JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018)A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Belgaum District Athni Chikodi Raybag Hukeri Gokak Ramdurg Belgaum Parasgad Sampgaon KhanapurINTERNATIONAL SCHOOL FOR JAIN STUDIES International School for Jain Studies SELF STUDY IS THE D-28, Panchsheel Enclave SUPREME AUSTERITY New Delhi-110 017 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in
JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018)A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Belgaum District International School for Jain Studies D-28, Panchsheel Enclave New Delhi – 110017 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in
CONTENTS v viiList of Tables ixPrefaceExecutive Summary 1Chapter 1: Introduction 5Chapter 2: Socio-economic background of the Respondents 15Chapter 3: Population Profile 25Chapter 4: Education and Occupational Structure 37Chapter 5: Community Profile 47Chapter 6: Jain way of Life 57Chapter 7: Summary and Conclusion 61Appendix-I: Questionnaire for general population 67Appendix-II: Questionnaire for Youth populationBibliography 71
LIST OF TABLES P. No. 2Table 1.1: Jain Population in Karnataka: Some Demographic indicators 5Table 2.1: Surnames of Belgaum Jain respondents 6Table 2.2: Age and Gender Distribution 7Table 2.3: Marital Status 8Table 2.4: Education 9Table 2.5: Medium of Education 10Table 2.6: Occupational Status 11Table 2.7: Since how long have you been in this occupation? 12Table 2.8: Income 15Table 3.1: Total Sample Population of Belgaum District 16Table 3.2: Population by Family Size and Gender 18Table 3.3: Population Distribution by Broad Age category and Gender 19Table 3.4: Distribution of Jain population by Age Groups 20Table 3.5: Dependency Ratios 21Table 3.6: Sex Ratio and Child Sex Ratios 22Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girls 22Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among Jains 23Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls 23Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth) 26Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of Belgaum 26Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in Belgaum 27Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generation 28Table 4.4: Occupational status by gender 29Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Jain youth 29Table 4.6: Number of working members per family 30Table 4.7: Duration of unemployment 31Table 4.8: Size of land holding 32Table 4.9: Commercial property value 33Table 4.10: Residential property value 34Table 4.11: Residential property value 35Table 4.12: House ownership 37Table 5.1: Family type 38Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect Distribution 38Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Belgaum Respondents 39Table 5.4: Marital Status
Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriage 40Table 5.6: Inter-marriage preference 41Table 5.7: Inter-marriage preference (youth) 41Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages 42Table 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (youth) 42Table 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choice 43Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institution 43Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowry 44Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriage 44Table 5.14: Divorce 45Table 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution 45Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism 46Table 6.1: Visit to temple 48Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 49Table 6.3: Food after sunset 49Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth) 50Table 6.5: Drinking 50Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) 50Table 6.7: Dietary Habits 51Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth 51Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism 51Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth) 52Table 6.11: Religious education 52Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory? 52Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism 53Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) 54Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism 55Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) 55Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education 56vi
PREFACEInternational School for Jain Studies (ISJS) since its inception in 2005 has been involved inpromoting academic studies of Jainism among the overseas students and scholars through itsSummer School Programme. So far about 700 participants have benefited from theprogramme. ISJS also conducts research on Jain religion and philosophy and the Jaincommunity, besides organizing national and international seminars, publishing books and anonline journal “ISJS-Transaction”.ISJS last year executed a series of population-related studies in order to find out thepopulation dynamics of the Jain community which have been showing some disturbing trendsin regard to population growth rate, fertility rate, sex and child sex ratios etc. In this series thefirst survey was done in Hauz Khas tehsil of South Delhi district and the second one wasconducted in New Delhi district in 2017-2018. These studies are based on 2011 census data,voters list and our own field surveys of the Jain population. The findings of both the studiesconfirmed the fact that Jain population in the two areas was under-estimated in 2011 censusby a range of 60% to 90%.“A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Belgaum District” is the third report in thisseries, though with more emphasis on the sociological profile than on the populationenumeration. The sociological profile includes select population characteristics, education,occupation and income levels, aspects of family and marriage and the Jain way of life andidentity in terms of daily visit to temple, day dining, marriage within the community and theproblem of drift away from Jain values by Jain youth, etc. The survey also suggests latemarriage, too many not marrying at all and shifting from rural to metro areas or going abroadfor better economic opportunities.The above findings are of immense use to Jain community and academicians alike in order totake suitable corrective and constructive measures to address the above issues. Hence suchsurvey studies are required to be done in other areas of India.
