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_INDIA INDUSTRIES 0-----2E5A0 ;S-0 km Oiob t- SEA S Heary Electrical f Sleel X * oiLRelineies li t ship Building =4'a- INDIAN OCEAN as cottage industries, small-scale machines and employ more people. industries and large-scale industries. Furniture, utensils, plastic goods and Cottage industries employ very few electrical goods are some goods made people. They work with simple tools. in small-scale industries. They normally use locally available raw In I:rdia, which has a very large materials. Handicrafts, pottery, hand- population, cottage industries and woven and embroidered cloth and small-scale industries are particularly baskets are normally made in cottage useful for employing a large number industries. Some cottage industries also of people. Such industries can be set make shoes, shawls and toys. up easily in rural areas to prevent the small-scale industries use small population from moving to cities in search of work.

Large-scale industries employ The Tata lron and Steel plant in Jamshedpur thousands of people, use large Ship building in Vishakhapatnam, machines and produce goods in large Kochi and Murnbai quantities. Textiles, steel, automobiles . Aircraft manufacturing in Bengaluru and ships, are manufactured in large- and Kanpur scale industries. . Oil refineries in Assam, Mathura, It is very expensive to build and start a Gujarat, Bihar, etc. large-scale industry. However, modern There are numerous other industries methods of oroduction can be more in India manufacturing cement, paper, fertilisers, electronic goods, plastics, easily used in large-scale industries. computers, etc. In the past few years, Therefore, better goods can be produced the telecom, computer software and the more cheaply. Business Process Oursourcing (BPO) That is why large-scale induskies are industries have grown tremendously. India is now regarded as a leader in being encouraged in India. Some of the making computer software. Bengaluru, important large-scale industries in India are as follows. Chennai and Hyderabad are major Steel plants in Vishakhapatnam, software producing centres. Bokaro, Rourkela, Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Bhilai etc. Textile mills inMumbai,Ahmedabad, Surat, Kanpur, Kolkata, etc. . Heavy electrical goods in Bhopal, Ranchi, etc. o Automobile factories in Gurgaory D\"no fhanrri orr ,k I now know 1. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people of our country 2. A wide variety of crops are grown in India. Rice is our most important food crop. 3. Industry converts raw materials into finished goods. 4. Industries can be classified as cottage, small-scale and large-scale. 6. Cottage and small-scale industries are useful in creating employment opportunities in rurat areas. 7. Large-scale industries can produce a large volume of goods,cheaply.

'i:l Words to remember staple: the most commonly or regularly eaten food jn a country or communtty oilseeds: seeds rich in oil raw materials: natural materialsneeded to make finished goods industry: production of goods in factoraes V Exercises A. Fill in the blanks. 1. The most popular staple food of India is 2. Moong and urad are 3. In India, sugar is made from 4. grows best an hilly areas with heavy rainfall. 5. An industry converts materials into finished goods. 6. Handicrafts are generally made in industries. B, Name two m2a.inAcrsospsagmrow3n .inMeaachhoaf rtahesfhotllroawin4gl states. Tamil trtaOu 1. Punjab C. Answer the following questions. '1. Why is development of agriculture and industry important for our country? 2. What kind of climate is best for growing (a) rice, (bj tea? 3, What steps were taken under the Green Revolution to increase food production? 4. What is the difference between small_scale and large-scale industr,es? 5. Why is it important to have cottage and small_scale industries? 6. Why are large-scale industries encouraged even though they are very expenstve to set uo? t tvtultipte choice questions '1. In India the production of which of these is the maximum? ricea. wheat b. c. oilseeds d. spices 2. Which of these is not an oilseed? a. groundnut b. tea c. mustard d. linseed steel cossmtofatwdeare textileaWcWa...hhbitiieccchthta.einonr fdbquteuhsaestrsleiytet,yuissgpbtoa.aaorncttdoealsmdodwcpvoaaunnntleytbaraegefefworyleaarrgse-asgdbcoa.. ,liietthccdai.naosdnegusbrsoentrwoyqntuonivvceeekerlrydyssmrhaeedapta.liluv_dopysliylcmarienlaetciInintnredidnrivaue?srytry?

,!e HOTS: Think and Answer can a car be made in a small-scale industry? Give reasons' \".],1. Enrichment Activities Speak ouf: Have a debate in class on the topic A country that is totally dependent on agriculture cannot Progress . Write r'rght: Write an essay describing the lndia of your dreams' (For example, you dream of an India where there is no hunger' and even the poorest people get food to eat.) Arl wofk: create a picture using different grains and pulses' rP*r\"o\"i-erciil*wi\"orik\"O:Arsttkivyoaunrdteaalacrhgeer-stocaalrerainndguesftireyl'dWtrioprsktoinagfarormup'ascEoatctahggeroinudpusshtoryuald write a report on t'he farm or one of the industries you visited' * rilr Skills and values Learning to create each of you should make a craft item Take the help of your craft teacher' You can mc.,uio.atli\"otk.u.e\"rmrfnu*alilOiys\"\"kpusvaso\"ienruditteoipdof\"pipebaounptytsisesoraomunmtdaeoctffhrhicieenlan,gpyi,sefoontrrohteohcvleoedmnescerpshotooosouteltt,hrosoefsromorcfaectn-oldalblraieMnggkoeicnsvaeeDynnissct'poowllalaaeylcslthtoheacedinamfglrosiInnemgrvsitch' ee organisation in the city. Weblinks http://www. a g d ay. o rgled ucatio n/fu n-fa cts php http://www. neokl 2.com/Ag ricu lture. htm http://encyclopedia kids.net.au/pagdag/Agriculture http:/ /vww.neokl 2.corn/lndustry.htm

E Means of Transport lLooking Ahead .ln this tesson you vrill leorn about: The tour modes of tronsport avdilable to ats I , lndion rcads ond roilways . Air trcnsport in lndia . Waterwoys in lndio Nowadays, there are several means of transport available to us. If we have to travel by road from one place to another, we can choose from bicyles, cars, buses, bullock carts, etc., depending on the distance to be covered, time and money. We can also take a train to travel from one place to another. If we have to travel on water we can go by boats or ships. We can travel by air, in aeroplanes and helicopters. The four modes of travel available to us are roadlvays, railways, waterways and The ditterent modes of transport

Ronos Good roads are necessary for fast India has a large network of roads' The movement of goods and PeoPle' state capitals and important cities are They are imPortant for setting up any connected to each other by national industry. Good roads are necessary for highways. Other highwaYs connect the development of a country. smaller cities, towns and even villages' Ratwavs The fust railway line in India was built in Roads also helP us to move aror;nd 1853, between Mumbai and Thane Since within cities and towns. Many villages, however, still have kuchcha roads' A thery the railway network in lndia has kuchcha road is a dirt track made of expanded to become the fourth largest in mud, while a pukka road is made of tar the world, and one of the largest in Asia' and gravel. It connects almost all cities and towns' Road.s are the most convenient mode Today trains carry millions of people, of transport to move people and goods' and millions of tons of goods every day They can be built anywhere/ even on high mountains. Roads enable people throughout the countrY. and goods to be taken right up to their Trains are cheaper, more comfortable doorstePs. Goods can be taken right up and faster than road transPort. Some superfast trains, such as the Rajdhani to a market or factory. Express and the Shatabdi Express, kavel at over 100 kilometres an hour' The lndian govemment is taking steps to improve the highways in our courLtry, In Mumbai and Kolkata, trains are using modem methods of construction' an important means of transport for The Golden Quadrilateral is the largest express highway project launched in people going to work. In manY of our cities, like Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai, India. It links Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata the Metro Rail has become a fast and Chennai. and convenient way of local travel' A national highway

