BodySystemsAfzal (4)

Afzal JakirHealth Science A1 The Body Systems

Table of ContentsIntegumentary System Function Vocabulary: Key Terms: Diseases: Health Careers:Musculoskeletal System Function: Vocabulary: Pathology: Health Care CareersNervous System Function: Key Terms: Vocabulary: Pathology: Medical SpecialtiesSpecial Senses Function: Key Terms: Vocabulary: Pathology: Medical Specialties:Cardiovascular System: Function: Key Terms: Vocabulary: Pathology Medical Speciality:Respiratory System: Function: Key Terms

Vocabulary Pathology: Medical Specialty:Digestive System Function: Key Terms: Vocabulary Pathology: Medical Specialties:Urinary System Function: Key Term: Vocabulary Pathology Medical SpecialtyReproductive System Function: Key Term: Vocabulary: Pathology: Medical Specialty:

Integumentary SystemFunction:​ T​he integumentary system that makes up the outer covering of the body servesmany important functions and consists of skin, nails, hair , glands, and nerves. Its main functionis to protect the body from the outside world. It also functions to retain body fluids, eliminatewaste products, and regulate body temperature.Vocabulary:Sebaceous gland- oil gland that lubricates the skin and discourages bacteria growth.Epithelial tissue- form protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the bodyUnguis- keratin plate covering surface of bone of each toe and fingerCuticle- narrow band of epidermis attached to surface of nail in front of root.Collagen- a glue made of tough, yet flexible, fibrous protein material.Sweat glands- help regulate body temperature and water content by secreting sweatHair- helps control the loss of body heat.Melanocyte-cells produce a dark brown to black pigment called melaninSebum- The oil secreted by the sebaceous gland. Released through ducts opening on the hairfollicles.Arrector pili- tiny muscle fibers that cause hair to stand erect. This action reduces heat lossthrough the skin.

Key Terms:derm/o, dermat/o-skinkerat/o-horny tissue,corneaxer/o-dryxanth/o-yellowerythr/o-redpedicu/o-louse,liceonych/o-fingernail,toenailmyc/o-funguspil/o-hairlip/o-fat,lipidsrhytid/o-wrinklesalbin/o-whiteDiseases:Seborrhea- any of several common conditions in which there is an overproduction of sebumOnychia- inflammation of the matrix of the nailPort-wine stain- large,reddish discoloration of the skin on the face or neckEczema- acute or chronic skin inflammation characterized by a number of different skin lesions

Health Careers:Dermatologist​ -​ specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin.Cosmetic surgeon-​ ​ specializes in surgical restoration and reconstruction of the body structures.https://www.​youtube.​ com/watch?v=z5VnOS9Ke3g

Musculoskeletal SystemFunction:The body’s bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and connective tissues supports andbinds tissues and organs together. It’s functions include providing framework, giving support,storing calcium, and formation of red blood cells.Key Terms:Mylo-musclesmyel/o-bone marrow/spinal cordostel/o-bonescast/o-ribscrani/o-skull-pexy-surgical fixationchondro/o-cartilagearthr/o- joints-plegia-paralysis, strokekinesi/o-movement

Vocabulary:Muscle fibers- long slender cells that make up musclesTendon- narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle tobone.Skeletal muscles- attach to bones of skeletal system. Make running, walking possible.Flexor/Extensor carpi muscles- make possible flexion and extension motions of the wrist.Quadriceps Femoris- muscles that help the extension of the femur.Appendicular skeleton- (126 bones) Makes body movement possible and protects the organs ofdigestion, excretion, and reproduction.Axial skeleton-(80 bones) Protects the organs of respiratory, circulatory, and nervous systems.Cranium- portion of the skull that encloses the brain.Thoracic cavity- made up of the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae. Protects the heart and thelungs.Spinal column- support the head and the body and protect the spinal cord.Pathology:Ankylosis- loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedureMyeloma- malignant tumor composed of cells derived from blood-forming tissues of the bonemarrow.Dystonia- condition of abnormal muscle tone.

Muscular dystrophy- a group of inherited muscle disorder that cause muscle weakness withoutinterfering with nervous system.Health Care CareersOrthopedic surgeon- diagnoses and treats disease and disorders relating to bones, joints, andmuscles.Rheumatologist- treats disorders and relations to the inflammation of connective tissueshttps://www.y​ outube​.com/watch?v=DsRCDph8Xew

Nervous SystemFunction:The nervous system, with the brain in the center, functions to coordinate and control bodyactivities. The major structures of this system are the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensoryorgans.Key Terms:neur/o- ​ nerveencephal/o-​ brainmyel/o-​ spinal cordambu/o-​ walk-esthesia-​ nervous sensationmening/o-​ meningespsych/o- ​ mindconcuss/o- ​ shaken togetherVocabulary:Nerve- one or more bundles of neuron cells that connect the brain and the spinal cord with otherparts of the body.