I thank Dr. Abhay Firodia, Shri Firodia Trust of Pune and Dr. Sulekh Jain of USA for theirprompt financial and moral support to undertake this study. Special thanks are due to ShriPrafulla Parakh, CEO, Bhartiya Jain Sanghthna, Pune for taking up the entire responsibilityof the survey and data collection in Belgaum district, Pune, Kolhapur and a couple of otherplaces in Maharashtra. I am also thankful to Belgaum-based entrepreneur Shri RajivDodanwar for his support and getting conducted the actual field survey in Belgaum. Withouttheir encouragement, this study might not have started. I also thank my team members,particularly Prof. Prakash C Jain, Dr. Shrinetra Pandey, Shri Dheeraj Jain, Shri Vijay Soniand staff members Mr. Sushil Jana, Mr. Shivam Saxena and Miss. Jyoti Pandey for theirtireless efforts in completing this study. Dr. Shugan C Jain Chairman International School for Jain StudiesNew DelhiDate: July 21th, 2018 viii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe total Jain population of Belgaum district in 2011 census was about 1,78,000. The literacyrate among Jains in the district is below the state average at 84.03% (90.46% for males and72.3% for females). The sex ratio is only 945 (lower than the national Jain average of 954and also the state Jain average 952), and child sex ratio (0-6 years) 863, much below the Jainnational average of 889 and state Jain average of 902.This summarizes the report of the Belgaum sociological survey, which was carried out duringMarch-April 2018. The report highlights the sociological profile of the Jain community interms of population characteristics, education, occupation and income levels, continuity andchange in the community life, status of women and youth, and the Jain way of life. Majorfindings of the survey based on three sets of sample population of Belgaum district are asfollows:Table: Comparative Summary of Major findingsIndicators General Respondent General Population Youth Population N=370Married N=376 N=1,855Sex Ratio 14%Child Sex Ratio Population Characteristics -Family Size - 89.1% 52.6% -Graduate +Medium of instruction - 948 65.4%(i) Kannada -(ii) English - 724 61%Agriculture - 4.9 persons 34%Own BusinessProfession Service Education 15.4%Students 11.3% 34.8% 31.9% 24.8%Less than Rs. 25,000/- 40%Rs. 25,000-Rs. 50,000/- -- -Awareness 68% - -Not in favour ofReasons (co-education/ 18% - -co-working)Widow/Divorcee remarriage Occupation 54%Daily temple visit 47.8% 14.7% -Food after sunsetEat Non-Vegetarian food 26% 11.5% 43%Drink alcohol 85%Discrimination - 12.1% 2.16% 16.49% - 24.7% 17.8% Income 58.2% 11.85 18.3% - Inter-faith marriage 66.49% - 78.9% 56% - 68.8% - Jain way of life - 50% - 84% - 2.93% - 7.98% - 12.5%
Other factors of significance: Almost all the respondents admitted a drift among the youthaway from Jainism. Most of them also suggested inculcating ethos of Jainism early in achild’s life. They said that making study of Jainism mandatory in school and college, besidesSunday schools, religious camps could help in stopping the drift of youth away from Jainism.Some (68%) of our respondents considered Jainism as a separate community and religionindependent of Hinduism.Way forward: There is a strong need to validate these findings for many more such areaswith different geographical and socio-economical profile to represent total Jain population.Further, there is a strong need to start the dialogue in the community to prepare Jains for 2021Census and also initiate appropriate actions for minimizing drift away from Jainism. x
Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTIONThe advent of Jainism in Karnataka is assigned to 4th century BCE when, according to theJain tradition, the Jain ascetic Bhadrabahu and his royal disciple Chandragupt Maurya alongwith a large number of followers migrated to South India owing to a twelve-year famine inthe North. Unfortunately, there are no early literary and inscriptional evidence to support thistheory. What can be stated with certainty is the fact that “from the day of the Ganga rulers tillthe first quarter of the 12th century Jainism prospered continually in Karnataka” (Singh1975:6). Subsequently, Jainism declined in Karnataka due to the revival of Vira-Shaivisamand Vaishnavism.In modern times Karnataka hosts the fifth largest concentration of the Jain population inIndia, and the largest concentration in South India. Thus in 1961 the Jain population inKarnataka numbered 174,366 which increased to 440,280 in 2011 constituting 0.72% of thetotal population of the states. Other demographic indicators include: Decadal growth rate of6.69%, Fertility rate 1.7, Urbanization about 50%, Sex Ratio 952, Child Sex Ratio (0-6 agegroup) 902, Literacy rate 88.3% (male literacy 92.9%, female literacy 83.5%), WorkParticipation rate 39.4% (Male 59.3%, female 18.4%) (Table 1.1). The 2011 census data alsosuggest two major educational problems in the Jain Community in Karnataka: (i) 46,229Jains of age 7 years and above were illiterate, and (ii) women literacy was lagging behind themale literacy by about 10 percentage points. Karnataka is the only major state in India wheremore Jains live in rural areas than in towns and cities. A significant number of Jains havebeen engaged as cultivators, agricultural labourers and in household industries besides trade,commerce and professions.Most of the Jains belong to Digambar Jainism. Unlike most Jains in the north India who arerich and follow commercial activities in a big way, those in Karnataka are comparativelypoor and mostly agriculturalists and petty traders (Sangave 1980: 93). There are four majorcastes in Deccan: Saitavala, Chathurtha, Panchama and Bogara. Other minor castes includeUpadhyaya and Kambhoja. In Karnataka some Jains are still lagging behind in moderneducation, economic betterment and social uplift in general.In Karnataka, social organizational patterns of the Jain community are more or less akin tothose of the wider Hindu community. Thus the Jains too have a caste system along with well-defined family, marriage and kinship institutions. Not only the social organisational patterns,the life cycle rituals such as birth, child naming, marriage, death, etc are also similar to thoseof the Hindus. Again, the food, festivals and recreational activities are more or less the sameas among the Hindus, although of course the Jains are strictly vegetarian and teetotaler. Themajor religious function of the Jains in Karnataka is the ten-day long Paryushan Parv or DasLakshan Dharm which is annually observed in the midst of the rainy season. Needless to say,significant changes have been taking place in the fields of education and occupation, castesystem, family and marriage institutions and in the status of women and youth in Karnataka –all of which would be the focus of this study.
