["performs\t at\t a\t satisfactory\t level\t begins\t to\t get\t overpowered\t by\t a\t negative reinforcing\tfeedback\tloop.\tThe\tlower\tthe\tperception\tof\ta\tsystem\u2019s\tperformance, the\tlower\tthe\tgoal\tand\texpectations\tof\thow\tthe\tsystem\tis\tcapable\tof\tperforming drop.\tSince\tthe\tgap\tbetween\tperception\tand\texpectation\tis\tnarrowing,\tthere\twill naturally\tbe\tless\tcorrective\taction\ttaken.\tWhen\tless\tcorrective\taction\tis\ttaken,\tthe actual\t performance\t of\t the\t system\t decreases.\t If\t this\t negative\t loop\t continues unbroken,\tthe\tsystem\twill\tenter\ta\tstate\tof\tperpetual\tdecline. This\t drifting\t toward\t lower\t performance\t and\t the\t erosion\t of\t goals\t happens gradually,\tso\tit\tdoesn\u2019t\tset\toff\talarms\tthat\tcorrective\taction\tis\tneeded\tright\taway. As\t the\t performance\t slowly\t declines,\t the\t memory\t of\t better\t times\t and\t the\t belief that\t they\t can\t be\t achieved\t again\t is\t erased.\t The\t result\t is\t lower\t expectations,\t less effort,\tand\tworse\tperformance. \t How\tto\tfix\tthem? There\tare\ttwo\tways\tto\tcombat\tthe\terosion\tof\tgoals\tand\texpectations.\tThe\tfirst\tis to\t maintain\t standards\t that\t are\t absolute\t no\t matter\t what\t happens\t in\t terms\t of performance.\t This\t reminds\t me\t of\t potty\t training\t my\t children.\t They\t had\t good days\t and\t very,\t very\t bad\t days,\t but\t my\t expectations\t and\t goals\t for\t them\t never wavered.\t They\t would\t be\t potty\t trained\t one\t day,\t and\t we\t continued\t to\t work tirelessly\tuntil\tthat\tgoal\twas\tachieved\tand\tmy\texpectations\twere\tmet. The\t second\t way\t is\t to\t set\t goals\t that\t are\t tied\t to\t the\t best\t performances\t from\t the past.\t This\t makes\t the\t perception\t of\t what\t is\t possible\t in\t terms\t of\t performance more\tpositive.\tWhen\tpoor\tresults\toccur,\tthey\tare\tviewed\tas\ta\ttemporary\tsetback that\t the\t system\t is\t able\t to\t overcome,\t allowing\t it\t to\t get\t back\t on\t track\t to\t a\t better performance.\t Now\t the\t reinforcing\t feedback\t loop\t is\t trending\t positive\t and encouraging\tactors\tto\twork\tharder\tto\tachieve\tbetter\tresults.","The\tsame\tgoes\tfor\trelationship\tproblems. If\tyou\tfind\tyourself\tconstantly\tfighting\twith\tsomeone\tyou\tcare\tabout\tinstead\tof talking\t to\t one\t another\t and\t trying\t to\t get\t to\t the\t root\t of\t the\t problem,\t the\t same system\terror\toccurs.\tYou\thave\ta\tnegative\treinforcing\tfeedback\tloop\tat\twork.\tAs a\tresult,\tyou\u2019ll\thave\tmore\tfights\twith\tone\tanother\tbecause\tthat\tis\twhat\tyou\thave come\tto\texpect. The\t balancing\t feedback\t loop\t can\u2019t\t keep\t up\t and\t overcome\t the\t negative reinforcing\t feedback\t loop.\t If\t you\t have\t ever\t reached\t the\t point\t where\t you\t were afraid\tto\tsay\tor\tdo\tanything\tat\tall\tbecause\tyou\twere\tconvinced\tit\twould\tonly\tlead to\tanother\tfight\tand\tmake\tthings\tworse,\tthen\tyou\tknow\texactly\thow\tthis\tworks. I\tcan\tremember\ta\ttime\twhen\tmy\tin-laws\twere\tcoming\tfor\tan\textended\tvisit.\tMy wife\tand\tI\thad\tgotten\tinto\tan\targument\tabout\tthe\ttiming\tof\tit\tall,\tand\tit\tquickly went\t downhill\t from\t there.\t We\t argued\t over\t plans\t for\t keeping\t them\t entertained, the\t sleeping\t arrangements\t of\t the\t kids\t to\t create\t a\t more\t private\t guest\t room\t for them\twhile\tthey\tvisited,\tthe\tadded\texpense\tand\ttime\tneeded\tto\tprepare\tall\tof\tthe meals,\tetc.\tYou\tname\tit,\twe\targued\tabout\tit.\tFinally,\tI\tthought\tI\twould\ttry\tto\tdo something\t nice\t and\t help\t my\t wife\t clean\t the\t house,\t but\t at\t that\t time\t we\t were caught\tin\tsuch\ta\tnegative\tand\tpowerful\treinforcing\tfeedback\tloop\tthat\teven\tthat led\t to\t another\t fight,\t as\t it\t was\t seen\t as\t an\t insult\t to\t the\t way\t she\t took\t care\t of\t our house.\t Needless\t to\t say,\t it\t wasn\u2019t\t the\t most\t enjoyable\t or\t productive\t few\t days\t in our\thousehold. We\thad\tto\ttake\ta\tstep\tback\tand\tremember\tto\tsee\tthe\tbest\tin\teach\tother\tinstead\tof assuming\t the\t worst.\t Once\t we\t realized\t that\t we\t both\t were\t trying\t to\t solve\t the problem\t in\t our\t own\t way,\t cooler\t heads\t prevailed\t and\t we\t got\t our\t relationship back\ton\ttrack. When\t we\t allow\t our\t standards\t to\t be\t impacted\t by\t our\t past\t performance\t and negative\t perception\t of\t it,\t we\t are\t setting\t our\t systems\t up\t for\t failure\t as\t we\t allow them\tto\tdrift\ttoward\tlow\tperformance\tand\ttake\tour\tgoals\tand\texpectations\tright","along\twith\tthem.\tIn\torder\tto\tcombat\tthis,\twe\tneed\tto\tkeep\tour\tstandards\tsteadfast despite\tdips\tin\tperformance\tand\texpect\tthat\twe\twill\trise\tto\tmeet\tthem.\tIf\twe\tdo this,\twe\tcan\tflip\tthe\tscript\tand\tstart\tdrifting\ttoward\tbetter\tperformance.","Chapter\t8:\tEscalation Merriam-Webster\tdefines\tescalation\tas\t\u201cthe\tincrease\tin\textent,\tvolume,\tnumber, amount,\tintensity,\tor\tscope.\u201d\tIt\tcan\tbe\tas\tsimple\tas\tmy\tkids\tsaying,\t\u201cYou\thit\tme, so\tI\u2019ll\thit\tyou\tback\tharder,\u201d\tand\tthen\tone\thits\tback\ta\tlittle\tharder,\tand\tbefore\tyou know\t it,\t someone\t is\t in\t tears.\t It\t can\t also\t be\t as\t complex\t as\t a\t \u201cwar\t of\t words\u201d between\tleaders\tof\ttwo\tnations\tthat\tleads\tto\ta\treal\twar\twith\tdevastating\timpacts for\t the\t world.\t Like\t most\t things\t in\t the\t world,\t escalation\t can\t be\t positive\t or negative,\thelpful\tor\ta\thindrance,\tand\thealthy\tor\tunhealthy.\tNo\tmatter\twhere\tyou look,\tyou\tcan\tfind\texamples\tof\tescalation\tjust\tabout\tanywhere. In\t terms\t of\t systems,\t escalation\t is\t a\t reinforcing\t loop\t that\t is\t created\t when\t actors try\tto\tcompete\tto\tget\tahead\tof\tone\tanother.\tEscalation\tcan\tbe\ta\tgood\tthing\twhen it\t is\t connected\t to\t achieving\t a\t positive\t goal,\t like\t an\t advancement\t in\t technology or\t finding\t a\t cure\t for\t cancer.\t It\t can\t speed\t up\t the\t whole\t system\t toward\t reaching the\tgoal. Unfortunately,\t escalation\t can\t also\t be\t a\t bad\t thing.\t If\t escalation\t erodes relationships\t within\t a\t system\t and\t gives\t birth\t to\t hatred,\t it\t can\t ultimately\t slow\t a system\tdown\tand\timpede\tits\tability\tto\tachieve\tits\tgoals. One\t example\t of\t good\t escalation\t is\t the\t unending\t pressure\t on\t cell\t phone companies\t to\t always\t come\t up\t with\t the\t next\t big\t advancement\t or\t improvement before\ttheir\tcompetitors.\tWe\tget\tbetter\tand\tbetter\tphones,\tthanks\tto\tthis. A\tnegative\texample\tof\tescalation\tcan\tbe\tfound\tin\tthe\thistory\tbooks.\tThe\tUnited States\t and\t USSR\t were\t participants\t in\t a\t dangerous\t escalation\t during\t the\t Cold War.\tThe\ttwo\tcountries\twere\ttrying\tto\tcompete\twith\tone\tanother\tfor\tdominance.","They\t tried\t to\t outdo\t one\t another\t by\t increasing\t their\t weaponry.\t Every\t time\t one actor\t would\t accumulate\t more\t weapons,\t even\t if\t they\t only\t did\t it\t just\t to\t protect themselves,\tthe\tother\tactor\twould\tview\tit\tas\ta\tthreat\tand\tthen\tstart\tto\taccumulate more\t weapons\t of\t their\t own\t for\t protection\t and\t deterrence.\t This\t would\t continue in\tthe\tsame\tfashion\twith\tboth\tactors\tarming\tup\tto\ttry\tto\tget\tahead\tof\teach\tother. When\t it\t comes\t to\t weapons\t and\t threats\t between\t countries,\t escalation\t has\t the potential\tfor\tdevastating\tconsequences\tfelt\tall\tover\tthe\tworld. Political\t campaigns\t are\t often\t a\t prime\t example\t of\t negative\t escalation\t at\t work. One\t candidate\t smears\t another\t in\t an\t ad,\t and\t then\t the\t other\t smears\t back.