The Metro Rail in Delhi moves partly oid you know? on underground tracks and partly on The worlds largest airEraft is the Airbus A3&). elevated ones. It is a double-deck aircraft and nonnally carries 525 passengers. However, up to 953 passengers can travel on it lt is fitted with four powerful engines. A busy railway station An Airbus A380 The elevated portion of the Delhi Metfo Aeroplanes can fly over any teffitory- Arnwayg over high mountains or vast deserts. Aeroplanes are the fastest means of They are used to transport mail, transport, and also the most expensive. perishable food items such as fresh The joumey by air from New Delhi fruits and vegetables, and other goods quickly to far-off places. to Chennai takes only two and a half hours. However, it takes more than 36 Air transport is very useful dwing times hours by train. A large number of cities of natural calamities such as floods, in India are connected by air. earthquakes and famine, or when there is a war. Helicopters are very useful in these situations. They can iand where aeroplanes cannot. They are used to transport food, medicines and other items in these situations. Aeroplahes waiting in queue to take ott at Chhatrapati Shivaji Intef national Airport, Mumbai

-INDIA AIR PORTS AND IMPORTANT AIR ROUTES A steamer ferrying People in the backwaters of Kerala A ship carrying containers Air Indi.a is India's national air carrier on the rivers.Large ships take people and and operates between India and other goods from one Port to another by sea' countrj.es. It also connects places within Mumbai is the largest seaport in India' the country. Now, with private airlines starting operations, the passenger fares You have read about other ports on the east and west coasts of India' have come down substantiallY, and more and more PeoPle have started Water transPort is the cheapest means travelling bY air. of transport. It is also very convenient WlrsnwAvs for bulky goods such as coal, iron ore' lndia has manY rivers Boats and timber, oil, etc. Large quantities of goods are exporled to other countries from our steamers are used as means of transport ports.

XA- I now know .1 The four modes of transport are roadways, railways. waterways and airways. 2. Roads are the most convenient mode of transport. India has a large network of roads. 3. India has one of the world,s largest railway networks. 4. Airways are the fastest. but also the most expensive mode of transoort. 5. Wrterways arethecheapest mode of transport, especially useful for transporting bullq qooos. )S woras to remember highway: a wide road built for quick travel between towns and cities metro; a railway system for travel within a city; it may be underground or elevated )C Exercises A. Fill in the blanks. 1. National connect important cities in tndia. 2. The underground railway in Kolkata and Delhi is called are flying machines that can land where aeroplanes cannot. is the largest seaport in India. B. Write T for true and F for false sentences. 1. India has the largest railway network in the world. 2. Thecoming of private airlines has madeairtravel in India more expenstve. 3. Transporting goods by ships is cheaper than by train. 4. Water transport is very useful for taking food and medicines to aftected people during floods. C. Answer the following questions. .1 What are the four modes of transoort? 2. Why is the government giving special attention to improving highways? 3. Why is road transport considered to be the most convenient? 4. When and where was the first railway line built in India? 5. What is the Metro Rail? 6. What are the advantages of air travel? 7. Name three private airlines operating in India. 8. Why are helicopters used in times of calamities to transport food? 9. What are the advantages of water transport?

{. multiple choice questions .'| Which of these is a mode of travel? airways d' all of these a. railways b. waterways c' 2. which oi these is the iheapest means of transporting goods? b. aeroplane c. shiP d. bus a. traln 3. Which of these is the fastest mode of transport? d bus a. train b. aeroPlane c shiP 4. The best mode of transport {or sending relief supplies to flood affected areas is train bus5. aeroplane d' helicopter a. main b. the increase c' by air in India in the The reason for in number of people travelling past few Years is b. air travel has become cheaPer a. people like to travel fast c. more aeroPlanes are being built d. air travel is safe ...r HOIS: Think and Answer 1. Why is the Metro built underground or elevated' though this is more expensive than building it at ground level? 2. Why do you think water transport is the cheapest mode of transPort? and you sell your roses to other countrles' transport your roses? Why? 3. lmagine you are the owner of a rose farm transport will you use to Whi;h means of Enrichment Activities Puzzlelime:Givenbe|owaresomejumb|edwords.Theyarea||namesofmeansof transport. Write the correct spelling' laropenae clylceD cphtoeierl aitnr maserte il;il;il;;;ilWioi\"l'\"iid].urlte'.iif\"rlHii:go'ihin,ll;t,/;pS';a\"p,.r;e.\";iana,kht\",noe*tusrli:ttrcheePaedrneolrpiubg;atedhrtetchaewxauispstacelhardsovipi;bstotynrocjpfslh,ektehonictepokoltienpnw.sltraieolrykaao.idrrniFntgo:rs:ar{mor\"hrn'eivcg.lmt''r)^hoeYeutipsirtslmwa1ohnb5ildiele.lads\"lcrpwitvohinouileftetvhtwoeuor- . Arl work: Make a poster or collage on the different means of transport' . Find oul; Search for Golden Quadrilateral Highway Project' Find out its a map of the pi\"t\"nt tt\"tut-it it complete or are some portions still to be completed? Which is the nearest airport from where you live? Find out which cities you can travel to from there bY air' e)

Prcsehlslion/Websile: There are many road signs put up on the roads for our safety. Find out about at least 1o of these road signs and make a presentation (or website) on them, explaining what each means and why it is useful for drivers. Hands on! Make a model aeroplane You will need a large packing box (large enough for you to sit in), silver paper, glue, cardboard sheet for the wings and the propeller . Decorate the cardboard box with silver paper to make it look like an aeroplane. Cut the cardboard sheets in the shape of wings. Cut slots on the sides of the cardboard box and fit the wings in the slots. Cut holes at the bottom of the box for your feet. Fix the orooeller to the front of the box with tape. cut small openings over the wings for your fingers. Now put your feet through the holes, put your hand through the holes over the wings, pick up the plane and run. Are you flying like a olane? * ,ifr skills and values Safety while travelling by train . Always hold the hand of an elder on a crowded railway platform. . Do not talk to strangers or accept anything to eat from them. . Never cross the rails or play near them, and never throw anything on the railway tracks. . Be very careful while boarding a train as there is a gap between the platform and the train. . Do not stand at the doors of the train or lean out of it while the train is moving.

