 100Total
Table 4.4: Occupational status by genderOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 13 1.09 8 1.32 5 0.85Own Business 188 15.71 153 25.16 35 5.94Service(Govt/Private) 147 12.28 98 16.12 49 8.32Professional 35 2.92 21 3.45 14 2.38ManagingHousehold 116 9.69 18 2.96 98 16.64Others 6 0.50 4 0.66 2 0.34Students 60 5.01 26 4.28 34 5.77No response 632 52.80 280 46.05 352 59.76Total 1197 100 608 100 589 100Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Jain youthOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 8 5.44 6 6.90 2 3.33Own Business 36 24.49 24 27.59 12 20Service(Govt/Private) 53 36.05 26 29.89 27 45Professional 32 21.77 19 21.84 13 21.67OthersStudents 15 0 9 0 6 0No response 3 10.20 3 10.34 0 10Total 147 2.04 87 3.45 60 0 100 100 100Table 4.6: Size of land holdingHow muchagricultural Number % Male % Female %land you own? 15 6.07 12 5 2.02 4Up to 5 acres 8 3.24 7 6.42 3 5 219 88.66 1645 to 10 acres 247 100 187 2.14 1 1.67Above 10 acres 3.74 1 1.67No response 87.70 55 91.67Total 100 60 100 [12]
Table 4.7: Commercial property valueMarket Value Number %Up to Rs. 5 lakhsRs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lakhs 14 5.67Above Rs. 20 lakhs 16 6.48No response 28 11.34Total 189 76.52 247Table 4.8: Residential property valueMarket Value Number %Upto Rs. 5 lacsRs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lacs 8 3.24Above Rs. 20 lacs 30 12.15No response 110 44.53Total 99 40.08 247Table 4.9: Size of the BusinessSmall Number % Male % Female %MediumLarge 77 31.17 70 37.43 7 11.67No response 60 24.29 40 21.39 20 33.33Total 16 6.48 13 6.95 3 94 38.06 64 34.22 30 5 247 100 187 100 60 50 100Table 4.10: House ownershipHouse ownership Number %OwnRented 208 84.21No response 23 9.31Total 16 6.48 247 [13]
Findings:Table 4.1: Education:(i) Graduate & Above: 61.82%(ii) Upto Middle: 16.54%Table 4.2: Educational Status Youth:(i) Graduate & Above: 47.62%(ii) Upto Sr. Sec. : 48.98%Table 4.3: Vocational Preferences for next generation:(i) Family Business: 38.06%(ii) Professional Education: 27.13%Table 4.4: Occupational Status:(i) Own Business: 15.71%(ii) Service & Professional: 15.20%(iii) Managing Household: 9.69%Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Youth:(i) Own Business: 24.49%(ii) Services & Professional: 57.82%(iii) Students: 10.20%Table 4.6: Ownership agriculture land:(i) Less than10 Acers: 8.10%Table 4.7: Commercial property value:(i) Rs. 5 to 20 Lacs: 6.48%Table 4.8: Residential property value:(i) Above Rs. 20 Lac: 44.53%(ii) Rs. 5 to 20 Lac: 12.15%Table 4.9: Size of Business:(i) Medium: 24.29%(ii) Small: 31.17%(iii) Large: 6.48%Table 4.10: House Ownership:(i) Own: 84.21%(ii) Rented: 9.31% [14]
Chapter – 5 COMMUNITY PROFILETable 5.1: Family typeFamily type Number % Male % Female %Joint 112 45.34 86 45.99 26 43.33Nuclear 100 40.49 80 42.78 20 33.33No response 35 14.17 21 11.23 14 23.33 247 100 187 100 60 100TotalTable 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect DistributionSec/ Number % Male % Female %Sub-Sect 222 89.88 169 90.37 53 88.33DigambarShwetambar 11 4.45 8 4.28 3 5MurtipujakShwetambar 10 4.05 7 3.74 3 5SthanakvasiShwetambar 0 0 0 0 0 0Terapanthi 4 1.62 3 1.60 1 1.67No response 247 100 187 100 60 100TotalTable 5.3: Caste Distribution of Indore RespondentsCaste/Sub-Caste Distribution PercentageJain 80 32.39Khandelwal 67 27.13Parvar 7 2.83OthersNo response 41 16.60Total 52 21.05 247
Table 5.4: Marital StatusMarital Status Number % Male % Female % 208 17.38 116 19.08 92 15.62Unmarried 605 50.54 322 52.96 283 48.05 34 2.84 11 1.81 23 3.90Married 0.51 5 0.42 2 0.33 3 0.51Widow/Widower 31.41 5 0.42 2 0.33 3 100Divorce / 340 28.40 155 25.49 185 100 608 100 589 %separated 1,197 6.07Vowed to %Celibacy 8.50No response % 3.40TotalTable 5.5: Inter-faith marriageQuestion Yes % No % No response 15Are you aware of thegrowing trends of marriageof Jains Boys/Girls outsidethe Jain community? 186 75.30 46 18.62Total 247Table 5.6: Inter-marriage preferenceQuestion Yes % No % No response 21Are you in favour of Jain-non-Jain marriages 32 12.96 194 78.54Total 247Table 5.7: Inter-marriage preference (youth)Question Yes % No % No responseAre you in favour of Jain- 48.98 70 47.62 5non-Jain marriages 72Total 147 [16]
Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain MarriagesReasons Number % 141 57.09Co-education/co-workCould not find suitable match in Jain 49 19.84community 1 0.40Other (please specify) 56 22.67 247 No responseTotalTable 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (youth)Reasons Number % 108 73.47Co-education/co-workCould not find suitable match in Jain 36 24.49community 0 0Other (please specify) 3 147 2.04No responseTotalTable 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choiceQuestion Yes % No % No response % 5.26Are arranged marriagesbeing replaced by lovemarriages among Jains inIndore 186 75.30 48 19.43 13Total 247Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institutionLate marriage Number % Male % Female %Day-time marriage 144 58.30 111 59.36 33 55Marriage by Jain 25 10.12 21 11.23 4 6.67PanditMarriage by own 6 2.43 3 1.60 3 5choiceNo response 55 22.27 41 21.93 14 23.33Total 17 6.88 11 5.88 6 10 247 100 187 100 60 100 [17]
Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowrySituation of dowry Number % Male % Female %Prevalent to a largeextent 30 12.15 24 12.83 6 10Prevalent to some extent 100 40.49 69Not prevalent 94 38.06 80 36.90 31 51.67No response 23 9.31 14Total 247 100 187 42.78 14 23.33 7.49 9 15 100 60 100Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriageQuestion Yes % No % No response % 12 4.86Do you supportremarriage ofdivorcees/widows in 190 76.92 45 18.22JainsTotal 247Table 5.14: DivorceQuestion Yes % No % No response % 42 17Has there been any caseof divorce in your 46 18.62 159 64.37family/relations?Total 247Table 5.15: Organization and Associational DistributionBharatiya Jain Sanghatan Number % Male % Female %Dakshin Bharat Jain 5 2.02 3 1.60 2 3.33SabhaJain Social Group 15 6.07 11 5.88 4 6.67Jain ConferenceOther 3 1.21 3 1.60 0 0No response 50 20.24 39 20.86 11 18.33Total 77 31.17 63 33.69 14 23.33 97 39.27 68 36.36 29 48.33 247 100 187 100 60 100 [18]
Table 5.16: Jainism and HinduismWithin the Hindu Varna Number % Male % Female %system 96 38.87 82 43.85 14 23.33A separate communityindependent of Hindus 128 51.82 93 49.73 35 58.33No response 23 9.31 12Total 247 100 187 6.42 11 18.33 100 60 100Findings:Table 5.1: Family type:(i) Nuclear: 40.49%(ii) Joint: 45.34%Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect Distribution(i) Digamber: 89.88%(ii) Shwetambar Murtipujak: 4.45%Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Indore Respondents (i) Jain: 32.39% (ii) Khandelwal: 27.13% (iii) Parvar: 2.83% (iv) Others 16.60%Table 5.4: Marital Status(i) Married: 50.54%(ii) Unmarried: 17.38%(iii) No response: 28.40%Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriageAwareness of the trends of growing interfaith marriages;(i) Yes: 75.30%(ii) No: 18.62%Table 5.6: Inter marriage preferenceIn favour of(i) Yes: 12.96%(ii) No: 78.54%Table 5.7: Inter marriage preference (Youth)In favour of(i) Yes: 48.98%(ii) No: 47.62%Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages(i) Co-education/co-work: 57.09%(ii) No match in Jain Community: 19.84% [19]
