JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018)A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Kolhapur District Shahuwadi Panhala Hatkanangale Shirol Karveer Gaganbawada Radhanagari Kagal BhudarGgaaddhinglaj Ajara ChandgadINTERNATIONAL SCHOOL FOR JAIN STUDIES International School for Jain Studies SELF STUDY IS THE D-28, Panchsheel Enclave SUPREME AUSTERITY New Delhi-110 017 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in
JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018)A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Kolhapur District International School for Jain Studies D-28, Panchsheel Enclave New Delhi – 110017 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in
CONTENTS 1 5List of Tables 9Preface 13Executive Summary 17Chapter 1: Introduction 23Chapter 2: Socio-economic background of the Respondents 29Chapter 3: Population ProfileChapter 4: Education and Occupational Structure 31Chapter 5: Community Profile 39Chapter 6: Jain way of LifeChapter 7: Summary and Conclusion 43Appendix-I: Questionnaire for general populationAppendix-II: Questionnaire for Youth populationBibliography
LIST OF TABLES P. No.Table 2.1: Surnames of Kolhapur Jain respondents 5Table 2.2: Age and Gender Distribution 5Table 2.3: Marital Status 5Table 2.4: Education 6Table 2.5: Medium of Education 6Table 2.6: Occupational Status 6Table 2.7: Income 7Table 3.1: Total Sample Population of Kolhapur District 9Table 3.2: Population by Family Size and Gender 9Table 3.3: Population Distribution by Broad Age category and Gender 10Table 3.4: Distribution of Jain population by Age Groups 10Table 3.5: Dependency Ratios 11Table 3.6: Sex Ratio and Child Sex Ratios 11Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girls 11Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among Jains 11Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls 12Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth) 12Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of Kolhapur 13Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in Kolhapur 13Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generation 13Table 4.4: Occupational status by gender 14Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Jain youth 14Table 4.6: Size of land holding 15Table 4.7: Commercial property value 15Table 4.8: Residential property value 15Table 4.9: Size of the Business 15Table 4.10: House ownership 16Table 5.1: Family type 17Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect Distribution 17Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Kolhapur Respondents 17Table 5.4: Marital Status 18Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriage 18Table 5.6: Inter-marriage preference 18Table 5.7: Inter-marriage preference (youth) 18Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages 19
Table 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (youth) 19Table 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choice 19Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institution 19Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowry 20Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriage 20Table 5.14: Divorce 20Table 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution 20Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism 21Table 6.1: Visit to temple 23Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 23Table 6.3: Food after sunset 23Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth) 23Table 6.5: Drinking 24Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) 24Table 6.7: Dietary Habits 24Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth 24Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism 24Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth) 25Table 6.11: Religious education 25Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory? 25Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism 25Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) 26Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism 26Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) 26Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education 27vi
PREFACEInternational School for Jain Studies (ISJS) since its inception in 2005 has mainly beeninvolved in promoting academic studies of Jainism among the overseas students and scholarsthrough its Summer School Programme. So far about 700 participants have benefited fromthe programme. ISJS also conducts research on Jain religion and philosophy and the Jaincommunity, besides organizing national and international seminars, publishing books and anonline journal “ISJS-Transaction”.ISJS last year executed a series of population-related studies in order to find out thepopulation dynamics of the Jain community which have been showing some disturbing trendsin regard to population growth rate, fertility rate, sex and child sex ratios etc. In this series thefirst survey was done in Hauz Khas tehsil of South Delhi district and the second one wasconducted in New Delhi district in 2017-2018. These studies are based on 2011 census data,voters list and our own field surveys of the Jain population. The findings of both the studiesconfirmed the fact that Jain population in the two areas was under-estimated in 2011 censusby a range of 60% to 90%.“A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Kolhapur District” is the fourth report in thisseries, though with more emphasis on the sociological profile than on the populationenumeration. The sociological profile includes select population characteristics, education,occupation and income levels, aspects of family and marriage and the Jain way of life andidentity in terms of daily visit to temple, day dining, marriage within the community and theproblem of drift away from Jain values by Jain youth, etc. The survey also suggests latemarriage, too many not marrying at all and shifting from rural to metro areas or going abroadfor better economic opportunities.The above findings, it is hoped, would be quite useful to the Jain and academicians alike inorder to take suitable corrective and constructive measures to address the problem of thecommunity. In order to find out the India-wide trends similar studies already have beencompleted about Belgaum, Pune, Solapur and others are under-way at Mumbai,Ahemadnagar, Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur, Sagar, Jaipur, Udaipur, Jodhpur, Ahemdabad,Banglore and Chennai.