\t This continues\t until\t the\t voters\t aren\u2019t\t sure\t that\t either\t candidate\t has\t any\t redeeming qualities,\t or\t even\t where\t they\t stand\t on\t the\t issues.\t This\t can\t serve\t to\t undermine the\tentire\tdemocratic\tprocess\tand\thave\tserious\tand\tlasting\tconsequences. Escalation\tis\tpresent\tin\tthe\teconomy\ttoo.\tSometimes\tbusinesses\ttry\tto\tcorner\tthe market\t by\t selling\t a\t product\t at\t a\t low\t price.\t Imagine\t that\t there\t are\t four\t hot\t dog vendors\t on\t Elm\t Street.\t Three\t of\t them\t sell\t their\t hot\t dogs\t for\t $2,\t but\t the\t fourth one\t lowers\t the\t price\t to\t $1.50.\t The\t vendor\t with\t the\t lowest\t price\t will\t get\t the majority\tof\tthe\tcustomers\t until\t the\tother\t three\tvendors\tdrop\ttheir\tprices.\t If\tthe fourth\tvendor\twants\tto\tkeep\this\tcompetitive\tadvantage,\the\twill\thave\tto\tlower\this price\tagain.\tHe\thas\tto\tbe\tcareful,\tthough,\tbecause\tthere\tis\ta\tlimit\tto\thow\tfar\the can\tdrop\this\tprice.\tIf\the\tdrops\tthe\tprice\tlower\tthan\twhat\tit\tcosts\thim\tto\tproduce the\thot\tdog,\the\twon\u2019t\tbe\table\tto\tmake\ta\tprofit\tand\twill\tsuffer\ta\tloss. Other\ttimes\tbusinesses\ttry\tto\tgain\tan\tadvantage\tnot\tby\tsetting\tlower\tprices,\tbut instead\tby\tselling\ta\tpremium\tproduct.\tFor\texample,\tApple\twants\tto\tdifferentiate its\t iPhones\t from\t the\t other\t smartphones\t on\t the\t market.\t It\t works\t to\t make innovative\tupdates\tto\tits\tproduct\tand\tthen\tcharges\tmore\tfor\tthe\tiPhone\tthan\tany other\t cell\t phone\t currently\t on\t sale.\t Apple\t tries\t to\t distinguish\t its\t premium smartphone\tfrom\tthe\tothers,\tbut\tthe\tconsequence\tis\tthat\tits\tcompetitors\tare\talso increasing\ttheir\tprices\tand\tracing\tto\ttry\tto\toutdo\tApple.","Escalation\tcan\thave\ta\tpositive\timpact\ton\ta\tsociety\tif\tkindness,\tvolunteering,\tand a\tsense\tof\tcommunity\tspread. The\tbodybuilding\tindustry\thas\tits\tshare\tof\tescalation\twithin\tit\tas\twell.\tProducts are\tconstantly\tbeing\tdeveloped\tto\thelp\tmen\tand\twomen\tbuild\tmore\tmuscles\tand improve\ttheir\tstrength\tand\tphysique.\tSince\tArnold\tSchwarzenegger,\tthe\tindustry has\tenjoyed\ta\tfull-blown\tRenaissance. No\t matter\t the\t situation,\t when\t escalation\t is\t involved,\t it\u2019s\t not\t just\t about\t keeping up\twith\tthe\tJoneses,\tbut\trather\tgetting\tahead\tof\tthe\tJoneses. \t When\tis\tit\tthe\tend? Escalation\tis\ta\treinforcing\tfeedback\tloop.\tCompetition\tcan\treach\textreme\tlevels very\tquickly\tand,\tunless\tthe\tloop\tis\tbroken,\tit\twill\toften\tresult\tin\tone\tor\tboth\tof the\t actors\t reaching\t their\t breaking\t point.\t The\t exponential\t growth\t reinforcing feedback\tloops\u2019\tsupply\tcan\u2019t\tbe\tmaintained\tuntil\tthe\tbitter\tend,\tafter\tall. One\t way\t to\t break\t free\t of\t the\t escalation\t loop\t is\t to\t intentionally\t reduce\t your system\u2019s\tstock\tor\tperformance\tand\ttrying\tto\tinfluence\tyour\tcompetitor\tto\tdo\tthe same.\tThis\tcan\tbe\trisky,\tas\tthe\tcompetitor\tmay\topt\tto\tnot\tfollow\tsuit,\tbut\tit\tcan be\teffective\tif\tyou\tcan\twithstand\tthe\tadvantage\tyour\tcompetitor\twill\thave\tin\tthe short\trun. The\t other\t way\t to\t end\t the\t escalation\t is\t to\t negotiate\t a\t disarmament\t with\t your competitor.\t This\t requires\t a\t big\t change\t in\t the\t structure\t and\t design\t of\t your system,\t as\t you\t need\t to\t create\t new\t balancing\t controlling\t loops\t that\t will\t help\t to keep\tour\tcompetitor\tin\tcheck.\tDisarmament\tagreements\taren\u2019t\teasy\tto\tcome\tby, and\t they\t come\t with\t their\t own\t set\t of\t challenges\t for\t both\t actors,\t but\t in\t the\t long run,\tthey\tare\tdefinitely\tbetter\tthan\tbeing\tstuck\tin\tthe\tescalation\tloop.\t[xxxvii] Take\t a\t few\t moments\t to\t think\t of\t your\t own\t examples\t of\t times\t when\t escalation has\t been\t at\t play\t in\t your\t life.\t Perhaps\t it\t has\t been\t a\t part\t of\t your\t relationships,","your\t health\t routines,\t or\t your\t workplace.\t Also\t think\t about\t other\t examples\t of escalation\tyou\thave\twitnessed\tin\tthe\tworld\tor\tstudied\tas\tpart\tof\thistory. When\t one\t actor\u2019s\t performance\t is\t determined\t by\t trying\t to\t surpass\t the performance\t of\t another\t actor,\t a\t reinforcing\t feedback\t loop\t is\t created.\t The escalation\t will\t either\t drive\t the\t system\t forward\t and\t get\t it\t closer\t to\t achieving\t its goal,\t or\t cause\t negativity\t and\t result\t in\t impeding\t the\t system\u2019s\t progress.\t It\t is impossible\tto\tmaintain\tan\tescalating\texponential\tgrowth\tforever\tand,\tif\tthe\tloop isn\u2019t\t broken,\t it\t will\t likely\t end\t with\t one\t or\t both\t of\t the\t actors\t reaching\t their breaking\tpoint. The\t best\t way\t out\t of\t this\t trap\t is\t not\t to\t step\t into\t it\t in\t the\t first\t place.\t But\t if\t you find\t yourself\t caught\t in\t an\t escalating\t system,\t you\t can\t take\t yourself\t out\t of\t the competition\t by\t unilaterally\t disarming\t and\t breaking\t the\t reinforcing\t loop,\t or\t by negotiating\ta\tnew\tsystem. Reflect\t upon\t those\t examples\t of\t the\t escalations\t you\t identified\t in\t your\t own\t life earlier.\tCan\tyou\tnow\tfind\tways\tto\tbreak\tfree\tfrom\tyour\town\tescalation\tloops\tand end\tthe\tcycles\tbefore\tthey\tbecome\tdestructive?","Chapter\t9:\tWhy\tDo\tthe\tRich\tGet\tRicher? If\t you\t are\t anything\t close\t to\t being\t an\t average\t human\t being\t on\t the\t planet,\t the question\tof\t\u201cWhy\tdo\tthe\trich\tget\tricher?\u201d\thas\tundoubtedly\tcrossed\tyour\tmind\ton more\tthan\tone\toccasion.\tThis\tchapter\twill\tdive\tinto\tthis\tage-old\tquestion\tand\tsee if\twe\tcan\tfind\tsome\tanswers\tto\tsatisfy\tour\tcuriosity. Those\t who\t are\t financially\t well-off\t often\t use\t the\t wealth\t and\t privilege\t that\t they have\t to\t get\t insider\t information,\t special\t or\t additional\t knowledge\t which\t in\t turn helps\t them\t to\t generate\t more\t of\t that\t money,\t privilege,\t and\t closed-group information\t for\t themselves.\t Competitive\t exclusion\t is\t a\t system\t trap.\t What happens\t when\t someone\t wins\t a\t competition?\t He\t or\t she\t gets\t a\t reward.\t This reward\t \u2014\t monetary,\t equipment,\t granted\t access\t \u2014\t gives\t our\t winner\t the\t ability to\t compete\t even\t better\t or\t easier\t next\t time.\t This\t forms\t a\t reinforcing\t feedback loop,\twhich\tincreases\tthe\tlikelihood\tthat\tthe\twinners\twill\tkeep\twinning\tand\tthe losers\twill\tkeep\tlosing. How\tdoes\tMonopoly\t\u2014\tthe\tboard\tgame\t\u2014\tevolve?\tEach\tplayer\tbegins\tthe\tgame on\ta\tlevel\tplaying\tfield,\tbut\tas\tsoon\tas\ta\tplayer\tbegins\tto\taccumulate\tproperties on\tthe\tgame\tboard,\tall\tof\tthat\tchanges.\tWhen\ta\tplayer\thas\tcontrol\tof\ta\tproperty, they\tcan\tstart\tto\tbuild\thotels\tand\tcharge\tthe\tother\tplayers\trent\twhen\tthey\tland\ton their\tproperties.\tThat\tplayer\tcan\tthen\ttake\tthe\tmoney\tthey\treceive\tfrom\tthe\tother players\tand\tuse\tit\tto\tbuy\tmore\tproperties\tand\tput\tmore\thotels\ton\tthe\tgame\tboard. This\t makes\t it\t next\t to\t impossible\t for\t the\t other\t players\t to\t catch\t up,\t and\t greatly increases\tthe\tlikelihood\tthat\tthe\thotel-owning\tplayer\twill\twin\tthe\tgame. Now\t consider\t college\t football\t teams\t in\t the\t United\t States.\t There\t is\t a\t playoff system\twhich\tdetermines\tthe\tnational\tchampion\teach\tyear.\tThe\tfinal\tfour\tteams","play\t against\t each\t other\t in\t the\t playoff.\t For\t the\t past\t few\t years,\t it\t seems\t there\t is becoming\t a\t sort\t of\t dynasty\t established\t by\t a\t few\t teams\t as\t the\t same\t 2-3\t teams have\t been\t consistently\t playing\t in\t the\t playoff.\t As\t college\t football\t teams\t begin winning\tgames,\tthey\tare\tgiven\ta\treward\tof\tmore\taccess\tto\ttelevision\ttime.