The Story of Life in 25 Fossils_ Tales of Intrepid Fossil Hunters and the Wonders of Evolution

386 INDEX Seven Rivers, 291 Smith, William, 166 Seward, Albert Charles, 8 Smithsonian Institution (Washington, Seymouria, 133, 135 Shark Bay, 10–13 D.C.), 46, 135 Shark Week (television “event”), 109 Smuts, Jan, 259 sharks, 96–107, 127. See also specific sharks snails, 25, 26, 59, 100 Sharktooth Hill (Bakersfield, California), snakes, 151, 154–165, 156, 158, 160, 162, 163. 96–100, 197 See also specific snakes Shastasaurus, 181–182 “snake-stones” (ammonites), 167 Shaw, George Bernard, 63 Sobus, Jay, 317 sheep, 280 solenogasters, 25 Shimada, Kenshu, 103 Solnhofen Limestone (Germany), 206, Shiva (god), 155, 334 Shonisaurus, 177, 179, 179–182, 180, 181 237–252 Shoshone Mountains, 177, 181 Solomon’s Island, 106 shrimps, 36, 53 South Africa, 12, 152, 258–267, 315, 350–353 Shubin, Neil, 111–123, 302, 305 South African Museum (Cape Town), 259, Siberia, 8, 26, 40, 42, 263 Siemens, Ernest Werner von, 241 370 Sierra Nevada, 97 South America, 54, 111, 128, 142, 144–145, Sifrhippus, 310 Silurian (geologic period), 42–43, 54, 56, 61, 225, 288 South Dakota, 101, 186, 305 73, 75, 81, 87 South Pacific, 155 Silvester, Harriet, 169 Soviet Union, 26, 317 Simons, Elwyn, 334, 336 Spain, 30, 251 Simpson, George Gaylord, 308 spectacled cormorant, 296 Sinanthropus pekingensis, 345 sphenophyte, 76–77, 77 Sinornis, 249, 250, 251 Spicer, George, 198 Sinornithosaurus, 247 spicules, 27–28 Sinosauropteryx, 246, 247 spiders, 36, 51, 75 Sinotubulites, 30–32 Spinosaurus, 207–210, 208, 209 sirenians, 285–298, 287, 294 Spitsbergen, 114 sirens, 159 Splash (film), 285–286 Sirius Passet (Greenland), 47 sponges, 25–33, 28 Sivapithecus, 336 sporangium, 70, 73 Siwalik Hills, 333–334 spore, 71, 71–72 skinks, 159 sporophyte, 70 “slashing claw,” 244 Sprigg, Reginald, 18 Slovenia, 161, 164 Spriggina, 20 “slow worms,” 159 springbok, 258 slugs, 59 squalodontids, 107 Smith, Grafton Eliot, 349, 349 squid, 26, 59–60 Smith, Joshua, 209 Standen, Emily, 123 stapes (“stirrup,” middle-ear bone), 263 Steensen, Niels, 125–126 “stegocephalian,” 112

INDEX 387 Steller, Georg, 296, 298 Tasmanian wolf, 187 Steller’s eider duck, 296 Taung (cave; South Africa), 351–353 Steller’s jay, 296 Taung child (A. africanus), 315, 351–353, 352 Steller’s sea cow, 296–298, 297 “taxonomic wastebasket,” 46, 49, 75, 134, Steller’s sea eagle, 296 Steller’s sea lion, 296 259, 309 Steno, Nicholas, 125–126 Taynton Limestone (England), 218 Stensiö, Erik, 114 Teach, Edward (Blackbeard), 286 Sterkfontein (cave; South Africa), 354 Tedford, Richard, 100 “Stockholm school” of paleontology, 114 Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 350 Stoibostromus, 28 television documentaries, 108–109 stomata, 71, 73 temnospondyls, 131–134, 267 Stomatosuchus, 207 Tendaguru (fossil bed; Tanzania), 206–207, Stonesfield Quarry (England), 218 Stormberg Group (South Africa), 258 225 stromatolites, 1–13, 2, 9, 10 Terataspis, 41, 42 Stromer von Reichenbach, Ernst Freiherr, Testimony of the Rocks, The (Hugh Miller), 84 Tethys Seaway, 147, 275, 288, 293 207 tethytheres, 288, 293, 295 Stupendemys, 144–145, 145 Texas, 130–132, 134–135, 186, 256, 257, 259 “Sue” (T. rex), 205 Teylers Museum (Haarlem), 241 Sumida, Stuart, 135 Thailand, 146 “super-greenhouse,” 78 therapsida, 259–261 Supersaurus, 227 therocephalians, 260, 261 “Surgeon’s Photograph,” of Loch Ness Therrien, François, 211 Thewissen, Hans, 274, 275, 277, 280, 282 monster, 198 Thomas, Ralph William Haslam, 187, 188 Swartkrans (cave complex; South Africa), Thomson, Wyville, 4 thorax, 37–38 354 Thoreau, Henry David, 140 Sweden, 114–115 Thrinaxodon, 255, 262, 263–264, 265, Swedish Museum of Natural History 266–267 (Stockholm), 114 tide pools, 26 synapsids, 131, 254–267, 255, 256, 260 tigers, 204 synonym, junior, 220–221, 317 Tiktaalik, 119–120, 120, 122, 123, 129 synsacrum, 249–251 Tilgate Forest, 219 Systemodon, 310 Tinau River valley, 333 Tippet, Phil, 324 tadpoles, 129 Titanoboa, 144, 157, 158, 159 Taieb, Maurice, 359 titanosaur, 215, 225 Takracetus, 276, 277 toads, 128, 130 Tanzania, 206–207, 225, 336, 358 Tommotian (stage of Cambrian), 36, 56 tapiroids, 311–312 “tongue stones” (shark teeth), 125–126 tapirs, 100 Topanga Canyon, 96 tardigrades, 56 “Toumai” (S. tchadensis), 336–340 Tasmanian devil, 187