Table 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (Youth)(i) Co-education/co-work: 73.47%(ii) No match in Jain Community: 24.49%Table 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choiceArranged marriage being replaced by love marriage(i) Yes: 75.30%(ii) No: 19.43%Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institution(i) Late marriage: 58.30%(ii) Day time marriage 10.12%Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowry 38.06% (i) Not prevalent: 40.49% (ii) Prevalent to some extent: 12.15% (iii) Prevalent to a large extent:Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriage 76.92%Support for 18.62% (i) Yes:Table 5.14: Divorce Divorce in family (i) Yes:Table 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution(i) Bhartiya Jain Sangthan: 2.02(ii) Jain Social Group: 1.21%(iii) Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha: 6.07(iv) Jain Conference: 20.24(v) Others: 31.17%(vi) No response: 39.27%Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism(i) A separate community: 51.82%(ii) No response: 9.31% [20]
Chapter – 6 JAIN WAY OF LIFETable 6.1: Visit to templeDaily Number % Male % Female %Occasionally 210 85.02 165Sunday 15 6.07 11 88.24 45 75During Paryushan Parv 4 1.62 3 5.88 4 6.67Only 1.60 1 1.67No response 3 1.21 1Total 15 6.07 7 0.53 2 3.33 247 100 187 3.74 8 13.33 100 60 100Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth)Daily Number % Male % Female % 55 37.41 31 35.63 24 40Occasionally 64 43.54 40 45.98 24 40 18 12.24 11 12.64 7 11.67SundayDuring Paryushan Parv 9 6.12 5 5.75 4 6.67Only 1 0.68 0 00 1 1.67No response 147 100 87 100 60 100TotalTable 6.3: Food after sunsetQuestion Yes % No % No response %Take food after sunset 111 44.94 104 42.11 32 12.96Total 247Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth)Question Yes % No % No response %Take food after sunset 99 67.35 41 27.89 7 4.76Total 147
Table 6.5: DrinkingQuestion Yes % No % No response %Drink alcohol 1.21 188 76.11 56 22.67Total 3 247 No response % 23 15.65Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) No response %Question Yes % No % 56 22.67Drink alcohol 12 8.16 112 76.19Total 147 No response % 16 10.88Table 6.7: Dietary HabitsQuestion Yes % No %Eat non-vegetarian food 2 0.81 189 76.52Total 247Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth)Question Yes % No %Eat non-vegetarian food 22 14.97 109 74.15Total 147Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from JainismQuestion Yes % No % No response % 9 3.64Younger generation isdrifting away from 140 56.68 98 39.68JainismTotal 247 [22]
Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth)Question Yes % No % No response % 1 0.68Younger generation isdrifting away from 67 45.58 79 53.74JainismTotal 147Table 6.11: Religious educationQuestion Yes % No % No response %Religious Education 175 70.85 55 22.27 17 6.88Total 247Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory?Question Yes % No % No response %Do you think that 221 89.47 3.24religious education 247 18 7.29 8should be madecompulsory to Jainchildren?TotalTable 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from JainismToo Many rituals in Number % Male % Female %Jainism 45 18.22 39 20.86 6 100Lack of exposure toJainism 152 61.54 116 62.03 36 600Not in tune with modernculture 33 13.36 20 10.70 13 21.67Other 0 00 0No response 17 6.88 12 00 0 00Total 247 100 187 6.42 5 8.33 100 60 100 [23]
Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) Number % Male % Female %Too Many rituals in 48 32.65 30 34.48 18 30Jainism 53 36.05 29 33.33 24 40Lack of exposure toJainism 43 29.25 25 28.74 18 30 3 2.04 3 3.45 0 0Not in tune with modern 147 100 87 100 60 100cultureNo responseTotalTable 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing JainismJain moral education Number % Male % Female % 96 77classes in 38.87 41.18 19 31.67 38 27school/colleges 99 15.38 74 14.44 11 18.33Jain Sunday schools for 14 40.08 9 39.57 25 41.67 247 00 187 00teaching Jainism 5.67 100 4.81 5 8.33Jain shivris (camps) for 100 60 100religious educationOtherNo responseTotalTable 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth)Jain moral education Number % Male % Female % 58.62 41 68.33classes in 92 62.59 51school/colleges 17 11.56 13Jain Sunday schools for 37 25.17 22 14.94 4 6.67 0 0 0teaching Jainism 1 1 25.29 15 25 147 0.68 87 0 0 0Jain shivris (camps) for 100 0 0religious education 1.15 60 100Other 100No responseTotal [24]
Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious educationSpiritual Number % Male % Female %Campus 46 31.29 29 33.33 17 28.33Special 53 36.05 32 36.78 21Training 35Religious 47 31.97 26 29.89 21education 35program 1 0.68 0 0 1No 147 100 87 100 60 1.67response 100TotalFindings: 6.07% 85.02%Table 6.1: Visit to temple 1.21% (i) Occasionally: 1.62% (ii) Daily: (iii) During Paryushan Parv Only: 43.54% (iv) Sunday: 37.41% 6.12%Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 12.24% (i) Occasionally: (ii) Daily: 44.94% (iii) During Paryushan Parv Only: (iv) Sunday: 67.35%Table 6.3: Eating after sunset 76.11% (i) Yes: 22.67%Table 6.4: Eating after sunset (youth) 76.19% (i) Yes: 15.65%Table 6.5: Drinking 22.67% (i) No: 0.81% (ii) No response:Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) (i) No: (ii) No response:Table 6.7: Dietary Habits, Eat non-vegetarian food (i) No response: (ii) Yes: [25]
Table 6.8: Dietary Habits Young, Eat non-vegetarian food(i) No response: 10.88%(ii) Yes: 14.97%Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism(i) Yes: 56.68%Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth)(i) Yes: 45.58%Table 6.11: Religious education(i) Yes: 70.85%Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory?(i) Yes: 89.74%Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism(i) Lack of exposure to Jainism: 61.54%(ii) No response: 6.88%(iii) Not in tune with modern culture: 13.36%(iv) Too many rituals in Jainism: 18.22%Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) 36.05% (i) Lack of exposure to Jainism: 2.04% (ii) No response: 29.25% (iii) Not in tune with modern culture: 32.65% (iv) Too many rituals in Jainism: 15.38%Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism 38.87% (i) Jain Sunday schools for teaching Jainism: (ii) Jain moral education classes in school/colleges: 62.59% 11.56%Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) (i) Jain moral education classes in school/colleges: 31.97% (ii) Jain Sunday schools for teaching Jainism: 31.29% 36.05%Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education (i) Religious education program: (ii) Spiritual camps: (iii) Special Training: [26]
Chapter – 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONIndore district hosts the largest Jain population in Madhya Pradesh. This Jain sample surveyin Indore is based on 247 Jain families and 147 Jain youth. Our survey data suggest the totalsample Jain population in Indore district at 1,197 persons. The gender distribution ofrespondent is in favour of male members (50.8%). Average Jain family size comes to 4.8member. Only 45.3% Jain families in Indore district are joint.A great majority of respondents in our survey was male (75.7%). About 88% of therespondents were in the age group 35-74 years. A large majority (87.5%) of them weremarried. An overwhelming majority of them were literate, with 73.7% holding graduationand above educational qualifications.The study of Indore district survey revealed the dominant presence of Digambar Jains (90%).There were 4.5% Shwetambar Murtipujak Jains. Caste-wise there were 27% Khandelwal and2.8 Parwar. In our sample of Indore district, about 45% of the respondents were found to beusing 'Jain' as their surnames.In Indore district 43.7% Jains had their own business followed by profession and service(about 29%). About one-third of respondents had income under Rs 25, 000 and 28.7%between Rs 25,000 to Rs. 50,000.The sex ratio in Indore district was found to be 969 and the child sex-ratio 815. While theJain sex ratio is much