I thank Dr. Abhay Firodia, Shri Firodia Trust of Pune and Dr. Sulekh Jain of USA for theirprompt financial and moral support to undertake this study. Special thanks are due to ShriPrafulla Parakh, CEO, Bhartiya Jain Sanghthna, Pune for taking up the entire responsibilityof the survey and data collection in Kolhapur district, and some other places in Maharashtra. Ialso thank my team members, particularly Prof. Prakash C Jain, Dr. Shrinetra Pandey andstaff members Mr. Sushil Jana, Mr. Shivam Saxena and Miss. Jyoti Pandey for their tirelessefforts in completing this study. Dr. Shugan C Jain Chairman International School for Jain StudiesNew DelhiDate: September 13th, 2018 viii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis summarizes the report of the Kolhapur sociological survey, which was carried outduring May-June 2018. The report highlights the sociological profile of the Jain communityin terms of population characteristics, education, occupation and income levels, continuityand change in the community life, status of women and youth, and the Jain way of life.Major findings of the survey based on three sets of sample population of Kolhapur district areas follows:Table: Summary of Major findingsIndicators Respondents Sample Population Youth Population N=101Married N=203 N=985Sex Ratio 37.62%Child Sex Ratio Population Characteristics -Family Size - 84.24% 52.38% -Graduate +Medium of instruction - 916 80.20%(i) Marathi -(ii) English - 777 68.31%Agriculture - 4.8 persons 30.69%Own Business EducationProfession and Service 11.88%Students 59.61% 46.80% 23.76% 33.66%Less than Rs. 25,000/- -- 1.98%Rs. 25,000-Rs. 50,000/- 82.27% - -Awareness -Not in favour of 9.36% -Reasons (co-education/ Occupation -co-working) 84.16%Widow/Divorcee 39.41% 11.57%remarriage 1.98% 21.18% 9.85%Daily temple visitFood after sunset 28.08% 16.25%Eat Non-Vegetarian foodDrink alcohol - 14.62%Discrimination against Incomegirls 49.75% - 27.09% - Inter-faith marriage 42.86% - 89.16% 40.39% - 80.30% - - Jain way of life - 59.61% 59.61% - 76.24% 63.05% - 2.97% 0.49% - 1.98% 1.48% - 12.87% 11.82%
Other factors of significance: Almost all the respondents admitted a drift among the youthaway from Jainism. Most of them also suggested inculcating ethos of Jainism early in achild’s life. They said that making study of Jainism mandatory in school and college, besidesSunday schools, religious camps could help in stopping the drift of youth away from Jainism.A good majority of our respondents (79.80%) considered Jainism as a separate communityand religion independent of Hinduism.Way forward: There is a strong need to validate these findings for many more such areaswith different geographical and socio-economical profile to represent total Jain population.Further, there is a strong need to start the dialogue in the community to prepare Jains for 2021Census and also initiate appropriate actions for minimizing drift away from Jainism. x
Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTIONKolhapur has been an important seat of Jainism since ancient times. According to\"Shrutavatar\" of Vibudh Shridhar, two Jain monks Bhutabali and Pushpadnata who studiedunder Dharasena of Mt. Girnar, Junagarh wrote the famous \"Shat-khandagam\" in the firstcentury A.D.During the medieval period many kings in Kolhapur area followed or supported Jainism. Themost glorious among them were the Rashtrakuta who originated from Latur and had theircapital at Mayurkhandi (near Nasik) and later at Manyakhet During their reign numerousfamous Jain texts were composed, including Dhavala, Jayadhavala, Mahapurana,Uttarapurana and Ganita-sara-samgraha. They ruled from about 752 AD to 972 AD.Kolhapur again became a major Jain centre during the rule of Shilahar kings in the 11thcentury. Kolhapura was also known as Kshullakapur (because of the presence of a largenumber of Junior Jain monks) or Padmalaya, after the deity Padmavati who is nowworshipped there as Mahalakshmi and is the tutelary goddess of Kolhapura. During the reignof Bhoja I, a dynamic Acharya Maghanandi helped establish an institute at Rupanarayana-Basadi. Several of the kings and nobles of the dynasty were disciples of Maghanandi.Maghanandi is often called Siddhanta-chakravarti ie the great master of the scriptures. He issometimes called \"Kolapuriya\" to distinguish him from many other Acharyas with the nameMaghanandi.In modern time Kolhapur continues to be a unique place in the sense that it has twofunctioning Bhattaraka seats, that of Lakshmisena Swami and of Jinasena Swami which hasshifted from Nandni to Kolhapura. The Lakshmisena Matha is an active publisher of booksand a periodical \"Ratnatryaya\". The 1871 Maha-Mastakabhisheka of Lord Gommateshvar atShravanbelgola was entirely organized by the then Lakshmisena of Kolhapura.Kolhapur continues to have a large Jain population. As per 2011 census it had the fourthlargest concentration of Jain population at 1,54,882 (80,024 Males and 74,858 Females). Thedecadal growth rate of Jain population in Kolhapur was 5.16% among other demographicfeatures Kolhapur had the sex-ratio at935 and the child sex-ratio at813 – both far below theJain national average of 954 and 889. Literacy rate in Kolhapur was 91.57% (95.03% forMale and 87.91% for Female). The work participation rate was 38.95% (59.01% for Maleand 17.51% for Female).
