A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Jabalpur District

JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018)A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Jabalpur District Majholi Sihora Patan Panagar Kundam Shahpura JabalpurINTERNATIONAL SCHOOL FOR JAIN STUDIES International School for Jain Studies SELF STUDY IS THE D-28, Panchsheel Enclave SUPREME AUSTERITY New Delhi-110 017 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in



JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018)A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Jabalpur District International School for Jain Studies D-28, Panchsheel Enclave New Delhi – 110017 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in



CONTENTS v viiList of Tables ixPrefaceExecutive Summary 1Chapter 1: Introduction 3Chapter 2: Socio-economic background of the Respondents 7Chapter 3: Population Profile 11Chapter 4: Education and Occupational Structure 15Chapter 5: Community Profile 21Chapter 6: Jain way of Life 27Chapter 7: Summary and Conclusion 29Appendix-I: Questionnaire for general population 37Appendix-II: Questionnaire for Youth populationBibliography 41



LIST OF TABLES P. No.Table 2.1: Surnames of Jabalpur Jain respondents 3Table 2.2: Age and Gender Distribution 3Table 2.3: Marital Status 3Table 2.4: Education 4Table 2.5: Medium of Education 4Table 2.6: Occupational Status 4Table 2.7: Income 5Table 3.1: Total Sample Population of Jabalpur District 7Table 3.2: Population by Family Size and Gender 7Table 3.3: Population Distribution by Broad Age category and Gender 7Table 3.4: Distribution of Jain population by Age Groups 8Table 3.5: Dependency Ratios 8Table 3.6: Sex Ratio and Child Sex Ratios 9Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girls 9Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among Jains 9Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls 9Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth) 9Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of Jabalpur 11Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in Jabalpur 11Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generation 11Table 4.4: Occupational status by gender 12Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Jain youth 12Table 4.6: Size of land holding 12Table 4.7: Commercial property value 13Table 4.8: Residential property value 13Table 4.9: Size of the Business 13Table 4.10: House ownership 13Table 5.1: Family type 15Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect Distribution 15Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Jabalpur Respondents 15Table 5.4: Marital Status 16Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriage 16Table 5.6: Inter-marriage preference 16Table 5.7: Inter-marriage preference (youth) 16Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages 17

Table 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (youth) 17Table 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choice 17Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institution 17Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowry 18Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriage 18Table 5.14: Divorce 18Table 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution 18Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism 19Table 6.1: Visit to temple 21Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 21Table 6.3: Food after sunset 21Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth) 21Table 6.5: Drinking 22Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) 22Table 6.7: Dietary Habits 22Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth 22Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism 22Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth) 23Table 6.11: Religious education 23Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory? 23Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism 23Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) 24Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism 24Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) 24Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education 25vi

PREFACEInternational School for Jain Studies (ISJS) since its inception in 2005 has mainly beeninvolved in promoting academic studies of Jainism among the overseas students and scholarsthrough its Summer School Programme. So far about 700 participants have benefited fromthe programme. ISJS also conducts research on Jain religion and philosophy and the Jaincommunity, besides organizing national and international seminars, publishing books and anonline journal “ISJS-Transaction”.ISJS last year executed a series of population-related studies in order to find out thepopulation dynamics of the Jain community which have been showing some disturbing trendsin regard to population growth rate, fertility rate, sex and child sex ratios etc. In this series thefirst survey was done in Hauz Khas tehsil of South Delhi district and the second one wasconducted in New Delhi district in 2017-2018. These studies are based on 2011 census data,voters list and our own field surveys of the Jain population. The findings of both the studiesconfirmed the fact that Jain population in the two areas was under-estimated in 2011 censusby a range of 60% to 90%.“A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Jabalpur District” is the sixth report in thisseries, though with more emphasis on the sociological profile than on the populationenumeration. The sociological profile includes select population characteristics, education,occupation and income levels, aspects of family and marriage and the Jain way of life andidentity in terms of daily visit to temple, day dining, marriage within the community and theproblem of drift away from Jain values by Jain youth, etc. The survey also suggests latemarriage, too many not marrying at all and shifting from rural to metro areas or going abroadfor better economic opportunities.The above findings, it is hoped, would be quite useful to the Jain and academicians alike inorder to take suitable corrective and constructive measures to address the problem of thecommunity. In order to find out the India-wide trends similar studies of Belgaum, Pune,Solapur, Kolhapur, Indore have already been completed, and others are under-way atMumbai, Ahemadnagar, Bhopal, Sagar, Jaipur, Udaipur, Jodhpur, Ahemdabad, Banglore andChennai.