Sending Messages lLookingAhead ln this lesson you will leom about: . The meoning of commwicotion . The ditferent means of Personal communicotion-Dostdl system, e-mail' . telephones, ceII phone9' smortphon* Tnhee,Adtsipffoepteesn,tromdeioon,stoellemovsisscioomnmunicatIion-r Wiren we share our thoughts, ideas and feelings or exchange information with people we say we are communicating Sfeech is the fastest method of communication between people However, when we have to share our feelings or exchange information with people who are not physically present with us, we send messages' There are several ways of sending messages We can send a letter or telegram to a friend, talk to her over the phone, or send an e-mail Long ago, peoPle sent messages through carrier pigeons or had to send someone with the message' However' we now have more reliable and faster methods of sending messages' Let us read about a few of them. Poslal $gsfem Did you knoltt? The postal svstem was established People who cannot hear and speak communicate with others for sending messages. There using the sign language. are thousands of post offices all over India. We can send letters through different post offices. We can also send money orders and parcels. Different means of personal and mass communication

Post offices also offer courier services, \\ known as Speedpost. Letters sent I through Speedpost take only one or two I days to reach any city in India. Courier services are also offered by a number of Did you know? other private companies in India Another method ofsending messages is E-rnail through social networking sites such as Facebook or WhatsApp. A message can be sent A very convenient and fast method of either to a single person or to severalfriends. sending messages today is electronic (Subscriber Trunk Dialling) facility. To nail or e-rnail. E-mails are sent through computers conrLected to the Intemet. talk to someone in another country, the ISD (Intemational Subscriber Dialling) These days, e-mails can also be sent facility is used. through mobile phones. Cell phones Telephones Mobile The telephone is the fastest and most cellul.rr phones convenient means of sending spoken messages. Almost every city and town are phones that in India is now connected by telephone. can be carried We caninstantly talk to anyone anywhere along with you. in India or in the world through the They are very A woman using a cell pnone telephone. To talk to someone ln convenient. We another city in India we use the STt) can also send short messages through our mobile phones, using the Short Messaging Service (SMS). Did you know? With cell phones becoming cheap, and new methods ofsending urgent messages such as e-mailand sms, fewerand fewer people are sending handwriften letters now. A postman distr;buting A young woman writes a letter for a Letters ready to be delivered by letters lady who doesn't know how to write Speedpost

Smarlphones mass media. TheY are means ot mass These d.ays, smartphones are popular' communication, that is, communicating Apart from aliowing you to make calls, a message to a large number of people' smartphones can be used to connect to the Intemet, send and receive e-mails, Newspapers give us news and take pictures and view them, and information about events from all download and listen to music' over the world. A large number of Fax newspapers are published in India, in To instantly send written messages or several Indian languages. pictures, we can use the fax facility A fax (or a facsimile) is a document sent ltThe radio gives us news, and educational over the telephone. For this you need a fax machine connected to a telephone and entertainment programmes is line. very useful for people who cannot read or write. Radio signals can be received Mass Media all over India. The FM (frequencY Till now we have talked about personai communication, or one person sending modulation) radio stations, like Radio Mirchi and Radio CitY, have become messages to another. But often we very popular in our cities. also need to send messages to a large News, educational and entertainment number of PeoPle at the same time' programmes telecast on television This can be done through newsPapels, are watched bY millions of PeoPle' radio or television. These are called Important sports and cultural events can be shown 'live' (pronounced 'liive') on television This is possible because of satellites. Television signals from one oart of the world can be sent to another part of the world through satellites' Friends chatting on a A fax machine An FM radio station at Anna University smartphone

People watching the 'live' telecast of a cri(ket A satellite orbiting, or go;ng around, the Earth mat(h (Picture (redit M periasamy) installed television sets at community Television signals can also be received centres in several villages in India. all over India. Since television sers are expensive, our government has >i t now know 1. These days we have faster and more reliabje methods of sending messages. 2. We can send letters, money orders. and parcels through a post offtce. 3. Telephone is the fastest and most convenient means of sending a message. 4. Newspapers, radio and televjsion are media for mass communication. 5. Television is the most popular means of mass communication. \"';$ Words to remember communication; the exchange of thoughts. ideas or information between peopte mass commuhication: to send a message to a large number of people at the same time satellite (human-made): an object sent into space to travel around the Earth to send and receive information f Exercises A. Write T for true and F for false senrences. 1. In the olden days, people sent messages through sparrows. 2. The courier service offered by post offices in India is known as Speedpost. 3. For sending an e-mail, an Internet connection is necessary 4. Newspapers are the most popular means of mass communication in India. 5. Television and radio signals can only be received in important cities in India.

B. Answer the following questions. '1. Name the different ways of sending messages through post offices. 2. What is the advantage of speed post over ordinary postal delivery? 3. Why are telephones such a popular means of communication today? 4. You have just complet'ed painting a picture and want your father to see it. But your father is in another city. Which method of communication can you use? 5. What do you understand by mass media? 6. How do satellites help in sending television signals? 7. Write about the latest means of communication like e-mails, cell phones and smartDhones. (7 Multiple choice questions 1. Messages sent through computers connected to the Internet are called a. fax b. e-mail c. speedpost d. sMs 2. The fastest way to communicate is through a. telephone b. e-mail c. newspapers d. letters smartphones can be used to a. make ohone calls b. send e-mail c. listen to music d all of these Which of these is considered as mass media? d. all of these a. newspapers b. Television c. Radio 5. lmoortant events can be shown live on television because a. TV stations are present all over the world b. TV signals are sent through electric wires c. TV signals are sent through satellites d. TV siqnals can travel around the world {U? HOTS: Think and Answer '1. Why do you think the television is the most popular means of mass media today? 2. sonam is a vegetable vendor who sells vegetables from house to house on her cart. she recently acquired a cell phone. How do you think she can use her cell phone to imorove her sales? 3. Newspapers are very cheap. They cost just a few rupees a paper. But the cost of producing them is much higher. Find out how it is possible for you to get them so cneao.

^jr I Enrichment Activities lt gpeak oul: 'Children should be allowed to watch as much television as they want 1l to. ' Have a discussion on this topic in class. Write right: Write a story about a girl from a remote village who comes to the city for the first time. She is shocked to find that the children in the city do not go out to play. They either watch television or play games on the computer. Write about how she teaches them the simple joys of cycling, and playing games like hide and seek, football and catch-catch. Arl work: Create a poster to show how new and faster means of communication have changed the world. Gtoup project: Divide children into groups and let them find out about the history of the following: a, Newspapers b. Radio c. Television d. Inrerner Let each group prepare a presentation (or a website). : Hands on! How long does it take? Write a letter to a friend or relative in another city. Make another copy of it. put each letter in a correctly addressed envelope. Send one through ordinary post, and the other through a courier service. Checkto see how manydays each takes to reach. * t,f, Skills and Values Opening an e-mail account and sending e-mail messages To send e-mail messages you first need to create an e-mail account. Some common sites where you can open accounts are gmail.com, yahoo.com, rediffmail.com and hotmail.com. When the site opens, click on 'Sign up' and fill in the form. you have to cnoose a user name and a password. You should always remember the password or note it down somewhere. Once your account is created, you can sign in and send and receive e-mails from your friends. Remember that your password should not be shared with anyone. Weblinks http://www.suitel 01.com/contenVsecret-code-writing-for-kids-a l 77055 http://www.thekidswindowco. u k/Kids-pa gesflelephones. htm

Our Culture and Heritage lLooklngAh.rd ln thls latton you wlll learn obout the .ulturc and harltoga of lndio: . Ou lalBuatas and clothes , qtr donca and music , dJr polntlngs and architecture . drr fetclvolt India is an ancient land. Over the centuries, people from different lands have chosen to make India their home. They brought with them their customs and traditions. Over time, these mixed with the local traditions of I-ndia. As a result of this intermixing of culture, today India has a rich and unique culture and heritage. Let us leam some more about it. Our Languages You have already seen that our country has a number of languages. Almost every state has its own language. As of May 2008, there are 22 officially recognised, or scheduled, languages in India . India'5 ri(h culture and heritage