Table1.1: Jain Population in Karnataka: Some Demographic indicatorsIndicators 2001 Female 2011 Male Female Total Male Total 225,544 214,736 - 440,280 - -Population 412,659 - 6.69% - - - 49.95 - -Growth Rate 9.76% - - 952 77.2 - -Urbanization 47.0% - 902 18.8 92.94 83.5Sex Ratio 926 - 88.33 59.35 18.42Child Sex Ratio 892 - 39.39(0-6 Year)Literacy 84.3 90.90WorkParticipation 39.3 58.2RateSource: Dheeraj Jain (2017: 35-39).Against this background this report sought to undertake sociological analysis of the Jaincommunity in Belgaum District of Karnataka. This district is generally known as a poor andbackward region in Karnataka. The Jain Community there also appears to be sharing some ofthese characteristics, and therefore needs to be subjected to a sociological inquiry regardingits contemporary status and the extent of socio-economic change and modernization.The Jain population in Belgaum district numbered 169,486 in 2001 and 178,310 in 2011,showing a decadal growth rate of 5.22% lower than the state population growth rate of6.69%. The literacy rate among Jains in Belgaum district in also below the state average at84.03% (90.46 for males and 72.3% for females). The sex ratio is only 945 (lower than thenational Jain average of 954), and child sex ratio is 863, much below the Jain nationalaverage of 889.The city of Belgaum was founded by Ratta dynasty in late 12th century AD and has an oldrelationship with Jainism. A Jain temple built by a Ratta official in 1204 is dedicated toNeminatha and is popularly known as Kamalabasti. The temple situated in Belgaum fort hasKannada inscriptions in Nagari scripts belonging to 12th century. After the Ratta dynasty,Belgaum became part of the Yadava dynasty in the 13th century and later of the Vijayanagaraand Bahmani Sultanate. It was annexed by Aurangzeb and was called Azamnagar. Itsubsequently passed on to Maratha Peshwas, Tipu Sultan and then to the British. Page 2 of 76
Nestled near the foothills of the Sahyadri mountain range and situated in the north westKarnataka, Belgaum is the biggest district and the second capital of Karnataka. The city'sname was changed from Belgaum to Belagavi by the Karnataka government in 2014 and hasa state administrative building, Suvarna Vidhana Soudha, which was inaugurated in 2012 tofunction as the second capital of the state. Known for sugar production, the city is called the\"Sugar Bowl of Karnataka\".The district is also known for its Parshwanath image in a standing position in imitation oflater Chalukya style at Stavanidhi, also called ‘Sri Atishayakshetra’ by the Jains. Kasamalagi,another small village near Belgaum city is known for hosting Panchakalyana Mahothsava,commemorating the installation of the statue of 1008 Parshwanatha Tirthankara and a newlyconstructed Jain Basadi. Recently, an ancient idol of Lord Parshwanath in standing posture(Kayotsarga) was found near Belgaum. Dharanendra Yaksha and Padmavati Yakshi flank theidol. Thus, the presence of Jain temples, Jain population and recent findings testify to thepopularity of Jainism in the region since historical times. Page 3 of 76
According to 2012-2013 data, the Per capita annual income of Belgaum is Rs 52, 250 and thedistrict contribute 5.3% of the state's GDP. Agriculture is the leading occupation of thedistrict, followed by industry and services. The leading crops of the district are paddy, jowland sugarcane. The district is also the leading producer of fruits and vegetables.Number of educational institutions is run by Jain trust and communities in Belagum and ispopular among the students.Objectives of the Survey 1. To investigate the nature of socio-demographic profile of the Jain communities in Belgaum district. 2. To assess the infra structure available for education and skill development of Jain youth in the area. 3. To study the changing occupational structure of the Jain community. 4. To analyze trends of inter-generational occupational mobility and future aspirations. 5. To assess the gaps in availability of infrastructure/occupational opportunities for youth (Get their opinion) 6. To examine the emergent status of women in the community, particularly in terms of education and occupational status, work participation and religiosity. 7. To assess the overall impact of social change and modernization on the Jain community.Research MethodologyA research problem like the one proposed here requires an intensive empirical fieldwork. Assuch a carefully constructed Questionnaire was used for data collection. The study wasconducted in the Belgaum district. The data were collected from 5 tehsils (sub-districts) ofthe Belgaum district, namely Belgaum, Athane, Chikodi, Bailhongal and Raybag. Datacollection was done with the help of a questionnaire consisting of about 50 questions/items.In all, respondent from 376 Jain families participated in the survey. This study was designedas an exploratory study. Besides the questionnaire the report also relied on secondary sources,including books, newspaper and magazine articles, census data etc.Along with general Jain population in Belgaum, Jain youth – both male and female – werealso interviewed through a separate questionnaire which consisted of 21 items/questions.Youth were generally defined as respondents under 35 years of age. A total number of 370youth were interviewed. In most cases youth belonged to the same families whichparticipated in the Belgaum Jain community survey. Their views and opinions have beenhighlighted at appropriate places in the report.Significance of the StudyIt is hoped, the study would fill a major gap in our understanding of the socio-cultural,demographic, educational and economic status of the contemporary Jain community inBelgaum in particular and Karnataka in general as no anthropological/sociological work onthe subject has so far been done. Page 4 of 76
Chapter – 2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE RESPONDENTThis chapter presents data on socio-economic background of the respondents of the Belgaumdistrict in terms of age and gender, marital status, education, occupational status, and income.SurnamesIn Indian society, surnames often follow after religion, sect/sub-sect, caste/sub-caste, gotra orfamily names. In Karnataka, Jain community uses a wide variety of surnames including“Jain” after the above mentioned social units. Although “a majority of the Jain communityare simply called “Jains”,…… the term “Jain” was never used by them as surname” (Jaini,2018: 13). In our sample of Belgaum district only about 5% of the respondents used Jain astheir surnames. Over 91% of them use other surnames such as Patil, Chougule/ Chougle/Chaugale, Upadhye, Bhandari etc. It is very likely that “Jain” surnames are used by peoplewho migrated from North India.Table 2.1: Surnames of Belgaum Jain respondentsJain Other % No Response % % Surnames 13 3.4618Total 4.79 345 91.76 376 % of Surnames 3.46 4.79 Jain Other Surnames No Response 91.76