I thank Dr. Abhay Firodia, Shri Firodia Trust of Pune and Dr. Sulekh Jain of USA for theirprompt financial and moral support to undertake this study. Special thanks are due to ShriPrafulla Parakh, CEO, Bhartiya Jain Sanghthna, Pune for taking up the entire responsibilityof the survey and data collection in Jabalpur district, and some other places in Maharashtra.Thanks are due to Dr. Vimal Jain and Dr. P. K. Jain for coordinating the survey work inJabalpur. I also thank my team members, particularly Prof. Prakash C Jain, Dr. ShrinetraPandey and staff members Mr. Sushil Jana, Mr. Shivam Saxena and Miss. Jyoti Pandey fortheir tireless efforts in completing this study. Dr. Shugan C Jain Chairman International School for Jain StudiesNew DelhiDate: October 10th, 2018 viii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis summarizes the report of the Jabalpur district sociological survey, which was carried outduring June-August 2018. The report highlights the sociological profile of the Jaincommunity in terms of population characteristics, education, occupation and income levels,continuity and change in the community life, status of women and youth, and the Jain way oflife. Major findings of the survey based on three sets of Jain sample population of Jabalpurdistrict are as follows:Table: Summary of Major findingsIndicators Respondents Sample Population Youth Population N=50Married N=100 N=581Sex Ratio 64%Child Sex Ratio Population Characteristics -Family Size - 93% 47.50% -Graduate +Medium of instruction - 844 84%(i) Hindi -(ii) English - 273 38%Agriculture - 5.8 persons 62%Own BusinessProfession and Service Education 10%Students 54% 49% 45% 22%Less than Rs. 25,000/- 10%Rs. 25,000-Rs. 50,000/- -- -Awareness 94% - -Not in favour ofReasons (co-education/ 6% - -co-working) 84%Widow/Divorcee Occupationremarriage 50% 28% 6.20%Daily temple visitFood after sunset 52% 18.93%Eat Non-Vegetarian foodDrink alcohol 12% 6.88%Discrimination againstgirls - 11% Income 47% - 31% - Inter-faith marriage 95% - 91% 55% - 80% - - Jain way of life - 72% 90% - 56% 39% - 0% 0% - 0% 0% - 0% 4% ix

Other factors of significance: Almost all the respondents admitted a drift among the youthaway from Jainism. Most of them also suggested inculcating ethos of Jainism early in achild’s life. They said that making study of Jainism mandatory in schools and colleges,besides Sunday schools, religious camps could help in stopping the drift of youth away fromJainism. A good majority of our respondents (85%) considered Jainism as a separatecommunity and religion independent of Hinduism.Way forward: There is a strong need to validate these findings for many more such areaswith different geographical and socio-economical profile to represent total Jain population.Further, there is a strong need to start the dialogue in the community to prepare Jains for 2021Census and also initiate appropriate actions for minimizing drift away from Jainism.

Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTIONJabalpur had the third largest concentration of Jain population (at 33,728) in Madhya Pradeshin 2011 Census. The Jain population of Jabalpur district is very highly urbanized with about92% of them living in urban areas. The decadal growth rate during 2001-2011 was 4.15%which is more than that of Madhya Pradesh (3.96%). The other demographic features include97% literacy rate (Male: 98.1% and Female: 95.3%). In Sex-Ratio in Jabalpur district was945 and child sex-ratio was 972. Whereas the sex-ratio is a little less than the Jain nationalaverage of 954, the child sex-ratio is much better than the Jain national average 889. Workparticipation rate for the Jains in 2011 census was 34.58% (56.95% for males and 10.89% forfemales). Map: Jabalpur district and its sub-districts