Map of Kolhapur districtThe sociological survey of the Kolhapur Jain community is designed as an exploratory studywith the following objectives.Objectives of the Survey 1. To investigate the nature of socio-demographic profile of the Jain communities in Kolhapur district. 2. To assess the infra structure available for education and skill development of Jain youth in the area. 3. To study the changing occupational structure of the Jain community. 4. To analyze trends of inter-generational occupational mobility and future aspirations. 5. To assess the gaps in availability of infrastructure/occupational opportunities for youth (Get their opinion) 6. To examine the emergent status of women in the community, particularly in terms of education and occupational status, work participation and religiosity. 7. To assess the overall impact of social change and modernization on the Jain community. Page 2 of 48
Research MethodologyA carefully constructed Questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaireconsisted of about 50 items/questions. The study was conducted in the Kolhapur district. Thedata were collected from 12 tehsils (sub-districts) of the Kolhapur district, namelyShahuwadi, Panhala, Gaganbawada, Radhanagari, Karveer, Hatkanangale, Shirol, Kagal,Bhudargad, Gadhinglaj, Ajara and Chandgad. In all, respondents from 203 Jain familiesparticipated in the survey. Besides the questionnaire the report also relied on secondarysources, including books, newspaper and magazine articles, census data etc.Along with general Jain population in Kolhapur, Jain youth – both male and female – werealso interviewed through a separate questionnaire which consisted of 21 items/questions.Youth were generally defined as respondents under 35 years of age. A total number of 101youth were interviewed. In most cases youth belonged to the same families whichparticipated in the Kolhapur Jain community survey. Their views and opinions have beenhighlighted at appropriate places in the report.Significance of the StudyIt is hoped, the study would fill a major gap in our understanding of the socio-cultural,demographic, educational and economic status of the contemporary Jain community inKolhapur in particular and Karnataka in general as no anthropological/sociological work onthe subject has so far been done. Page 3 of 48
Chapter – 2SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE RESPONDENTSTable 2.1: Surnames of Kolhapur Jain respondentsJain % Other % No Response % Surnames1Total 0.49 196 96.55 6 2.96 203Table 2.2: Age and Gender DistributionAge Group Total % Male % Female %< 2525-34 5 2.46 3 1.75 2 6.2535-44 6 2.96 6 3.51 0 045-54 31 15.27 26 15.20 555-64 51 25.12 41 23.98 10 15.62565-74 53 26.11 48 28.07 5 31.2575-84 41 20.20 34 19.88 7 15.62585+ 10 4.93 9 5.26 1 21.875No response 3 1.48 2 1.17 1 3.125Total 3 1.48 2 1.17 1 3.125 203 100 171 100 32 3.125 100Table 2.3: Marital StatusMarital Status Number % Male % Female % 10 4.93 8 4.68 2 6.25Unmarried 171 84.24 157 91.81 14 43.75 16 7.88 2 1.17 14 43.75Married 2 1.17Widow/Widower 4 1.17 203 100Divorce /separated 0.99 2 0 0.00No response 1.97 2 2 6.25Total 100 171 32 100
Table 2.4: EducationEducational & Number % Male % Female %QualificationIlliterate 3 1.48 3 1.75 0 0Upto Middle 47 23.15 34 19.88 13 40.625Upto S. Sec 31 15.27 27 15.79 4 12.5GraduateAbove 121 59.61 106 61.99 15 46.875No responseTotal 1 0.49 1 0.58 0 0 203 100 171 100 32 100Table 2.5: Medium of EducationMedium of your education Number % Male % Female %Marathi 167 82.27 145 84.80 22 68.75English 19 9.36 16 9.36 3 9.38Hindi 4 1.97 3 1.75 1 3.13Other 5 2.46 1 0.58 4 12.50No response 8 3.94 6 3.51 2 6.25Total 203 100 171 100 32 100Table 2.6: Occupational StatusOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 80 39.41 74 43.27 6 18.75Own Business 43 21.18 35 20.47 8 25.00Service(Govt/Private) 37 18.23 32 18.71 5 15.63Professional 20 9.85 18 10.53 2 6.25ManagingHousehold 13 6.40 7 4.09 6 18.75Others 0.00 0.00 0.00Students 1 0.49 0 0.00 1 3.13No response 9 4.43 5 2.92 4 12.50Total 203 100 171 100 32 100 Page 6 of 48
Table 2.7: IncomeIncome (Rs.) Number % Male % Female %Less than25,000 101 49.75 82 47.95 19 59.3825,000 – 50,000 55 27.09 52 30.41 3 9.3850,000-1,00,000 11 5.42 9 5.26 2 6.25Above 1,00,000 15 7.39 14 8.19 1 3.13No response 21 10.34 14 8.19 7 21.88Total 203 100 171 100 32 100Findings:Table 2.1: Surnames: Jain 0.49%Table 2.2: Gender and Age Male 84.23%, Female 15.76% (i) Gender Majority 86.70% 35-74 Years (ii) Age Married 84.24%Table 2.3: Marital Status:Table 2.4: Education: 15.27% (i) Upto Sr. Secondary 59.61% (ii) Graduate and AboveTable 2.5: Medium of Education: 82.27% (i) Marathi 9.36% (ii) EnglishTable 2.6: Occupational Status: 39.41% (i) Agriculture 21.18% (ii) Own Business 18.23% (iii) Service 9.85% (iv) ProfessionalTable 2.7: Income: 49.75% (i) Less than Rs. 25,000 27.09% (ii) 25,000 – 50,000 5.42% (iii) 50,000-1,00,000 7.39% (iv) Above 1,00,000 Page 7 of 48
