JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018)A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Bhopal District Berasia HuzurINTERNATIONAL SCHOOL FOR JAIN STUDIES International School for Jain Studies SELF STUDY IS THE D-28, Panchsheel Enclave SUPREME AUSTERITY New Delhi-110 017 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in
JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018)A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Bhopal District International School for Jain Studies D-28, Panchsheel Enclave New Delhi – 110017 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in
CONTENTS v viiList of Tables ixPrefaceExecutive Summary 1Chapter 1: Introduction 3Chapter 2: Socio-economic background of the Respondents 7Chapter 3: Population Profile 11Chapter 4: Education and Occupational Structure 15Chapter 5: Community Profile 21Chapter 6: Jain way of Life 27Chapter 7: Summary and Conclusion 29Appendix-I: Questionnaire for general population 37Appendix-II: Questionnaire for Youth populationBibliography 41
LIST OF TABLES P. No.Table 2.1: Surnames of Bhopal Jain respondents 3Table 2.2: Age and Gender Distribution 3Table 2.3: Marital Status 3Table 2.4: Education 4Table 2.5: Medium of Education 4Table 2.6: Occupational Status 4Table 2.7: Income 5Table 3.1: Total Sample Population of Bhopal District 7Table 3.2: Population by Family Size and Gender 7Table 3.3: Population Distribution by Broad Age category and Gender 7Table 3.4: Distribution of Jain population by Age Groups 8Table 3.5: Dependency Ratios 8Table 3.6: Sex Ratio and Child Sex Ratios 9Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girls 9Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among Jains 9Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls 9Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth) 9Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of Bhopal 11Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in Bhopal 11Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generation 11Table 4.4: Occupational status by gender 12Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Jain youth 12Table 4.6: Size of land holding 12Table 4.7: Commercial property value 13Table 4.8: Residential property value 13Table 4.9: Size of the Business 13Table 4.10: House ownership 13Table 5.1: Family type 15Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect Distribution 15Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Bhopal Respondents 15Table 5.4: Marital Status 16Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriage 16Table 5.6: Inter-marriage preference 16Table 5.7: Inter-marriage preference (youth) 16Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages 17
Table 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (youth) 17Table 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choice 17Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institution 17Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowry 18Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriage 18Table 5.14: Divorce 18Table 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution 18Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism 19Table 6.1: Visit to temple 21Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 21Table 6.3: Food after sunset 21Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth) 21Table 6.5: Drinking 22Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) 22Table 6.7: Dietary Habits 22Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth 22Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism 22Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth) 23Table 6.11: Religious education 23Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory? 23Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism 23Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) 24Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism 24Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) 24Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education 25
PREFACEInternational School for Jain Studies (ISJS) since its inception in 2005 has mainly beeninvolved in promoting academic studies of Jainism among the overseas students and scholarsthrough its Summer School Programme. So far about 700 participants have benefited fromthe programme. ISJS also conducts research on Jain religion and philosophy and the Jaincommunity, besides organizing national and international seminars, publishing books and anonline journal “ISJS-Transaction”.ISJS last year executed a series of population-related studies in order to find out thepopulation dynamics of the Jain community which have been showing some disturbing trendsin regard to population growth rate, fertility rate, sex and child sex ratios etc. In this series thefirst survey was done in Hauz Khas tehsil of South Delhi district and the second one wasconducted in New Delhi district in 2017-2018. These studies are based on 2011 census data,voters list and our own field surveys of the Jain population. The findings of both the studiesconfirmed the fact that Jain population in the two areas was under-estimated in 2011 censusby a range of 60% to 90%.“A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Bhopal District” is the seventh report in thisseries, though with more emphasis on the sociological profile than on the populationenumeration. The sociological profile includes select population characteristics, education,occupation and income levels, aspects of family and marriage and the Jain way of life andidentity in terms of daily visit to temple, day dining, marriage within the community and theproblem of drift away from Jain values by Jain youth, etc. The survey also suggests latemarriage, too many not marrying at all and shifting from rural to metro areas or going abroadfor better economic opportunities.The above findings, it is hoped, would be quite useful to the Jain and academicians alike inorder to take suitable corrective and constructive measures to address the problem of thecommunity. In order to find out the India-wide trends similar studies of Belgaum, Pune,Solapur, Kolhapur, Indore and Jabalpur have already been completed, and others are under-way at Sagar, Mumbai, Jaipur, Udaipur, Jodhpur, Ahemdabad, Banglore and Chennai.