The sociological survey of the Jain community in Jabalpur district is designed as anexploratory study with the following objectives.Objectives of the Survey 1. To investigate the nature of socio-demographic profile of the Jain communities in Jabalpur district. 2. To assess the infra structure available for education and skill development of Jain youth in the area. 3. To study the changing occupational structure of the Jain community. 4. To analyze trends of inter-generational occupational mobility and future aspirations. 5. To assess the gaps in availability of infrastructure/occupational opportunities for youth (Get their opinion) 6. To examine the emergent status of women in the community, particularly in terms of education and occupational status, work participation and religiosity.Research MethodologyA carefully constructed Questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaireconsisted of about 50 items/questions. The data were collected from 7 tehsils (sub-districts)of the Jabalpur district, namely Jabalpur, Majholi, Patan, Shahpura, Kundam, Panagar andSihora. In all, respondents from 100 Jain families participated in the survey. Besides thequestionnaire the report also relied on secondary sources, including books, newspaper andmagazine articles, census data etc.Along with general Jain population in Jabalpur, Jain youth – both male and female – werealso interviewed through a separate questionnaire which consisted of 21 items/questions.Youth were generally defined as respondents under 35 years of age. A total number of 50youth were interviewed. In most cases youth belonged to the same families whichparticipated in the Jabalpur Jain community survey. Their views and opinions have beenhighlighted at appropriate places in the report.Significance of the StudyIt is hoped, the study would fill a major gap in our understanding of the socio-cultural,demographic, educational and economic status of the contemporary Jain community inJabalpur in particular and Madhya Pradesh in general as no anthropological/sociologicalwork on the subject has so far been done. [2]

Chapter – 2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE RESPONDENTSTable 2.1: Surnames of Jabalpur Jain respondents Jain % Other Surnames % No Response %90 0Total 90 10 10 0 100Table 2.2: Age and Gender DistributionAge Group Total % Male % Female %< 2525-34 1 1 1 1.05 0 035-44 1 1 1 1.05 0 045-54 11 11 10 10.53 1 2055-64 33 33 30 31.58 3 6065-74 23 23 22 23.16 1 2075-84 25 25 25 26.32 0 085+ 5 5 5 5.26 0 0No response 1 1 1 1.05 0 0Total 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 95 0 5 100 100Table 2.3: Marital StatusMarital Status Number % Male % Female %Unmarried 5 5 4 4.21 1 20Married 93 93 89 93.68 4 80Widow/Widower 1 1 1 1.05 0 0Divorce /separated 1 0 1 0 0 0No response 100 95 5Total 1 1.05 0 100 100 100

Table 2.4: EducationEducational Number % Male % Female %Qualification 1.05 1 20 17.89 0 0Illiterate 2 21 30.53 3 60Upto Middle 17 17 17 50.53 1 20Upto S. Sec 32 32 29 0 0 0 100 5 100Graduate & 49 49 48AboveNo response 0 00Total 100 100 95Table 2.5: Medium of EducationMedium of your education Number % Male % Female %English 6 6 6 6.32 0 0Hindi 94 94 89 93.68 5 100Other 0 0 0 0 0No response 0 0 0 0 0 0Total 100 100 95 0 5 100 100Table 2.6: Occupational StatusOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 28 28 26 27.37 2 40Own Business 52 52 49 51.58 3 60Service(Govt/Private) 11 11 11 11.58 0 0ProfessionalManaging 1 1 1 1.05 0 0HouseholdOthers 0 0 0 0 0 0StudentsNo response 8 8 8 8.42 0 0Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 95 100 5 100 [4]

Table 2.7: IncomeIncome (Rs.) Number % Male % Female %Less than 47 47 42 44.21 5 10025,000 025,000 – 50,000 31 31 31 32.63 0 0 050,000-1,00,000 14 14 14 14.74 0 0 100Above 1,00,000 5 5 5 5.26 0No response 3 3 3 3.16 0Total 100 100 95 100 5Findings:Table 2.1: Surnames: Jain 90%Table 2.2: Gender and Age Male 95%, Female 5% (i) Gender Majority 92% 35-74 Years (ii) Age Married 93%Table 2.3: Marital Status:Table 2.4: Education: 32% (i) Upto Sr. Secondary 49% (ii) Graduate and AboveTable 2.5: Medium of Education: 94% (i) Hindi 6% (ii) EnglishTable 2.6: Occupational Status: 28% (i) Agriculture 52% (ii) Own Business 11% (iii) Service 1% (iv) ProfessionalTable 2.7: Income: 47% (i) Less than Rs. 25,000 31% (ii) 25,000 – 50,000 14% (iii) 50,000-1,00,000 5% (iv) Above 1,00,000 [5]



