Complete flags of the world

South America Brazil Ratio: 7:10 Adopted: November 15, 1889 Usage: National and Civil The national Green recalls motto meaning, the Brazilian “Order and Progress” rain forest The most recent Each star represents a stars were added to state in the Federation the Canis Major Yellow represents the constellation country’s mineral resources South America Brazil belonged to Portugal until 1822 when it became an independent kingdom, and later an 6ENEZUELA empire. It formed a federal republic in 1889. \"2!:), 0ARAGUAY The green field and yellow lozenge with stars of varying sizes, although were part of the flag adopted in the size of star does not reflect the 1822 when independence was first importance of the state. In 1992, achieved and the empire was new stars were added to the declared. In 1889, the imperial constellation of Canis Major in the arms were replaced by a view of lower left section of the sky. The the night sky as it appeared over country’s national motto, “Ordem Rio de Janeiro when the republic e Progresso” meaning, “Order and was formed. Each of the stars in Progress” appears on a band across the constellation represents a state the center of the night sky. of the Federation, including the Federal District. These have been THE NATIONAL CAPITAL altered from time to time, most recently in 1992 when the number In Brasília, the capital city since of stars increased to 27. 1960, stands one of the world’s tallest flagpoles, on which flies an THE CONSTELLATIONS enormous national flag. The constellations on the flag are Brazil also has flags for the represented in a realistic manner, President, the Ministry of Marine, and a naval Jack. 47

South America Brazil: State flags Many of the flags recall historical events, or the formation of the federal republic. The date of accession is given below the state name. THE FEDERAL DISTRICT ACRE 1960 1962 The flag of the Federal District dates from Adopted by the republic declared in 1899, 1969. The green rectangle contains four when Acre was still part of Bolivia, the flag arrows representing the balance of was retained by the state and the star was centralization and devolution in Brazil. dded to recall its joining the Federation. ALAGOAS AMAPÁ 1889 1989 Based on the flag of 1894, this new The flag was adopted in 1984 for the version was instituted in 1963. In the erritory and retained for the state. It center is the arms, also originally dating ses all the national colors, together back to 1894. It recalls various aspects of with an outline of the fortress of the state’s industry. Macapá, the state capital. AMAZONAS BAHIA 1889 1889 The flag dates from the local uprising of The flag dates back to the uprisings of 1897. The stars stand for the 25 789 and 1798, which are recalled by municipalities, with the large one for he white triangle. The flag in this form Manaus, the state capital. The flag was was first adopted in 1889, when Bahia regularized in 1982. oined the Federation. CEARÁ ESPÍRITO SANTO 1889 1889 The flag was instituted in 1922 and is The flag was created in 1947. The very similar to the national flag. The ortuguese motto meaning—“Work arms depicts an allegorical landscape nd Trust”—is that of the Jesuits, and surrounded by stars. It dates from 1897 he pink and blue represent the local and was revised in 1967. vening sky. 48

South America GOIÁS MARANHÃO 1889 1889 The flag is based on those promoted for The flag, adopted in 1889, features the republic in 1889. This version has he star, which represents the state five stars for the Southern Cross similar n the national flag, while the stripes to those in the national arms. and for its ethnic mix. MATO GROSSO MATO GROSSO DO SUL 1889 1977 The flag is based on the national flag, The design emerged from a but with local interpretations of the ompetition held in 1978, after the color arrangement and one star for ew state was formed. The flag was the state. It was adopted in 1890. nstituted in 1979. MINAS GERAIS PARÁ 1889 1889 The flag contains a Masonic triangle ased on a republican flag, it dates of the Inconfidência Mineira (miners revolt) rom 1898. The star is taken from the of 1789, standing for equality. ne for Pará on the national flag. PARAÍBA PARANÁ 1889 1889 The flag recalls Vargas’ revolution in The flag contains an emblem like 1930. Nego (“I deny it”) refers to the he national flag, bearing the Southern assassination of the state president. Cross and name of the state. PERNAMBUCO PIAUÍ 1889 1889 This is the flag of the Pernambuco ased on the colors of the national revolution of 1817, which later became the ag, in this instance it only has one flag of the state when the events of 1817 ar representing the state of Piauí. were celebrated. t was adopted in 1922. 49