Chapter – 3 POPULATION PROFILETable 3.1: Total Sample Population of Kolhapur DistrictDistrict Number Male % Female % 0-6 Age %Kolhapur 985 514 52.18 471 47.82 Group 4.87 48Table 3.2: Population by Family Size and GenderFamily Size Numbers of % Total % Families Members1-Member 4.93 1.022-Member 10 6.90 10 2.843-Member 14 12.32 28 7.614-Member 25 25.12 75 20.715-Member 51 22.66 204 23.356-Member 46 10.84 230 13.407-Member 22 4.43 132 6.408-Member 9 3.45 63 5.699-Member 7 4.93 56 9.1410-Member 10 2.96 90 6.0910+-Member 6 1.48 60 3.76Total/Average 3 100 37 100.00 203 985
Table 3.3: Population Distribution by Broad Age category and GenderAge Number % Male % Female %Categories0-14 125 12.69 75 14.59 50 10.6215-59 632 64.16 316 61.48 316 67.0960+ 170 17.26 90 17.51 80 16.99Noresponse 58 5.89 33 6.42 25 5.31Total 985 100 514 100 471 100Table 3.4: Distribution of Jain population by Age GroupsAge Group Total % Male % Female %0-4 32 3.25 18 3.50 14 2.975-9 40 4.06 23 4.47 17 3.6110-14 53 5.38 34 6.61 19 4.0315-19 51 5.18 30 5.84 21 4.4620-24 79 8.02 41 7.98 38 8.0725-29 78 7.92 38 7.39 40 8.4930-34 78 7.92 36 7.00 42 8.9235-39 66 6.70 30 5.84 36 7.6440-44 78 7.92 36 7.00 42 8.9245-49 70 7.11 36 7.00 34 7.2250-54 75 7.61 38 7.39 37 7.8655-59 57 5.79 31 6.03 26 5.5260-64 52 5.28 30 5.84 22 4.6765-69 38 3.86 22 4.28 16 3.4070-74 41 4.16 18 3.50 23 4.8875-79 17 1.73 7 1.36 10 2.1280+ 22 2.23 13 2.53 9 1.91No response 58 5.89 33 6.42 25 5.31Total 985 100 514 100 471 100 Page 10 of 48
Table 3.5: Dependency RatiosDependency Ratio National Jain (National) Kolhapur 2001 2011 2001 2011 Survey (2018)Dependency Ratio 544 597Young Dependency 752 652 390 311 466Ratio 621 510 198Old Dependency 154 187Ratio 131 142 268Table 3.6: Sex RatiosCensus/Survey Year Sex Ratio Child (0-6 Years) Sex Ratio2001(National Jain Data) 940 8702011(National Jain Data) 954 8892018 (Kolhapur Survey) 916 777Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girlsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 10 4.93Are you aware that thereis shortage of girlsagainst boys in the Jain 168 82.76 25 12.32community? 203TotalTable 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among JainsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 11.82 169 83.25 10 4.93Have you heard of anycase of feticide among 24Jains in your area?Total 203 Page 11 of 48
Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girlsQuestion Yes % No % No % 11.82 response 4.93Do you believe that in Jain families 24 169 83.25 10girls are discriminated against in regard 203to food, education and health provisionsTotalTable 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth)Question Yes % No % No % 87.13 response 0.00Do you believe that in Jain families 13 12.87 88girls are discriminated in regard to 101 0food, education and health provisions?TotalFindings: 52.18% 47.82%Table 3.1: Total sample profile: (i) Male: 4.8 (ii) Female: 25.12% 12.32%Table 3.2: Population by family size: 22.66% (i) Average family size: (ii) 4 member family: 12.69% (iii) 3 member family: 64.16% (iv) 5 member family: 17.26%Table 3.3: Population distribution by broad age: 466 (i) 0-14 age group: 198 (ii) 15-59 age group: 268 (iii) 60+ age group: 916Table 3.5: Dependency Ratio: 777 (i) Dependency Ratio: 82.76% (ii) Young Dependency Ratio: 31.53% (iii) Old Dependency Ratio: 11.82% 12.87%Table 3.6: Sex Ratio: (i) Sex Ratio: (ii) Child Sex Ratio:Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girls:Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among Jains:Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls:Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth): Page 12 of 48
Chapter – 4EDUCATION, OCCUPATION AND INCOME STRUCTURETable 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of KolhapurEducational Level Total % Male % Female %IlliterateUp to Middle 10 1.02 10 1.95 0 0.00Up to Senior Secondary 268 27.21 118 22.96 150 31.85Graduate & Above 96 9.75 52 10.12 44 9.34No response 461 46.80 263 51.17 198 42.04Total 150 15.23 71 13.81 79 16.77 985 100 514 100 471 100Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in KolhapurEducational Number % Male % Female %QualificationIlliterate 0 0 0 0 0 0Upto Middle 6 5.94 5 6.58 1 4.00Upto S. Sec 10 9.90 8 10.53 2 8.00Graduate &Above 81 80.20 61 80.26 20 80.00No response 4 3.96 2 2.63 2 8.00Total 101 100 76 100 25 100Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generationOccupation line Number % Male % Female % 69 33.99Family Business or 37 18.23 58 33.92 11 34.38New Business 31 18.13 6 18.75 80 39.41Government Services 17 8.37 203 100Professionaleducation(Engineering,Medicine, Law,Accountancy etc.) 70 40.94 10 31.25No Response 12 7.02 5 15.63Total 171 100 32 100