These are: the style of wearing the saree, differs from stal.e to state. Salwar-kameez is 1. Assamese 2. BangJa 3. Bodo another popular attire worn by women 4. Dogri 5. Gujarati 6. Hindi throughout India. The ghaghra is 7. Kannada 8. Kashmiri 9. Konkani corrunon in Gujarat, Rajasthan and 10. Maithili 11. Malayalam 12. Manipuri Madhya Pradesh. Long narrow skirts 13. Mara*ri 14. Nepali 15. Odiya (fornerly with stripes of different colours are Oriya) wom in the north-eastem states of India. 16. Punjabi 17. Sanskrit 18. Santhali Among men the most comnon 19. Sindhi 20. Tamil 21. Telugu traditional clothes are dhoti-kurta, 22.Urdu kurta-pyiama and lungi-shirt. Turbans of different types are worn in different Hindi is understood and spoken by states. In Kashmir, the salwar-kameez the largest number of people in our and phiran are popular. courltry. It was, therefore, chosen as the Modem clothes are common among official language of the Govemment of men and women living in towns and India; arrd English was chosen as the cities. second official language of the Indian Our Dance ahd Music Govemrnent. India has a long tradition of dance and One languagemaybe spoken indifferent music. You have already read about ways in different parts of the country. the dance forms of some of the states. For example, Hindi is spoken in several There are two main types of dance and ways. Different forms of the same music-folk and classical. language are known as dialects. Each Most classical dances began as forms of language has its own style of writing, worship. Trained dancers performed in known as the script. Most languages temples. Some even performed in courts are written from left to right. However Urdu, Sindhi and Kashmiri are written of kings. Today these dances can be frnrn rioht ro lafr enjoyed by anyone. The maior classical Our Clolhee forms of dance are as follows. You have also seen that different states . Bharatandtyam - Tamil Nadu in our country have different traditional clothes for men and women. For women, Kathak - Uttar Pradesh the saree is the most popular. However, Kathakali - Kerala Kuchipudi - Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Manipuri - Manipur

Dld vou know? Mohiniattam Odissi Kathak ln the olden days, Sattriya, the o Mohiniattam - Kerala classicaldance of Assam, was r Odissi - Odisha performed only . Sattriya - Assam by male monks in the sattras or Folk dances are performed by groups monasteries. These days Sattriya is also performed on of people to express their joy. They are stage by both men and women. performed on occasions like marriages, Classical music was also performed in temples or courts of kings. There are birth of a child, festivals or harvesting of crops. Some of the popular folk dances two styles of classical music in India. are: They are: . Bhangra - Punjab o Hindustani music developed in . Bihu - Assam r Garba Gujarat North India. r Ghoomar - Rajasthan . Cheraw - Mizoram . Carnatic music developed in South . l<olattam - Tamil Nadu . Yakshagana - Karnataka India. Many instruments are used in classical music. Some of these are sitar, sarod, veena, flute, mridangam and tabla. Paintint Traditional painting in India has also been inspired by either religion or by rulers. The famous wall paintings in the Aianta Caves in Maharashtra show the life of Buddha.They were drawn by Buddhist priests, The Cheraw dance (or the Bamboo dan(e) Ustad Amiad AliKhan playing and are more than of Mizoram the sarod 1500 years old.

Did you know? a5Painting of Buddha A miniature painting Warlifolk paintings Padmapani, Ajanta ghowing Radha and originated in Maharashtra. This caves Krishna style of painting is very simple. lts built the beautiful stupas at Sanchi and unique feature is Sarnath. that it consists of Several Hindu temples with beautiful circles, triangles and squares that are joined cawings were built later. The Kailash together to form beautiful patterns. For example, two triangles arejoined together to Temple at Ellora has been carved form a human fisure. from a single stone. The Sun Temple The art of miniature paintings was at Konark, Meenakshi Temple at made popular in India by the Mughal kings. Miniature paintings are small Madurai, I(lrajuraho Temples in in size but show things in great detail. Madhya Pradesh, and the Dilwara They show landscapes, hunting and battles scenes, and stories from the life Templc of Mount Abu are famous for of the god Krishna. their architecture. Archileclure The Turks and Mughals brought their Architecture, or the art of building, was earlier inspired by religion. Buddhism inspired the building of many stupas. Emperor. Ashoka and his successors 5an(hi Stupa. San(hi The beautifully carved Humayun'5 Tomb, Delhi and painted gopuram or gateway to the Meenakshi Temple, Madurai

Victoria Memorial. Kolkata Dan(ing the Bhangra to celebrate Baisakhi, Punjab own style of architecture to India. The than many other countries. We celebrate Taj Mahal, with its dome and minarets, is the best example. The Qutb Minar, three types of festivals. Red Fort, Jama Masjid and Humayun's Tomb in Delhi are a few examples of . National davs such as lndeoendence their grand architecture. Day (15 August), Republic Day The British brought new styles of (26 Jantary) and Gandhi layanti (2 architecture to lndia. The Victoria October) Memorial in Kolkata, Rashtrapati . Religious festivals such as Diwali, Bhavan and Parliament House in Delhi Eid, Christmas, Gurpurbs, Ganesh are some beautiful buildings built by Chaturthi, Dusshera and Durga the British. Puja, Buddha Pumima and Mahavir Our Festivals Jayanti You have seen that IrLdia is a land of variety. Few other courtries have so o l-Iarvest festivals are celebrated when mahy different t)?es of people, with a crop is harvested. They express the different languages and religions. joys of the farmers. Some of these Naturally, we celebrate more festivals are Onam in Kerala, Pongal in Tamil Nadu, Bihu in Assam, Holi in Uttar Pradesh and other states of North India, and Baisakhi in Puniab. >Y4, t now Know '1. India is a land of variety-we have a number of languages. traditional clothes, dance and music, architectural styles, and festivals. 2. Thereare22 scheduled languages in India Hindi is the main off icial languageofthe covernment of India, and English is the second. 3. The two main types of dance and music are folk and classical. 4. classical dance and music was inspired by religion and encouraged by kings. 5. Indian architecture has been influenced by Turks, Mughals and the British. 6. We celebrate several national, religious and harvest festivals.