\tThis increased\ttime\ton\ttelevision\tallows\tthem\tto\tincrease\ttheir\tfan\tbases,\tbring\tmore revenue\t into\t their\t programs,\t and\t attract\t more\t recruits\t to\t their\t teams.\t As\t the teams\t are\t more\t visible,\t they\t can\t generate\t more\t money\t through\t ticket\t sales\t and booster\t donations.\t This\t allows\t them\t to\t hire\t the\t best\t coaches\t and\t build\t the\t best facilities\tat\ttheir\tschools.\tAll\tof\tthese\tthings\tin\tturn\tentice\tthe\tbest\tplayers\tto\tjoin their\tfootball\tprograms,\twhich\tincreases\tthe\tlikelihood\tthat\tthey\twill\tcontinue\tto win\t and\t be\t successful.\t The\t reinforcing\t feedback\t loop\t has\t now\t become\t created and\tentrenched\tin\ttheir\tsystems. We\t also\t see\t this\t at\t play\t in\t nature.\t The\t competitive\t exclusion\t principle\t tells\t us that\t it\t is\t impossible\t to\t have\t two\t different\t species\t living\t in\t exactly\t the\t same ecological\t niche,\t competing\t with\t one\t another\t for\t exactly\t the\t same\t food\t and resources.\tWhen\ttwo\tspecies\tare\tdifferent,\tone\tof\tthe\tspecies\twill\teither\tbe\table to\treproduce\tfaster\tor\tbe\tmore\teffective\tin\tusing\tresources\tthan\tthe\tother\tspecies. This\t will\t serve\t to\t give\t that\t species\t an\t advantage\t over\t the\t other\t one\t as\t it\t will begin\t to\t increase\t its\t population\t and\t continue\t to\t be\t dominant\t over\t the\t other species.\tThe\tdominant\tspecies\tdoes\tnot\tneed\tto\tfight\tthe\tother\tspecies.\tBy\tusing up\t all\t of\t the\t available\t resources,\t it\t means\t there\t are\t none\t left\t for\t the\t weaker competitor.\t This\t will\t force\t that\t species\t to\t either\t move\t away,\t adapt\t by\t using different\tresources,\tor\tbecome\textinct.\t[xxxviii] \t A\twarning\tfrom\tthe\t\u201cother\tside\u201d Karl\t Marx,\t a\t German\t economist\t and\t philosopher\t who\t developed\t the\t idea\t of communism\t in\t response\t to\t problems\t he\t witnessed\t in\t capitalism,\t believed\t that competition\t in\t the\t marketplace\t actually\t eliminates\t competition\t in\t the","marketplace,\t if\t left\t unchecked.\t He\t was\t very\t critical\t of\t capitalism\t as\t he\t pointed out\t that\t when\t there\t are\t two\t competing\t businesses,\t one\t will\t invariably\t gain\t an advantage\t over\t the\t other\t by\t being\t more\t efficient,\t having\t better\t technology,\t or making\t wise\t investment\t choices.\t That\t advantage\t would\t generate\t more\t money, which\tcould\tthen\tbe\treinvested\tin\tthe\tcompany\tand\tits\tfacilities\tand\ttechnology. This\t reinforcing\t feedback\t loop,\t if\t it\t goes\t on\t without\t government\t protections, will\tmake\tthe\tdominant\tbusiness\trapidly\table\tto\tcorner\tthe\tmarket\tand\teliminate all\tcompetition. We\t have\t seen\t Marx\u2019s\t prediction\t at\t work\t in\t the\t United\t States.\t Automobile manufacturers\t have\t been\t reduced\t to\t three\t (antitrust\t laws\t have\t kept\t it\t from dropping\t to\t one),\t many\t big\t cities\t have\t only\t one\t newspaper,\t and\t so\t on. Television,\t internet,\t and\t telecommunications\t providers\t continue\t to\t merge\t with the\t government,\t keeping\t a\t watchful\t eye\t to\t prevent\t any\t one\t company\t from becoming\tso\tbig\tand\tpowerful\tthat\tit\tdrives\tall\tof\tits\tcompetitors\tout\tof\tbusiness. \t The\t other\t side\t is\t true\t as\t well;\t the\t poor\t also\t get\t poorer.\t Poor\t kids\t usually\t have access\t to\t the\t worst\t education,\t and\t thus\t the\t worst\t jobs\t and\t income\t levels.\t Their poverty\t is\t reinforced\t at\t each\t stage\t of\t life.\t People\t who\t do\t not\t have\t a\t lot\t of money\t are\t either\t unable\t to\t qualify\t for\t loans,\t or\t must\t pay\t a\t disproportionately high\tinterest\trate\tto\tthe\twell-off\t\u2014\twho\tcollect\tthe\tmoney.\tThis\tkeeps\tthe\tpoor from\tbeing\table\tto\tmake\tinvestments\tand\timprove\ttheir\tfutures\tlike\tthe\twealthy can.\t People\t with\t low\t incomes\t often\t are\t unable\t to\t own\t their\t own\t homes.\t They pay\t rent\t to\t those\t who\t can\t afford\t to\t own\t property.\t Tenants\t supply\t landlords, whether\twith\ta\tstable\tincome\tsource\tor\tenough\tto\tbuy\ta\tnew\tflat\tfor\tmore\tpeople to\trent.\tReal\tlife\tMonopoly,\tfolks. The\t poor\t tend\t to\t pay\t a\t greater\t percentage\t of\t their\t income\t to\t taxes\t and healthcare.\t Wealthy\t individuals\t and\t corporations\t have\t access\t to\t attorneys\t who can\t help\t them\t find\t loopholes\t in\t the\t tax\t code\t and\t avoid\t paying\t a\t comparable","amount\tof\ttheir\tincome\tin\ttaxes.\tThey\tare\talso\table\tto\tlobby\tgovernment\tmore\tto have\ttheir\tinterests\trepresented\tand\tto\treceive\ttax\tbreaks. Often\t people\t are\t able\t to\t receive\t discounts\t when\t they\t purchase\t items\t in\t bulk. Because\t the\t poor\t are\t unable\t to\t afford\t these\t large\t purchases,\t they\t often\t have\t to pay\thigher,\tper\tpiece\tprices.\tAs\tthe\tpoor\toften\tsuffer\tfrom\tpollution\tand\tdisease before\t the\t rest\t of\t the\t population,\t and\t often\t have\t no\t other\t choice\t than\t to\t take\t a dangerous,\t low-paying\t job\t or\t live\t in\t an\t area\t with\t a\t high\t crime\t rate,\t the reinforcing\tfeedback\tloop\tgrows\tever\tstronger,\tand\tthe\tcycle\tremains\tentrenched in\tsociety\tgeneration\tafter\tgeneration. \t How\tdo\tyou\tbreak\tout\tof\tthe\ttrap\tof\t\u201csuccess\tto\tthe\tsuccessful?\u201d Sometimes\tit\tis\tpossible\tto\tmove,\tadapt,\tor\tevolve\tin\torder\tto\tescape\tcompetitive exclusion.\tBusinesses\tcan\tdiversify\tthemselves\twith\ta\tnew\tproduct\tor\tservice.\tIt is\t possible\t to\t keep\t the\t \u201crich\t get\t richer\u201d\t phenomenon\t in\t check\t if\t there\t are\t other feedback\t loops\t in\t place\t (like\t antitrust\t laws)\t that\t keep\t any\t one\t business\t from completely\ttaking\tover\tthe\tmarketplace\tand\tdriving\tout\tall\tcompetition. Pushing\t the\t reset\t button\t and\t rearranging\t the\t playground\t or\t the\t rules\t can\t be\t an option\t to\t stop\t the\t cycle.\t In\t golf,\t for\t example\t weaker\t players\t are\t given\t a handicap.\tIn\tMonopoly,\ta\tnew\tgame\tis\ta\tfresh\tstart\twhere\tall\tplayers\tcan\tbegin as\t equals\t again.\t School\t choice\t and\t scholarships\t for\t disadvantaged\t students\t can provide\t some\t with\t equal\t access\t to\t the\t best\t schools\t \u2014\t for\t a\t lucky\t few.\t Having the\t wealthy\t pay\t a\t higher\t tax\t rate\t than\t the\t poor,\t people\t making\t donations\t to charitable\torganizations,\tthe\tpublic\twelfare\tsystem,\tunions\tin\tthe\tworkplace,\tand assistance\t in\t attaining\t healthcare\t and\t scholarships\t are\t a\t few\t of\t the\t measures many\tsocieties\thave\tin\tplace\tto\tcombat\tthis\tsystem\ttrap. Diversification\tcan\toffer\tan\topportunity\tto\tchange\tthe\tgame\tand\tallow\tthose\twho are\t losing\t to\t possibly\t be\t able\t to\t become\t competitive\t once\t again.\t Having antitrust\t laws\t in\t place\t to\t keep\t businesses\t from\t completely\t eliminating\t all","competition.\tFinding\tways\tto\tlimit\tsome\tof\tthe\tadvantages\tof\tthose\twith\tpower and\t giving\t them\t to\t those\t without\t through\t unions,\t scholarships,\t or\t financial assistance;\t and\t offering\t rewards\t to\t winning\t competitors\t that\t will\t not\t impact future\t successes\t in\t the\t competition,\t are\t all\t possible\t solutions\t to\t breaking\t free from\tthe\tsystem\ttrap\tcalled\t\u201csuccess\tto\tthe\tsuccessful.\u201d","Chapter\t10:\tSystems\tThinking\tin\tRelationships Now\t that\t we\t understand\t the\t basics\t of\t systems\t thinking,\t it\t is\t clear\t that relationships,\tespecially\t romantic\tones,\t can\u2019t\t be\treduced\t to\t a\tsimple\t cause\t and effect\tanalysis.