Chapter – 3 POPULATION PROFILETable 3.1: Total Sample Population of Jabalpur DistrictDistrict Number Male % Female % 0-6 Age %Jabalpur 581 315 54.22 266 45.78 Group 4.82 28Table 3.2: Population by Family Size and GenderFamily Size Numbers of % Total % Families Members1-Member 0 0 02-Member 3 3 0 1.033-Member 5 5 6 2.584-Member 21 21 15 14.465-Member 28 28 84 24.106-Member 21 21 140 21.697-Member 5 5 126 6.028-Member 2 2 35 2.759-Member 4 4 16 6.2010-Member 5 5 36 8.6110+-Member 6 6 50 12.56Total/Average 100 100 73 100 581Table 3.3: Population Distribution by Broad Age category and GenderAge Number % Male % Female %Categories0-14 91 15.66 59 18.73 32 12.0315-59 378 65.06 193 61.27 185 69.5560+ 105 18.07 60 19.05 45 16.92Noresponse 7 1.20 3 0.95 4 1.50Total 581 100 315 100 266 100

Table 3.4: Distribution of Jain population by Age GroupsAge Group Total % Male % Female %0-4 21 3.61 175-9 25 4.30 14 5.40 4 1.5610-14 45 7.75 2815-19 45 7.75 20 4.44 11 4.3020-24 45 7.75 2325-29 36 6.20 17 8.89 17 6.6430-34 48 8.26 2435-39 43 7.40 24 6.35 25 9.7740-44 59 10.15 3045-49 48 8.26 28 7.30 22 8.5950-54 27 4.65 1655-59 27 4.65 11 5.40 19 7.4260-64 37 6.37 1765-69 28 4.82 15 7.62 24 9.3870-74 24 4.13 1575-79 10 1.72 10 7.62 19 7.4280+ 6 1.03 3No response 7 1.20 3 9.52 29 11.33Total 581 100 315 8.89 20 7.81 5.08 11 4.30 3.49 16 6.25 5.40 20 7.81 4.76 3 1.17 4.76 9 3.52 3.17 0 0 0.95 3 1.17 0.95 4 1.56 100 256 100Table 3.5: Dependency RatiosDependency Ratio National Jain (National) Jabalpur 2001 2011 2001 2011 Survey (2018)Dependency Ratio 544 597Young Dependency 752 652 390 311 369Ratio 621 510 240Old Dependency 154 187Ratio 131 142 277 [8]

Table 3.6: Sex RatiosCensus/Survey Year Sex Ratio Child (0-6 Years) Sex Ratio2001(National Jain Data) 940 8702011(National Jain Data) 954 8892018 (Jabalpur Survey) 844 273Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girlsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 0 0Are you aware that thereis shortage of girls 79 79 21 21against boys in the Jaincommunity?Total 100Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among JainsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 1 1Have you heard of anycase of feticide among 11 11 88 88Jains in your area?Total 247Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girlsQuestion Yes % No % No % responseDo you believe that in Jain familiesgirls are discriminated against in regard 4 4 96 96 0 0to food, education and health provisionsTotal 100Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth)Question Yes % No % No response %Do you believe that in 0 0 50 100 0 0Jain families girls arediscriminated in regard to 50 [9]food, education andhealth provisions?Total

Findings: 54.22% 45.78%Table 3.1: Total sample profile: (i) Male: 5.8 (ii) Female: 21% 5%Table 3.2: Population by family size: 28% (i) Average family size: (ii) 4 member family: 15.66% (iii) 3 member family: 65.06% (iv) 5 member family: 18.07%Table 3.3: Population distribution by broad age: 369 (i) 0-14 age group: 240 (ii) 15-59 age group: 277 (iii) 60+ age group: 844Table 3.5: Dependency Ratio: 273 (i) Dependency Ratio: 79% (ii) Young Dependency Ratio: 11% (iii) Old Dependency Ratio: 4% 0%Table 3.6: Sex Ratio: (i) Sex Ratio: (ii) Child Sex Ratio:Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girls:Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among Jains:Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls:Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth):[10]

Chapter – 4 EDUCATION, OCCUPATION AND INCOME STRUCTURETable 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of JabalpurEducational Level Total % Male % Female %Illiterate 5 0.86 3 0.95 2 0.75Up to Middle 164 28.23 90 28.57 74 27.82Up to Senior Secondary 85 14.63 49 15.56 36 13.53Graduate & Above 262 45.09 130 41.27 132 49.62No response 65 11.19 43 13.65 22 8.27Total 581 100 315 100 266 100Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in JabalpurEducational Number % Male % Female %Qualification 0 0 0Illiterate 0 00 4.26 0 0 12.77 0 0Upto Middle 2 42 82.98 3 100Upto S. Sec 6 12 6 0 0 0Graduate & 42 84 39 100 3 100AboveNo response 0 00Total 50 100 47Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generationOccupation line Number % Male % Female %Family Business or 45 45 43 45.26 2 40New BusinessGovernment Services 27 27 26 27.37 1 20Professionaleducation(Engineering, 21 21 19 20 2 40Medicine, Law,Accountancy etc.)No Response 7 7 7 7.37 0 0Total 100 100 95 100 5 100