/5 Words to remember dialects: different forms of the same language culture: customs, arts, music and dance followed by a group of people heritage: practices handed down to us from the past Y. Exercises Fill in the blanks. is the classical dance form of Assam. The two main types of dance and music in India are ano and The two main styles of classical music in India are The Mughals introduced the art of paintings. Name the following. One example of British architecture in lndia: One famous Buddhist stuDa: The caves in Maharashtra with the famous 1500-year-old wall paintings: Different forms of the same language: C. Answer the following questions. .1 Why was Hindi chosen as the official language of the Government of India? 2. Name three examples of Mughal architecture in India. 3. Which languages of India are written from right to left? 4. On which occasions are folk dances oerformed? 5. Why are harvest festivals celebrated? Name three harvest festivals. ,!!, uultiple choice questions 1. One of the 22 scheduled languages of India is a. Maithili b. Bihari c. Jharkhandi d. None of these 2. A language that is written from right to left is b. Konkani c. Sindhi d. Hindi 3. The classical dance form of Assam is a. Bihu b. Sattriya c. Manipuri d. Ghoomar The wall paintings in the Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra show the life of a. Krishna b. Buddha c. Mahavira d. Rama The Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi was built by the a. Mughals b. Turks c. British d. French

,9 HOTS: Think and Answer 1. lndian culture is said to include the culture of the Turks, Mughals and British whyis this so? 2. In no other country of theworld areso many festivals cchbrlted asin lndia Why do vou think this is so? -!t- Enrichment Activities Eoeak out: Find out about any of the traditional styles of Indian painting' like Warli' M;dhubani and Kalamkari. Share this information with p5tt\".r.iti., i\"\"i\"t\", Phad, your class. Speak for '10-1 5 minutes Wrile right: Find out and write about the life of any great artist of India Ad work: Paint a picture using either the Warli or Madhubani style of painting' Proiecl work: Working in groups' collect information and pictures' and do a class pro'ject on the languiges,-.lothet, dances, music, painting, architecture and iestivals of the staie or union territory in which you live' Presenlalion/Website: Make groups of 4-5 children each Let each group make a Dresentation or website on the culture and heritage of another country '':; Hands on! Hold a cultural show in class. children who are learning any of the Indian dances, any lndian musical instrument, or carnatic or Hindustani vocal music' should put up a fe*ormance {or the rest of the class. The others can dress up in the traditional dresses of the different states You can end the show with a lunch where each child brings a traditional food item from his or her state' V rifr Skills and values Explore your talent Differentchildrenhavedifferenttalents-somecandrawwell,somecansingwell' can play well, some can juggle well and some can learn some can dance well, some discover your own talent Take the help of your parents lanquaqes very easily. Try to unit\"J.n\"o in developing that talent further. lt will help you a lot in life'

People Who Made a Difference lLookingAhead .In this lesson you will leon obout: Religions ond rcligious leoders like Buddhd, has done for yd\\ tf,tha Wgon ,md not . Alahavira, Prophet hlohommod, Jesus Christ, t.,,,..been tlrst?, wonld'it haua.mode zorcaster and Guru Nonok Dev Social rctormers like Kabi\\ Ramaboi Ronade dtffSts.*e t? y?.r'.'ilifel-,:..;':-_.;. .,, ond Rojo Ram liohan Roy :1. . r\".'\".r,li*-. Kings like Ashokd , Krishno Deva Raya ond Akbor Scientists like Arydbhata, Sushruto, charako, s Romanujan, Jogdish chandra Bose, C V Romdn -J . People who influenced the life of others---<an you name these people? Out of the millions and millions of people in the world, only a few achieve greatness. They could be religious leaders, social workers, scientists, kings or others who Influence the lives of people by their teachings or work. Let us look at some great people who have affected the lives of Indians. Religions and Spiritual teachers induism: Hinduism is one of the oldest relisions in the world. It began in India ut 3600 years ago. Many religious leaders have helped Hinduism grow, by aking people understand the religion better. Adi Shankaracharya, Maharishi l)ayanand Saraswati and Swami Vivekanand are some of them. Hinduism has ny holy books that were composed long ago. The most imPortant are the Vedas, he I'uranas, the Ramayana, the Mal.rabharata and the Bhagawad Gita.

Gautama Buddha Vardhamana Mahavira Buddhism: The teachings of Gautama gave the message of love, peace and Buddha gave birth to a new religion brotherhood to the Arabs, who were fighting with each other at that time. called Buddhism. He was a rich prince His teachings spread throughout the world, including lndia. Followers of who left the comforts of his Palace to try Islam are known as Muslims. The holy to understand the meaning of life. He book of Muslims is the Quran. taught equality of all human beings and kindness to all living beings. Christianity: Christianity is a religion jainism: This religion is believed to based on the teachings of Jesus have been started by Rishabhdev, the Christ. He was born about 2000 years fust tirthankara, or spiritual teadler. The ago in Bethlehem. He taught peoPle religion gained widespread accePtance to love God and all other PeoPle. and emphasised the importance of in India at the time of Vardhamana forgiveness. The holy book of the Mahavira-the 24th tirtharikara. He Christians is the Bible. Christianity lived at about the same time as Gautama was brought to India by St Thomas. Buddha. Jesus Christ Zoroastet He preached kindness to all living Zoroastrianism (the religion of the beings. He urged people to live a simple Parsis): Parsis believe in the teachings life and follow the path of non-violence. Islam: Islam was founded by the Prophet Mohammad. It is believed that Islam is the word of God and that Mohammad was God's messenger on Earth. Prophet Mohammad lived in Arabia about 1400 years ago. He

of Zoroaster. He lived in lran about 2500 message of love and harmony through years ago. He taughi that our duty is to bhajans and poems known as dohas. be good and fight evil. The holy book of the Parsis is called the Zend Avesta. Raia Ram Mohan Roy: He was bom in Bengal about 250 years ago. He fought Sikhism: This religion was founded by Guru Nanak Dev. He lived in Punjab against the evils of child marriage, caste about 500 years ago. He believed that there is only one God, and people had system and sati (buming of a widow given Him different forms and names. along with the body of her husband). The holy book of the Sikhs is the Guru Granth Sahib. Ramabai Ranade: She was a social reformer of Maharashtra. She worked to improve the condition of women in India. Raja Ram Mohan Roy RamabaiRanade Guru Nanak Dev Kabir Kints Social Reforrners Emperor Ashoka: From time-to-time, evil practices take Ashoka wanted to root in society. In India, for example, be a great conqueror. many people believe in the caste system, He fought and won and practice the dowry system and child marriage. Brave people have fought many battles. But against such practices and helped to after winning the improve society. Such people are called social reformets. famous battle of Kalinga, he was very Ashoka the Great sad to see thousands Kabir: He fought against social evils of dead and injured soldiers. such as the caste system, and the He gave up war and became a importance given to rituals by Hindu follower of Gautama Buddha. He and Muslim priests. He spread his helped to spread Buddha's message of

non-violence. He built free hospitals, Did you know? roads, dharamshalas (rest houses), wells The Nobel Prlze is an lnternatlonalaward and tanks for the welfare of the people. given bythe Nobel Foundation of Sweden, He was a kind and wise king and came to people who have done excellent work in to be known as Ashoka the Grear. science, medicine, literature and for peace. Krishnadeva Raya: Krishnadeva Raya c V Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize for ruled in South India about 500 years ago. Phvsics in 1930, and S Chandrasekhar for He worked for the good of the people. Physics in 1983, Rabindranath Tagore got The people were free to follow whatever the Nobel Prize for literature in 1913. Kailash Satyarthiwon the Nobel Peace Prize of 2014, religion they wanted. He encouraged which he shared with Malala Yousafzaiol artists, poets arld writers. Pakistan. aFiEf<6R[€[ f, Arg{IrDBVAqATA Scientisls Stamp issued by the government of India in Mathematics, astronomy and medicine honour of Krishnadeva Rava were well-developed scjences in Emperor Akbar: ancient India. The decimal system Akbar ruled in India of numbers, which everyone uses about 400 years ago. He respected today, wai developed in India. The all religions. He Ayurveda system of medicine, which encouraged art, is still popular, was developed in India music ald literature. thousands of years ago. He gave a lot of Surgery was also performed in ancient attention to the India. The study of the stars and the Solar System was also well developed. welfare of the people. He is remembered as a great ruler. Aryabhata was a great mathematician and astronomer of ancient India. Varahamihira, was a well known astronomer, Charaka was a famous physician, and Sushruta a surgeon. Some of the well-known scientists India has produced in the modem world are S Ramanujan, J C Bose, C V Raman, Homi Bhabha, Vikram Sarabhai, S Chandrashekhar and A P J Abdul Kalam, who later became the president of India.