Plexus- network of intersecting nerves and blood or lymphatic vesselsReceptors- sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulationNeuron- basic cell of the nervous systemDendrites- rootlike structures that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell bodyAxon- extends away from cell body and conducts impulses away from the nerve cell.Synapse- space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organNeurotransmitter- chemical messenger that transmits messages between nerve cells by making itpossible for the nerve impulse to jump across the synapse from one neuron to another.Central nervous system- made up of the brain and spinal cordMeninges- three layers of connective tissue membrane that enclose the brain and spinal cord.Pathology:Alzheimer's Disease- ​group of disorders associated with degenerative changes in the brainstructure that lead to characteristic symptoms.Brain Tumor-​ abnormal growth within the brain that may be either benign or malignant.Aphasia-​ loss of ability to speak,write, or comprehend the written or spoken word. Often due tobrain damage associated with stroke.Sciatica-​ inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain along the course of the nervethrough the thigh and legMedical SpecialtiesNeurologist- specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system.

Anesthetist- a person trained in administering anesthesia but who is not necessarily a physicianhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPix_X-9t7E

Special SensesFunction:The special senses consists of the eyes and ears which are both sensory organs that allow peopleto see and hear.Key Terms:irid/o-Iris-cusis-hearing-opia- condition pertaining to visionot/o- ear, hearingtympan/o- tympanic membrane, eardrumopthalm/o- eye, vison-metry- to measureVocabulary:Orbit- protects eyeball and its muscle, nerves, and blood vessels

Iris- colored layer of the eye that protects the inner layer of tissue and maintains the eye shape.Canthus- the angle where the upper and lower eyeballs meet.Tarsus- platelike framework that provides stiffness and shapeCilia- the eyelashes, also contain oil-producing sebaceous glandsSclera- outer layer of the eye that protects the inner layer of the tissue and maintains the eyeshape.Cornea- transparent anterior portion of the sclera.Pinna- external portion of the ears.Eardrum- located between outer and inner ears.Lacrimal apparatus- consists structures that produce, store, and remove tears.Uveal tract- The vascular layer of the eye.Pathology:Scleritis- The inflammation of the sclera.Glaucoma- group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure.Vertigo- Sensation of swirling, dizziness, and loss of balance based on the earsStrabismus- Disorder in which eyes cannot be directed in a parallel manner toward the sameobject.Medical Specialties:Audiologist- Provides care to individuals with hearing problems as well as testing, diagnosing,and prescribing treatment

Ocularist- A dispensing optician who specializes in fitting artificial eyes.

Cardiovascular System:Function:​The cardiovascular system pertains to the heart and the blood vessels.These work together as anefficient pumping system to supply blood to all the tissues.Key Terms​:cardi/o- heartangl/o- blood vesselshem/o- bloodBrady- slowTachy- fastthromb/o-fast-emia- blood conditionleuk/o-whiteerythr/o- redarteri/o- artery

Vocabulary:Pericardium- double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart.Atria- receiving chambers of the heartSystemic circulation- blood flow to all parts of body except lungsSinoatrial node- establishes basic rhythm of heartbeatArterioles-thinner branches of the artery, carry blood into capillariesAorta- main trunk of arterial systemBlood pressure- measurement of pressure exerted against walls of the vessels.Venae cavae- two large veins that enter the heartCapillaries- Smallest vessels of the body, connect arterial and venous systemsLeukocytes- protect body against bacteriaPathologyIschemia- deficiency of blood supply due to obstructionEndocarditis- inflammation of the inner layer of the heartPhlebitis- inflammation of the veinDyscrasia- abnormal or pathological condition of the bloodMedical Speciality:Cardiologist- Specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of theheart

Hematologist- Diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the blood.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9ZZ6tcxArI

Respiratory System:Function:Its functions include bringing oxygen-rich air for the body, expelling waste products, andproduce air flow through pharynx. Structures include respiratory tracts.Key Termsbronch/o- bronchuscyan/o- bluelaryng/o- throat-oxia- oxygen conditionOxy- oxygenpleur/o- pleurapneum/o- lungs, airpulmon/o- lungthorac/o- chesttracheo- trachea