better than national averages of 954, the child sex-ratio is far below theaverage of 889. The dependency ratio for Indore Jain sample population is calculated at 430,the young dependency ratio at 171 and old dependency ratio 259. The dependency for youngin our survey was found to be low, whereas the dependency ratio for the old was marginallyhigh. In other words, the burden of supporting the young population on the economicallyactive segment (15-59 years) is a little less than that of supporting the old population.As per our survey of Jain sample population of Indore (1,197) about 62% had graduation andabove qualifications. About 5% of the sample population was engaged in studies as students.Predictably, the medium of instruction was Hindi (about 57%) followed by English (36%).In the Indore district sample the awareness about inter-religion marriages is comparativelynot only high (about 75%), but a majority of them (78.5%) also favour inter-faith marriages.While responding to the reasons of inter-faith marriage, about 57% of the respondentssuggested co-education/ co-working as the main reason of interfaith marriage and about24.5% of them mentioned non-availability of suitable match in the Jain community as thesecond reason. Among the youth respondents a majority (about 73.5%) also mentioned co-education and co-working as the major reason of inter-faith marriage. About 77% of therespondents supported widow/divorcee marriage.
Responding to the question about the on-going changes in the marriage institution latemarriage figured prominently with as many as 58.3% singling it out as a major change.Among other changes marriage by Jain Pandit, Day-time marriage and marriage by ownchoice also figured. A large number of our respondents (52.6%) admitted the prevalence ofdowry in the community, whereas 38% of them denied the prevalence of dowry.The opinions of the respondents on certain issues pertaining to Jain way of life, whichincludes visits to religious places, food and dietary habits, religious teachings and religiousinteraction of Jain youths have also been included in the report for giving a comparativeview.The Indore survey result reported difficulties in practicing the Jain way of life, especiallyrelated to food and dietary habits. In our survey the consumption of liquor was not favouredby majority of general population (76.11%) and youth population (76.19%). The same wasfound to be true for non-vegetarianism, with both general population (76.52%) and youthpopulation (74.15%) saying no to it. However, a number of our general respondents (about45%) admitted of taking food after sunset, the comparative figure for youth is about 67%.When it came to the religious education of children, a great majority (89.47%) of ourrespondents believed that religious education should be made mandatory for Jain children forinculcating in them the ethos of Jain way of life. The respondents appeared to be following amoderate and relaxed Jain way of life.The Indore sociological survey was found to be quite significant in a number of ways. Whileour survey positively validates some major population characteristics of the Jain communitysuch as age and gender structure, family size, sex and child sex ratios, literacy andeducational levels, occupational structure etc, it also highlights a number of features of theJain community of Indore district such as sect/sub-sect and caste composition, size and typeof family, education, occupation and income levels and the change and continuity in the Jainway of life. An important finding of the survey was that about 52% of the Jain respondentsconsidered Jains as a separate community and religion, independent of Hinduism. [28]
Appendix – 1
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Appendix – 2
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