\tWhat\thappens\tin\tour\trelationships\tis\tmuch\tmore\tcomplex.\tUsing the\t knowledge\t we\t got\t from\t the\t previous\t chapters,\t I\t will\t help\t you\t analyze,\t and hopefully\tsolve,\tyour\tproblems\tfor\treal,\tnot\tjust\ttreat\tthe\tsymptoms. While\t we\t have\t learned\t that\t there\t are\t times\t when\t cause\t and\t effect\t thinking\t is helpful,\t when\t we\u2019re\t dealing\t with\t relationships,\t it\t can\t have\t terrible\t results.\t In relationships,\twhen\twe\tthink\tin\tterms\tof\tcause\tand\teffect,\twe\twill\tsee\tsomething that\twe\tdon\u2019t\treally\tlike\tand\tlook\tfor\ta\tcause.\tIt\tis\tall\ttoo\teasy\tto\tpoint\tthe\tfinger at\t our\t significant\t other\t as\t being\t to\t blame\t when\t things\t don\u2019t\t go\t the\t way\t we would\t like.\t This\t can\t cause\t us\t to\t feel\t contempt\t for\t our\t loved\t one\t as\t we\t start blaming\tthem\tfor\tbeing\tthe\troot\tof\tour\tproblems. It\t is\t human\t nature\t to\t try\t to\t attribute\t multiple\t events\t to\t the\t same\t cause.\t It\u2019s\t just easier\tthat\tway.\tWe\tmay\twonder\twhy\tour\tchildren\tdon\u2019t\tbehave\tbetter,\twhy\twe struggle\tto\tmake\tends\tmeet\tfinancially,\tand\twhy\tour\tlives\taren\u2019t\tas\tcarefree\tand enjoyable\t as\t they\t used\t to\t be.\t Thankfully,\t if\t we\t change\t our\t cause\t and\t effect thinking\tto\tsystems\tthinking,\twe\tcan\tovercome\tthe\ttendency\tto\tlook\tfor\tvictims and\tvillains. We\t know\t in\t systems\t thinking\t that\t there\t is\t always\t more\t than\t one\t cause\t at\t play. While\tevent\tA\tmay\tcause\tB,\tthere\tis\tsomething\tthat\talso\tcaused\tA.\tOften,\tthere is\ta\treinforcing\tfeedback\tloop\tthat\tmight\tshow\tus\tthat\tB\teven\tdid\tsomething\tto contribute\t to\t causing\t A\t as\t well.\t Systems\t thinking\t isn\u2019t\t easy,\t but\t the\t complex thinking\trequired\tcan\thelp\tus\tto\tbetter\tnavigate\tour\tcomplex\trelationships.\tWhen","we\tarbitrarily\tassign\tblame\tto\tpeople\tor\tthings,\tour\tfelling\tof\tcontempt\tfor\tthem grows. Dr.\t John\t Gottman,\t a\t professor\t emeritus\t in\t psychology\t who\t is\t renowned\t for\t his research\t into\t marital\t stability\t and\t ability\t to\t predict\t future\t divorce\t with\t at\t least 90%\taccuracy,\twarns\tthat\tcontempt\tis\tone\tof\tthe\tfour\temotions\tthat\trelationships can\u2019t\tsurvive. \t The\tfour\thorsemen Dr.\t Gottman\t uses\t the\t metaphor\t of\t the\t Four\t Horsemen\t of\t the\t Apocalypse,\t who symbolize\t the\t end\t of\t times\t in\t the\t New\t Testament,\t in\t his\t analysis\t of\t marriages that\tare\theaded\tfor\tdivorce.\tThe\tfour\thorsemen\trepresent\tconquest,\twar,\thunger, and\t death.\t In\t the\t case\t of\t relationships,\t Dr.\t Gottman\t uses\t the\t metaphor\t to demonstrate\t the\t four\t communication\t styles\t he\t attributes\t to\t bringing\t about divorce\tor\tthe\tending\tof\trelationships.\t[xxxix] The\t first\t horseman\t is\t criticism.\t Criticism\t goes\t beyond\t raising\t a\t concern, offering\ta\tcomplaint,\tor\tgiving\ta\tcritique.\tIt\tgoes\tto\tthe\tcore\tof\twho\tyour\tpartner is\t and\t often\t leaves\t them\t feeling\t attacked\t and\t rejected,\t leading\t to\t deeply\t hurt feelings.\t If\t criticism\t grows\t in\t number\t and\t strength,\t it\t opens\t the\t door\t for\t the other,\teven\tmore\tproblematic\thorsemen\tto\tenter. The\t next\t horseman,\t according\t to\t Gottman,\t is\t contempt.\t Communicating\t with contempt\tis\tmean-spirited\tand\tcan\tleave\tthe\tperson\ton\tthe\treceiving\tend\tfeeling unloved\t and\t unvalued.\t It\t may\t involve\t cruel\t sarcasm\t or\t mocking,\t and\t it\t is\t very hurtful.\t Dr.\t Gottman\t believes\t contempt\t is\t the\t biggest\t factor\t in\t predicting divorce,\tas\tit\tsignals\tlong-festering\tnegative\tfeelings\tthat\tsurface\tand\tcause\tone member\t of\t the\t relationship\t to\t feel\t superior\t over\t the\t other,\t and\t it\t must\t be eradicated. The\tthird\thorseman\tis\tdefensiveness.\tWe\tget\tdefensive\twhen\twe\tfeel\tlike\twe\tare being\t unfairly\t attacked\t by\t our\t significant\t other.\t We\t come\t up\t with\t reasons\t and","excuses\t to\t get\t them\t to\t back\t off.\t It\t often\t has\t the\t opposite\t effect\t than\t what\t we intended,\tthough,\tas\tthe\tother\tparty\tsees\tit\tas\ta\tdismissal\tof\ttheir\tconcerns\tand\ta way\tof\tshifting\tthe\tblame\tto\tthem.\tThis\tonly\tserves\tto\tfurther\tentrench\tthe\tcycle of\tnegativity. The\tlast\thorseman\tis\tstonewalling.\tStonewalling\thappens\twhen\tone\tpartner\tshuts themselves\t off\t from\t the\t other,\t refusing\t to\t listen\t or\t engage\t in\t the\t interaction anymore.\t This\t makes\t communication\t impossible.\t It\t is\t essential\t to\t get\t rid\t of these\t four\t terrible\t communication\t styles\t and\t replace\t them\t with\t more\t positive ones\tin\torder\tfor\tour\trelationships\tto\tthrive. \t Systems\tthinking\tto\tthe\trescue Systems\tthinking\tallows\tus\tto\tstop\tfeeling\thelpless\tand\thopeless\twhen\tit\tcomes to\t our\t relationships.\t Simplistic\t cause\t and\t effect\t thinking\t can\t leave\t us\t believing that\tour\trelationships\tare\ton\tthe\tbrink\tof\tending\tas\tsoon\tas\twe\tbegin\tto\tfight\tand disagree\t with\t one\t another.\t We\t are\t troubled\t by\t increased\t fighting\t and\t start\t to look\t for\t causes\t as\t we\t wonder\t if\t our\t partner\t has\t found\t someone\t else,\t no\t longer finds\t us\t attractive,\t or\t has\t fallen\t out\t of\t love\t with\t us.\t This\t leads\t to\t a\t feeling\t of hopelessness,\tespecially\tif\twe\ttry\tto\tmake\textra\tefforts\tthat\tour\tsignificant\tother doesn\u2019t\t seem\t to\t notice\t or\t appreciate.\t This,\t in\t turn,\t leads\t to\t more\t fights\t and feelings\tof\tdisappointment. When\twe\tstop\tand\tlook\tat\tthings\tfrom\ta\tsystems\tperspective,\twe\ttake\tour\tpower back\t and\t begin\t to\t feel\t hopeful\t again.\t Thinking\t of\t our\t relationship\t as\t a\t system and\tstock\tmeans\tthat\tboth\tpartners\tare\tfeedback\tloops.\tWe\tlook\tfor\tany\tchanges that\tmay\thave\thappened\trecently\tand\tanalyze\twhether\tthe\tsystem\tdynamics\thave changed. Often,\t one\t partner\t puts\t in\t more\t work\t than\t the\t other\t in\t a\t relationship.\t Ideally, these\t roles\t change\t so\t when\t one\t partner\t is\t feeling\t down,\t the\t other\t one\t will\t be there\tto\tlift\tthem\tup\tand\tsupport\tthem.\tIn\tterms\tof\tsystems\tthinking,\tone\tpartner","is\t in\t the\t dominant\t feedback\t loop,\t and\t that\t dominance\t will\t shift\t back\t and\t forth between\tthe\ttwo. The\tgoal\tis\tto\tlook\tat\tthe\trelationship\tlogically\tand\tdecide\tif\tthere\twas\ta\tshift\tin dominance.\t Perhaps\t there\t is\t an\t additional\t external\t feedback\t loop\t that\t is impacting\t the\t system.\t Maybe\t there\t are\t problems\t at\t work,\t or\t difficulties\t in communicating. Both\trelationships\tand\tsystems\tchange\tover\ttime.\tThis\tchange\tis\tinevitable.\tWe may\tnot\talways\trecognize\tit\tas\tit\tis\thappening,\tand\tthe\teffects\tof\tthe\tchange\tmay not\talways\tbe\t immediately\tobvious\tto\tus.\tIn\thealthy\trelationships,\tboth\t parties understand\t that\t change\t happens\t and\t neither\t person\t will\t be\t exactly\t the\t same\t as they\twere\tat\tthe\tbeginning\tof\tthe\trelationship.\tThe\ttricky\tpart\tis\tbeing\taccepting of\t those\t changes\t while\t still\t maintaining\t the\t dynamics\t of\t your\t own\t personal feedback\tloop. If\t those\t dynamics\t change\t and\t become\t negative,\t your\t partner\t will\t feel unsupported\t and\t misunderstood\t and\t conflicts\t will\t begin.\t There\t will\t be\t a\t gap between\thow\tmuch\tyou\treally\tunderstand\tthem\tand\thow\tmuch\tthey\texpect\tto\tbe understood.\tIt\tis\tcrucial\tto\trecognize\tthat\tgap\tand\tclose\tit.