From Chanakya to Modi. The Evolution of India’s Foreign Policy by Aparna Pande_clone

dual citizenship Dutt, Romesh Chunder Dutt, V.P. Emerging Power: India (Stephen Cohen) Erdman, Howard

eternal cycle of life Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) foreign policy of India as ‘alchemy’ of ‘the thirst for Independence bilateral treaties BJP’s

Congress resolutions

contemporary defence ministry, role of desire for economic autarky and self-sufficiency development aid budget differences between Nehru and Indira diplomatic relations, ancient times doctrines of Panchasheel emphasis on autarky and multilateralism emphasis on independence and strategic autonomy expansion of economic and military capabilities foreign citizens of Indian origin, role of global diaspora, global interests Gujral doctrine

imperial importing of oil and gas and defence equipment India–US relations

Indira doctrine

Look East policy

Manmohan Singh doctrine

Modi doctrine

moral dimension of Nehru’s policy NonAlignment 2.0: A Foreign and Strategic Policy for India in the 20th Century Non-Proliferation Treaty parliament, role of participation of Indian troops abroad philosophical streams

policy on nuclear weapons post-independence post-Nehru prime ministers, role of realists vs idealists relationship between political structure and ‘steel frame,’ impact of relationship with Japan

relations with Afghanistan role in global financial institutions security policy issues

stakeholders of Swatantra Party’s views territorial unity and integrity towards South Asian neighbours treaties with Himalayan kingdoms Vajpayee’s views

view of self Forum of India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) Gandhi, Feroze Gandhi, Indira military strength and security of India on nonalignment Gandhi, Mahatma slogan of ‘Ram Rajya,’ Gandhi, Rajiv basic principles of India’s foreign policy championing of modernization common lexicon used

disarmament

on nonalignment

pillars of foreign policy and Sri Lanka’s Tamil problem views on foreign policy Gandhi, Sanjay Gandhi, Sonia Ganguly, Sumit geographic ‘sphere of influence,’

global citizenship Gopal, Sarvepalli Group of 77 (G-77) Gujral, Inder Kumar Gundevia, Yezdezard Dinshaw Haksar, Parameshwar Narayan Hamilton, Alexander Healy, Kathleen

Hindu rate of growth Hindu treatises, ancient House, E. Malcolm Humayun, emperor The Idea of India (Khilnani) India: A Wounded civilization (Naipaul) India as ‘The Next Global Superpower,’ India–China war of 1962 Indian Administrative Service (I.A.S.) Indian Airlines flight, hijacking of Indian Civil Service Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA) Indian culture and civilization philosophy and thought

sense of self Indian economic reforms, 1990

Indian exceptionalism Indian Foreign Service (I.F.S.) Indian kingdoms and empires, ancient Indian monarchs

Indian Monroe doctrine Indian National Congress (INC) resolutions

Indians Overseas Department India’s Foreign Policy: Retrospect and Prospect (Sumit Ganguly) India’s Foreign Policy (Iqbal Singh) India’s Foreign Service India’s importance India’s land and sea borders

buffer zones

highways sea lanes of communication (SLoCs) territorial integrity and unity India’s national movement India’s worldview sense of self and of the world India–US relations

nuclear deal PL-480 program

Indira doctrine Indo–Pak relationship Indo-Pak War 1971 Institute for Defence and Strategic Analysis (IDSA) Intellectual Property Rights International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) International Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme International Yoga Day

isolationism Jackson, President Andrew Jaffrelot, Christophe Jahangir, emperor James, Lawrence Jefferson, President Thomas

Jeffersonian view Jha, Lakshmi Kant Jha, Nalini Kant Kamath, H. V. Kapur, Ashok

Kargil crisis Kashmir: The Vajpayee Years (A.S. Dulat) Kashmir issue Kautilya (Chanakya) Arthashastra identification of friends and potential rivals influence of Saam, Dana, Dand and Bhed (persuade, gift, punish and divide) Kautilya Marg (Kautilya Road) Kennedy, Andrew Khilnani, Sunil Kripalani, J.B. Krishnamachari, V.T. Kunzru, Hriday Nath Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) Levi, Werner Liebig, Michael Lloyd-George, David Mahan, Alfred Thayer Makers of India’s Foreign Policy (J.N. Dixit) Malhotra, Inder Mansingh, Surjit Maurya, Chandragupta Mead, Walter Russell Menon, Krishna Menon, Shivshankar The Men Who Ruled India (Philip Mason) messianic idealism Midnight’s Children (Salman Rushdie) Ministry of External Affairs Mishra, Brajesh Modi, Narendra decision to break off talks with Pakistan Digital India initiative

foreign policy

genuine nonalignment goals of foreign economic policy ‘Make in India’ initiative

worldview Mohan, C. Raja

Mughal Empire personality driven administration Mukherjee, Pranab Muni, S.D. Murty, Kotha Satchidananda