South America Brazil: State flags RIO DE JANEIRO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE 1975 1889 The state was reconstituted in 1975 Dating from 1957, the flag uses the to include the state of Guanabara. rms granted in 1909, thus making it The new state took over the emblems ne of the newest flags of the of the former state of Rio de Janeiro. riginal states. RIO GRANDE DO SUL RONDÔNIA 1889 1981 The flag dates from the revolution of Rondônia’s flag uses the four 1836, which created the Republic of Rio ational colors and a single star Grande do Sul. It was re-adopted in 1889, ymbol. It was adopted in 1981 the arms were added in 1891. fter a design competition. RORAIMA SANTA CATARINA 1989 1889 The flag, adopted when the territory The red and white flag precedes became a federal state, uses the national he republic. It was most recently colors and star, with a red line representing egularized in 1953, when the arms the Equator. were placed in the center. SÃO PAULO SERGIPE 1889 1889 The flag was created in 1888 at the The flag was created in the late start of the republican revolution, 9th century and adopted in 1920. and revived in 1932, with 13 stripes. n 1951 the stars were repositioned. TOCANTINS 1989 After achieving statehood, a flag and arms were adopted, using blue and white from the national colors. 50

South America Chile Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: October 18, 1817 Usage: National and Civil The flag is modeled White symbolizes the on the US Stars and snow of the Andes Stripes Blue represents the clear Andean skies Red is for the blood shed for freedom South America \"OLIVIA Chile was freed from Spanish rule in 1818, largely through the efforts of José de San Martín, leader of #(),% 5RUGUAY the Army of the Andes. !RGENTINA Adopted in 1817, after San Martín’s THE PRESIDENT’S STANDARD victory at Chacabuco, the national flag of Chile was preceded by at least The flag of the President is the two other versions during the early same as the national flag, with the years of separatism. The current flag national arms in the center. The coat was based on the Stars and Stripes. of arms dates from 1834. It is supported by an huemal deer and a The white star was reserved for condor. The crest is formed from use only on the official flag until the feathers of the rhea bird. The 1864, when the starred flag was motto—“Por La Razon o La Fuerza” made official for all purposes. means “By reason or by force.” THE PRESIDENT’S A crest of feathers STANDARD from the rhea bird An huemal deer, The condor is a common of the high Andes symbol on South American arms 51

South America Bolivia Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: November 30, 1851 Usage: National and Civil The order of the Red recalls valor stripes was changed to red, yellow, Yellow reflects green in 1851. Bolivia’s mineral Red and green were reserves retained from the flag of 1825 Green symbolizes fertility South America 0ERU \"RAZIL Bolivia, originally known as Upper Peru, was named after Simón Bolívar who supervised its \"/,)6)! secession from Spain in 1825. #HILE 0ARAGUAY The flag of 1825 had three stripes of last altered in 1851, when the order green-red-green, with five gold stars of the stripes was changed to red, within laurel wreaths. These stood yellow, green. for the original five departments. The official flag still has the arms A NEW TRICOLOR in the center. It was regulated in 1888 and depicts Mount Potosí, an In 1826, the flag was altered to three alpaca, a wheatsheaf, and a breadfruit equal stripes of yellow, green and red tree. The oval ring contains nine with the arms in the center. It was stars for the nine departments. ARMS OF BOLIVIA As on many South American arms, the The flags and crest is a condor weapons represent the people’s willingness to The nine stars represent Bolivia’s nine departments defend the state The allegorical scene on the shield represents Bolivia’s agricultural and industrial wealth 52

South America Paraguay Ratio: 1:2 Adopted: November 25, 1842 Usage: National and Civil The colors On the reverse, were influenced the flag is by the French charged with Tricolore, which the Treasury had become Seal a symbol of liberation The Star of May is used as a symbol of freedom on many South American flags South America \"OLIVIA \"RAZIL Paraguay declared its independence from Spain in 1811 and has remained an independent 0!2!'5!9 republic ever since. !RGENTINA The colors of the flag and the power from 1814–40. During his Star of May emblem date from regime one side of the flag carried the Declaration of Independence. the arms of Spain and the other the A number of variant designs existed arms of Asunción. prior to the current design, which was regularized in 1842. The The current emblems, adopted in current flag has a separate emblem 1821, but not officially sanctioned on each side, a practice dating from until 1842, are the national arms on the time of José de Francia, in the front (obverse) and the Treasury Seal on the back (reverse). STATE ARMS ON THE OBVERSE TREASURY SEAL ON THE REVERSE The Star of May The motto,“Paz y The Cap of recalls the date of Justicia” (“Peace Liberty guarded and Justice”) by a lion independence Name of the state 53