Age and GenderIn our sample the percentage of male respondents was 77% and that of the femalerespondents 23%. Further on, about one-third of the respondents are in the age group 45-54years. Corresponding figures for male and female respondents in this age category are84.88% and 88.24% However, the age of vast majority of respondents (85.64%) ranges from25 years to 64 years.In the case of Jain youth a majority of respondents (67%) were male and the rest femaleAbout 81% of them were under 25 years of age.Table 2.2: Age and Gender DistributionAge Group Total % Male % Female %< 25 16 4.26 10 3.44 6 7.0625-34 42 11.17 25 8.59 17 20.0035-44 92 24.47 60 20.62 32 37.6545-54 123 32.71 105 36.08 18 21.1855-64 65 17.29 57 19.59 8 9.4165-74 22 5.85 20 6.87 2 2.3575-84 8 2.13 8 2.75 0 0.0085+ 0 0.00 0.00 0.00No response 8 2.13 6 2.06 2 2.35 291 100Total 376 - (77.39) 85 -140 Age & Gender Distribution12010080 Total Male60 Female40200 < 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+ No response Page 6 of 76
Marital StatusAn overwhelming majority of respondents (89%) are married and only 9% unmarried. Norespondent has reported himself/herself as divorcee/separated, whereas only one case ofwidowhood was reported. It is somewhat surprising that the respondents should not reportabout their current marital status in terms of widowhood, divorce etc. Or, it is also likely thatthere were no such cases in our sample.Over 83% of Jain youth of Belgaum were un-married and only about 14% married.Table 2.3: Marital StatusMarital Status Number % Male % Female % 34 9.04 21 7.22 13 15.29Unmarried 335 89.10 265 91.07 70 82.35 1 0.27 0 0.00 1 1.18Married 6 0.00 5 0.00Widow/Widower 376 1.60 291 1.72 - -Divorce /separated 0.00 1 1.18No response 85 -Total Marital Status 0 1.6 0.27 9.04 89.1 Unmarried Married Widow/Widower Divorce / separated No response Page 7 of 76
EducationIn our sample, a vast majority (95%) of respondents were found to be literate, with 35%holding graduation and above educational degrees. Some 3% of the responded were illiterate.Some 2% of the respondents did not report their educational status. The illiteracy rate wasfound to be proportionately equal both in male and female, but marginally lower in female.While all female respondents cited their educational status, 7 male respondents did notrespond to it. A noticeable feature among the male respondents was their increasing level ofhigher education as they moved from Middle school to secondary school to graduation andabove. Contrary to this, the education level of female respondents dropped after thesecondary school.To the question “Have studied in any Jain vidyalaya/boarding house?” only about 12%replied in the affirmative, about 78% said no and 10% had no response. Some of the names ofthe Jain vidyalayas/boarding houses were Siddeshwar vidhyalay, Bahubali vidhyapith,kumbhoj, Sanmati vidhyalaya, shedabal, Bharatesh High School, Belagavi, ManikbagDigambar Jain Boarding House. The following reasons were given for studying/staying inthese institutions (i) Poor economic condition of family: 13; (ii) Desire to study Jainism andSanskrit: 8; (iii) To get formal education to go to college/university: 13 (iv) Other: 5; (v) No-response: 5.Table 2.4: EducationEducational & Number % Male % Female %QualificationIlliterate 12 3.19 9 3.09 3 3.53Upto Middle 97 25.80 78 26.80 19 22.35Upto S. Sec 129 34.31 92 31.62 37 43.53GraduateAbove 131 34.84 105 36.08 26 30.59No responseTotal 7 1.86 7 2.41 0 0.00 376 100.00 291 100 85 100 Educational Qualification Total Male140 Female120100 80 60 40 20 0 Illiterate Upto Middle Upto S. Sec Graduate & No response Above Page 8 of 76
Table 2.5: Medium of EducationMedium of your education Number % Male % Female %Kannada 254 67.55 204 70.10 50 58.82English 66 17.55 51 17.53 15 17.65Hindi 8 2.13 2 0.69 6 7.06Other 36 9.57 28 9.62 8 9.41No response 12 3.19 6 2.06 6 7.06Total 376 100 291 85 - -80 Total70 Male60 Female5040 English Hindi Other No response302010 0 Kannada Page 9 of 76
OccupationThe dominant occupation of the respondents in Belgaum district was found to be agriculture(57%) in which women’s participation is fairly good. Agriculture is followed by business(26.06%) and service (15.16%). There are very few professionals in our sample.Unexpectedly, a large number of women (79%) were found to be following some vocationwith only 12% involved in the household as their only occupation.Table 2.6: Occupational StatusOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 180 47.87 146 50.17 34 40Own Business 98 26.06 82 28.18 16 18.82Service(Govt/Private) 57 15.16 42 14.43 15 17.65ProfessionalManaging 12 3.19 10 3.44 2 2.35HouseholdOthers 11 2.93 1 0.34 10 11.76StudentsNo response 13 3.46 7 2.41 6 7.06Total 2 0.53 2 0.69 0 0.00 3 0.80 1 0.34 2 2.35 376 100 291 100 85 100 Page 10 of 76
Table 2.7: Since how long have you been in this occupation?Year Number % Male % Female %0-5 22 5.85 18 6.19 4 4.715-10 33 8.78 23 7.90 10 11.7610-20 74 19.68 63 21.65 11 12.94More than 20 182 48.40 146 50.17 36 42.35No response 65 17.29 41 14.09 24 28.24Total 376 291 100 85 100 10060 05-Oct5040 30 20 10 0 0-5 Oct-20 More than 20 No response Total Male Female Page 11 of 76
IncomeIn Belgaum Jain community survey a majority (73%) of respondents, including men andwomen, reported their monthly income less than Rs 25,000. The percentage of male andfemale respondents having higher income goes down as one move up the income ladder,(18.35%), with only 10% earning Rs 1,00,000 or more per month. While 36 men reached thatmark, only two women could make it. Surprisingly, there were more male (11.68%) earningRs 1,00,000 or more than those (5.5%) earning Rs 50,000-1,00,000. A higher percentage ofwomen (18.8%) did not respond to the question about their income in comparison to men(5.15%).Table 2.8: IncomeIncome (Rs.) Number % Male % Female %Less than25,000 219 58.24 165 56.70 54 63.5325,000 – 50,00050,000-1,00,000 69 18.35 61 20.96 8 9.41Above 1,00,000 21 5.59 16 5.50 5 5.88No response 36 9.57 34 11.68 2 2.35Total 31 8.24 15 5.15 16 18.82 376 100 291 100 85 100 Income250200150 Total100 Male 50 Female 0 Page 12 of 76