Table 4.4: Occupational status by genderOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 36 6.20 33 10.48 3 1.13Own Business 110 18.93 97 30.79 13 4.89Service(Govt/Private) 32 5.51 24 7.62 8 3.01ProfessionalManaging 8 1.38 6 1.90 2 0.75HouseholdOthers 108 18.59 6 1.90 102 38.35StudentsNo response 9 1.55 9 2.86 0 0Total 64 11.02 30 9.52 34 12.78 214 36.83 110 34.92 104 39.10 581 100 315 100 266 100Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Jain youthOccupation Number % Male % Female % 10.64 0 0Agriculture 5 10 5 57.45 0 0Own Business 27 54 27 17.02 0 0Service 8 16 8 4.26 1 33.33(Govt/Private) 0 0 0 2Professional 3 62 6.38 0 66.67 4.26 3 0Others 0 00 100 100Students 5 10 3No response 2 42Total 50 100 47Table 4.6: Size of land holdingHow muchagricultural Number % Male % Female %land you own? 25 12Up to 5 acres 11 25 24 25.26 1 20 525 to 10 acres 100 12 11 11.58 1 20Above 10 acres 11 11 11.58 0 0No response 52 49 51.58 3 60Total 100 95 100 5 100 [12]

Table 4.7: Commercial property valueMarket Value Number %Up to Rs. 5 lakhsRs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lakhs 11 11Above Rs. 20 lakhs 4 4No response 18 18Total 67 67 100Table 4.8: Residential property valueMarket Value Number %Upto Rs. 5 lacsRs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lacs 13 13Above Rs. 20 lacs 14 14No response 60 60Total 13 13 100Table 4.9: Size of the BusinessSmall Number % Male % Female %Medium 29 29 26 27.37 3 60Large 50 50 48 50.53 2 40No response 4 4 4 4.21 0 0Total 17 17 17 17.89 0 0 100 100 95 100 5 100Table 4.10: House ownershipHouse ownership Number %Own 95 95Rented 5 5No response 0 0Total 100 [13]

Findings:Table 4.1: Education:(i) Graduate & Above: 45.09%(ii) Upto Middle: 28.23%Table 4.2: Educational Status Youth:(i) Graduate & Above: 84%(ii) Upto Sr. Sec. : 12%Table 4.3: Vocational Preferences for next generation:(i) Family Business: 45%(ii) Professional Education: 21%Table 4.4: Occupational Status:(i) Own Business: 18.93%(ii) Service & Professional: 6.88%(iii) Managing Household: 18.59%Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Youth:(i) Own Business: 54%(ii) Services & Professional: 22%(iii) Students: 10%Table 4.6: Ownership agriculture land:(i) Less than10 Acers: 37%Table 4.7: Commercial property value:(i) Rs. 5 to 20 Lacs: 4%Table 4.8: Residential property value:(i) Above Rs. 20 Lac: 60%(ii) Rs. 5 to 20 Lac: 14%Table 4.9: Size of Business:(i) Medium: 50%(ii) Large: 4%Table 4.10: House Ownership:(i) Own: 95%(ii) Rented: 5% [14]

Chapter – 5 COMMUNITY PROFILETable 5.1: Family typeFamily type Number % Male % Female %Joint 54 54 53 55.79 1 20Nuclear 43 43 40 42.11 3 60No response 3 3 2 2.11 1 20Total 100 100 95 100 5 100Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect DistributionSec/ Number % Male % Female %Sub-SectDigambar 93 93 89 93.68 4 80ShwetambarMurtipujak 5 5 5 5.26 0 0ShwetambarSthanakvasi 1 1 1 1.05 0 0ShwetambarTerapanthi 0 000 0 0No responseTotal 1 100 1 20 100 100 95 100 5 100Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Jabalpur RespondentsCaste/Sub-Caste Distribution PercentageJain 33 33Parvar 16 16Others 15 15No response 36 36Total 100