J C Boge A P J AbdulKalam *l now know Great oeoole are those who influence the lives of others. They could be religious leaders. social reformers, scientists or kings. The important spiritual teachers whose teachings are followed in India are Gautama Buddha, Vardhamana Mahavira, Prophet Mohammad, Jesus christ, Guru Nanak Dev and Zoroaster. some social reformers who fought against evils in society were Kabir, Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Ramabai Ranade. Emperor Ashoka, Krishnadeva Raya and Emperor Akbar are remembered as great kings who worked for the welfare of the people. )$ words to remember society: people living together reformer: a person who works to improve something surgery: a medical treatment in which a doctor cuts open a patient's body scientist: a person trained in science astronomy: the study of stars, planets and other heavenly bodies )(Exercises A. Match the columns. 1. Battle of Kalinga a. Muslims 2. Dohas b. Emperor Ashoka 3. satiFought against the praqtice of c. Parsis 4. Zend Avesta d. Raja Ram Mohan RoY 5. Quran e. Kabir

B. Name the founders of the following religions. 1. Jainism: 2. Sikhism: ? 4. Christianity: 6. Zoroastrianism: 5. Buddhism: C. Answer the following questions. '1. Name three holy books of the Hindus. 2. Name two religious leaders who helped people understand the Hindu religion. 3. What was the condition in Arabia at the time of Prophet Mohammad? How did he try to improve it? 4. Who founded Christianity? What were his teachings? 5. Who is called a social reformer? 6. What evils of society did Kabir fight against? 7. Why did Emperor Ashoka give up wars? 8. Why is Akbar remembered as a great ruler? 9. Give examples to prove that mathematics, astronomy and medicine were well-developed sciences in ancient India. ,'.'.. Multiple choice questions 1. Who among these was a spiritual teacher? a. Gautama Buddha b. Raja Ram Mohan Roy c. Jc Bose d. Aryabhata 2. Which of these is a holy book? c. Quran d. all of these a. Zend Avesta b. Gita 3. A social reformer: a. teaches about a religion b. works for the orowth of arts and science c. works to change the evils in society d. works for peace Which social reformer gave his messages in the form of dohas? a. Raja Ram Mohan Roy b. Kabir c. Ramabhai Ranade d. all of these 5. Which famous king gave up war and became a follower of Buddha? a. Ashoka b. Akbar c. Krishnadeva Rava d. Raja Ram Mohan Roy . HOIS: Think and Answer 1. Write down the main teachings of the following religions in one sentence each. a. Buddhism b. Jainism c. Christianity d. The Parsi religion Now read all of them carefully and think-{o you find all of them to be similar? How are they similar?

2. We often hear of people fighting over religion' Do you think this is right? Give reasons. l'., Enrichment Act vities *tt\"tSDeak oul: Speak for a few minutes on the topic 'My hero'' Your hero could be \"ipiu6\".t\"i\"p\"\"on, V* a lot. lt could be your mother, fathet teacher' a famous your bus driver-anyone who inspires you' a scie\"ndtmistireor riph|: Mother Teresa changed the |ives of mi||ions of poor |iving in the s|ums ; i;idi;. lilwrite about the wor-k she has done' Now imagine you are a child living \"'iir.i\" i\" Kolkata. How did Mother Teresa change your life? Write a short story Arl work: Create a poster or collage on the great religions of the world your state-or union Fihd oul: Find out about some of the kings who have ruled in the most lamous territory in the past. What kind of rulers were they? Who was ruler? What was hdshe known for? teacher help each group select one Let the group make a presentation or GrouD Droiec+: Make groups of four. Let the liie in detail. or\"\"i tnaln and stuJv hii/her irebsite on him/her. V ,f\" Skills and values Being helpful, generous and kind . People who help others are loved and admired Think of people who have helped vou. Don't vou iove and admire them? Helping people in trouble gives us ioy and friends' your parents and anyone l\",itt\"iii.^1 iou should always try to help your else in need of help (even animals and plants)' . Often people treat their domestic servants very badly think this is a social Do you to such people? evil that needs reform? What message would you like give to Weblinks http://www.uri.org/kids/world.htm (world religions) http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/ (stories of some great Indian people)

Our Rights and Duties lLooking Ahead In this lesson you vritl leam about: . Our Constitution . The guiding principles of our Constitution . Our fundofientol rights . Our fundamental duties . poticlThe Directive principtes of stote Our Conslilution The original preamble to the Constitution oI India; lat€r th€ words Se<ular and so<ialist w€re added to the Our counky was ruled by the British for almost 200 years. After a long and hard Preanble struggle, India got its independence from the British on 15 August 1947. Ourleaders got together to form a governrnent. One of the first things they did was to make a set of rules, based on which the govemment would run. This set of rules is known as our Constitution. The Constitution was accepted on 26 Jaruary 1950. We celebrate this day as Republic Day. Our Constifution lays down some important guiding principles that have to be followed by the leaders of our nation. The preamble, or introduction, to our Constitution describes India as a

democratic, socialis! secular republic. What does this mean? Druocnlrrc A road sign celebrating se<ularism in hdia This means that all the people of the religion they want. This is known as the principle of secularisrn. country will choose or elect leaders who would form the governrnent. This kind of govemment is known as a democracy. Thus our country rs no longer ruled by kings. If the people are not happy with iheir elected leaders, they can be removed from their posts. REpueLrc This means that our head of state is elected by the people. India is headed by an elected president, unlike Britain whose head of state is a hereditary monarch. Voters standing in queue to cast Our Fundamenfal Rights . their votes The Constitution of India gives its Socrnlrsr citizens certain fundarnental rights. If This means that all the people in the aryone feels thathis or her fundamental country will be treated as equals. The dghts have been denied, he or she can approach a court of law. government will not differentiate Some of the important dghts are grven between people on the basis of their here: caste, religion or in any other way. This . Right to equality is known as the principle of socialism. . Right to freedom of speech-we can Sscuun speak freely without fear This means that all people in the counuy r Right to follow any religion would be free to follow whatever Right to justice Right to live and travel anywhere rn the country

Did you know? Some other forms ofSovernment are: Monarchyi The State is ruled by a king or queen The monarchy is hereditary, that is, when the monarch dies, his or her child becomes the new ruler. In some monarchies, the monarch has full powet In others there is also a democratic government and the king or queen does not have complete power' Dictatorship: The State is ruled by a single leader who has absolute power' He or she often misuses this power to oppress the people. The rule here is not Queen Elizabeth ll, the queen of England hereditary. Communism: All property is owned by the government. The State provides its people with healthcare, education and welfare. All people are seen as equal by this government. nqcR +t tfl d . We must follow the rules laid down qr qc{rfr d dmn csd nlm c's flr{ by the Constitution. A poster demanding equaleducation lor every . We must honour the national flag Indian chitd, whether it be the child of the president, or of a worker and national anthem. . Right to choose our profession . We must help to keep our country . Right to free and compulsory united. education for all children up to the . We must defend our country at the age of 14 time of danger. However, these rights are not absolute and the government may take certain . We must protect our national measures, like reserving jobs or seats in proPerry. colleges for the backward and poorer . We must protect our environment. sections of society, for their upliftment. ' We must treat ali Indians as equal. Our Dulies Directive Principles Duties always come along \\^r'ith riShts. Some of our important duties as citizens Our Constitution lays down certain of India are given here. guidelines for the govemmentto follow, for the welfare of the people. Some important guidelines are given here. . Providing proper living conditions for all citizens . Providing work for everyone