Table 4.4: Occupational status by genderOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 114 11.57 102 19.84 12 2.55Own Business 97 9.85 80 15.56 17 3.61Service(Govt/Private) 123 12.49 87 16.93 36 7.64Professional 37 3.76 23 4.47 14 2.97ManagingHousehold 208 21.12 12 2.33 196 41.61Others 19 1.93 12 2.33 7 1.49Students 144 14.62 78 15.18 66 14.01No response 243 24.67 120 23.35 123 26.11Total 985 100 514 100 471 100Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Jain youthOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 12 11.88 12 15.79 0 0Own Business 24 23.76 21 27.63 3 12Service(Govt/Private) 31 30.69 27 35.53 4 16Professional 3 2.97 1 1.32 2 8Others 23 22.77 13 17.11 10 40Students 2 1.98 0 0.00 2 8No response 6 5.94 2 2.63 4 16Total 101 100 76 100 25 100 Page 14 of 48
Table 4.6: Size of land holdingHow muchagricultural Number % Male % Female %land you own? 0No Agricultural 99 15land 9 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 80Up to 5 acres 203 48.77 87 50.88 12 37.505 to 10 acres 7.39 11 6.43 4 12.50Above 10 acres 4.43 8 4.68 1 3.13No response 39.41 65 38.01 15 46.88Total 100 171 100 32 100Table 4.7: Commercial property valueMarket Value Number %Up to Rs. 5 lakhsRs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lakhs 64 31.53Above Rs. 20 lakhs 38 18.72No response 38 18.72Total 63 31.03 203Table 4.8: Residential property valueMarket Value Number %Upto Rs. 5 lacsRs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lacs 56 27.59Above Rs. 20 lacs 62 30.54No response 50 24.63Total 35 17.24 203Table 4.9: Size of the BusinessSmall Number % Male % Female %MediumLarge 64 31.53 58 33.92 6 18.75No response 75 36.95 61 35.67 14 43.75Total 2 0.99 2 1.17 0 0.00 62 30.54 50 29.24 12 37.50 203 100 171 100 32 100 Page 15 of 48
Table 4.10: House ownershipHouse ownership Number %Own 93.60Rented 190 1.48No response 3 4.93Total 10 203Findings:Table 4.1: Education:(i) Graduate & Above: 46.80% (ii) Upto Middle: 27.21%Table 4.2: Educational Status Youth:(i) Graduate & Above: 80.20%(ii) Upto Sr. Sec. : 9.90%Table 4.3: Vocational Preferences for next generation:(i) Family Business: 33.99% (ii) Professional Education: 39.41%Table 4.4: Occupational Status:(i) Own Business: 9.85%(ii) Service & Professional: 16.24% (iii) Students: 14.62%Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Youth:(i) Own Business: 23.76%(ii) Services & Professional: 33.66% (iii) Other: 22.77%Table 4.6: Ownership agriculture land: (i) Less than10 Acers: 56.16%Table 4.7: Commercial property value: (i) Rs. 5 to 20 Lacs: 18.72%Table 4.8: Residential property value:(i) Above Rs. 20 Lac: 24.63% (ii) Rs. 5 to 20 Lac: 30.54%Table 4.9: Size of Business:(i) Medium: 36.95%(ii) Small: 31.53% (iii) Large: 0.99%Table 4.10: House Ownership:(i) Own: 93.60%(ii) Rented: 1.48% Page 16 of 48
Chapter – 5 COMMUNITY PROFILETable 5.1: Family typeFamily type Number % Male % Female %Joint 137 67.49 116 67.84 21 65.63Nuclear 51 25.12 42 24.56 9 28.13No response 15 7.39 13 7.60 2 6.25Total 203 100 171 100 32 100Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect DistributionSec/ Number % Male % Female %Sub-Sect 176 86.70 151 88.30 25 78.13Digambar 21 10.34 16 9.36 5 15.63ShwetambarMurtipujak 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00Shwetambar 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00Sthanakvasi 6 2.96 4 2.34 2 6.25 203 100 171 100 32 100ShwetambarTerapanthiNo responseTotalTable 5.3: Caste Distribution of Kolhapur RespondentsCaste/Sub-Caste Distribution PercentageJain 17 8.37Chaturth 72 35.47Pancham 49 24.14Others 10 4.93No response 55 27.09Total 203
Table 5.4: Marital StatusMarital Status Number % Male % Female % 208 21.12 119 23.15 89 18.90Unmarried 516 52.39 278 54.09 238 50.53 23 2.34 3 0.58 20 4.25Married 0.21 5 0.51 4 0.78 1 0.64Widow/Widower 25.48 3 0.30 0 0.00 3 100Divorce / 230 23.35 110 21.40 120 100 514 100 471 %separated 985 4.93Vowed to %Celibacy 3.45No response %Total 0.99Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriageQuestion Yes % No % No response 10Are you aware of thegrowing trends of marriageof Jains Boys/Girls outsidethe Jain community? 87 42.86 106 52.22Total 203Table 5.6: Inter-marriage preferenceQuestion Yes % No % No responseAre you in favour of Jain-non-Jain marriages 15 7.39 181 89.16 7Total 203Table 5.7: Inter-marriage preference (youth)Question Yes % No % No responseAre you in favour of Jain- 14.85 85 84.16 1non-Jain marriages 15Total 101 Page 18 of 48
Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain MarriagesReasons Number % 82 40.39Co-education/co-workCould not find suitable match in Jain 40 19.70community 0 0.00Other (please specify) 81 39.90 203 No responseTotalTable 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (youth)Reasons Number % 2 1.98Co-education/co-workCould not find suitable match in Jain 3 2.97community 0 0.00Other (please specify) 96 95.05 101No responseTotalTable 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choiceQuestion Yes % No % No response % 9.85Are arranged marriagesbeing replaced by lovemarriages among Jains inKolhapur 121 59.61 62 30.54 20Total 203Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institutionLate marriage Number % Male % Female %Day-time marriage 124 61.08 109 63.74 15 46.88Marriage by Jain 11 5.42 9 5.26 2 6.25PanditMarriage by own 15 7.39 10 5.85 5 15.63choiceNo response 34 16.75 27 15.79 7 21.88Total 19 9.36 16 9.36 203 100 171 100 3 9.38 32 100 Page 19 of 48
Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowrySituation of dowry Number % Male % Female %Prevalent to a largeextent 13 6.40 11 6.43 2 6.25Prevalent to some extent 78 38.42 66 38.60 12 37.50Not prevalent 96 47.29 82 47.95 14 43.75No response 16 7.88 12 7.02 4 12.50Total 203 100 171 100 32 100Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriageQuestion Yes % No % No response % 80.30 29 5.42Do you supportremarriage ofdivorcees/widows inJains 163 14.29 11Total 203Table 5.14: DivorceQuestion Yes % No % No response %Has there been any case 5.91 181 89.16 10 4.93of divorce in your 12family/relations? 203TotalTable 5.15: Organization and Associational DistributionBharatiya Jain Sanghatan Number % Male % Female %Dakshin Bharat Jain 45 22.17 38 22.22 7 21.88SabhaJain Social Group 24 11.82 24 14.04 0.00Jain Conference 3 1.48 1 0.58 2 6.25Other 1 0.49 1 0.58 0 0.00No response 1 0.49 0 0.00 1 3.13Total 129 63.55 107 62.57 22 68.75 203 100 171 100 32 100 Page 20 of 48
Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism Number % Male % Female %Within the Hindu Varna 5.85 1 3.13system 11 5.42 10 78.95 27 84.38A separate community 15.20 4 12.50 79.80 135 100 32 100independent of Hindus 162 14.78 26 100 171No response 30Total 203Findings:Table 5.1: Family type:(i) Nuclear: 25.12%(ii) Joint: 67.49%Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect Distribution(i) Digamber: 86.70%(ii) Shwetambar Murtipujak: 10.34%Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Belgaum Respondents (i) Jain: 8.37% (ii) Chaturth: 35.47% 24.14% (iii) Pancham: 4.93% (iv) OthersTable 5.4: Marital Status(i) Married: 52.39%(ii) Unmarried: 21.12%(iii) No response: 23.35%Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriageAwareness of the trends of growing interfaith marriages;(i) Yes: 42.86% (ii) No: 52.22%Table 5.6: Inter marriage preferenceIn favour of(i) Yes: 7.39% (ii) No: 89.16%Table 5.7: Inter marriage preference (Youth)In favour of(i) Yes: 14.85%(ii) No: 84.16%Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages(i) Co-education/co-work: 40.39%(ii) No match in Jain Community: 19.70% Page 21 of 48
Table 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (Youth)(i) Co-education/co-work: 1.98%(ii) No match in Jain Community: 2.97%Table 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choiceArranged marriage being replaced by love marriage(i) Yes: 59.61% (ii) No: 30.54%Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institution(i) Late marriage: 61.08%(ii) Day time marriage 5.42%Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowry 47.49% (i) Not prevalent: 38.42% (ii) Prevalent to some extent: 6.40% (iii) Prevalent to a large extent:Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriage 80.30%Support for 5.91% (i) Yes: 89.16%Table 5.14: Divorce 4.93% Divorce in family (i) Yes: (ii) No: (iii) No response:Table 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution(i) Jain Social Group: 1.48%(ii) Others: 0.49%(iii) Bhartiya Jain Sangthan: 22.17% (iv) No response: 63.55%Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism(i) A separate community: 79.80%(ii) Within the Hindu Verna system: 5.42%(iii) No response: 14.78% Page 22 of 48
Chapter – 6 JAIN WAY OF LIFETable 6.1: Visit to templeDaily Number % Male % Female %Occasionally 121 78.13Sunday 62 59.61 96 56.14 25 12.50During Paryushan Parv 9 30.54 58 33.92 4 0.00Only 4.43 9 5.26 0No response 6 6.25Total 5 2.96 4 2.34 2 3.13 203 2.46 4 2.34 1 100 100 171 100 32Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth)Daily Number % Male % Female % 27 24.00Occasionally 61 26.73 21 27.63 6 72.00 8 60.40 43 56.58 18 4.00Sunday 7.92 7 9.21 1During Paryushan Parv 5 0.00Only 0 4.95 5 6.58 0 0.00No response 101 0.00 0 0.00 0 100Total 100 76 100 25Table 6.3: Food after sunsetQuestion Yes % No % No response % 7 3.45Take food after sunset 128 63.05 68 33.50Total 203Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth)Question Yes % No % No response % 1 0.99Take food after sunset 77 76.24 23 22.77Total 101
Table 6.5: DrinkingQuestion Yes % No % No response % 21 10.34Drink alcohol 3 1.48 179 88.18Total 203Table 6.6: Drinking (youth)Question Yes % No % No response % 7 6.93Drink alcohol 2 1.98 92 91.09Total 101Table 6.7: Dietary HabitsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 22 10.84Eat non-vegetarian food 1 0.49 180 88.67Total 203Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth)Question Yes % No % No response % 6 5.94Eat non-vegetarian food 3 2.97 92 91.09Total 101Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from JainismQuestion Yes % No % No response %Younger generation is 77.34 39 19.21 7 3.45drifting away from 157Jainism 203Total Page 24 of 48
Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth)Question Yes % No % No response %Younger generation is 79.21 20 19.80 1 0.99drifting away from 80Jainism 101TotalTable 6.11: Religious educationQuestion Yes % No % No response % 101 49.75 12 5.91Religious Education 90 44.33Total 203Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory?Question Yes % No % No response %Do you think thatreligious educationshould be madecompulsory to Jainchildren? 164 80.79 26 12.81 13 6.40Total 203Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism Number % Male % Female %Too Many rituals in 50 24.63 41 23.98 9 28.13Jainism 88Lack of exposure to 39 43.35 74 43.27 14 43.75Jainism 26Not in tune with modern 203 19.21 34 19.88 5 15.63culture 0.00 0.00 0.00Other 12.81 22 12.87 4 12.50No response 100 171 100 32 100Total Page 25 of 48
Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) Number % Male % Female %Too Many rituals in 22 21.78 17 22.37 5 20.00Jainism 52 51.49 42 55.26 10 40.00Lack of exposure to 19 28.00Jainism 8 18.81 12 15.79 7 12.00 101 7.92 5 6.58 3Not in tune with modern 100 76 100 25 100cultureNo responseTotalTable 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing JainismJain moral education Number % Male % Female %classes in 58 28.57 48 28.07 10 31.25 78 70 8school/colleges 50 38.42 38 40.94 12 25.00 17 15 2Jain Sunday schools for 203 24.63 171 22.22 32 37.50 0.00 0.00 0.00teaching Jainism 8.37 8.77 6.25 100.00 100 100Jain shivris (camps) forreligious educationOtherNo responseTotalTable 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth)Jain moral education Number % Male % Female %classes in 18 17.82 12 15.79 6 24.00school/colleges 37 36.63 27 35.53 10 40.00 41 40.59 34 44.74 7 28.00Jain Sunday schools for 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 5 4.95 3 3.95 2 8.00teaching Jainism 101 76 25 100 100 100Jain shivris (camps) forreligious educationOtherNo responseTotal Page 26 of 48
Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education Number % Male % Female %Spiritual 27 26.73 20 26.32 7 28.00Campus 15 14.85 13 17.11 2 8.00Special 45 44.55 31 40.79 14 56.00Training 14 13.86 12 15.79 2 8.00Religious 101 100 76 100 25 100educationprogramNoresponseTotalFindings: 30.54% 59.61%Table 6.1: Visit to temple 2.96% (i) Occasionally: 4.43% (ii) Daily: (iii) During Paryushan Parv Only: 60.40% (iv) Sunday: 26.73% 4.95%Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 7.92% (i) Occasionally: (ii) Daily: 63.05% (iii) During Paryushan Parv Only: (iv) Sunday: 76.24%Table 6.3: Eating after sunset 88.18% (i) Yes: 10.34%Table 6.4: Eating after sunset (youth) 91.09% (i) Yes: 6.93%Table 6.5: Drinking 88.67% (i) No: 10.84% (ii) No response: 0.49%Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) (i) No: (ii) No response:Table 6.7: Dietary Habits, Eat non-vegetarian food (i) No: (ii) No response: (iii) Yes: Page 27 of 48
Table 6.8: Dietary Habits Young, Eat non-vegetarian food(i) No: 91.09%(ii) No response: 5.94% (iii) Yes: 2.97%Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism(i) Yes: 77.34%Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth) (i) Yes: 79.21%Table 6.11: Religious education(i) Yes: 44.33%Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory? (i) Yes: 80.79%Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism(i) Lack of exposure to Jainism: 43.35%(ii) No response: 12.81%(iii) Not in tune with modern culture: 19.21%(iv) Too many rituals in Jainism: 24.63%Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) 21.78% (i) Lack of exposure to Jainism: 7.92% (ii) No response: 18.81% (iii) Not in tune with modern culture: 21.78% (iv) Too many rituals in Jainism: 38.42%Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism 28.57% (i) Jain Sunday schools for teaching Jainism: (ii) Jain moral education classes in school/colleges: 17.82% 36.63%Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) (i) Jain moral education classes in school/colleges: 44.55% (ii) Jain Sunday schools for teaching Jainism: 26.73% 14.85%Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education (i) Religious education program: (ii) Spiritual camps: (iii) Special Training: Page 28 of 48