I thank Dr. Abhay Firodia, Shri Firodia Trust of Pune and Dr. Sulekh Jain of USA for theirprompt financial and moral support to undertake this study. Special thanks are due to ShriPrafulla Parakh, CEO, Bhartiya Jain Sanghthna, Pune for taking up the entire responsibilityof the survey and data collection in Belgaum, Pune, Solapur, Kolhapur, Bhopal and Jabalpurdistrict. Thanks are due to Shri Amar Jain for coordinating the survey work in Bhopal. I alsothank my team members, particularly Prof. Prakash C Jain, Dr. Shrinetra Pandey and staffmembers Mr. Sushil Jana, Mr. Shivam Saxena and Miss. Jyoti Pandey for their tireless effortsin completing this study. Dr. Shugan C Jain Chairman International School for Jain StudiesNew DelhiDate: November 14th, 2018 viii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis summarizes the report of the Bhopal sociological survey, which was carried out duringAugust-September 2018. The report highlights the sociological profile of the Jain communityin terms of population characteristics, education, occupation and income levels, continuityand change in the community life, status of women and youth, and the Jain way of life.Major findings of the survey based on three sets of Jain sample population of Bhopal districtare as follows:Table: Summary of Major findingsIndicators Respondents Sample Population Youth Population N=18Married N=85 N=423Sex Ratio 34%Child Sex Ratio Population Characteristics -Family Size - 99% 60.52% -Graduate +Medium of instruction - 949 47.62%(i) Hindi -(ii) English - 669 53.74%Agriculture - 5 persons 44.21%Own BusinessProfession and Service Education 11.88%Students 23.76% 88% 61.82% 33.66%Less than Rs. 25,000/- 1.98%Rs. 25,000-Rs. 50,000/- -- -Awareness 76% - -Not in favour ofReasons (co-education/ 21% - -co-working) 61.11%Widow/Divorcee Occupationremarriage 44.44% 8% 1.09%Daily temple visitFood after sunset 33% 15.71%Eat Non-Vegetarian foodDrink alcohol 53% 15.20%Discrimination againstgirls - 5.01% Income 25% - 32% - Inter-faith marriage 87% - 84.71% 43.53% - 71.76% - - Jain way of life - 50% 84% - 72.22% 45.88% - 0% - 0% 0% - 5.56% 16.67% 7%
Other factors of significance: Almost all the respondents admitted a drift among the youthaway from Jainism. Most of them also suggested inculcating ethos of Jainism early in achild’s life. They said that making study of Jainism mandatory in schools and colleges,besides Sunday schools, religious camps could help in stopping the drift of youth away fromJainism. A good majority of our respondents (51.82%) considered Jainism as a separatecommunity and religion independent of Hinduism.Way forward: There is a strong need to validate these findings for many more such areaswith different geographical and socio-economical profile to represent total Jain population.Further, there is a strong need to start the dialogue in the community to prepare Jains for 2021Census and also initiate appropriate actions for minimizing drift away from Jainism. x
Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTIONBhopal district had the fifth largest concentration of Jain population (25,050) in 2011 Census.Bhopal is the capital city of the Madhya Pradesh state. In 2001 census the Jain population ofthe Bhopal district was 22,238. The decadal growth rate during 2001-2011 was 16.69%which is more than that of Madhya Pradesh (3.96%). The other demographic features include96.15% literacy rate (Male: 97.25% and Female: 95.01%). Sex-Ratio in Bhopal district was974and child sex-ratio was 994 – both being above the national Jain average of 954 and 889respectively. Work participation rate for the Jains in 2011 census was 35.13% (54.52% formales and 15.21% for females). Map: Bhopal district and its sub-districts
The sociological survey of the Jain community in Bhopal district is designed as anexploratory study with the following objectives.Objectives of the Survey 1. To investigate the nature of socio-demographic profile of the Jain communities in Bhopal district. 2. To assess the infra-structure available for education and skill development of Jain youth in the area. 3. To study the changing occupational structure of the Jain community. 4. To analyze trends of inter-generational occupational mobility and future aspirations. 