South America Blue and white are also the Uruguay national colors Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: July 11, 1830 Usage: National and Civil of Argentina, The Sun of May from which this has been a national flag derives emblem since the 19th century The nine stripes represent the nine departments South America Historically a Spanish colony, Uruguay was annexed to Brazil and then to Argentina before \"RAZIL becoming fully independent in 1830. 525'5!9 !RGENTINA The colors, blue and white, and the remained in use after Uruguay was Sun of May on the current flag come annexed to Brazil in 1821. from the Argentinian flag. When full independence was THE FLAG OF ARTIGAS assumed, the present form of the flag was instituted. The nine stripes The colors were brought to Uruguay represent the nine departments. by José Artigas, who led the The Sun of May has been used as movement for separation. His flag the national emblem since 1815 and was blue and white striped, with a now appears as the crest on the coat red diagonal. Variations of this flag of arms. FLAG OF ARTIGAS This flag was used as Red represents the a Jack for naval vessels “Banda Oriental” until the late 1990s. (the “East Bank”) The colors derive from of Uruguay those of Argentina’s flag 54

South America Argentina The sun was added in 1818 Ratio: 1:2 Adopted: February 12, 1812 Usage: National and Civil to create a flag for state use Blue and white were formed into a flag by Manuel Belgrano, the leader of the revolution Light blue and white are from the cockades used by revolutionaries in 1812 South America \"OLIVIA \"RAZIL Argentina achieved its independence from Spain 0ARAGUAY in 1816. Liberation demonstrations began in Buenos Aires on May 25, 1810. 5RUGUAY !2'%.4).! At his encampment at Rosario in THE SUN FLAG 1812, the revolutionary commander, Manuel Belgrano needed a flag. He In 1818, the sun emblem was added devised one, using the sky-blue and to the national flag forming the state white colors of the cockades worn by flag flown on government buildings supporters of independence. This flag and military bases. It is also the was used in battle and. although Argentine naval ensign. The sun is initially rejected by the provisional based on coins issued in Buenos Aires government, it later became the in 1813. The tradition of the “Sun of national flag. May,” breaking through white clouds in a blue sky has no historical basis. ARMS OF ARGENTINA The sun symbolizes the dawn of a new era and a new nation The Cap of Liberty A wreath of laurel Sky-blue and white are the national colors 55

Africa Morocco Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: November 17, 1915 Usage: National and Civil Red represents the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad The Seal of Solomon was added in 1915 Africa Spain Morocco has been independent since 1956, becoming a kingdom in 1957. The state has MOROCCO occupied Western Sahara since 1975. Western Algeria Sahara Mauritania Mali Red has considerable historic THE COLONIAL ERA significance in Morocco, proclaiming the descent of the royal family from While Morocco was under French the Prophet Muhammad via Fatima, and Spanish control, the red flag with the wife of Ali, the fourth Caliph. the seal in the center remained in use Red is also the color that was used but only inland, its use at sea was by the Sherifs of Mecca and the prohibited. When independence was Imams of Yemen. restored in 1956 it once again became the national flag. THE SEAL OF SOLOMON THE NATIONAL ARMS From the 17th century, when After independence in 1958, Morocco was ruled by the Hassani Morocco adopted a national coat Dynasty, the flags of the country of arms. This depicts the sun rising were plain red. In 1915, during the over the Atlas Mountains. The arms reign of Mulay Yusuf, the green also includes the Seal of Solomon “Seal of Solomon” was added to from the national flag. On the scroll the national flag. The Seal is an is an inscription from the Qur’an interlaced pentangle, used as a (Koran), which reads “If you assist symbol in occult law for centuries. God, he will assist you.” 56

Africa Algeria Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: July 3, 1962 Usage: National and Civil Green is the White is symbolic color of Islam of purity The crescent and The longer than star of Islam recall usual horns stand for good fortune Ottoman rule and happiness Red represents liberty Africa 4UNISIA Algeria was occupied by the French from 1830. Independence was achieved in 1962 after a long -OROCCO struggle led by the National Liberation Front. 7ESTERN !,'%2)! ,IBYA 3AHARA -AURITANIA -ALI .IGER The flag of Algeria was adopted whole emblem recalls the period by the National Liberation Front of Ottoman rule during the 16th (Front de Libération National) in century and its color, red, is symbolic 1954, on the basis of an older design, of liberty. created in 1928, by the nationalist leader Messali Hadj. From 1958-62 THE NAVAL ENSIGN it was the flag of the Provisional Government in exile, but it was The naval ensign has two crossed retained when independence was anchors in the canton. This device achieved in 1962 and has remained is used on the naval ensigns of unchanged ever since. several Arab countries, following the example of Egypt. SYMBOLISM IN THE FLAG THE EMBLEM OF ALGERIA The green in the hoist is the The state coat of arms is based on traditional color of Islam and the the well-known local emblem of the white represents purity. The horns “Hand of Fatima.” It also contains of the crescent are longer than usual the crescent and star of Islam, and represent increase or good alongside symbols reflecting both fortune and happiness, whilst the agriculture and industry. 57