Ensuring that some people do not become rich by exploiting others Improving the conditions of weaker sections of society such as those belonging to the scheduled castes and scheduled tdbes Pause and Thinkl One of our most imponant duties as citii ;;:;\":r#ffGovernment or India ra,\".h\"d ,h\" s*\".hh ;;j;\"i\"\";;:fi:i:Ti* :.i jlil; ili to open defecation in India through the construction of pe*onar and pubric toirets. The swachh Bharat Abhiyan also aims to ensure that the streets, roads, water bodies, railwaystations ano other public spaces an the cities and towns oflndia are kept clean. What can each of us do to keep ourcounrry ctean? Think. 2{y^ t now know 1. Our Constitution is a set of rules based on which our government runs. 2. India is a democratic, socialist, secutar country. 3. The constitution gives all citizens duties of the citizens. certain funiamental rights, and also lays down the 4. The Directiv€ principles laid down in the Constitution guide the government to work for the welfare of the oeoole- :/..it)- Words to remember government: a body of people that governs or rules a countrv constitution (of a country): written rules according to which a country ts run by the 9overnment republic: a country ruled by elected leaders rather than by a king or queen the country cremocracy: kind of government where people vote to elect leadlrs who run hereditary: something that is passed on from parent to child socialism: principle of treating all the people in a country as equals secular: where all religions are treated as equal V Exercises A. Fill in the blanks. l. The set of rules according to which our government runs is called our 2. -----. \"tJ. Our Constitution was accepted on This day is called tne Principles give guidelines to the governrnent fo|. th\" *e|f\"re of the ctttzenS. 4. Every citizen of India has certain fundamental

B. Match the columns. a. Fundamental Right b. Directive Principle 1.26January c. Republic Day d. Our duty 2. Right to follow any religion 3. Protecting our national property 4. Providing education fo all children ldentify the principle behind the following in our Constitution. 1. PeoDle of lndia are free to follow the reliqion of their choice: 2. All citizens of lndia will be treated as equals: 3. The people of India choose the leaders who form the Government: D. Answer the following questions. 1. What do you mean by the Constitution of our country? 2. 'lndia is a democracy'. What does this mean? 3. List three fundamental rights of the people of lndia. 4. List three of our imDortant duties as citizens of lndia. 5. What do you mean by the 'Directive Principles' of our constitution'/ ({ uultiple choice questions 1. Which of the following applies to India? c. Secularism d. All of these a. Democracy b. Socialism 2. The set of written rules according to which our country is run, is called: a. Constitution b. Directive principles c. Fundamental rights d. Duties Which of the following is not a fundamental right? a. right to be treated as equal b. right to follow any religion c. right to choose our profession d. right to proper living conditions 4. Which of these is a directive princiDle and not a riqht? a. providing work for everyone b. providing education to all children c. freedom to live anywhere in the country d. freedom to give your opinion y- HOIS: Think and Answer 1. Our neighbouring country Pakistan is a Muslim State. lslam is the official religion of Pakistan. In what way is India different from Pakistan in matters of religion? Suppose people of a country only want their rights and do not want to do their duties. What do you think will happen in such a country?

Enrichment Activities gpeak oul: Have a debate in class on: 'Democracy is a better form of government than monarchy'. Wdte righl: Do you think the people and leaders of India work according to our constitution? Or have we forgotten about the ideals of our Constitution? Think about it, and then write down your thoughts and share them with your class. Ad work: Make a poster or collage on the topic: 'The Right to Education is a fundamental right of every child'. Pfojecl wo&i collect pictures for any 10 of the fundamental rights and duties listed in this chapter. stick them in your scrapbook. Write a line or two below each picture explaining which right or duty it stands for. Find oul: What are your rights and duties in school? Prepare a list and share them with your class. Hands on! Hold an election in your class to choose a class leader With your teacher's help choose four children as candidates for the post of class leader. Keep an empty cardboard box on the teacher's table. Which of these four do you want as your class leader? Write his or her name on a slip of paper, fold the paper and put it into the cardboard box. This is called casting your vote. After every child has cast his or her vote, one of you can open each paper and count the votes. Whichever child has got the most number of votes is chosen as the class leader. The child with the second largest number of votes becomes the assistant class leader. !* ttf\" Skills and values Being a good citizen some of the qualities of a good citizen of a country are; . treating other people and their belongings with respect . sharing things with others and helping others in need . keeping your surroundings and the environment clean . following the duties as written in the Constitution can you add to the list? Weblinks http://government.pppst.con/types.html (click on'types of government' under'For Kids') @

n Our National Symbols I Looking Ahead ln this lessdr yd! utitl lean obart: . What ore notionol symbols . Some of lndio's national symbols, namely, the Notionol Flog, National Anthem aN Notionol Emblem our national symbols What are national symbols? National symbols are things that represent the values, goals and history of the people of a country. They unite the people of a country. The National Flag, the National Anthem and the National Emblem are the main national s)rynbols of a country. We must respect our national s)zmbols and be proud of them. Our National Flag We all feel proud when the National Flag is hoisted on 15 August and 26laruary every year. We became independent from the British rule on 15 August 1947 and became a republic on 26 January 1950. Our National Flag has three bands of different colours. It is called the fir anga (or the tricolour). . On the top is saffron. It stands for courage and sacrifice. o In the middle is white. It stands for truth and iustice.

. At the bottom is green. It stands for the National Emblem on a prosperity. tlvo-rupee (oin At the centre of the flag is the Ashoka Independence Day, Republic Day and ojl other important occasions. When the Chakra-a wheel with 24 spokes in National Anthem is played we show blue. our respect by starding at attention. We Our National Emblem must all know the words and tune of the National Anthem. You can see our National Emblem on all coins and notes. Look at it carefully. Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaN j aya he You can see four lions (one is hidden Bhar at -bhngy a -zs idhat a. ftom view) facing in different directions. P unjab - S indh- Guj arat -Mar atha There is a wheel under the lions. It is the Draoida-Utkala-Banga same Ashoka Chakra that is present in our National Flag. There is a horse on Vindlrya- Himachala-Yamuna- Gan g a the left of the wheel, and a bull on the Uch chala- j alailhi - t aranga. right. The words 'Satyarneva Jayate' Taaa shubha name jage, writtm below in Sanskrit mean 'truth Taaa shubha ashisha mage, Gahe taaa jaya gathn, wins'. Jana-gana-mangala-day aka j aya he Bhnr at a-bhagy a-ai dhat a. Our Nafional Anfhem Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, laya, jaya, jaya, jaya he! Our National Anthem was written by Rabindranath Tagore. We sing it on