5. To assess the gaps in availability of infrastructure/occupational opportunities for youth (Get their opinion) 6. To examine the emergent status of women in the community, particularly in terms of education and occupational status, work participation and religiosity.Research MethodologyA carefully constructed Questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaireconsisted of about 50 items/questions. The data were collected from 2 tehsils (sub-districts)of the Bhopal district, namely Berasia and Huzur. In all, respondents from 86 Jain familiesparticipated in the survey. Besides the questionnaire the report also relied on secondarysources, including books, newspaper and magazine articles, census data etc.Along with general Jain population in Bhopal, Jain youth – both male and female – were alsointerviewed through a separate questionnaire which consisted of 21 items/questions. Youthwere generally defined as respondents under 35 years of age. A total number of 16 youthwere interviewed. In most cases youth belonged to the same families which participated inthe Bhopal Jain community survey. Their views and opinions have been highlighted atappropriate places in the report.Significance of the StudyIt is hoped, the study would fill a major gap in our understanding of the socio-cultural,demographic, educational and economic status of the contemporary Jain community inBhopal in particular and Madhya Pradesh in general as no anthropological/sociological workon the subject has so far been done. [2]
Chapter – 2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE RESPONDENTSTable 2.1: Surnames of Bhopal Jain respondents Jain % Other % No Response % 81.18 Surnames 0 0.0069 18.82Total 16 85Table 2.2: Age and Gender DistributionAge Group Total % Male % Female %< 2525-34 0 0 0 00 035-44 4 5 4 50 045-54 16 19 16 19 0 055-64 19 22 19 22 0 065-74 31 36 31 36 0 075-84 12 14 12 14 0 085+ 2 2 2 20 0No response 0 0 0 00 0Total 1 1 1 10 0 85 100 85 100 0 0Table 2.3: Marital StatusMarital Status Number % Male % Female % 1 1 1 1 0 0Unmarried 84 99 84 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Married 0 0 0 0 0 0Widow/Widower 0 0 0 0 0 0Divorce / 85 100 85 100 0 0separatedNo responseTotal
Table 2.4: EducationEducational Number % Male % Female %Qualification 0.00 0 0 1.18 0 0Illiterate 0 00 10.59 0 0Upto Middle 1 11 88.24 0 0Upto S. Sec 9 11 9 0.00 0 0 100 0 0Graduate & 75 88 75AboveNo response 0 00Total 85 100 85Table 2.5: Medium of EducationMedium of your education Number % Male % Female %English 18 21 18 21 0 0Hindi 65 76 65 76 0 0Other 2 2 2 2 0 0No response 0 0 0 0 0 0Total 85 100 85 100 0 0Table 2.6: Occupational StatusOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 7 8 7Own Business 28 33 28 8 00Service(Govt/Private) 35 41 35 33 0 0ProfessionalManaging 10 12 10 41 0 0HouseholdOthers 1 1 1 12 0 0StudentsNo response 0 0 0 1 00Total 0 0 0 4 5 4 0 00 85 100 85 0 00 5 00 100 0 0 [4]
Table 2.7: IncomeIncome (Rs.) Number % Male % Female %Less than 21 25 21 25 0 025,000 025,000 – 50,000 27 32 27 32 0 0 050,000-1,00,000 22 26 22 26 0 0 0Above 1,00,000 11 13 11 13 0No response 4 5 4 5 0Total 85 100 85 100 0Findings:Table 2.1: Surnames: Jain 81%Table 2.2: Gender and Age Male 100%, Female 0% (i) Gender Majority 92% 35-74 Years (ii) Age Married 99%Table 2.3: Marital Status:Table 2.4: Education: 11% (i) Upto Sr. Secondary 88% (ii) Graduate and AboveTable 2.5: Medium of Education: 76% (i) Hindi 21% (ii) EnglishTable 2.6: Occupational Status: 8% (i) Agriculture 33% (ii) Own Business 41% (iii) Service 12% (iv) ProfessionalTable 2.7: Income: 25% (i) Less than Rs. 25,000 32% (ii) 25,000 – 50,000 26% (iii) 50,000-1,00,000 13% (iv) Above 1,00,000 [5]
Chapter – 3 POPULATION PROFILETable 3.1: Total Sample Population of Bhopal DistrictDistrict Number Male % Female % 0-6 Age %Bhopal 423 217 51.30 206 48.70 Group 4.73 20Table 3.2: Population by Family Size and GenderFamily Size Numbers of % Total % Families Members1-Member 1 1.18 02-Member 7 8.24 1 2.413-Member 11 12.94 14 5.684-Member 26 30.59 33 17.905-Member 16 18.82 104 13.776-Member 9 10.59 80 9.297-Member 3 3.53 54 3.618-Member 4 4.71 21 5.519-Member 4 4.71 32 6.2010-Member 0.00 36 0.0010+-Member 4 4.71 8.26Total/Average 85 100.00 48 72.81 423Table 3.3: Population Distribution by Broad Age category and GenderAge Number % Male % Female %Categories0-14 53 12.53 25 11.52 28 13.5915-59 290 68.56 149 68.66 141 68.4560+ 74 17.49 40 18.43 34 16.50Noresponse 5 1.18 3 1.38 3 1.46Total 423 100.00 217 100.00 206 100.00