Concluding remarksIn our sample of Belgaum district, only about 5% of the respondents were found to be using'Jain' as their surnames, while 91% of them preferred to use some other or local surnames. Alarge number of those who responded to our survey were male (77%), only 23% of themwere female, with one-third in the age group of 45-54 years. A large majority (89%) of themwere married. Only one female respondent reported herself to be a divorcee or separated. Anoverwhelming majority (95%) of them were literate, with 35% holding graduation and aboveeducational qualifications. Agriculture was found to be the dominant occupation in Belgaumdistrict followed by business and service. Majority of respondents (73%) reported theirmonthly income less than Rs 25,000, while 10% of them had a monthly income of Rs 1,00,00or more. Page 13 of 76
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Chapter – 3 POPULATION PROFILEThis chapter presents the survey results of the Jain population of Belgaum district in terms ofthe family size, age structure, sex and child sex ratios, etc.Total PopulationTable 3.1 presents a population profile of the Jain community in Belgaum district. As per oursurvey, 376 respondents and their family members took part in the survey giving a total Jainpopulation of 1,855 individuals (952 males, and 903 females). The female sex ratio wasfound to be 948 per 1,000 males. The average family size comes to 4.93 persons. Thepercentage of children in 0-6 years age group was found to be at 2.69%.In answer to a question whether they were enumerated in the 2011 census, about 78.7% of therespondents replied in the affirmative, about 9.3% in the negative and about 12% of therespondents did not reply to this question.Table 3.1: Total Sample Population of Belgaum DistrictDistrict Number Male % Female % 0-6 Age %Belgaum 1,855 952 51.32 903 48.68 Group 2.69 50 Belgaum Male Female 0-6 Age Group 3% 50% 47%
Family SizeTable 3.2 presents survey data about Jain family size in the Belgaum district. The range of thefamily size was chosen between single and 11 members. It is clear from the table that thelargest number of families (34.84%) is a 4-member unit followed by 5-member units (21%),6-member (14.63%) and 3-member families (11.17%). These four categories of familiesaccount for over 81.65% of the Jain families in the Belgaum district. The average family sizecomes to 4.93 members. Taking into account the extreme limits of the family size, while 1-member constituted 0.53%, the highest with 11-member was 2.39% of the total sample size.Table 3.2: Population by Family Size and GenderFamily Size Numbers of % Total % Families Members1-Member 2 0.53 0.112-Member 19 5.05 2 2.053-Member 42 11.17 38 6.794-Member 131 34.84 126 28.255-Member 79 21.01 524 21.296-Member 55 14.63 395 17.797-Member 13 3.46 330 4.918-Member 10 2.66 91 4.319-Member 7 1.86 80 3.4010-Member 9 2.39 63 4.8510+-Member 9 2.39 90 6.25Total/Average 376 116 - 1,855 - Family Size by Gender140120100 80 60 40 20 0 Page 16 of 76
Age structure and Dependency RatiosTables 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5 present data on Jain population in terms of age, age group categoriesand dependency ratios respectively. Table 3.4 particularly summarizes the age-structure ofthe Jain community in Belgaum district: about 72% population being economicallyactive/adult with male and female at par with each other, about 13.91% young and about11.64% old. The comparative figures of the age structure of Jain population in India as per2011 census data were as follows: 20.6% below 15 years of age, 66.6% between 15-59 yearsand about 12.8% over 60 years of age (See Jain, Dheeraj 2017:7). As evident from theBelgaum survey data, the percentage of economically active Jain adult is 72% as compared tothe national average of 66.6% in the same age group.Dependency ratio gives the proportion of persons whom the persons in economically activeage group need to support. Dependency ratio can be divided into two parts: (i) youngdependency ratio, and (ii) old dependency ratio.Dependency ratio can be calculated as the number of persons in age group 0-14 plus thenumber of persons in age group 60 years or more divided by number of persons in age group15-59 years, and multiplied by 1,000.Dependency Ratio= Number of persons in 0−14 years + Number of Persons above 60 yearsdivided by Number of Persons in 15−59 age group X 1,000Young dependency ratio can be calculated by number of persons in age group 0-14 yearsdivided by number of persons in age group 15-59, and multiplied by 1,000.Young Dependency Ratio= Number of Persons in 0−14 years divided by number of Personsin 15−59 age group X 1,000Similarly, old dependency ratio can be calculated by number of persons in age group 60+years divided by number of persons in age group 15-59 years, and multiplied by 1,000.Old Dependency Ratio= Number of Persons above 60 years divided by number of Persons in15−59 age group X 1,000Various dependency ratios are presented in Table 3.5. It is obvious from the table thatcompared to census data (597) dependency ratio was found to be much less (355) in theBelgaum district. Similarly, young dependency ratio was also low in the Belgaum district(193) compared to the Jain national figure of (311). The old dependency ratio was marginallybut significantly lower in the case of Belgaum district survey (162) compared to nationalaverage(187) Page 17 of 76
Table 3.3: Population Distribution by Broad Age category and GenderAge Categories Number % Male % Female %0-14 258 13.91 133 13.97 125 13.8415-59 1332 71.81 684 71.85 648 71.7660+ 216 11.64 109 11.45 107 11.85No response 49 2.64 26 2.73 23 2.55 952 903Total 1,855 - (51.32) - - (48.68) Age and Gender Distribution140012001000800 Number600 Male Female4002000 15-59 60+ No response 0-14 Page 18 of 76
Table 3.4: Distribution of Jain population by Age GroupsAge Group Total % Male % Female %0-4 61 3.29 34 3.57 27 2.995-9 94 5.07 45 4.73 49 5.4310-14 103 5.55 54 5.67 49 5.4315-19 158 8.52 88 9.24 70 7.7520-24 215 11.59 121 12.71 94 10.4125-29 167 9.00 82 8.61 85 9.4130-34 114 6.15 53 5.57 61 6.7635-39 144 7.76 59 6.20 85 9.4140-44 146 7.87 58 6.09 88 9.7545-49 152 8.19 75 7.88 77 8.5350-54 142 7.65 93 9.77 49 5.4355-59 94 5.07 55 5.78 39 4.3260-64 78 4.20 39 4.10 39 4.3265-69 51 2.75 21 2.21 30 3.3270-74 30 1.62 20 2.10 10 1.1175-79 23 1.24 12 1.26 11 1.2280+ 34 1.83 17 1.79 17 1.88No response 49 2.64 26 2.73 23 2.55 952 903Total 1,855 100.00 - - (51.32) (48.68) Jain population by Age-categories250200150 Total100 Male Female 500 Page 19 of 76