\tOtherwise,\tit\twill\tonly grow\twith\teach\tfight,\tand\tyour\treinforcing\tfeedback\tloop\twill\tkeep\tfocusing\ton the\tnegative.\tThe\trelationship\twill\tsuffer\tand\tbegin\tto\tfall\tapart. \t The\ttimeline\tof\tthe\trelationship Your\tbody\treleases\tdifferent\tchemicals\tand\tpheromones\tat\tdifferent\tpoints\tin\tthe relationship.\t The\t stage\t that\t your\t relationship\t is\t in\t can\t become\t a\t contributing factor\twhen\ttimes\tget\ttough.\tSometimes\tjust\tthe\tfact\tthat\tthey\thoneymoon\tphase is\tover\tcan\tcause\tits\town\tset\tof\tproblems. Systems\t thinking\t is\t being\t able\t to\t really\t look\t at\t the\t whole\t complex\t picture\t of yourself\t and\t your\t relationship.\t It\t is\t recognizing\t that\t there\t is\t more\t to\t your relationship\tthan\tjust\ttwo\tfeedback\tloops\timpacting\tthe\tstock\tof\tthe\trelationship.","Many\t feedback\t loops\t are\t at\t work\t at\t the\t same\t time,\t and\t all\t of\t them\t affect\t your stock.\t Increasing\t your\t awareness\t of\t all\t of\t these\t loops\t and\t the\t roles\t they\t play increases\tyour\tability\tto\tsee\tthings\tobjectively\tand\tunderstand\twhat\u2019s\thappening in\tyour\trelationship. Some\t of\t these\t influential\t factors\t disappear\t as\t the\t relationship\t ages.\t After\t the honeymoon\t period\t ends,\t you\t will\t need\t to\t find\t things\t to\t replace\t it\t so\t that\t it doesn\u2019t\t leave\t behind\t a\t gap\t in\t your\t relationship.\t Intentionally\t creating opportunities\t for\t reinforcing\t your\t commitment\t and\t intimacy\t with\t each\t other, like\thaving\tdate\tnights,\tcan\thelp. When\tyou\tapproach\tyour\trelationship\tfrom\ta\tsystems\tperspective,\tthere\tis\tmuch less\t of\t an\t opportunity\t and\t inclination\t to\t take\t things\t personally\t and\t assign negativity\t and\t blame.\t You\t realize\t that\t your\t partner\t is\t not\t to\t blame\t for everything\t that\t goes\t wrong.\t Many\t little\t changes\t in\t the\t dynamics\t of\t the\t system are\tat\twork. Being\t able\t to\t take\t personal\t feelings\t out\t of\t the\t equation\t means\t that\t we\t can\t be more\tefficient\tin\tour\tquest\tto\tfind\tsolutions.\tWe\tare\tbetter\tequipped\tto\tspot\tgaps in\t the\t relationship\t dynamics\t and\t fill\t in\t those\t gaps.\t We\t can\t search\t for\t the\t true underlying\t problems\t and\t fix\t them\t instead\t of\t just\t the\t systems.\t We\t can\t keep ourselves\t from\t automatically\t assuming\t the\t worse\t and\t jumping\t to\t incorrect conclusions. Keep\t in\t mind\t that\t no\t one\t partner\t is\t to\t blame\t for\t everything\t that\t goes\t wrong, including\t yourself.\t Try\t to\t cultivate\t a\t relationship\t that\t is\t resilient\t and\t can weather\tany\tstorm.\tThis\tis\tso\tmuch\tmore\thelpful\tthan\tjust\ta\tstable\trelationship, as\twe\tknow\tthat\tthere\tis\tonly\tone\tthing\tcertain\tin\tlife,\tand\tthat\tis\tchange. \t Everything\t runs\t on\t three\t different\t categories:\t physical,\t mental,\t and emotional.","Internal\t and\t external\t factors\t are\t always\t at\t work,\t impacting\t our\t lives\t and ourselves.\tInternally,\tphysical\tfactors\tinclude\tour\thealth,\tnutrition,\tand\texercise. Externally,\t physical\t factors\t may\t involve\t the\t physical\t environment\t around\t us, like\tpollution\tor\taccess\tto\thealthy\tfoods.\tIn\tour\trelationships,\twe\twant\tto\tensure that\tboth\tpartners\u2019\tphysical\tneeds\tare\tmet\tand\tnurtured. Emotionally\t in\t our\t relationships,\t we\t need\t to\t look\t at\t how\t we\t speak\t to\t one another,\t whether\t we\t interact\t positively\t with\t one\t another,\t if\t we\t are\t making\t an effort\tto\tmeet\teach\tother\u2019s\tlove\tlanguage\tneeds,\tand\tif\twe\tare\ttrying\tto\tmake\tthe relationship\ta\tpriority\tby\tdevoting\ttime\tand\tenergy\tto\tthings\tlike\tscheduling\tdate nights.\t External\t emotional\t factors\t at\t work\t in\t our\t relationship\t may\t include\t our relationships\twith\tother\tpeople\taround\tus\tlike\tin-laws,\tfriends,\tchildren,\tsiblings, and\tcoworkers. When\t it\t comes\t to\t the\t mental\t factors\t that\t can\t impact\t our\t relationships,\t we\t need to\t be\t sure\t we\t don\u2019t\t take\t out\t all\t of\t our\t frustrations\t on\t our\t significant\t other.\t We have\t to\t find\t the\t real\t root\t of\t the\t problems\t so\t we\t can\t come\t up\t with\t long-term solutions.\t Keep\t in\t mind\t that\t our\t beliefs,\t self-awareness,\t frame\t of\t mind, personality\t type,\t life\t experience,\t political\t affiliations,\t and\t ability\t to\t self-reflect all\tinfluence\tour\trelationship\tin\tone\tway\tor\tanother.\tOur\town\tindividual\tsystem must\tbe\tworking\twell\tbefore\tour\tcollective\trelationship\tsystem\tever\tcan\tbe. Take\t a\t few\t minutes\t to\t write\t down\t the\t things\t that\t are\t impacting\t you\t on\t a physical,\t mental,\t and\t emotional\t level,\t both\t internal\t and\t external\t forces.\t Reflect upon\t how\t you\t think\t you\u2019re\t doing\t in\t all\t of\t these\t areas.\t If\t you\t are\t struggling\t in any\t area,\t try\t to\t figure\t out\t why.\t Just\t blaming\t your\t partner\t is\t disingenuous\t and unfair.\tGo\tthrough\tthe\tsystems\tthinking\tprocess.\tIt\u2019s\tyour\topportunity\tto\tdesign your\tlife\tand\tgo\tafter\tthe\tthings\tyou\treally\twant. Learn\t from\t the\t example\t of\t my\t brother\t and\t sister-in-law.\t They\t went\t through\t a very\trough\tpatch\tyears\tago.\tHe\tworked\tso\tmany\thours\tthat\tshe\tcame\tto\tresent\tit and\t blamed\t him\t for\t not\t being\t physically\t and\t emotionally\t available\t for\t her\t and","their\t three\t sons.\t He\t just\t wanted\t to\t unwind\t when\t he\t got\t home,\t and\t blamed\t her for\twhat\the\tsaw\tas\tungrateful\tand\tincessant\tnagging\tand\ttaking\taway\tthe\tjoy\tand carefree\tnature\tthat\twas\tpresent\tin\ttheir\tmarriage\twhen\tit\tbegan.\tThey\tgot\tto\tthe point\t where\t they\t forgot\t what\t they\t loved\t about\t each\t other\t in\t the\t first\t place\t and got\t divorced.\t After\t a\t few\t years\t apart\t where\t they\t did\t some\t self-reflection,\t they decided\t that\t the\t blame\t game\t was\t counterproductive\t and\t there\t were\t plenty\t of things\t that\t contributed\t to\t their\t dissatisfaction\t with\t their\t marriage.\t They\t went through\t counseling\t as\t they\t tried\t to\t get\t to\t the\t real\t root\t of\t their\t problems.\t They took\t things\t slowly\t and\t ultimately\t decided\t to\t give\t their\t relationship\t another\t try. They\thave\tnow\tbeen\thappily\tremarried\tfor\tyears. Problems\tin\ta\trelationship\tdo\tnot\thave\tto\tmean\tthat\tit\tis\tdoomed\tto\tfail.\tIn\tfact, they\tmay\tbe\topportunities\tfor\ta\tnew\tbeginning\tin\tdisguise.\tWe\tonly\tneed\tto\ttake the\ttime\tto\tfind\tlong-term\tsolutions\tfor\tthem.","Chapter\t11:\tKey\tTakeaways\tfrom\tSystems\tThinking Systems\tthinking\tis\ta\twhole\tnew\tway\tfor\tus\tto\tlook\tat\tourselves,\tour\tbusinesses, our\t relationships,\t and\t the\t world\t around\t us.\t It\t is\t such\t a\t paradigm\t shift\t from\t our more\t traditional\t ways\t of\t thinking\t that\t it\t becomes\t a\t guiding\t philosophy\t for\t the way\twe\tapproach\tand\tanalyze\tso\tmany\tparts\tof\tour\tlives.\tIt\tinvolves\tbeing\taware that\t the\t choices\t we\t make\t may\t have\t unintended\t consequences,\t so\t they\t deserve careful\tand\tdeliberate\tthought. Systems\t thinking\t at\t its\t core\t starts\t with\t observing\t data\t and\t events,\t looking\t for patterns\t in\t behavior\t that\t occur\t over\t time,\t uncovering\t the\t structures\t that\t are\t the driving\tforces\tbehind\tthe\tbehavior,\tstudying\tand\tchanging\tthe\tstructures\tthat\tare no\t longer\t helpful,\t using\t our\t curiosity\t to\t be\t open\t to\t a\t variety\t of\t possible solutions\t to\t a\t problem,\t and\t ultimately\t being\t brave\t enough\t to\t choose\t the\t best possible\t long-term\t solution\t rather\t than\t an\t easy\t fix,\t or\t just\t the\t one\t that\t is\t the most\tpopular. \t Why\tuse\tsystems\tthinking? Knowledge\t is\t power.