Muslim League Naipaul, Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad (V.S.) Narayanan, K.R. National Democratic Alliance (NDA) nationalism

nationalist elite National Security Council (NSC) Nehru, Jawaharlal annexation of colonial territories attitude towards Soviet socialism and scepticism criticism against cynicism towards American capitalism disagreements with Patel on foreign policy or economics global stature on India and China as the rising powers on India’s diversity knowledge of foreign affairs letters, speeches and writings Nonalignment ideology

personality and views of policy of peace and friendship towards all countries pronouncements on international affairs realism and idealism support for civilian nuclear energy Nehruvianism

approach to economics

China policy

disarmament diplomacy doctrine of defence by friendship idealistic presumptions India’s neighbourhood policies key pillars of

moral and ideological principles nonalignment and notion of India’s inevitable rise policies towards Hyderabad, Kashmir, Afghanistan and Nepal ties with third bloc of nations New Development Bank (BRICS Bank) Nonaligned Movement (NAM)

nonalignment Noon, Firoz Khan One Belt One Road (OBOR) Initiative Pakistan Palmer, Norman Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi Panikkar, K. M. The Future of South East Asia Indian Nationalism Regionalism and Security Pant, Harsh Pardesi, Manjeet Parliamentary Consultative Committee on External Affairs and Overseas Indian Affairs parliamentary democracies and foreign policy Parthasarathy, G. Pasha, Mustafa al Nahhas Patel, Sardar Vallabhbhai

Pax Britannica

Persian Gulf Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India (Dadabhai Naoroji) Power, Paul Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Sir Jagdish Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (Overseas Indian Day) process patents Raghavan, Srinath Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti Rao, P.V. Narasimha ‘Look East’ policy Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) Reid, Escott Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS) Royal Navy

Sapru House Sastri, K.N.V. Shah, Amit Shah Jahan, emperor Shastri, Algurai Shastri, Lal Bahadur Shekhar, Chandra ‘ship to mouth’ scheme Singh, Dinesh Singh, Jaswant Singh, Manmohan Singh, K. Natwar Singh, Sardar Swaran Singh, Vishwanath Pratap Sinha, Sri Krishna South Asian Association for Regional Conference (SAARC) Summit, 1986 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) South Asian region Special Providence Srivastava, G.P. ‘Steel Frame’ of government Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Subrahmanyam, K. Swatantra [Independent] Party Tandon, Purushottam Das Tharoor, Shashi Tilak, Bal Gangadhar Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Treaty with Bhutan, 1949 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) United Nations Peacekeeping Missions United Nations Security Council United Progressive Alliance (UPA) United Services Institute (USI) US Energy Information Administration (EIA) US-led Central Treaty Organization US-led wars Vajpayee, Atal Bihari Wavell, Lord Archibald

Westminster system Wilson, President Woodrow

Wilsonian ideal Woodruff, Philip Wright, Quincy Zaman, Rashed uz Zia-ul-Haq, General

Acknowledgements THIS BOOK WOULD not have been possible without the guidance and support of my colleagues at Hudson Institute, especially Mr Eric Brown, Dr Hillel Fradkin, Mr John Walters, Dr Kenneth Weinstein and Chairperson Sarah Stern. I would like to thank friends who have over the years provided guidance and advice, especially Mr Bruce Riedel, Dr C. Christine Fair, Ms Lisa Curtis, Dr Marvin Weinbaum and Dr Stephen P. Cohen. In the course of researching this book there were countless diplomats, officials and academics I interviewed in India and who provided advice. It will not be possible to name all of them but I would like to extend my immense gratitude. I would like to thank close friends like Angelica Zolnierowicz, Joya Laha, Seema Sirohi and my sister Swati Pande for their support and friendship. A special thanks to Farahnaz Ispahani for always being there for me. A number of research interns helped with my book over the years including Devin Chavira, Hari Krishna Prasad, Kabir Sandrolini, Sanjana Hariprasad and Siddhanta Mehta. I would also like to thank HarperCollins for publishing this book. They have done so in a remarkably short period of time. My particular thanks to Antony Thomas, Shantanu Ray Chaudhuri, Udayan Mitra and Ananth Padmanabhan. My deepest debt of gratitude goes to my mentor and senior colleague at the Hudson Institute, Ambassador Husain Haqqani, who has always inspired me never to compromise on quality. I trust this work meets with his approval on all counts. All I am I owe to my parents, Vinita and Kamal Pande, whose love, guidance and encouragement gave me the courage to even think about a career in research.

About the Book Foreign policy does not exist in a cultural vacuum. It is shaped by national experience and a country’s view of itself. In the case of India, the foreignpolicy paradigm is as deeply informed by its civilizational heritage as it is by modern ideas about national interest. Even policies that appear to be new contain echoes of themes that recur in history. The two concepts that come and go most frequently in Indian engagement with the world – from Chanakya in the third century BCE to Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2017 – are autonomy and independence in decision making. There are also four trends that we can trace: messianic idealism, realism, isolationism and imperial influences – ideas that have competed at one time and complemented one another at others. As India pursues modernity and seeks to exercise influence in the contemporary world, an examination of India in the context of its history and tradition is crucial. Aparna Pande’s From Chanakya to Modi explores the deeper civilizational roots of Indian foreign policy in a manner reminiscent of Walter Russel Mead’s seminal Special Providence (2001). It identifies the neural roots of India’s engagement with the world outside. An essential addition to every thinking person’s library.

About the Author DR APARNA PANDE is director of the Initiative on the Future of India and South Asia at the Hudson Institute, Washington D.C. Born in India, Pande received her Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in History from St. Stephen’s College, University of Delhi, before receiving an M. Phil in International Relations from Jawaharlal Nehru University. She completed her Ph.D. in Political Science at Boston University in the United States. Aparna Pande is the author of Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India (Routledge, 2010) and is the editor of Contemporary Handbook on Pakistan (Routledge, 2017).