388 INDEX tracheids, 73 Velociraptor, 215, 243, 244, 252 tracheophytes, 72–78 velvet worm, 54–57, 55 Transvaal Museum (Pretoria), 259 Vendian (stage of Precambrian), 15–22 Triadobatrachus, 129, 137, 137 Vendozoa (Vendobiota), 21 Triassic (geologic period), 132, 137, 147, 175, Venus (goddess), 78 “verteberries” (vertebrae), 167 177–182, 195, 254–267 vertebrates, 48, 80–94 Triblidium, 61 Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation Triceratops, 247 trilobite, 1–4, 26, 28, 34–42, 35, 37, 39, 42, (Chambers), 84 Vishnu (god), 155 51, 56 Vorona, 249, 251 Trinucleida, 41, 42 Tugen Hills, 337 Walcott, Charles Doolittle, 6–13, 7, 38–39, tunicate, 90, 91–94 45– 50 Tunisia, 209, 293 Turkana, Lake, 337, 359 Walker, Alan, 360 Turkey, 206, 318 “walking catfish,” 121 turtles, 139–152; cryptodire, 141, 141, 145; Walking with Dinosaurs (television series), land, 143–146, 145, 147; pleurodire (side- 191 necked), 141, 141–143, 142; sea, 100, 107, Walking with Prehistoric Beasts (television 143, 144, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 186 tusk shell, 26 series), 324 Tyler, Stanley, 29 Wallich, George Charles, 4 tyrannosaurs, 200–215 Wang, Xiaoming, 100 Tyrannosaurus rex, 200, 201, 202–204, 203, Warrawoona Group (Australia), 12 206, 215, 247 Wasatch Formation (Wyoming), 306 wasps, 53 ultraviolet radiation, 69 “water bears,” 56 Underwood, A. S., 349 Waterston, David, 348 University of Nebraska State Museum Wealden (fossil bed; England), 219 weasels, 100 (Lincoln), 368 Wedel, Mathew, 227 Uranus (primordial deity), 186 Weidenreich, Franz, 345–348 Urtinotherium, 322 Weiner, Jonathan, 350 Uruguay, 30 Welles, Samuel E., 179, 182 Urumaco Formation (Venezuela), 144–145 Wendt, Herbert, 285 Utatsusaurus, 175, 176 West Turkana, 360 Utes, 35 whale shark, 103, 105 whalefall, 100 Valentine Formation (Nebraska), 302 whales, 98–107, 173, 269–283, 276. See also Van Maur, Martin, 126 Van Valen, Leigh, 274 specific whales vascular plants, 70, 72–78 Wheat, Margaret, 177, 182 Vaughn, Peter, 135 Whippomorpha, 281 Veleropilina, 66 Whistler, David, 100 White, Tim, 336, 337–338, 359, 360, 362

INDEX 389 Whiteaves, Joseph F., 112 X-ray computed tomography, 114 Whittington, Harry, 46, 47, 48 wildebeest, 258 Yadagiri, P., 230 Williston, Samuel Wendell, 131 Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Willwood Formation (Wyoming), 306 Wilson, Allan, 335–337 Yale University (New Haven, Connecti- Wind River Basin, 306 cut), 151, 219, 220, 241, 302, 334, 367 Wiwaxia, 47 Yixian Formation (China), 205 wombat, 187 Your Inner Fish (Shubin), 118–120 Wonambi, 159 Yunnanozoon, 91–92 Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Yutyrannus, 205, 247 Nature of History (Gould), 48 Zdansky, Otto, 345, 347 Woodburne, Michael, 310 Zeuglodon, 272 Woodward, Arthur Smith, 347–350, 349 Zeus (god), 186 worms, 49–66 Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien; cave; China), Wortman, Jacob, 310 Wyman, Jeffrey, 271 345, 347 Wyoming, 88, 101, 219, 306 Zimbabwe, 286 Wyoming Dinosaur Center (Thermopolis), Zinjanthropus, 357, 358 Zittel, Karl Alfred von, 206 243, 367–368 Zuckerkandl, Emile, 334