VocabularyCilia- filters incoming air in the noseSinus- air filled cavity in the nose filled with mucous liningLarynx- known as the voice box. Contains vocal cordsBronchi- the trachea is divided by two bronchi. Each branch goes into a lung.Trachea- windpipeAlveoli- tiny air sacs at the end of each bronchiolePleura- multilayered membrane that surrounds each lung with its blood vesselsLobe- division of the lungDiaphragm- muscle that separates thoracic cavity from the abdomenPhrenic nerve- stimulates the diaphragm and causes it to contractPathology:Asthma- chronic allergic disorder characterized by severe breathing difficultyEmphysema- progressive loss of lung function due to loss of alveoliSinusitis- inflammation of the sinusesPleuralgia- pain in pleura or sideMedical Specialty:Otolaryngologist- specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the ears, nose, and throatPulmonologist- Diagnoses and treats disorders/ diseases of the lungs and associated tissues

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fxm85Fy4sQ

Digestive SystemFunction:Its function is to intake and digest food. Also it absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste products.It is comprised of the oral cavity, stomach, pharynx, intestines, rectum, and anusKey Terms:Cholecyst- gallbladderenter-intestinescol/o- colonhepat/o-livergastr/o- stomachor/o- oral cavity-pepsia-digestionchol/e-bileproct/o- anus and rectum

VocabularyGI tract- consists of the upper and lower GI tracts, includes all parts of Digestive systemPalate- forms the roof of the mouthTongue- strong and flexible, and aids in speech and moves food during chewing and swallowingRoot- holds tooth securely in place within the dental archEsophagus- collapsible tube that controls flow between oral cavity to stomachSalivary glands- secrete saliva that moistens food and begins the digestive processSmall intestine- It is here that nutrients from food is absorbed into the bloodstreamCecum- pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomenPancreas- creates and secretes pancreatic juices and digestive juicesEnzymes- responsible for chemical changes that breaks food into simpler forms of nutrientsPathology:Dysphagia- Difficulty in swallowingBruxism- involuntary grinding of teeth often during sleepGastritis- inflammation of the stomachAnorexia- lack or loss of appetite for foodMedical Specialties:Orthodontist- Specializes in the dental correction of abnormalities in the structuring in the teethPeriodontist- Prevents and treats disorders relating to the tissues surrounding the teeth.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s06XzaKqELk

Urinary SystemFunction:Performs functions that maintain homeostasis and maintains a proper balance of water, waste,and nutrients in the body. Comprised of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and glands.Key Term:-cele-hernia-lysis-breakdowncyst/o-urinary bladdernephr/o-kidneyren/o-kidney-uria-urination-pexy-fixation-ectasis-dilationpyel/o-renal pelvisVocabularyNephron- functional units of the kidneysMedulla- inner layer containing most urine- collecting tubes

Ureters- carry urine from kidney to bladderUrination- normal process of excreting urineMale urethra- conveys both urine and semenUrethral meatus- external opening of urethraUrochrome- pigment that gives urine its colorRenal cortex- outer layer containing nephronsUrea- major waste product of protein metabolismUrinary sphincters- control flow of urinePathologyAnuria- complete suppression of urine formation in the kidneysPyelitis- inflammation of renal pelvisRenal colic- acute pain in kidney due to blockageCystalgia- pain in bladder areaMedical SpecialtyNephrologist-​ specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders in the kidneysUrologist-​ Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders in the urinary system of females andgenitourinary system of males.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtrYotjYvtU



Reproductive SystemFunction:The male reproductive system produces sperm which is to be delivered to an ovum. The femalereproductive system produces eggs, carries the developing child, and produces breast milk.Key Term:cervic/o- cervix, neck of uterussalping/o- fallopian tubeovi/o- egg, ovumorchid/o- testesoophor/o- ovarymen/o- menses, menstruationmamm/o- breastgynec/o- femalecolp/o- vaginaprostat/o- prostate gland

Vocabulary:Genitalia- reproductive organsVas deferens- leads from epididymis to the ejaculatory duct in the prostateScrotum- encloses, protects, and supports the testiclesSperm- the male gametes that are formed in the testicleAreola- dark pigmented area that surrounds the nippleFallopian tube- extends from upper end of the uterus to near to ovaryFimbriae- catch the ovum when it comes out the ovaryFollicle- fluid-like sac containing a single ovumCervix- lower narrow portion that extends into the vaginaMenstruation- normal periodic discharge of bloody fluid from non pregnant uterusPathology:Anorchism- congenital absence of one or both testiclesOrchitis- inflammation of one or both testiclesOvarian cancer- most common cancer of the female reproductive systemFibroid- benign tumor containing muscle and fibrous tissue that occurs in the wall of a uterusMedical Specialty:Gynecologist- specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the female reproductive systemUrologist- specializes in diagnosing and treating disorder of the genitourinary system of males.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7rsH2loIY8

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