Table 3.5: Dependency RatiosDependency Ratio National Jain (National) Belgaum 2001 2011 2001 2011 Survey (2018) 544 597Dependency Ratio 752 652 390 311 355Young Dependency 621 510 193Ratio 154 187Old Dependency 131 142 162Ratio Dependency Ratios National 2001800700 National600 2011500400 Jain (National)300 2001200100 Jain (National) 2011 0 Dependency Ratio Young Dependency Ratio Old Dependency Ratio Belgaum Page 20 of 76
Sex and Child Sex RatiosThe sex ratio (number of females per 1,000 males) as per our survey was found to be 948,which was marginally higher as compared to the Belgaum 2011 census data of 945, but lowerthan the 2011 national Jain sex ratio of 954. The child (0-6) sex ratio at 724 is significantlylow in comparison to the 2011 Belgaum district census figure of 902, and 2011 national Jainchild sex ratio of 889.Table 3.6: Sex and Child Sex RatiosCensus/Survey Year Sex Ratio Child (0-6 Years) Sex Ratio2001(National Jain Data) 940 8702011(National Jain Data) 954 8892011 (Karnataka) 952 9022011 (Belgaum) 945 9022018 (Belgaum Survey) 948 724 Sex and Child Sex Ratios12001000 800 600 400 Sex Ratio 200 Child (0-6 Years) Sex Ratio 0 Page 21 of 76
Awareness about shortage of girlsAs seen in Table 3.7 over 66% of the respondents said yes to the question about shortage ofgirls in the Jain community; about 29% said no and about 4% had no response.Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girlsQuestion Yes % No % No response %Are you aware that there 250 66.49 109 28.99 17 4.52is shortage of girls 376against boys in the Jaincommunity?TotalAwareness about feticideFemale feticide is considered as the prime suspect in declining child sex ratio among theJains. Our sample data suggest that about 16% of respondents replied in the affirmative aboutfemale feticide and about 77% in negative.Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among JainsQuestion Yes % No % No response %Have you heard of any 61 16.22 292 77.66 23 6.12case of feticide among 376Jains in your area?TotalDiscrimination against girlsAlthough Jain families are more egalitarian than those in other community in India, due topatriarchy some discrimination is also seen in the Jain families. Accordingly, 12.5% of therespondents replied in the affirmative, while 82.45% relied in the negative. About 5% of therespondents had no response (Table 3.9).Youth perception about discrimination against girls in the Jain community is slightly atvariance from the general public in that about 17.8% of the youth believe that girls arediscriminated against and 78.9% do not believe so (Table 3.10). Page 22 of 76
Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girlsQuestion Yes % No % No % 12.50 310 82.45 response 5.05Do you believe that in Jain families girls 47are discriminated against in regard to food, 376 19education and health provisionsTotalTable 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth)Question Yes % No % No response %Do you believe that in 66 17.84 292 78.92 12 3.243Jain families girls are 370discriminated in regard tofood, education andhealth provisions?TotalHighlights of the FindingsAs per our survey Jain population profile of the Belgaum district is as follows: Totalpopulation 1,855, number of families 376, family size 4.93 members, young population13.91%, elderly population 11.64%, economically active population (15-59 years) 72%, sexratio 948 per 1,000 males, child sex ratio (0-6 years) is 724.Concluding RemarksOur survey data suggest the total Jain population in Belgaum district at 1,855 persons. Thegender distribution appears to be marginally in favour of males with 51.32% males and48.68% females. Jain family size comes to 4.93 members. That over the decades there hasbeen a tendency towards smaller/nuclear family is borne out by the fact that in 1981 censusan average Jain household size was 5.87.The age structure of Belgaum district population is as follows: young population under 14years of age (13.91), economically active adult population (15-59 years) 71.81% and elderlypopulation (60+) 11.64%. The dependency ratio for the young in our survey was found to behigh, whereas the dependency ratio for the old was low. In other words, the burden ofsupporting the young population on the economically active segment (15-59 years) is a littlemore than that of supporting the old population. The sex ratio in Belgaum district at 948 ismarginally lower than the all-India Jain average of 954. The child sex ratio at 724 was muchlower than the national average of 889. Our survey data also reported 2.64% of non-responsive respondents. Page 23 of 76
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Chapter – 4 EDUCATION, OCCUPATION AND INCOME STRUCTUREThis chapter analyses the survey data on Jain families, their educational and occupationalstructure, income levels, employment, unemployment, land holding, ownership ofcommercial and residential property, scale of their businesses and house ownership inBelgaum district.EducationThe 2011 census data on Jain community had revealed that of all the religious communities,the Jains were THE most literate and highly educated community. Thus the Jains had four tofive times more graduates/post-graduates (25.6%) than other major religious communities ofIndia. Our survey data fully confirmed this trend whereby over 88% of the Belgaum districtJain population were found to be literate and only 1% to be illiterate. An anomaly wasrevealed with over 10% of the respondents not responding about their educational status.Those with graduation and above educational qualifications were found to be 32%, which ishigher than other major religious communities in India. Women were found to be lessqualified by about 10 percentage points (Table 4.1). An unfortunate part of the Belgaumdistrict survey however, was that while women continued to do better than their malecounterparts till Middle education, their number dropped down considerably by the time theyreached graduation and post-graduation.The educational status of Jain youth of Belgaum is summarized in Table 4.2. Accordingly,over 65% Jain youth have graduation and above qualifications. Over 27% of them havestudied upto senior secondary classes, about 5% upto middle classes. The Jain females arebetter qualified as compared to their male counterparts. Whereas the medium of instruction inthe case of adult Jain respondents was mainly Kannada (67.5%), only 17.5% of therespondents were educated through English medium (See Table 2.5). In the case of Jainyouth 34% respondents mentioned English as their medium of instruction and 61% of therespondents studied through Kannada medium. This suggests the increasing popularity ofEnglish as a medium of education.
Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of BelgaumEducational Level Total % Male % Female %Illiterate 20 1.08 11 1.16 9 1.00Up to Middle 666 35.90 303 31.83 363 40.20Up to Senior Secondary 376 20.27 206 21.64 170 18.83Graduate & Above 593 31.97 349 36.66 244 27.02No response 200 10.78 83 8.72 117 12.96Total 100 952 100 903 100 1,85545 Education level by gender4035 Total30 Male 25 Female 20 15 Up to Middle 10 5 0 Illiterate Up to Graduate & Above Senior No response SecondaryTable 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in BelgaumEducational & Number % Male % Female %QualificationIlliterate 4 1.08 4 1.61 0 0Upto Middle 21 5.68 15 6.05 6 4.92Upto S. Sec 101 27.30 78 31.45 23 18.85GraduateAbove 242 65.41 150 60.48 92 75.41No responseTotal 2 0.54 1 0.40 1 0.82 370 100 248 100 122 100 Page 26 of 76
Vocational preference for next generationWhen respondents were asked which profession/business they would like theirchildren/grandchildren to follow, a majority (31.38%) of them said professional careers likedoctors, engineers, lawyers, and chartered accountants, etc. followed by government jobs(31.65%), and family business or new business (29.26%). In fact, the percentage of thosewho preferred government jobs and professional careers were found to be at par. Some 7.71%respondents did not respond to the query.Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generationOccupation line Number % Male % Female % 110 29.26 87 29.90 23 27.06Family Business or 119 31.65 96 32.99 23 27.06New Business 118 31.38Government Services 29 7.71Professional education 376 100(Engineering, 87 29.90 31 36.47Medicine, Law,Accountancy etc.)No Response 21 7.22 8 9.41 291 100 85 100TotalOccupationFor the past half-a-century or so the Jains have been not only the most literate but also themost educated community with the result that a large number of them have been bigentrepreneurs, industrialists, engineers, medical doctors, lawyers, accountants, ITprofessionals, business managers, college and university professors and bureaucrats, etc.Against this background, the Belgaum district survey data revealed a well-defined pattern ofagrarian economy with more than 14.72% of the Jain respondents engaged in agriculture,followed by running their own businesses (11.48%) and in service sector (10.57%), bothgovernment and private. There were only 1.56% Jains working as professionals in varioussectors in the district. About 23.34% of the Jain population, mostly women, claimed“managing household” as their occupation. The Jain student population in Belgaum districtappears to be on the higher side with 24.74%, consisting both males and females.In reply to a question “During the past few years have you started any business/enterprise?”If yes give details, some of the respondents reported the following: Agriculture, Wholesaleshop, Mobile shop, Medical shop, Private company, Construction related activity, MedicalClinics, Mobile tyre service, Chocolate Manufacturing, Industry, Stationary Shop, RealEstate Business, Tyre Trade, Handloom shop, Restaurant, Wholesale grocery store,Automobile showroom.The occupational of Belgaum Jain youth is reported in Table 4.4. Accordingly about 15.4%of the respondents are engaged in agricultural occupations whereas about 11.3% have their Page 27 of 76
own business. Among other occupation service engaged about 15.4% of the respondents andprofessions about 9.4%. Surprisingly, the largest number of respondents (40.2%) reportedtheir occupation as “Others” which is very likely to include the students. This is indirectlyconfirm by another questions. When asked “if un-employed?” more than 90% of therespondents did not reply to this question The un-employed respondents mentioned their un-employment duration ranging from one to ten years. When asked if the respondent werethinking of migrating to Belgaum city or elsewhere, about 44% of them said yes and about52% said no.Table 4.4: Occupational status by genderOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 273 14.72 232 24.37 41 4.54Own Business 213 11.48 181 19.01 32 3.54Service(Govt/Private) 196 10.57 141 14.81 55 6.09ProfessionalManaging 29 1.56 20 2.10 9 1.00HouseholdOthers 433 23.34 13 1.37 420 46.51StudentsNo response 32 1.73 22 2.31 10 1.11Total 459 24.74 236 24.79 223 24.70 220 11.86 107 11.24 113 12.51 1,855 100 952 100 903 10030 Occupational status of Jain population252015 Total Male10 Female50 Own Business Service (Govt/Private) Professional Agriculture Page 28 of 76
Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Jain youthOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 57 15.41 52 20.97 5 4.10Own Business 42 11.35 32 12.90 10 8.20Service(Govt/Private) 57 15.41 45 18.15 12 9.84ProfessionalOthers 35 9.46 22 8.87 13 10.66No response 149 40.27 87 35.08 62 50.82Total 30 8.11 10 4.03 20 16.39 370 100 248 100 122 100Working membersThe number of employed persons in each Jain family in Belgaum was highest (54.52%) in thebracket of 1-5 members, thus justifying the high percentage of nuclear family in the district asreported earlier. The percentage of female employment in the same category is marginallyhigher than their male counterparts. In a large family where more than 10 members areemployed, the number of male employment is almost double than that of the female workingpopulation.Table 4.6: Number of working members per familyNumber of workingmembers in Number % Male % Female %families 205 54.52 157 48 12.77 411-5 53 14.10 47 53.95 48 56.47 70 18.62 46 14.09 7 8.246-10 376 100 291 16.15 6 7.06 15.81 24 28.24More than 10 100 85 100No responseTotal Number of working members per family 5 Number 4 Male 3 Female 2 1 6-10 More than 10 No response 0 1-5 Page 29 of 76
Duration of unemploymentA very high percent (98.67%) of the respondents in the Belgaum district survey did notrespond to the duration of their unemployment, if any. With agriculture being the mainoccupation, the duration of unemployment ceases to be a main factor in their vocation. Suchduration was reported maximum for the period 0-5 years, which comes to a meager (.80%).The duration of unemployment was found higher in case of female than the male.Table 4.7: Duration of unemploymentYear Number % Male % Female %0-5 3 0.80 2 0.69 1 1.186-10 1 0.27 0 0.00 1 1.18More than 10 1 0.27 1 0.34 0 0.00No response 98.67 288 98.97 83 97.65Total 371 100 291 100 85 100 376100 Number 90 Male 80 Female 70 60 Female 50 Male 40 Number 30 20 10 0 0-5 year 6-10 year More than 10 year No response Page 30 of 76
Land HoldingThe maximum size of land holding among the Jain population in Belgaum district was in therange of 5 acres and below, which constitutes 43.88% of all the land holdings. Those with noagricultural land formed 12.50% of the Jain population, with male and female being in equalnumber. Over 6% of the respondents had a land holding of more than 10 acres with maleenjoying higher ratio of immovable property. More than 26% of the respondent did not revealtheir land holding status.Table 4.8: Size of land holdingHow muchagricultural Number % Male % Female %land you own? 47 12.50No Agricultural 165 43.88 36 12.37 11 12.94 39 10.37land 24 6.38 101 26.86Up to 5 acres 376 100 132 45.36 33 38.825 to 10 acres 34 11.68 5 5.88Above 10 acres 23 7.90 1 1.18No response 66 22.68 35 41.18Total 291 100 85 100 Land holding status50 Up to 5 acres 5 to 10 acres Above 10 acres No response4540353025201510 5 0 No Agricultural land Page 31 of 76