*\" l now know l. National symbols represent the values, goals and history of a country. They unite the people of a country. 2. The National Fla9, the National Anthem and the National Emblem are the main national symbols of a country )!S Words to remember symbol: a sign or a thing that stands for something, such as the values of a country emblem: a symbol which shows the goals of a nation National Anthem: a patriotic song adopted by a nation )l.Exercises ano A. Fill in the blanks. 1. The colours on our National Flag are 2. The animals shown in our National Emblem include the the and the 3. Our National Anthem was written by the great poet B. Match the columns. 1. White a. Prosperity 2. saffron b. National Anthem 3. Green c. Truth and justice 4. Stand at attention d. Courage and sacrifice C. Answer the following questions. 1. Name the three main national symbols. 2. Describe our National Emblem. What do the words'Satyameva Jayate' on our National Emblem mean? 3. Name any two occasions on which the National Flag is hoisted and the National Anthem played in your school. 4. Describe our National Flag. d8 HOTS: Think and Answer The words 'Satyameva Jayate' are part of our National Emblem. lt means'truth wins' Have you ever seen 'truth winning'? share your experience with your class,

Multi ple choice questions '1. National symbols represent the of a country a. animals, flowers and dances b. industries, culture and agricultural advancement histortc. values, goals and d. famous sportsmen. scientists and religious leaders We became independent from the British on a. 5'1 August 1947 b. 26 )anuary 1950 c. 1 5 August 1950 d. 26 January '1947 The green band at the bottom of the Indian flag stands for a. courage b. sacrifice c. truth d. prosperity 4. On our national emblem, there is a to the left of the Ashoka Chakra. a. elephant b. horse c. lron d. bull 5. Our national anthem was written bv a. Mahatma Gandhi b. Jawaharlal Nehru c. Rabindranath Tagore d. Emperor Akbar Enrichment Activities Speak oul; Speak for a few minutes on any of the National Symbols of lndia. Wrlt€ righf: The tiger is the National Animal of India. Yet it is a highly endangered animal. Find out about the threats these animals face and what is beino done to protect them. Write an article based on your findings. Ad work: Draw and colour a picture of the national flag, or any of the other national symbols of India. Prcjecf work: Working in groups, do a project on the national symbols of India. You could make charts, models, posters or even prepare a website on the topic. Hands on! Learn and recite our National Anthem. Make sure that you get all the words and the tune correct. lk rt\" Skills and Values Protecting our national monuments Our national monuments are part of our heritage. We should be proud of them and learn to take care of them. Never write on them or spit on the walls, or litter the olace.

Saving the Environment lLooklngAhead ln this lesson ydJ will learn about: . The n eonirg of environment . How humans are poltuting the . envircnment Whot can be done to help the Everything surrounding us makes up our environrnent. The environment includes both living and nonJiving things. The nonJiving components of the environment are land, water, air, light and temperature etc. The living components are plants, anirnals, germs and all other living things. The environment provides us with all the things we need in order to live. Pollution and lhe Environmenf We humans have misused the environment and changed it to suit our needs. We have dirtied the land, water and air by: o Dumping wastes from houses and factories into water bodies and the land . Releasing harmful substances from vehicles and factories into the air Air,waterorland,whichhasbeendirtiedbyharmful substances is saidtobe polluted. Poliution of land, water and air, harms us and causes many other environmental problems. We have also cut down forests to make space for cities and farms. This causes further problems as: . Trees help to keep the air clean. o Trees help absorption of

water by the soil, so tha t groundwater Dld you know? levels are maintained. Different kinds of llving things survive In o The roots of the trees bind the soil and different kinds of environments, Their prevent soil erosion. bodies adapt or adjust to the environment. For example, camels can survive in deserts Saving ihe ehvironmehl because their bodies are adapted to live in dry places. They have a thick coat of hair that Here are some wavs in which we can Drotects them from the Sun. Thev can also stay for a long time without drinklng water. In prevent damage to the environment. the same wav a polar bear is adapted to live in very cold places. . Plant a tree for every tree cut down. . Save fuel, since buming of fuels . Reduce the use of unnecessary materials that increase garbage causes air oollution. Walk or cvcle for short distances to save fuel. and oollute the environment. For . Switch off bulbs and fans when not example, carry your own bag when you go shopping, instead of taking being used. This saves elechicity. plastic bags from the shopkeeper. Plastic bags cause Iand pollution. Saving electricity also saves fuel as most eiectricity is made by buming fuels. . Reuse things instead of throwing . Use solar energy. For example, install them away-for example reuse plastic a solar heater on the rooftop of your bottles to store water. house. Solar energy does not cause pollution. \\r- I now know 1, Humans have changed the environment to suit their needs. 2. Pollution of land, water and air harms us and causes environmental problems. 3. We must think of ways to reduce, reuse and recycle the things we use every day. ii Words to remember environment: everything that surrounds us, including both living and non-living things pollution: damaging of land, water and air by harmful substances Y Exercises A. Write T for true and F for false sentences. 1. saving fuel reduces air pollution. 2. The fumes released by factories and cars cleans the environment. 3. Reusing things helps reduce pollution.

B. Answer the following questions. .1 What are the main components of the environment? 2. How are trees useful to the environment? 3. How can you save fuel? How does this help the environment? 4. Carrying your own bag when you go shopping helps the environment. How? t tvtultiple choice questions 1. Which of these is not a part of our ,natural, environment? a, airr b. water c, houses d. fruits 2. lf we make a city by cutting down a forest. which of these will not haDDen? a. air pollution will increase b. soil erosion will increase 3. c. groundwater will increase d. groundwater will decrease Which of these will not help the environment? a. using solar energy b. saving electricity \" c. reusing things instead of buying new ones d. cutting down trees ilit HOTS: Think and Answer We say that smoke from industries causes air pollution. What about the smoke blown out by people smoking cigarettes? Does that also cause pollution? Enrichment Activities Projecf work: Working in groups, do a project on any one form of pollution. you couro choose trom iand pollution, water pollution, pollution like noise pollution. you could also work air pollution, or other forms of on deforestation. Explain what it is, how it is affecting the environment, and what each of us can do to prevenr tT, * r,J\" Skills and Values Saving the environment

New GettingAhead in Socio, Stud,'es is a series of 8 books from the primary ODdeIGnt BlaITckAswanI. to the middle school level. This is an enriched and updated version ofthe popular GettingAheod in Sociol Studies series. Main Feotures: > Thoroughly revised and updated text > Concepts clearly explained using simple language, attractive illustrations and accurate up-to-date maps > Looking Ahead lists the lesson objectaves > Mind openers increase student participation and encourage them to think > Did You Know? presents interestinB information relevant to the topic > New Words aid easy and complete understanding of new concepts introduced > Exercises include a variety ofquestions to test and reinforce concepts > Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) enable sound assessment > HOTS questions encourage thinking and develop problem-solving skills > A variety ofenrichment activities such as Speak Out, Write Right, Puzzle Time, Art Work, Role Play, Project Work, Model Making, Field Trip, Find Out, Let's Debate, and Making and Analysing Graphs are included > Life Skills and Values help,students develop skills needed for everyday life; they also teach and reinforce values > Hands Onl present interesting and easy-to-do activies for students z Internet linhs provide interestinB sites tor students to learn more > Smart Books for Teachers that come equipped with a range ofteaching aids > Teachers' Resource Pack with Lesson Plans, Answer Key, Question Bank, Worksheets and Graphic Organisers