Table 5.4: Marital StatusMarital Status Number % Male % Female % 129 22.20 73 23.17 56 21.05Unmarried 276 47.50 153 48.57 123 46.24 3 0.52 2 0.63 1 0.38Married 0 0 0 0 0 0Widow/Widower 0 0 0 0 0 0 32.33Divorce / 100 173 29.78 87 27.62 86separated 581 100 315 100 266 % 0Vowed to %Celibacy 1No response % 0TotalTable 5.5: Inter-faith marriageQuestion Yes % No % No response 0Are you aware of thegrowing trends of marriage 5 5of Jains Boys/Girls outside 95 95the Jain community?Total 100Table 5.6: Inter-marriage preferenceQuestion Yes % No % No response 1Are you in favour of Jain- 8 8 91 91non-Jain marriagesTotal 100Table 5.7: Inter-marriage preference (youth)Question Yes % No % No responseAre you in favour of Jain- 8non-Jain marriages 16 42 84 0Total 50 [16]

Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain MarriagesReasons Number % 55 55Co-education/co-workCould not find suitable match in Jain 23 23communityOther (please specify) 0 0 22 22 No response 100TotalTable 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (youth)Reasons Number % 25 50Co-education/co-workCould not find suitable match in Jain 16 32communityOther (please specify) 0 0 9 18No response 50TotalTable 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choiceQuestion Yes % No % No response % 1Are arranged marriagesbeing replaced by love 1marriages among Jains in 78 78 21 21JabalpurTotal 100Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institutionLate marriage Number % Male % Female %Day-time marriage 71 71 69 72.63 2 40Marriage by Jain 8 8 8 8.42 0 0PanditMarriage by own 3 3 3 3.16 0 0choiceNo response 14 14 11 11.58 3 60Total 4 4 4 4.21 0 0 100 100 95 100 5 100 [17]

Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowrySituation of dowry Number % Male % Female %Prevalent to a large 0extent 5 5 5 5.26 0 20Prevalent to some extent 80Not prevalent 57 57 56 58.95 1 0No response 34 34 30 31.58 4 100Total 4 4 4 4.21 0 100 100 95 100 5 % 2Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriage %Question Yes % No % No response 4 2Do you supportremarriage of 80 18 18divorcees/widows in 80JainsTotal 100Table 5.14: DivorceQuestion Yes % No % No response 4Has there been any caseof divorce in your 11 11 85 85family/relations?Total 100Table 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution Number % Male % Female %Dakshin Bharat Jain 9 90 9 11.11 0 00Sabha 3 3 2 3.70 0 0Jain Social Group 3 2 2.47 0 0 14 67 0 0Jain Conference 2 72 81 0 5 100 100 82.72 5 100Other 14 100No response 72Total 100 [18]

Table 5.16: Jainism and HinduismWithin the Hindu Varna Number % Male % Female %system 14 14 14 14.74 0 0A separate communityindependent of Hindus 85 85 81 85.26 4 80No response 1 1 0 20Total 100 100 95 0 1 100 100 5Findings:Table 5.1: Family type:(i) Nuclear: 43%(ii) Joint: 54%Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect Distribution(i) Digamber: 93%(ii) Shwetambar Murtipujak: 4.45%Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Jabalpur Respondents (i) Jain: 33% (ii) Parvar: 16% (iii) Others 15%Table 5.4: Marital Status(i) Married: 47.50%Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriageAwareness of the trends of growing interfaith marriages;(i) Yes: 95%Table 5.6: Inter marriage preferenceIn favour of(i) No: 91%Table 5.7: Inter marriage preference (Youth)In favour of(i) No: 84%Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages(i) Co-education/co-work: 55%(ii) No match in Jain Community: 23% [19]

Table 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (Youth)(i) Co-education/co-work: 50%(ii) No match in Jain Community: 32%Table 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choiceArranged marriage being replaced by love marriage(i) Yes: 78%Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institution(i) Late marriage: 71%(ii) Day time marriage 8%Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowry(i) Not prevalent: 34%(ii) Prevalent to some extent: 57%(iii) Prevalent to a large extent: 5%Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriage 80%Support for 11% (i) Yes:Table 5.14: Divorce Divorce in family (i) Yes:Table 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution(i) Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha: 9%(ii) Others: 14%(iii) No response: 72%Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism(i) A separate community: 85%(ii) No response: 1% [20]