\t When\t we\t know\t better,\t we\t do\t better.\t Systems\t thinking expands\t our\t thinking\t and\t opens\t us\t up\t to\t many\t possible\t solutions\t as\t we\t look\t at problems\tin\tnew\tways.\tWe\tcan\tmake\tmore\tinformed\tchoices,\tknowing\tthat\tthere is\t no\t such\t thing\t as\t a\t perfect\t solution\t and\t every\t choice\t we\t make\t will\t impact other\t parts\t of\t the\t system\t because\t it\t is\t all\t interconnected.\t Systems\t thinking allows\t us\t to\t be\t aware\t of\t the\t impact\t of\t our\t choices\t and\t to\t do\t everything\t in\t our power\tto\tlimit\tany\tnegative\tconsequences\tthat\tmay\tarise\tfrom\tthem.","When\tshould\twe\tuse\tsystems\tthinking? Systems\t thinking\t is\t very\t effective\t in\t helping\t to\t solve\t a\t variety\t of\t complex problems.\t If\t the\t concern\t is\t important,\t the\t problem\t has\t occurred\t repeatedly\t and has\ta\thistory\tthat\tcan\tbe\tstudied\tand\tanalyzed,\tand\tpeople\thave\ttried\tto\tsolve\tthe problem\tin\tthe\tpast\twith\tlittle\tor\tno\tsuccess,\tit\tis\ta\tprime\tcandidate\tfor\ta\tsystems thinking\tapproach. \t How\tdo\tyou\tuse\tsystems\tthinking?\t[xl] Begin\t by\t asking\t new\t questions.\t People\t are\t naturally\t inclined\t to\t want\t to\t assign blame\t for\t a\t problem.\t It\t is\t a\t quick\t and\t easy\t \u201cfix\u201d\t and\t it\t makes\t us\t feel\t better.\t It has\t been\t said\t that\t \u201cthe\t definition\t of\t insanity\t is\t doing\t the\t same\t thing\t over\t and over\tand\texpecting\ta\tdifferent\tresult.\u201d\tWhile\tthere\tis\tsome\tdebate\tover\tthe\torigin of\t this\t quote,\t it\t offers\t us\t important\t insight\t into\t systems\t thinking.\t We\t need\t to break\t free\t from\t the\t blame\t game\t and\t instead\t be\t willing\t to\t ask\t the\t tougher questions\t like,\t \u201cWhat\t is\t it\t that\t we\t are\t missing?\u201d\t or\t \u201cWhat\t don\u2019t\t we\t understand about\tthe\tproblem?\u201d When\t you\t begin\t your\t systems\t thinking\t analysis,\t it\t is\t entirely\t possible\t that\t the data\t and\t information\t before\t you\t will\t just\t be\t the\t tip\t of\t the\t iceberg.\t There\t is\t so much\t more\t that\t you\t can\t discover\t beneath\t the\t surface\t by\t examining\t not\t just events\t that\t occur,\t but\t also\t patterns\t of\t behavior\t and\t the\t structure\t in\t place responsible\tfor\tdriving\tthose\tbehavior\tpatterns\tover\ttime. Be\t sure\t to\t speak\t with\t everyone\t in\t the\t system\t so\t that\t all\t of\t their\t viewpoints\t are represented.\tIn\tthe\tbeginning,\teveryone\twill\tsee\tthe\tproblem\tthrough\ta\tdifferent lens.\tIt\tis\tonly\tby\tbeing\twilling\tto\tlisten\tto\tall\tperspectives\tthat\tyou\tcan\ttruly\tget to\t the\t heart\t of\t the\t problem.\t Once\t you\t have\t gathered\t all\t of\t the\t information\t you need,\t then\t you\t will\t ultimately\t update\t everyone\t as\t to\t your\t findings\t so\t that\t is","possible\tto\tall\tbe\ton\tthe\tsame\tpage\tmoving\tforward. When\tyou\tbegin\tlaying\tout\tvisual\trepresentations\tof\tthe\tproblem\tso\tthat\tyou\tcan look\tat\tit\tin\ta\tnew\tway,\tstart\twith\tcausal\tloop\tdiagrams.\tStart\tout\tsmall\tand\tkeep things\tsimple.\tYou\tcan\talways\tadd\tmore\telements\tto\tthe\tloop\tas\tyou\tneed\tthem. Keep\tthe\tstory\tbroken\tinto\tsmall,\tdigestible\tparts\tfor\tas\tlong\tas\tpossible\twithout trying\tto\tovercomplicate\tthe\tloops\twith\ttoo\tmany\tdetails\t(especially\tif\tthe\tdetails are\t about\t things\t totally\t beyond\t your\t control\t or\t inconsequential\t to\t the\t problem before\t you).\t It\t is\t hoped\t that\t the\t causal\t loops\t will\t reveal\t connections\t between parts\tof\tthe\tsystem\tthat\tmay\thave\tgone\tpreviously\tunnoticed.\tTry\tnot\tto\tget\thung up\ton\twhether\tthe\tloop\tyou\tare\tcreating\tis\tright\tor\twrong.\tIf\tit\taccurately\tshows the\t group\u2019s\t current\t perception\t of\t reality,\t then\t it\t is\t doing\t what\t it\t is\t designed\t to do. \t Lessons\twe\tcan\tlearn\tfrom\tsystems\tthinking There\tare\tmany\tlessons\tto\tbe\tlearned\tfrom\tsystems\tthinking.\tIncorporating\teven a\t few\t of\t these\t lessons\t into\t your\t daily\t life\t might\t impact\t your\t life\t pleasantly\t in unexpected\tways. Often\t we\t think\t systems\t are\t failing\t just\t because\t they\t aren\u2019t\t performing\t in\t the ways\twe\tthink\tthey\tshould.\tIn\tfact,\tthe\tsystem\tmight\tbe\tperforming\texactly\tas\tit should.\t We\t need\t to\t look\t at\t what\t the\t system\t is\t doing\t well\t and\t then\t see\t how\t it was\tdesigned\tfor\tthat.\tThen,\tif\twe\twant\tthe\tsystem\tto\tbehave\tdifferently,\twe\tcan simply\t change\t the\t design\t to\t help\t it\t meet\t its\t new\t purpose.\t In\t our\t lives,\t if\t we interview\t for\t a\t job\t and\t don\u2019t\t get\t it,\t we\t think\t we\t have\t failed.\t Instead,\t we\t could look\tat\tthe\tinterview\twe\thad\tas\ta\tmeans\tof\timproving\tourselves\tand\tour\tskills,\tso that\t we\t will\t be\t better\t prepared\t in\t the\t future\t when\t the\t right\t job\t for\t us\t comes along. When\t we\t try\t to\t solve\t problems,\t we\t often\t make\t the\t mistake\t of\t assuming\t that they\toccur\tin\tisolation.\tIn\treality,\tproblems\tare\tusually\tjust\tas\tinterconnected\tas","systems\tare.\tFor\texample,\tif\tthe\tvegetables\tin\ta\tgarden\twon\u2019t\tgrow\tto\ttheir\tfull potential,\t we\t may\t assume\t that\t it\t is\t because\t they\t did\t not\t receive\t enough\t water. That\tmay\tvery\twell\tbe\tjust\tone\treason\tand\twe\tmay\tfind\tthat\tthe\treal\tcause\tcould be\t any\t of\t a\t number\t of,\t or\t a\t combination\t of,\t possibilities,\t such\t as\t the\t quality\t of the\tsoil,\tnot\treceiving\tthe\tproper\tamount\tof\tsunlight,\tthe\tquality\tof\tthe\tseeds\tthat were\tplanted,\tthe\tlength\tof\tthe\tgrowing\tseason,\taverage\ttemperature,\tinsects,\tand elevation,\tamong\tmany\tothers.\tBeing\topen\tto\ta\tvariety\tof\tpossible\tsolutions\tcan help\t us\t persevere\t when\t we\t are\t faced\t with\t the\t most\t daunting\t or\t frustrating problems. Feedback\t from\t systems\t can\t provide\t us\t with\t invaluable\t learning\t opportunities. We\t should\t always\t seek\t to\t gain\t knowledge\t from\t every\t life\t experience.\t It\t will serve\t to\t improve\t our\t analytical\t skills\t and\t sense\t of\t awareness,\t making\t us\t better equipped\tto\tmake\tevaluations\tand\tjudgments\tor\tthe\tsystems\twe\tencounter. It\t is\t important\t to\t keep\t in\t mind\t that\t there\t are\t always\t delays\t once\t we\t apply feedback\tto\ta\tsystem.\tWe\tcan\u2019t\texpect\tthe\tresults\tto\thappen\tinstantly.\tIn\tfact,\tif we\tdon\u2019t\ttake\tinto\taccount\tthat\tthere\twill\tinevitably\tbe\tdelays,\twe\tmay\tmake\tthe mistake\t of\t incorrectly\t thinking\t additional\t interventions\t are\t needed\t when\t the ones\t we\t have\t implemented\t just\t need\t time\t for\t them\t to\t take\t hold\t and\t produce results.\t We\t should\t avoid\t getting\t discouraged\t and\t giving\t up\t in\t favor\t of\t letting things\tplay\tout.\tAfter\tall,\tthe\tbest\tthings\tcome\tto\tthose\twho\twait. When\twe\ttry\tto\tsolve\tcomplex\tproblems\twithout\ta\tsystems\tthinking\tapproach,\tit may\tmake\ta\tdifficult\tsituation\teven\tworse.\tWhen\twe\trush\tto\tfind\ta\tcause\tof\tthe problem\t without\t looking\t carefully\t at\t the\t systems\t behavior\t patterns\t and interconnected\t parts,\t we\t may\t find\t ourselves\t only\t addressing\t the\t symptoms instead\tof\tgetting\tto\tthe\troot\tof\tthe\tproblem.\tThis\tcan\tlead\tto\tus\tmissing\tsome\tof the\t unintended\t consequences\t that\t may\t arise\t from\t the\t decisions\t we\t make.