Africa Red taken from the flag of Turkey Tunisia Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: 1835 Usage: National and Civil The crescent and star of Islam Africa Italy Part of the Turkish Empire until 1881, Tunisia TUNISIA then became a French Protectorate. In 1957, it Algeria became a republic when the “Bey” was deposed. Libya The flag is based on that of the The coat of arms of Tunisia has Turkish Empire and was adopted by been altered since the abolition of the “Bey,” the hereditary ruler of the monarchy, most recently in 1963, Tunisia, in 1835, primarily as a and unusually has the motto on a military flag. During the French scroll actually on the shield. The administration (1881-1957) it became motto reads—in Arabic—“Order, a sea flag, with the French Tricolore in Liberty, Justice.” The ship, lion, and the canton; this was removed when balance were retained from the independence was achieved in 1956. previous arms. ARMS OF TUNISIA The ship also recalls early settlers The ship, lion, and balance symbolize The national the national motto motto—“Order, Liberty, Justice” 58

Libya Africa Ratio: 3:5 Adopted: 1977 Usage: National and Civil It is the only national flag of a Green is the single plain color national color of Libya and also reflects the people’s devotion to Islam Africa 4UNISIA %GYPT Libya achieved independence in 1951, but in ,)\"9! 3UDAN 1969 the King was deposed and Libya formed a republic led by Colonel Gadaffi. !LGERIA .IGER #HAD The flag of the independent kingdom a hawk emblem in the center and was red, black, and green with a the name of the country beneath it. crescent and star in the center, but after the revolution of 1969, the flag When Libya quit the Federation became three simple stripes of red, in 1977, the new plain green flag white, and black. was adopted. The national emblem remains similar to the one used In 1971, Libya joined the Federation while Libya was part of the of Arab Republics with Egypt and Federation, which shows the Syria which used a similar flag with Hawk of Quraish. ARMS OF LIBYA The Hawk of Quraish is the emblem of the tribe of Muhammad The title of the state—“The Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Republic” 59

Africa Egypt Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: October 4, 1984 Usage: National and Civil Red, white, and black are Pan-Arab colors Eagle of Saladin Africa Israel Jordan Egypt was a kingdom until 1953. From 1958-1961 Saudi it joined the United Arab Republic and from 1972- Libya 1977 the Federation of Arab Republics. EGYPT Arabia As a kingdom, the flag was green stars in the center of the white stripe. with a white crescent and three stars. In 1972, when the Federation was formed, the stars were replaced with THE UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC the Hawk of the Quraish (see page 59), in gold, above the state name. When the United Arab Republic (uar) was formed in 1958, they In 1984, Egypt reverted to the gold adapted the flag of the Liberation eagle used by the Liberation Rally. Rally which led the independence These colors and the eagle emblem revolt of 1952—53. The uar flag was have been widely copied in other red, white and black, with two green Arab countries. FLAG OF THE LIBERATION RALLY 1952-58 The gold eagle is said to The crescent and stars be the Eagle of Saladin were retained from the old national flag 60

Africa Sudan Red, white, black, and Ratio: 1:2 Adopted: May 20, 1970 Usage: National and Civil green are Pan-Arab Red represents colors socialism Black is for Green is the the dark pre- color of Islam Islamic past and prosperity White represents purity and optimism Africa Egypt Ruled jointly by Egypt and Britain from 1877, Sudan became independent in 1956. Since then it Libya has had a series of different regimes. Chad The flag used at independence White represents purity and was a horizontal tricolor of blue, optimism; red is for socialism, green yellow and green, but following for prosperity, and black for the dark, the formation of the Democratic pre-Islamic past. Republic in 1968, a new flag was chosen by competition. In 1969 a new arms was adopted, with a secretary bird bearing a shield A PAN-ARAB FLAG from the time of the Mahdi, (who briefly ruled Sudan in the 19th This is like other Arab flags. The century). Two scrolls are placed green as a triangle at the hoist. above and below the secretary bird. ARMS OF SUDAN The national motto— “Al-nasr lina” The title of the state— (“Victory is ours”) “Al-Jamhuriya as-Sudaniya” A secretary bird (“Republic of Sudan”) bears the shield 61