Table 3.4: Distribution of Jain population by Age GroupsAge Group Total % Male % Female %0-4 16 3.78 10 4.61 6 2.915-9 22 5.20 9 4.15 13 6.3110-14 15 3.55 6 2.76 9 4.3715-19 23 5.44 12 5.53 11 5.3420-24 43 10.17 22 10.14 21 10.1925-29 36 8.51 19 8.76 17 8.2530-34 32 7.57 17 7.83 15 7.2835-39 39 9.22 22 10.14 17 8.2540-44 23 5.44 13 5.99 10 4.8545-49 26 6.15 10 4.61 16 7.7750-54 31 7.33 13 5.99 18 8.7455-59 36 8.51 20 9.22 16 7.7760-64 29 6.86 16 7.37 13 6.3165-69 21 4.96 11 5.07 10 4.8570-74 9 2.13 7 3.23 2 0.9775-79 8 1.89 5 2.30 3 1.4680+ 7 1.65 2 0.92 5 2.43No response 7 1.65 3 1.38 4 1.94Total 423 100.00 217 100.00 206 100.00Table 3.5: Dependency RatiosDependency Ratio National Jain (National) Bhopal 2001 2011 2001 2011 Survey (2018)Dependency Ratio 544 597Young Dependency 752 652 390 311 438Ratio 621 510 171Old Dependency 154 187Ratio 131 142 255 [8]
Table 3.6: Sex RatiosCensus/Survey Year Sex Ratio Child (0-6 Years) Sex Ratio2001(National Jain Data) 940 8702011(National Jain Data) 954 8892018 (Bhopal Survey) 949 669Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girlsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 4 5Are you aware that thereis shortage of girls 68 80 13 15against boys in the Jaincommunity?Total 85Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among JainsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 8 9.41Have you heard of anycase of feticide among 24 28.24 53 62.35Jains in your area?Total 85Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girlsQuestion Yes % No % No % 7.06 responseDo you believe that in Jain families 6 76 89.41 3 3.53girls are discriminated against in regard 85to food, education and health provisionsTotalTable 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth)Question Yes % No % No response %Do you believe that in 3 16.67 15 83.33 0 0.00Jain families girls arediscriminated in regard to 18 [9]food, education andhealth provisions?Total
Findings: 51.30% 48.70%Table 3.1: Total sample profile: (i) Male: 5 (ii) Female: 30.59% 12.94%Table 3.2: Population by family size: 18.82% (i) Average family size: (ii) 4 member family: 12.53% (iii) 3 member family: 68.56% (iv) 5 member family: 17.49%Table 3.3: Population distribution by broad age: 438 (i) 0-14 age group: 183 (ii) 15-59 age group: 255 (iii) 60+ age group: 949Table 3.5: Dependency Ratio: 669 (i) Dependency Ratio: 80% (ii) Young Dependency Ratio: 28.24% (iii) Old Dependency Ratio: 7% 16.67%Table 3.6: Sex Ratio: (i) Sex Ratio: (ii) Child Sex Ratio:Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girls:Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among Jains:Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls:Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth):[10]
Chapter – 4 EDUCATION, OCCUPATION AND INCOME STRUCTURETable 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of BhopalEducational Level Total % Male % Female %Illiterate 7 1.65 2 0.92 5 2.43Up to Middle 65 15.37 26 11.98 39 18.93Up to Senior Secondary 39 9.22 19 8.76 20 9.71Graduate & Above 271 64.07 152 70.05 119 57.77No response 41 9.69 18 8.29 23 11.17Total 423 100.00 217 100.00 206 100.00Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in BhopalEducational Number % Male % Female %Qualification 0Illiterate 0 0 0 0 0 0Upto Middle 0 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00Upto S. Sec 2 11.11 10 16.67 0 0.00Graduate &Above 16 88.89 12 83.33 6 100.00No responseTotal 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 18 100.00 100.00 6 100.00Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generationOccupation line Number % Male % Female % 24 28.24 24 28.24 0 0.00Family Business or 20 23.53 20 23.53 0 0.00New Business 31 36.47Government Services 10 11.76Professional 85 100.00education(Engineering, 31 36.47 0 0.00Medicine, Law,Accountancy etc.)No Response 10 11.76 0 0.00 85 100.00 0 0Total
Table 4.4: Occupational status by genderOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 7 1.65 7 3.23 0 0.00Own Business 46 10.87 44 20.28 2 0.97Service(Govt/Private) 82 19.39 61 28.11 21 10.19ProfessionalManaging 17 4.02 13 5.99 4 1.94HouseholdOthers 80 18.91 6 2.76 74 35.92StudentsNo response 1 0.24 1 0.46 0 0.00Total 43 10.17 20 9.22 23 11.17 147 34.75 65 29.95 82 39.81 423 100.00 217 100.00 206 100.00Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Jain youthOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00Own Business 5 27.78 5 41.67 0 0.00Service(Govt/Private) 8 44.44 4 33.33 4 66.67ProfessionalOthers 4 22.22 3 25.00 1 16.67Students 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00No response 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00Total 1 5.56 0 0.00 1 16.67 18 100.00 12 100.00 6 100.00Table 4.6: Size of land holdingHow muchagricultural Number % Male % Female %land you own? 13 15.29 3 3.53Up to 5 acres 6 7.06 13 15.29 0 0.00 63 74.12 3 3.53 0 0.005 to 10 acres 85 100.00 6 7.06 0 0.00 63 74.12 0 0.00Above 10 acres 85 100.00 0 0No responseTotal [12]