\t A systems\t thinking\t approach\t can\t help\t us\t to\t minimize\t those\t negative\t unintended consequences\tor\tavoid\tthem\taltogether.","We\thave\tall\theard\tour\tparents\tat\tone\tpoint\tin\ttime\ttell\tus\tthat\tthey\twould\trather we\t learn\t from\t their\t mistakes\t rather\t than\t repeating\t them.\t Systems\t are\t similar\t in that\t often,\t the\t problems\t and\t behavior\t patterns\t we\t witness\t today\t have\t already been\t present\t in\t multiple\t systems\t throughout\t time.\t By\t looking\t at\t the\t similar patterns\t of\t feedback\t cycles\t and\t delays\t that\t have\t been\t seen\t over\t and\t over\t again (called\tsystems\tarchetypes),\twe\tare\table\tto\tmore\tquickly\tspot\tdominant\tbehavior patterns\t in\t our\t own\t current\t systems.\t Being\t aware\t of\t how\t current\t events\t in\t our lives\t compare\t to\t those\t we\t have\t already\t faced\t in\t our\t past\t gives\t us\t strength\t and knowledge\t as\t we\t deal\t with\t them,\t because\t we\t realize\t we\t already\t have\t some experience\tto\tback\tus\tup. The\t most\t effective\t place\t to\t act\t in\t a\t system\t in\t order\t to\t achieve\t the\t best\t results often\t couldn\u2019t\t be\t further\t away\t from\t where\t we\t expect\t it\t to\t be.\t They\t key\t to dealing\t with\t systems\t thinking\t in\t both\t our\t personal\t and\t professional\t lives\t is\t to keep\t an\t open\t mind.\t If\t we\t are\t truly\t open\t to\t all\t possibilities,\t the\t best\t solution\t is bound\tto\tfind\tits\tway\tin. \t An\texample\tof\tsystems\tthinking\tat\tits\tfinest Every\t system\t that\t involves\t human\t beings\t is\t bound\t to\t include\t errors,\t as\t there\t is no\t such\t thing\t as\t a\t perfect\t person\t who\t never\t makes\t mistakes.\t The\t healthcare system\tis\tno\tdifferent.\tThe\tNational\tInstitute\tof\tHealth\tissued\ta\treport\t\u201cTo\tErr\tis Human\u201d\tthat\tlooks\tinto\terrors\tin\tthe\tfield\tof\thealthcare.\tThe\tfollowing\tfindings were\ta\tpart\tof\tthis\treport. The\t healthcare\t system\t has\t always\t studied\t why\t medical\t professionals\t made mistakes.\tUntil\tthe\tlast\tfew\tdecades,\tthe\tfocus\twas\ton\tthe\tindividual\twho\tmade the\terror.\tBlame\twas\tassigned\tto\tthe\tdoctor\tor\tnurse\twho\tmade\tthe\tmistake,\tand a\tpunishment\twas\tissued\tin\tthe\thopes\tthat\tit\tmight\tprevent\terrors\tfrom\toccurring in\tthe\tfuture. More\t recently,\t there\t was\t a\t shift\t in\t thinking\t when\t it\t came\t to\t analyzing\t medical","mistakes.\tInstead\tof\tonly\tlooking\tat\tan\tindividual\tas\tbeing\tsolely\tresponsible,\tthe healthcare\tsystem\tfound\tthat\tevaluating\tthe\tfailures\tin\tthe\tsystems\tthat\tled\tto\tthe error\twas\tmuch\tmore\thelpful\tin\tpreventing\tsimilar\terrors\tin\tthe\tfuture.\tAssigning blame\t was\t not\t given\t as\t much\t importance\t as\t finding\t ways\t to\t improve\t systems and\t make\t proactive\t decisions\t to\t prevent\t potentially\t life\t threatening\t errors\t from happening\tagain. When\t an\t error\t was\t made,\t everything\t in\t the\t system\t was\t analyzed\t from\t the\t way medication\t was\t labeled,\t to\t whether\t the\t staff\t was\t overworked\t with\t too\t many patients\tor\thours\ton\ttheir\tschedule,\tto\twhether\tthe\torder\tissued\tby\tthe\tdoctor\twas able\t to\t be\t clearly\t and\t easily\t understood,\t and\t many\t more\t influencing\t factors.\t It was\t often\t discovered\t that\t an\t error\t had\t happened\t well\t in\t advance\t of\t when\t it actually\tmanifested\titself. The\t healthcare\t system\t had\t confidence\t that\t its\t employees\t wanted\t to\t help\t the patient\t above\t all\t else,\t but\t also\t understood\t that\t they\t were\t human,\t so\t mistakes would\t be\t made.\t They\t made\t the\t decision\t to\t encourage\t their\t employees\t to\t be honest\t about\t reporting\t errors\t by\t creating\t a\t safer\t and\t more\t blame-free environment\t in\t which\t they\t could\t do\t so.\t They\t believed\t that\t learning\t from mistakes\tand\timproving\tsystems\twas\tmore\timportant\tthan\tissuing\tpunishments. As\t a\t result,\t systems\t thinking\t has\t helped\t to\t make\t things\t like\t systems\t for reporting\terrors,\tchecklists\tthat\tmust\tbe\tfollowed\tfor\tprocedures,\tand\tguidelines for\tpatient\tsafety\tstandard\tpractice\tin\thealthcare. Systems\tthinking\tis\ta\tpowerful\tway\tof\tthinking\tthat\thas\tgreat\tpotential\tto\timpact our\tlives\tin\tso\tmany\tways,\tif\twe\tare\topen\tto\tall\tof\tthe\tbenefits\tand\tlessons\tit\thas to\toffer.","Conclusion Systems\t thinking\t is\t a\t major\t paradigm\t shift\t from\t the\t more\t traditional\t ways\t of thinking\tthat\twe\tare\tso\tfamiliar\twith,\tand\tmay\thave\tgrown\ttoo\tcomfortable\tand complacent\tin\texclusively\trelying\tupon,\tthroughout\tour\tlives.\tThere\tare\tso\tmany important\t lessons\t we\t have\t learned\t that\t it\t will\t serve\t us\t well\t to\t review\t a\t few\t of the\thighlights\tas\twe\tbegin\tour\tjourney\tinto\timplanting\tsystems\tthinking\tinto\tour lives. In\t a\t system,\t everything\t is\t interconnected.\t It\t is\t all\t about\t how\t the relationships\t and\t connections\t between\t the\t parts\t impact\t the\t system as\t a\t whole.\t Changing\t one\t part\t of\t a\t system\t will\t impact\t the\t entire system. Every\t action\t and\t decision\t will\t have\t unintended\t consequences,\t so taking\t the\t time\t to\t analyze\t a\t system\t carefully,\t instead\t of\t rushing\t to find\ta\t\u201cquick\tand\teasy\tfix,\u201d\tis\tkey. If\tyou\twant\tto\tchange\ta\tsystem,\tit\tis\tmore\tefficient\tand\timpactful\tto change\t the\t interconnections\t and\t purpose\t or\t function\t than\t it\t is\t to change\tthe\telements.\tChanging\tthe\trules\tand\trelationships\tcan\toften create\ta\t\u201cwhole\tnew\tsystem.\u201d Looking\t at\t problems\t deeply\t and\t from\t a\t multitude\t of\t perspectives with\t an\t open\t mind\t will\t increase\t the\t likelihood\t of\t finding\t a\t lasting positive\tsolution. Taking\t the\t time\t to\t look\t at\t an\t event,\t and\t then\t examining\t the behavior\tpatterns\tof\ta\tsystem\tin\tthe\tquest\tfor\tdeeper\tunderstanding","by\tasking\tnew\tquestions,\tis\timportant\tif\twe\tare\tinterested\tin\tfinding the\tbest\tpossible\tsolutions\tto\tthe\tcomplex\tproblems\twe\tface\ttoday. To\tsystems\tthinkers,\tthere\tis\tno\tfinal,\tdefinitive\tanswer.\tAn\tanswer is\toften\tthe\tbeginning\tto\ta\tnew\tquestion. Systems\tthinking\tis\ta\twhole\tnew\tway\tfor\tus\tto\tlook\tat\tourselves,\tour\tbusinesses, our\t relationships,\t and\t the\t world\t around\t us.\t It\t involves\t being\t aware\t that\t the choices\t we\t make\t may\t have\t unintended\t consequences,\t so\t they\t deserve\t careful and\tdeliberate\tthought. Knowledge\t is\t power.\t When\t we\t know\t better,\t we\t do\t better.\t Systems\t thinking expands\tour\tcognition\tand\topens\tus\tup\tto\tmany\tpossible\tsolutions\tas\twe\tlook\tat problems\tin\tnew\tways.\tWe\tcan\tmake\tmore\tinformed\tchoices\tknowing\tthat\tthere is\t no\t such\t thing\t as\t a\t perfect\t solution,\t and\t every\t choice\t we\t make\t will\t impact other\tparts\tof\tthe\tsystem\tbecause\tit\tis\tall\tinterconnected. Systems\t thinking\t is\t not\t what\t human\t nature\t is\t automatically\t inclined\t to\t do.\t It will\tnot\tcome\teasily\tto\tus\tor\thappen\timmediately,\tbut\twith\ttime\tand\tpractice,\twe can\t become\t systems\t thinkers.\t I\t don\u2019t\t promise\t that\t it\t will\t be\t easy,\t but\t it\t will\t be worth\tit. \t I\twish\tyou\tmuch\tsuccess\tas\tyou\ttake\tyour\tsystems\tthinking\tapproach\tand\tset\tout to\tconquer\tthe\tworld\tone\tcomplex\tproblem\tat\ta\ttime. \t Steven","Reference Andersson,\tKarin.\tThe\tSwedish\tanti\tcontraceptive\tlaw\t1910-1938 -\tshowing\thow\tthe\tpro\tcontraceptive\tdiscourse\tadvocate\tchange.\tLund University.\t2012.\thttp:\/\/lup.lub.lu.se\/luur\/download? func=downloadFile&recordOId=3053058&fileOId=3053061 \t Arthur,\tMichael.