Property ValuationWhile a large number (46%) of the respondents did not choose to report the economic valueof their commercial property, some 23% of them reported its value to be Rs 5 lakhs or lessthan that. The property between Rs 5 to Rs 20 lakhs was validated by 18.62% of those whoresponded to our queries. A high percentage of “No Response” on property value could beaccounted for social and economic reasons.Table 4.9: Commercial property valueMarket Value Number %Up to Rs. 5 lakhs 87 23.14Rs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lakhs 70 18.62Above Rs. 20 lakhs 46 12.23No response 173 46.01 376 100Total Commercial property value50 No response4540353025201510 5 0 Up to Rs. 5 lakhs Rs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 Above Rs. 20 lakhs lakhs Page 32 of 76
Residential PropertyThe respondents showed more openness while sharing the value of their residential property(70.74%) than those sharing the value of their commercial property (54%). The value of therespondents’ residential property was maximum (32.18%) in the range of Rs 5 lakh or lessthan that. Those whose residential property was valued at Rs 20 lakh or more constituted only15.16% of the respondents.Table 4.10: Residential property valueMarket Value Number %Upto Rs. 5 lacs 121 32.18Rs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lacs 88 23.40Above Rs. 20 lacs 57 15.16No response 110 29.26Total 376 100.00 Residential property value No response Upto Rs. 5 lacs 29% 32% Above Rs. 20 lacs 15% Rs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lacs 24% Page 33 of 76
Scale of the BusinessA large number (47.61%) of Jain respondents in Belgaum district reported their businessunder small sector while 27.13% reported medium and 3.46% large sector. Male ownershipof small and medium business was higher than that of female. In large sectors, femaleownership was marginally higher than that of males’. A large number of female (36%) didnot prefer to cite the scale of their business in contrast to male (17.53%).Table 4.11: Residential property valueSmall Number % Male % Female %Medium 179 47.61 147 50.52 32 37.65Large 102 27.13 83 28.52 19 22.35No response 13 3.46 10 3.44 3 3.53Total 82 21.81 51 17.53 31 36.47 376 100 291 100.00 85 100 Size of the business60 Medium Large No response5040302010 0 Small Total Male Female Page 34 of 76
House OwnershipAn overwhelming majority of Jain respondents (88%) in Belgaum had their own houseinstead of living in a rented house. Those living in rented accommodation formed a meager6.38% of the respondents while 5.59% did not reveal the status of their residence. The datafinds corroboration with the agrarian economy of Belgaum where a large number ofrespondents reported agriculture as their primary occupation, of which house ownership is anatural extension.Table 4.12: House ownershipHouse ownership Number %Own 331 88.03Rented 24 6.38No response 21 5.59Total 376 - House Ownership 5.59 Own 6.38 Rented No response 88.03Concluding RemarksAs per our survey of Jain community in Belgaum district, 88% of them were found to beeducated while 24.74% still engaged in studies as students. The main occupation of thecommunity is agriculture (14.72%), followed by businesses (11.48%) and others working inservice sector (10.57%). Over 11% of the total Jain population of the district can be classifiedhaving monthly income of less than Rs 25, 000. The maximum size of the land holdingamong the Jain population in the district was in the range of 5 acres or below, whichconstitutes 43.88% of the entire land holding along with 88% of them enjoying houseownership. Page 35 of 76
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Chapter – 5 COMMUNITY PROFILEThis chapter brings into focus some of the macro and micro social structural and religiouspractices of Jain community in Belgaum district. It gives a glimpse of Jains’ sectariandistribution, marital status, vocational preferences, emigration, inter-marriage, inter-marriagepreference, marriage age, religious rituals, prevalence of dowry, remarriage and theperception of Jainism as a separate religion, independent of Hinduism.FamilyThe Belgaum district sample survey of Jain population corroborated the increasing trend ofnuclearisation of families. Over 53% of the families were reported to be nuclear while 32%were found to be joint. There was almost equal percentage of male and female members perjoint household than in nuclear families, which showed higher percentage of female membersthan their male counterparts.Table 5.1: Family typeFamily type Number % Male % Female %Joint 120 31.91 92 31.62 28 33Nuclear 201 53.46 154 52.92 47 55No response 55 14.63 45 15.46 10 12Total 376 100 291 100 85 10060 Family type50 53.4640 Nuclear 14.63 31.91 No response302010 0 Joint
Sect/Sub-SectOur survey of Jain population in Belgaum showed an overwhelming presence of DigambarJains (78.72), followed by Shwetambar Murtipujak (16%), Shwetambar Sthanakvasi (3%)and Shwetambar Terapanthi (.27%). Gender-wise, the numerical strength of both male andfemale within the Digambar sect was almost at par while there was huge disparity with nofemales reported in Shwetambar Sthanakvasi and Shwetambar Terapanthi. Over 2% of therespondents refrained from citing their sectarian affiliation.In the Jain youth population of Belgaum Digambars account for about 84% and Shwetambarsfor about 15%. Among the Shwetambars, there is no Terapanthis, and the Murtipujaks faroutnumber the Sthanakvasis.Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect DistributionSec/ Number % Male % % Female %Sub-Sect 296 78.72 229 78.69 78.69 67 78.82Digambar 60 15.96 43 14.78 14.78 17 20.00ShwetambarMurtipujak 11 2.93 11 3.78 3.78 0 0.00ShwetambarSthanakvasi 1 0.27 1 0.34 0.34 0 0.00Shwetambar 8 2.13 7 1.18Terapanthi 376 100 291 2.41 2.41 1 100No response 100.00 100.00 85TotalCaste/ Sub-CasteDistribution of Jain respondents of Belgaum is presented in Table 5.3. These data revealsome important facts: (i) 8.5% respondents mentioned Jain religion as their caste, and 41.7%mentioned Digambar Jain, that is sect as their caste. This means that over 50% of ourrespondents did not know about their caste. They also seemed to be ignorant about thedistinction between religion, sect and caste. Only about 23.8% of the respondents knew therecaste. No response category was also very significant at 26.0%.Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Belgaum RespondentsCaste/Sub-Caste Distribution PercentageJain 32 8.5Digambar Jain 157 41.7Chaturtha 26 7.0Pancham 36 9.6Others 27 7.2No response 98 26.0Total 376 100 Page 38 of 76
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