Chapter – 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONKolhapur district Jain community sociological survey is based on the responses of 203 Jainfamilies and 101 Jain youth. Most of the youth belonged to the same Jain families. Oursurvey data suggest the total sample Jain population in Kolhapur district at 985persons. Thegender distribution is in favor of male members (52%). Average Jain family size comes to 4.8member. Majority of Jain families are joint 68%.The study of Kolhapur district survey revealed the dominant presence of Digambar Jains(87%). There were 10.3% Shwetambar Murtipujak Jains. Caste-wise there were 35.4%Chaturtha and 24.1 Panchams. The survey also confirmed in most cases the practice of notusing 'Jain' as surname by the local people. In our sample of Kolhapur district, less than 1%of the respondents were found to be using 'Jain' as their surnames, while 96.5% of thempreferred to use other surnames.A great majority of respondents in our survey was male (84.2%). About 87% of therespondents were in the age group 35-74 years. A large majority (84%) of them weremarried. An overwhelming majority of them were literate, with 59.6% holding graduationand above educational qualifications.In Kolhapur district Agriculture was found to be the main occupation of the respondents(34.4%) followed by service and professions (28%) and own business (21%). Majority ofrespondents (49.7%) reported their monthly income under Rs 25,000 and 27% between Rs25,000 to Rs. 50,000. About 13% of the respondents reported their income Rs. 50,000 andabove. About 93.6% respondents owned their homes.The sex ratio in Kolhapur district was found to be 916 and the child sex-ratio 777. Both thesedemographic indicators are far below the Jain national averages of 954 and 889 respectively.The child sex-ratio, if correct, is very significantly low. The dependency ratio for KolhapurJain sample population is calculated at 466, the young dependency ratio 198 and olddependency ratio 268. The dependency for young in our survey was found to be low, whereasthe dependency ratio for the old was marginally high. In other words, the burden ofsupporting the young population on the economically active segment (15-59 years) is a littleless than that of supporting the old population.As per our survey, 27.2% were educated up to middle school level, 9.75% were educated upto senior secondary level and 46.8% had graduation and above qualification. About 9.8% ofthe sample population was engaged in studies as students. Predictably, the languages ofeducation was found to be Marathi (82%) followed by English (9%).In the Kolhapur district sample the awareness about inter-religion marriages is comparativelynot only low (42.8%), only a small minority of respondents (7.4%) happened to be in favour
of inter-faith marriages. While responding to the reasons of inter-faith marriage, about 40.4%of the respondents suggested co-education/ co-working as the main reason of interfaithmarriage and about 19.7% of them mentioned non-availability of suitable match in the Jaincommunity as the second reason. Among the youth respondents an over-whelming majority(about 95%) of them did not respond to the question about reasons of inter-faith marriage.Responding to the question about the on-going changes in the marriage institution latemarriage figured prominently with as many as 61% singling it out as a major change. Amongother changes marriage by Jain Pandit, Day-time marriage and marriage by own choice alsofigured. A large number of our respondents (44.8%) admitted the prevalence of dowry in thecommunity, whereas 47.5% of them denied the prevalence of dowry.The opinions of the respondents on certain issues pertaining to Jain way of life, whichincludes visits to religious places, food and dietary habits, religious teachings and religiousinteraction of Jain youths have also been included in the report for giving a comparativeview.The Kolhapur survey result reported difficulties in practicing the Jain way of life, especiallyrelated to food and dietary habits. In our survey the consumption of liquor was not favouredby majority of general population (88%) and youth population (91%). The same was found tobe true for non-vegetarianism, with both general population (88.6%) and youth population(91.09%) saying no to it. However, a large number of our respondents, general as well asyouth (about 76%), admitted of taking food after sunset.When it came to the religious education of children, a great majority (80.79%) of ourrespondents believed that religious education should be made mandatory for Jain children forinculcating in them the ethos of Jain way of life. The respondents appeared to be following amoderate and relaxed Jain way of life.The Kolhapur sociological survey was found to be quite significant in a number of ways.While our survey positively validates some major population characteristics of the Jaincommunity such as age and gender structure, family size, sex and child sex ratios, literacyand educational levels, occupational structure etc, it also highlights a number of features ofthe Jain community of Kolhapur district such as sect/sub-sect and caste composition, size andtype of family, education, occupation and income levels and the change and continuity in theJain way of life. An important finding of the survey was that over 79.8% of the Jainrespondents considered Jains as a separate community and religion, independent ofHinduism. Page 30 of 48
Appendix – 1
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