\tSaffer,\tDemian.\tSystems\tThinking\tand\tthe\tHydrologic\tCycle\t. Utah\tState\tUniversity.\t2017.\thttps:\/\/www.e- education.psu.edu\/earth111\/node\/1028 \t De\tBono,\tEdward.\tDr.\tLateral\tThinking.\tDr.\tEdward\tde\tBono.\t2016. https:\/\/www.edwdebono.com\/lateral-thinking \t Goodman,\tMichael.\tSystems\tThinking:\tWhat,\tWhy,\tWhen,\tWhere,\tAnd\tHow? The\tSystems\tThinking.\t2016.\thttps:\/\/thesystemsthinker.com\/systemsthinking- what-why-when-where-and-how\/ \t Ignaciuc,\tAgata.\tThis\tHarmful\tIntervention\u201d:\tDiscourses\tAbout\tAbortion\tIn State-Socialist\tPoland.\tCeehm\tNetwork. https:\/\/ceehmnetwork.wordpress.com\/tag\/1950s\/","Lisitsa,\tEllie.\tThe\tFour\tHorsemen:\tCriticism,\tContempt,\tDefensiveness,\tand Stonewalling\t.\tThe\tGottham\tInstitute.\t2013.\thttps:\/\/www.gottman.com\/blog\/the- four-horsemen-recognizing-criticism-contempt-defensiveness-and-stonewalling\/ \t Lynn,\tAaron.\tSystems\tThinking\t.\tAsian\tEfficiency.\t2011. http:\/\/www.asianefficiency.com\/systems\/systemsthinking\/ \t Meadows,\tDonella\tH.\tThinking\tin\tSystems\t.\tEarthscan\tPublisher.\t2008. \t Ollhoff,\tJim.\tWalcheski,\tMichael.\tMaking\tthe\tjump\tto\tsystems\tthinking.\tThe Systems\tThinker.\t2016.\thttps:\/\/thesystemsthinker.com\/making-the-jump-to- systemsthinking\/ \t Skills\tYou\tNeed.\tCritical\tThinking\tSkills.\tSkills\tYou\tNeed.\t2017. https:\/\/www.skillsyouneed.com\/learn\/critical-thinking.html \t Steavenson,\tWendell.\tCeausescu\u2019s\tchildren\t.\tThe\tGuardian.\t2014. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2014\/dec\/10\/-sp-ceausescus-children \t Sterman,\tJohn\tD.\tPh.D.\tLearning\tfrom\tEvidence\tin\ta\tComplex\tWorld\t.\tNCBI. 2006.\thttps:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1470513\/ \t Thwink.\tEvent\tOriented\tThinking.\tThwink.\t2017. http:\/\/www.thwink.org\/sustain\/glossary\/EventOrientedThinking.htm","Thwink.\tSystems\tThinking.\tThwink.\t2014. http:\/\/www.thwink.org\/sustain\/glossary\/SystemsThinking.htm","Endnotes [i]\tLynn,\tAaron.\tSystems\tThinking\t.\tAsian\tEfficiency.\t2011. http:\/\/www.asianefficiency.com\/systems\/systemsthinking\/ [ii]\tThwink.\tSystems\tThinking.\tThwink.\t2014. http:\/\/www.thwink.org\/sustain\/glossary\/SystemsThinking.htm [iii]\tArthur,\tMichael.\tSaffer,\tDemian.\tSystems\tThinking\tand\tthe\tHydrologic\tCycle .\tUtah\tState\tUniversity.\t2017.\thttps:\/\/www.e- education.psu.edu\/earth111\/node\/1028 [iv]\tMeadows,\tDonella\tH.\tThinking\tin\tSystems\t.\tEarthscan\tPublisher.\t2008. [v]\tThwink.\tEvent\tOriented\tThinking.\tThwink.\t2017. http:\/\/www.thwink.org\/sustain\/glossary\/EventOrientedThinking.htm [vi]\tDe\tBono,\tEdward.\tDr.\tLateral\tThinking.\tDr.\tEdward\tde\tBono.\t2016. https:\/\/www.edwdebono.com\/lateral-thinking [vii]\tSkills\tYou\tNeed.\tCritical\tThinking\tSkills.\tSkills\tYou\tNeed.\t2017. https:\/\/www.skillsyouneed.com\/learn\/critical-thinking.html [viii]\tThwink.\tSystems\tThinking.\tThwink.\t2014. http:\/\/www.thwink.org\/sustain\/glossary\/SystemsThinking.htm [ix]\tThwink.\tSystems\tThinking.\tThwink.\t2014. http:\/\/www.thwink.org\/sustain\/glossary\/SystemsThinking.htm [x]\tThwink.\tSystems\tThinking.\tThwink.\t2014. http:\/\/www.thwink.org\/sustain\/glossary\/SystemsThinking.htm [xi]\tThwink.\tSystems\tThinking.\tThwink.\t2014. http:\/\/www.thwink.org\/sustain\/glossary\/SystemsThinking.htm [xii]\tThwink.\tSystems\tThinking.\tThwink.\t2014. http:\/\/www.thwink.org\/sustain\/glossary\/SystemsThinking.htm [xiii]\tThwink.\tSystems\tThinking.\tThwink.\t2014. http:\/\/www.thwink.org\/sustain\/glossary\/SystemsThinking.htm [xiv]\tOllhoff,\tJim.\tWalcheski,\tMichael.\tMaking\tthe\tjump\tto\tsystems\tthinking.\tThe Systems\tThinker.\t2016.\thttps:\/\/thesystemsthinker.com\/making-the-jump-to- systemsthinking\/","[xv]\tOllhoff,\tJim.\tWalcheski,\tMichael.\tMaking\tthe\tjump\tto\tsystems\tthinking.\tThe Systems\tThinker.\t2016.\thttps:\/\/thesystemsthinker.com\/making-the-jump-to- systemsthinking\/ [xvi]\tOllhoff,\tJim.\tWalcheski,\tMichael.\tMaking\tthe\tjump\tto\tsystems\tthinking.\tThe Systems\tThinker.\t2016.\thttps:\/\/thesystemsthinker.com\/making-the-jump-to- systemsthinking\/ [xvii]\tOllhoff,\tJim.\tWalcheski,\tMichael.\tMaking\tthe\tjump\tto\tsystems\tthinking.\tThe Systems\tThinker.\t2016.\thttps:\/\/thesystemsthinker.com\/making-the-jump-to- systemsthinking\/ [xviii]\tOllhoff,\tJim.\tWalcheski,\tMichael.\tMaking\tthe\tjump\tto\tsystems\tthinking.\tThe Systems\tThinker.\t2016.\thttps:\/\/thesystemsthinker.com\/making-the-jump-to- systemsthinking\/ [xix]\tOllhoff,\tJim.\tWalcheski,\tMichael.\tMaking\tthe\tjump\tto\tsystems\tthinking.\tThe Systems\tThinker.\t2016.\thttps:\/\/thesystemsthinker.com\/making-the-jump-to- systemsthinking\/ [xx]\tOllhoff,\tJim.\tWalcheski,\tMichael.\tMaking\tthe\tjump\tto\tsystems\tthinking.\tThe Systems\tThinker.\t2016.\thttps:\/\/thesystemsthinker.com\/making-the-jump-to- systemsthinking\/ [xxi]\tOllhoff,\tJim.\tWalcheski,\tMichael.\tMaking\tthe\tjump\tto\tsystems\tthinking.\tThe Systems\tThinker.\t2016.\thttps:\/\/thesystemsthinker.com\/making-the-jump-to- systemsthinking\/ [xxii]\tOllhoff,\tJim.\tWalcheski,\tMichael.\tMaking\tthe\tjump\tto\tsystems\tthinking.\tThe Systems\tThinker.\t2016.\thttps:\/\/thesystemsthinker.com\/making-the-jump-to- systemsthinking\/ [xxiii]\tOllhoff,\tJim.\tWalcheski,\tMichael.\tMaking\tthe\tjump\tto\tsystems\tthinking.\tThe Systems\tThinker.\t2016.\thttps:\/\/thesystemsthinker.com\/making-the-jump-to- systemsthinking\/ [xxiv]\tOllhoff,\tJim.\tWalcheski,\tMichael.\tMaking\tthe\tjump\tto\tsystems\tthinking.\tThe Systems\tThinker.\t2016.\thttps:\/\/thesystemsthinker.com\/making-the-jump-to- systemsthinking\/ [xxv]\tOllhoff,\tJim.\tWalcheski,\tMichael.\tMaking\tthe\tjump\tto\tsystems\tthinking.\tThe Systems\tThinker.\t2016.\thttps:\/\/thesystemsthinker.com\/making-the-jump-to- systemsthinking\/ [xxvi]\tMeadows,\tDonella\tH.\tThinking\tin\tSystems\t.\tEarthscan\tPublisher.\t2008. [xxvii]\tMeadows,\tDonella\tH.\tThinking\tin\tSystems\t.\tEarthscan\tPublisher.\t2008. [xxviii]\tMeadows,\tDonella\tH.\tThinking\tin\tSystems\t.\tEarthscan\tPublisher.\t2008. [xxix]\tMeadows,\tDonella\tH.\tThinking\tin\tSystems\t.\tEarthscan\tPublisher.\t2008. [xxx]\tMeadows,\tDonella\tH.\tThinking\tin\tSystems\t.\tEarthscan\tPublisher.\t2008. [xxxi]\tSterman,\tJohn\tD.\tPh.D.\tLearning\tfrom\tEvidence\tin\ta\tComplex\tWorld\t.","NCBI.\t2006.\thttps:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1470513\/ [xxxii]\tSteavenson,\tWendell.\tCeausescu\u2019s\tchildren\t.\tThe\tGuardian.\t2014. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2014\/dec\/10\/-sp-ceausescus-children [xxxiii]\tMeadows,\tDonella\tH.\tThinking\tin\tSystems\t.\tEarthscan\tPublisher.\t2008. [xxxiv]\tIgnaciuc,\tAgata.\tThis\tHarmful\tIntervention\u201d:\tDiscourses\tAbout\tAbortion\tIn State-Socialist\tPoland.\tCeehm\tNetwork. https:\/\/ceehmnetwork.wordpress.com\/tag\/1950s\/ [xxxv]\tAndersson,\tKarin.\tThe\tSwedish\tanti\tcontraceptive\tlaw\t1910-1938 -\tshowing\thow\tthe\tpro\tcontraceptive\tdiscourse\tadvocate\tchange.\tLund University.\t2012.\thttp:\/\/lup.lub.lu.se\/luur\/download? func=downloadFile&recordOId=3053058&fileOId=3053061 [xxxvi]\tMeadows,\tDonella\tH.\tThinking\tin\tSystems\t.\tEarthscan\tPublisher.\t2008. [xxxvii]\tMeadows,\tDonella\tH.\tThinking\tin\tSystems\t.\tEarthscan\tPublisher.\t2008. [xxxviii]\tMeadows,\tDonella\tH.\tThinking\tin\tSystems\t.\tEarthscan\tPublisher.\t2008. [xxxix]\tLisitsa,\tEllie.\tThe\tFour\tHorsemen:\tCriticism,\tContempt,\tDefensiveness, and\tStonewalling\t.\tThe\tGottham\tInstitute.\t2013. https:\/\/www.gottman.com\/blog\/the-four-horsemen-recognizing-criticism- contempt-defensiveness-and-stonewalling\/ [xl]\tGoodman,\tMichael.\tSystems\tThinking:\tWhat,\tWhy,\tWhen,\tWhere,\tAnd\tHow? The\tSystems\tThinking.\t2016.\thttps:\/\/thesystemsthinker.com\/systemsthinking- what-why-when-where-and-how\/"]
Search