Table 4.7: Commercial property valueMarket Value Number %Up to Rs. 5 lakhs 3 3.53Rs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lakhs 8 9.41Above Rs. 20 lakhs 11 12.94No response 63 74.12Total 85 100.00Table 4.8: Residential property valueMarket Value Number %Upto Rs. 5 lacs 1 1.18Rs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lacs 9 10.59Above Rs. 20 lacs 43 50.59No response 32 37.65Total 85 100.00Table 4.9: Size of the BusinessSmall Number % Male % Female %Medium 8 9.41 8 9.41 0 0.00Large 35 41.18 35 41.18 0 0.00No response 2 2.35 2 2.35 0 0.00Total 40 47.06 40 47.06 0 0.00 85 100.00 85 100.00 0 0Table 4.10: House ownershipHouse ownership Number %Own 73 73.00Rented 6 6.00No response 6 6.00Total 85 34.41 [13]
Findings:Table 4.1: Education:(i) Graduate & Above: 64%(ii) Upto Middle: 15%Table 4.2: Educational Status Youth:(i) Graduate & Above: 88.89%(ii) Upto Sr. Sec. : 11%Table 4.3: Vocational Preferences for next generation:(i) Family Business: 28%(ii) Professional Education: 23.53%Table 4.4: Occupational Status:(i) Own Business: 10.87%(ii) Service & Professional: 23%(iii) Managing Household: 18.91%Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Youth:(i) Own Business: 27.78%(ii) Services & Professional: 66.66%(iii) Students: 0%Table 4.6: Ownership agriculture land:(i) Less than10 Acers: 18.82%Table 4.7: Commercial property value:(i) Rs. 5 to 20 Lacs: 9.41%Table 4.8: Residential property value:(i) Above Rs. 20 Lac: 50.59%(ii) Rs. 5 to 20 Lac: 10.59%Table 4.9: Size of Business:(i) Medium: 41%(ii) Large: 2%Table 4.10: House Ownership:(i) Own: 85.88%(ii) Rented: 7% [14]
Chapter – 5 COMMUNITY PROFILETable 5.1: Family typeFamily type Number % Male % Female %Joint 35 41.18 35 41.18 0 0.00Nuclear 33 38.82 33 38.82 0 0.00No response 17 20.00 17 20.00 0 0.00Total 85 100 85 100 0 0Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect DistributionSec/ Number % Male % Female %Sub-Sect 82 96.47 82 96.47 0 0.00Digambar 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00ShwetambarMurtipujak 1 1.18 1 1.18 0 0.00ShwetambarSthanakvasi 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00Shwetambar 2 2.35 2 2.35 0 0.00Terapanthi 85 100 85 100 0No response 0TotalTable 5.3: Caste Distribution of Bhopal RespondentsCaste/Sub-Caste Distribution PercentageJain 14 16Parvar 31 36Others 29 34No response 11 13Total 85 100
Table 5.4: Marital StatusMarital Status Number % Male % Female % 108 25.53 57 26.27 51 24.76Unmarried 256 60.52 137 63.13 119 57.77 3 0.71 0 0.00 3 1.46Married 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.49Widow/Widower 15.53 1 0.24 0 0.00 1 100Divorce / 55 13.00 23 10.60 32 %separated 423 100 217 100 206 7.06Vowed to % 5.88Celibacy %No response 11.11TotalTable 5.5: Inter-faith marriageQuestion Yes % No % No response 5 5.88 6Are you aware of thegrowing trends of marriageof Jains Boys/Girls outside 74 87.06the Jain community?Total 85Table 5.6: Inter-marriage preferenceQuestion Yes % No % No response 5Are you in favour of Jain- 8 9.41 72 84.71non-Jain marriagesTotal 85Table 5.7: Inter-marriage preference (youth)Question Yes % No % No responseAre you in favour of Jain- 5 27.78 11non-Jain marriages 61.11 2Total 18 [16]
Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain MarriagesReasons Number % 37 43.53Co-education/co-workCould not find suitable match in Jain 5 5.88communityOther (please specify) 0 0.00 43 50.59 No response 85 100.00TotalTable 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (youth)Reasons Number % 8 44.44Co-education/co-workCould not find suitable match in Jain 6 33.33communityOther (please specify) 0 0.00 4 22.22No response 18 100.00TotalTable 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choiceQuestion Yes % No % No response % 5.88 6 7.06Are arranged marriagesbeing replaced by love 5marriages among Jains in 74 87.06BhopalTotal 85Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institutionLate marriage Number % Male % Female %Day-time marriage 51 60.00 51 53.68 0 0.00Marriage by Jain 19 22.35 19 20.00 0 0.00PanditMarriage by own 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00choiceNo response 12 14.12 12 12.63 0 0.00Total 3 3.53 3 3.16 0 0.00 85 100.00 85 89.474 0 0 [17]
Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowrySituation of dowry Number % Male % Female %Prevalent to a largeextent 11 13 11 12.94 0 0.00Prevalent to some extentNot prevalent 38 45 38 44.71 0 0.00No response 31 36 31 36.47 0 0.00Total 5 6 5 5.88 0 0.00 85 100 85 100.00 0 0Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriageQuestion Yes % No % No response % 3 3.53Do you supportremarriage ofdivorcees/widows in 61 71.76 21 24.71JainsTotal 85Table 5.14: DivorceQuestion Yes % No % No response % 9 10.59Has there been any caseof divorce in your 14 16.47 62 72.94family/relations?Total 85Table 5.15: Organization and Associational DistributionBharatiya Jain Sanghatan Number % Male % Female %Dakshin Bharat Jain 3 3.53 3 3.53 0 0.00SabhaJain Social Group 4 4.71 4 4.71 0 0.00Jain ConferenceOther 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00No response 10 11.76 10 11.76 0 0.00Total 33 38.82 33 38.82 0 0.00 35 41.18 35 41.18 0 0.00 85 100.00 85 100.00 0 0 [18]
Table 5.16: Jainism and HinduismWithin the Hindu Varna Number % Male % Female %system 8 9.41 8 9.41 0 0.00A separate communityindependent of Hindus 71 83.53 71 83.53 0 0.00No response 6 7.06 6 0.00Total 85 100.00 85 7.06 0 100.00 0 0Findings:Table 5.1: Family type:(i) Nuclear: 38.82%(ii) Joint: 41%Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect Distribution(i) Digamber: 97.47%(ii) Shwetambar Sthanakvasi: 1.18%Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Bhopal Respondents (i) Jain: 16% (ii) Parvar: 36% (iii) Others 34%Table 5.4: Marital Status(i) Married: 60.52%Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriageAwareness of the trends of growing interfaith marriages;(i) Yes: 87%Table 5.6: Inter marriage preferenceIn favour of(i) No: 84%Table 5.7: Inter marriage preference (Youth)In favour of(i) No: 61%Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages(i) Co-education/co-work: 43.53%(ii) No match in Jain Community: 5.88% [19]
Table 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (Youth)(i) Co-education/co-work: 44.44%(ii) No match in Jain Community: 33.33%Table 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choiceArranged marriage being replaced by love marriage(i) Yes: 87%Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institution(i) Late marriage: 60%(ii) Day time marriage 22%Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowry(i) Not prevalent: 36%(ii) Prevalent to some extent: 45%(iii) Prevalent to a large extent: 13%Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriage 71.76%Support for 16.47% (i) Yes:Table 5.14: Divorce Divorce in family (i) Yes:Table 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution(i) Jain Conference: 11.76%(ii) Others: 38.82%(iii) No response: 41.18%Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism(i) A separate community: 83.53%(ii) No response: 7% [20]
Chapter – 6 JAIN WAY OF LIFETable 6.1: Visit to templeDaily Number % Male % Female %Occasionally 71 84 71 83.53 0 0.00Sunday 9 11 9 10.59 0 0.00During Paryushan Parv 4 5 4 4.71 0 0.00OnlyNo response 0 0 0 0.00 0 0.00Total 1 1 1 1.18 0 0.00 85 100 85 100 0 0Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth)Daily Number % Male % Female % 9 50.00 7 58.33 2 33.33Occasionally 8 44.44 5 41.67 3 50.00 1 5.56 0 0.00 1 16.67SundayDuring Paryushan Parv 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00OnlyNo response 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 18 100 12 100 6 100TotalTable 6.3: Food after sunsetQuestion Yes % No % No response %Take food after sunset 39 45.88 41 48.24 5 5.88Total 85Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth)Question Yes % No % No response %Take food after sunset 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0.00Total 18
Table 6.5: DrinkingQuestion Yes % No % No response %Drink alcohol 20 23.53Total 0 0.00 65 76.47 85 No response % 2 11.11Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) No response %Question Yes % No % 20 23.53Drink alcohol 1 5.56 15 83.33Total No response % 18 1 5.56Table 6.7: Dietary HabitsQuestion Yes % No %Eat non-vegetarian food 0 0.00 65 76.47Total 85Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth)Question Yes % No %Eat non-vegetarian food 0 0.00 17 94.44Total 18Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from JainismQuestion Yes % No % No response % 3 3.53Younger generation isdrifting away from 53 62.35 29 34.12JainismTotal 85 [22]
Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth)Question Yes % No % No response % 0 0.00Younger generation isdrifting away from 13 72.22 5 27.78JainismTotal 18Table 6.11: Religious educationQuestion Yes % No % No response %Religious Education 31 36.47 49 57.65 5 5.88Total 85Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory?Question Yes % No % No response %Do you think that 81 95.29 2.35religious education 85 2 2.35 2should be madecompulsory to Jainchildren?TotalTable 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from JainismToo Many rituals in Number % Male % Female %Jainism 11 12.94 11 12.94 0 0.00Lack of exposure to 56 56Jainism 9 65.88 9 65.88 0 0.00Not in tune with modernculture 9 10.59 9 10.59 0 0.00Other 85 0.00 85 0.00No response 10.59 0.00 0 0.00Total 100 10.59 0 100 0 0 [23]
Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth)Too Many rituals in Number % Male % Female %Jainism 4 22.22 2 16.67 2 33.33Lack of exposure toJainism 11 61.11 9 75.00 2 33.33Not in tune with modernculture 3 16.67 1 8.33 2 33.33No response 0 0.00 0 18 100 12 0.00 0 0.00Total 100 6 100Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism Number % Male % Female % 34 34Jain moral education 40.00 0.00 23 23classes in 17 27.06 17 40.00 0 0.00school/colleges 11 20.00 11 0.00 85 0.00 85 0.00Jain Sunday schools for 12.94 27.06 0 0.00 100teaching Jainism 20.00 0 0 0.00 0Jain shivris (camps) for 12.94 0 100 0religious educationOtherNo responseTotalTable 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth)Jain moral education Number % Male % Female % 3 2classes in 16.67 16.67 1 16.67 5 3school/colleges 9 27.78 7 25.00 2 33.33Jain Sunday schools for 1 50.00 0 58.33 2 33.33 18 0.00 12 0.00 0.00teaching Jainism 5.56 0.00 1 16.67 100.00 100.00 6 100.00Jain shivris (camps) forreligious educationOtherNo responseTotal [24]
Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious educationSpiritual Number % Male % Female %Campus 4 22.22 2 16.67 2 33.33Special 3 16.67 3 25.00 0 0.00TrainingReligious 10 55.56 7 58.33 3 50.00educationprogram 1 5.56 0 0.00 1 16.67No 18 100 12 100 6 100responseTotalFindings: 11% 84%Table 6.1: Visit to temple (i) Occasionally: 44% (ii) Daily: 50%Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 45.88% (i) Occasionally: (ii) Daily: 72.22%Table 6.3: Eating after sunset 23.53% (i) Yes: 11%Table 6.4: Eating after sunset (youth) (i) Yes: 23.53%Table 6.5: Drinking (i) No response:Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) (i) No response:Table 6.7: Dietary Habits, Eat non-vegetarian food (i) No response: [25]
Table 6.8: Dietary Habits Young, Eat non-vegetarian food(i) No response: 5.56%Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism(i) Yes: 62.35%Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth)(i) Yes: 72.22%Table 6.11: Religious education(i) Yes: 36%Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory?(i) Yes: 95%Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism(i) Lack of exposure to Jainism: 61%(ii) Not in tune with modern culture: 16.67%(iii) Too many rituals in Jainism: 22%Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) 65.88% (i) Lack of exposure to Jainism: 10.59% (ii) Not in tune with modern culture: 12.94% (iii) Too many rituals in Jainism: 27%Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism 16% (i) Jain Sunday schools for teaching Jainism: (ii) Jain moral education classes in school/colleges: 16.67% 27.78%Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) (i) Jain moral education classes in school/colleges: 55.56% (ii) Jain Sunday schools for teaching Jainism: 22%Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education (i) Religious education program: (ii) Spiritual camps: [26]
Chapter – 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONBhopal district hosts the fifth largest concentration of Jain population in Madhya Pradesh(25,950). This Jain sample survey in Bhopal is based on 85 Jain families and 18 Jain youth.Our survey data suggest the total sample Jain population in Bhopal district at 423 persons.The gender distribution of respondent is in favour of male members (51.3%). Average Jainfamily size comes to about 5 member. Only 41.18% Jain families in Bhopal district are joint.All the respondents in our survey were male. About 91% of the respondents were in the agegroup 35-74 years. A large majority (99%) of them were married. An overwhelming majorityof them were literate, with 88% holding graduation and above educational qualifications.The study of Bhopal district survey revealed the dominant presence of Digambar Jains (96%).Caste-wise there were 36% Parwar. In our sample of Bhopal district, about 81% of therespondents were found to be using 'Jain' as their surnames.In Bhopal district 33.7% Jains had their own business followed by profession and service(about 53%). About one-fourth of the respondents had income under Rs. 25, 000 and 32%between Rs. 25,000 to Rs. 50,000, and about 26% between Rs. 50,000 and 1 Lakh.The sex ratio in Bhopal district was found to be 949 and the child sex-ratio 667. Both the sex-ratios are lower than the national averages of 954, the child sex-ratio is far below the averageof 889 respectively. The dependency ratio for Bhopal Jain sample population is calculated at438, the young dependency ratio at 183 and old dependency ratio 255. The dependency foryoung in our survey was found to be low, whereas the dependency ratio for the old wasmarginally high. In other words, the burden of supporting the young population on theeconomically active segment (15-59 years) is a little less than that of supporting the oldpopulation.As per our survey of Jain sample population of Bhopal (423) about 64% had graduation andabove qualifications. About 10% of the sample population was engaged in studies asstudents. Predictably, the medium of instruction was Hindi (about 65%) followed by English(21%).In the Bhopal district sample the awareness about inter-religion marriages is comparativelyhigh (about 87%), but a majority of them (84.7%) do not favour inter-faith marriages amongyouth less than 10% of them favour inter-faith marriage. While responding to the reasons ofinter-faith marriage, about 44% of the respondents suggested co-education/ co-working as themain reason of interfaith marriage and only 6% of them mentioned non-availability ofsuitable match in the Jain community as the second reason. Among the youth respondents amajority (about 45%) also mentioned co-education and co-working as the major reason ofinter-faith marriage. About 72% of the respondents supported widow/divorcee re-marriage.
Responding to the question about the on-going changes in the marriage institution latemarriage figured prominently with as many as 60% singling it out as a major change. Amongother changes marriage by Jain Pandit, Day-time marriage and marriage by own choice alsofigured. A large number of our respondents (58%) admitted the prevalence of dowry in thecommunity, whereas 36% of them denied the prevalence of dowry.The opinions of the respondents on certain issues pertaining to Jain way of life, whichincludes visits to religious places, food and dietary habits, religious teachings and religiousinteraction of Jain youths have also been included in the report for giving a comparativeview.The Bhopal survey result reported some difficulties in practicing the Jain way of life,especially related to food and dietary habits. Daily visit to temple among the generalpopulation was 84% were as among youth it was only 50%. However 44% of the youthoccasionally visited the Jain temple. Bhopal Jain respondents – both adult and youth – did notadmit to taking alcohol or non-veg food, but the high percentage of non-response in both thecases (23% and 11% respectively) makes one doubt full about their confessions. A number ofour general respondents (about 46%) admitted of taking food after sunset, the comparativefigure for youth is about 72%.When it came to the religious education of children, a great majority (95%) of ourrespondents believed that religious education should be made mandatory for Jain children forinculcating in them the ethos of Jain way of life. The respondents appeared to be following amoderate and relaxed Jain way of life.The Bhopal sociological survey was found to be quite significant in a number of ways. Whileour survey positively validates some major population characteristics of the Jain communitysuch as age and gender structure, family size, sex and child sex ratios, literacy andeducational levels, occupational structure etc, it also highlights a number of features of theJain community of Bhopal district such as sect/sub-sect and caste composition, size and typeof family, education, occupation and income levels and the change and continuity in the Jainway of life. An important finding of the survey was that about 83.5% of the Jain respondentsconsidered Jains as a separate community and religion, independent of Hinduism. [28]
Appendix – 1
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Appendix – 2
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