Chapter – 6 JAIN WAY OF LIFETable 6.1: Visit to templeDaily Number % Male % Female %Occasionally 90 90 85 89.47 5 100Sunday 8 8 8 8.42 0 0During Paryushan Parv 1 1 1 1.05 0 0Only 0No response 1 0 1 0 0 0Total 100 95 5 100 1 1.05 100 100 % 0Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 100 0Daily Number % Male % Female 0 36 72 36 76.60 0 0Occasionally 12 24 9 19.15 3 100 1 2 1 2.13 0Sunday %During Paryushan Parv 1 2 1 2.13 0 0OnlyNo response 0 0 0 0 0 % 50 100 47 100 3 0TotalTable 6.3: Food after sunsetQuestion Yes % No % No responseTake food after sunset 39 39 61 61 0Total 100Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth)Question Yes % No % No responseTake food after sunset 28 56 22 44 0Total 50

Table 6.5: DrinkingQuestion Yes % No % No response %Drink alcohol 0 0 87 87 13 13Total 100Table 6.6: Drinking (youth)Question Yes % No % No response %Drink alcohol 7 14Total 0 0 43 86 50Table 6.7: Dietary HabitsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 13 13Eat non-vegetarian food 0 0 87 87Total 100Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth)Question Yes % No % No response % 7 14Eat non-vegetarian food 0 0 43 86Total 50Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from JainismQuestion Yes % No % No response % 1 1Younger generation isdrifting away from 55 55 44 44JainismTotal 100 [22]

Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth)Question Yes % No % No response % 0 0Younger generation isdrifting away from 31 62 19 38JainismTotal 50Table 6.11: Religious educationQuestion Yes % No % No response %Religious Education 45 45 54 54 1 1Total 100Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory?Question Yes % No % No response % 2Do you think thatreligious educationshould be made 97 97 1 1 2compulsory to Jainchildren?Total 100Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from JainismToo Many rituals in Number % Male % Female %Jainism 8 8 8 8.42 0 0Lack of exposure to 57 54Jainism 13 57 13 56.84 3 60Not in tune with modernculture 22 13 20 13.68 0 0Other 100 0 95 0No response 22 0 2 40Total 100 21.05 5 100 100 [23]

Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth)Too Many rituals in Number % Male % Female %Jainism 1 2 1 2.13 0 0Lack of exposure toJainism 28 56 26 55.32 2 66.67Not in tune with modernculture 10 20 9 19.15 1 33.33No response 11 22 11 50 100 47 23.40 0 0Total 100 3 100Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism Number % Male % Female % 25 60Jain moral education 28 28classes in 18 18 26.32 3school/colleges 46 46 0 0Jain Sunday schools for 8 8 17 17.89 1 20 100 100teaching Jainism 46 48.42 0 0 00 0 0Jain shivris (camps) for 7 7.37 1 20 95 100 5 100religious educationOtherNo responseTotalTable 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth)Jain moral education Number % Male % Female % 14 29.79 2 66.67classes in 16 32school/colleges 9 18Jain Sunday schools for 25 50 9 19.15 0 0 0 0teaching Jainism 0 0 50 100Jain shivris (camps) for 24 51.06 1 33.33religious education 0000Other 0000 47 100 3 100No responseTotal [24]

Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious educationSpiritual Number % Male % Female %Campus 8 16 7 14.89 1 33.33Special 4 8 4 8.51 0Training 0Religious 38 76 36 76.60 2education 66.67program 0 0 0 0 0No 50 100 47 100 3 0response 100TotalFindings: 90% 8%Table 6.1: Visit to temple (i) Occasionally: 24% (ii) Daily: 72%Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 39% (i) Occasionally: (ii) Daily: 56%Table 6.3: Eating after sunset 13% (i) Yes: 14%Table 6.4: Eating after sunset (youth) (i) Yes: 13%Table 6.5: Drinking (i) No response:Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) (i) No response:Table 6.7: Dietary Habits, Eat non-vegetarian food (i) No response: [25]

Table 6.8: Dietary Habits Young, Eat non-vegetarian food(i) No response: 14%Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism(i) Yes: 55%Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth)(i) Yes: 62%Table 6.11: Religious education(i) Yes: 45%Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory?(i) Yes: 97%Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism(i) Lack of exposure to Jainism: 57%(ii) Not in tune with modern culture: 13%(iii) Too many rituals in Jainism: 8%Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) 56% (i) Lack of exposure to Jainism: 20% (ii) Not in tune with modern culture: 1% (iii) Too many rituals in Jainism: 18%Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism 28% (i) Jain Sunday schools for teaching Jainism: (ii) Jain moral education classes in school/colleges: 32% 18%Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) (i) Jain moral education classes in school/colleges: 76% (ii) Jain Sunday schools for teaching Jainism: 16%Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education (i) Religious education program: (ii) Spiritual camps: [26]

Chapter – 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONJabalpur district is the third largest district in terms of Jain population in Madhya Pradesh.The total Jain population in the district is 33,728 (Male: 17,345, Female: 16,383). This Jainsample survey in Jabalpur is based on 100 Jain families and 50 Jain youth. Our survey datasuggest the total sample Jain population in Jabalpur district at 581 persons. The genderdistribution of sample Jain population is in favour of male members (54.2%). Average Jainfamily size comes to 5.8 members. Only 44% Jain families in Jabalpur district are joint.A great majority of respondents in our survey was male (95%). About 92% of therespondents were in the age group 35-74 years. A large majority (93%) of them weremarried. An overwhelming majority of them were literate, with 49% holding graduation andabove educational qualifications.The study of Jabalpur district survey revealed the dominant presence of Digambar Jains(93%). There were 6% Shwetambar Jains. Caste-wise there were 16% Parwar. About one-third of the respondent did not know the meaning of caste and mentioned Jain as their casteIn our sample of Jabalpur district, about 90% of the respondents were found to be using 'Jain'as their surnames.In Jabalpur district 52% Jains had their own business followed by profession and service(about 12%). 47% of the respondent had income under Rs 25, 000 and 31% between Rs25,000 to Rs. 50,000.The sex ratio in Jabalpur district Jain population sample was found to be 844 and the childsex-ratio 273.Both these ratios are much below the National Jain averages of 954 and 889respectively. The dependency ratio for Jabalpur Jain sample population is calculated at 369,the young dependency ratio at 240 and old dependency ratio 277. The dependency for youngin our survey was found to be low, whereas the dependency ratio for the old was marginallyhigh. In other words, the burden of supporting the young population on the economicallyactive segment (15-59 years) is a little less than that of supporting the old population.As per our survey of Jain sample population of Jabalpur (581) about 45% had graduation andabove qualifications. About 11% of the sample population was engaged in studies asstudents. Predictably, the medium of instruction was Hindi (about 94%) followed by English(6%).In the Jabalpur district sample the awareness about inter-religion marriages is comparativelynot only high (about 95%), but a majority of them (91%) also favour inter-faith marriages.While responding to the reasons of inter-faith marriage, about 55% of the respondentssuggested co-education/ co-working as the main reason of interfaith marriage and about 23%of them mentioned non-availability of suitable match in the Jain community as the second

reason. Among the youth respondents a majority (about 50%) also mentioned co-educationand co-working as the major reason of inter-faith marriage. About 80% of the respondentssupported widow/divorcee marriage.Responding to the question about the on-going changes in the marriage institution latemarriage figured prominently with as many as 71% singling it out as a major change. Amongother changes marriage by Jain Pandit, Day-time marriage and marriage by own choice alsofigured. A large number of our respondents (62%) admitted the prevalence of dowry in thecommunity, whereas 34% of them denied the prevalence of dowry.The opinions of the respondents on certain issues pertaining to Jain way of life, whichincludes visits to religious places, food and dietary habits, religious teachings and religiousinteraction of Jain youths have also been included in the report for giving a comparativeview.The Jabalpur survey result did not report much difficulty in practicing the Jain way of life,especially related to food and dietary habits. In our survey the consumption of liquor andnon-vegetarian food was not admitted by any respondent including youth. However 13% ofthe respondents and 14% of the youth gave no response to the questions about drinking andnon-vegetarian food. However, a number of our general respondents (about 39%) admitted oftaking food after sunset, the comparative figure for youth is about 56%.When it came to the religious education of children, a great majority (97%) of ourrespondents believed that religious education should be made mandatory for Jain children forinculcating in them the ethos of Jain way of life.The Jabalpur sociological survey was found to be quite significant in a number of ways.While our survey positively validates some major population characteristics of the Jaincommunity such as age and gender structure, family size, sex and child sex ratios, literacyand educational levels, occupational structure etc, it also highlights a number of features ofthe Jain community of Jabalpur district such as sect/sub-sect and caste composition, size andtype of family, education, occupation and income levels and the change and continuity in theJain way of life. An important finding of the survey was that about 85% of the Jainrespondents considered Jains as a separate community and religion, independent ofHinduism. [28]

Appendix – 1

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Appendix – 2

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