Africa Green, blue, and red are the Eritrea colors of the Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: May 24, 1993 Usage: National and Civil Eritrean People’s Liberation Front An olive branch is encircled by a wreath representing Eritrean autonomy Africa Sudan Saudi Eritrea was federated to Ethiopia in 1952 and fully Arabia integrated in 1962. From 1972, a long war of secession led to independence in 1993. ERITREA Yemen Ethiopia The flag of the Eritrean People’s olive leaves. Originally this emblem Liberation Front (eplf), which was green on a blue flag, but it is now campaigned for independence, is yellow. green and blue with a red triangle bearing a gold star. The flag adopted THE PRESIDENT’S FLAG on independence retained the colors and pattern, but replaced the star The President’s flag contains the with the emblem used previously for national arms, which depicts a autonomous Eritrea. This is an olive camel in a desert, with the name branch surrounded by a wreath of of the state underneath in English, Tigrinya, and Arabic. THE PRESIDENT’S FLAG The arms of Eritrea The colors of the national flag are used The arms is surrounded by a wreath of leaves 62

Africa Djibouti Ratio: 21:38 Adopted: June 27, 1977 Usage: National and Civil White, green, Light blue and light blue represents the are the colors of Issa people the lpai Green represents The star represents the Afar people, the unity of the state with their land and links to Islam Africa Yemen Once known as French Somaliland, and from 1967 DJIBOUTI as the Territory of the Afars and Issas, Djibouti Eritrea gained independence in 1977. Somalia Ethiopia The national flag adopted in 1977 position, and the proportions of the was an adaptation of the flag of flag were lengthened. The colors the Ligue Populaire Africaine pour stand for the Issas and the Afars, l’Indépendance (lpai) which led the two peoples of Djibouti at Djibouti to independence. The lpai independence, and the red star flag had a red triangle with a white for the unity of the diverse state. star. For the national flag, adopted at independence, the star was placed The coat of arms is centered in an upright, rather than a slanted around a Somali shield and spear, bordered by two hunting knives. ARMS OF DJIBOUTI The red star is a traditional symbol of unity A Somali shield and weapons; two hunting The coat of arms contains a local shield knives and a spear 63

Africa Ethiopia Green recalls the land and Ratio: 1:2 Adopted: February 6, 1996 Usage: National and Civil hope for the future The colors date back Yellow is the to the 19th color of peace century and love Red is symbolic of strength The emblem represents diversity and unity Africa Sudan Eritrea Ethiopia was recognized as an empire in the Djibouti 19th century. It was occupied by Italy from 1936–41. The Emperor was overthrown in 1974. ETHIOPIASomalia Kenya The three traditional colors: green, ETHIOPIA AND THE RASTAFARI yellow, and red date back to the Emperor Menelik (1889–1913) and In the 1930s the Ethiopian colors were first used in a flag in 1895. became popular with black activists in Jamaica who looked to Ethiopia The current flag and emblem for political and spiritual guidance. were adopted after the defeat of the Since then, these colors (along with Marxist Mengistu regime, in power black from the flag of Marcus from 1974–1991. The emblem is Garvey) have become linked with intended to represent both the the Rastafarian movement, and have diversity and unity of the country. spread to other African countries. EMBLEM OF ETHIOPIA The star represents Blue represents diversity and unity peace The sun’s rays symbolize prosperity 64

Africa Somalia Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: October 12, 1954 Usage: National and Civil The five-pointed The blue is the same star represents the as that used by the branches of the United Nations Somali race; in Ethiopia, Kenya, Djibouti, and the former British and Italian colonies The star of unity Africa Modern Somalia is a combination of the former Italian territory and British Somaliland. Since 1991 Djibouti it has been in a state of civil war. Ethiopia SOMALIA The flag was adopted by the Italian including those living in Ethiopia, Trusteeship Territory in 1954 on Djibouti, and Kenya. the basis of the blue and white flag of the United Nations, which was ARMS OF SOMALIA supervising the territory at the time. It was retained when Somalia The coat of arms was adopted in became independent in 1960. The 1956. The leopards which support five-pointed star is said to stand for the shield and the white star were the five branches of the Somali race also found on the arms used during the Italian administration. ARMS OF SOMALIA The supporters are leopards; a leopard also The shield is featured on the shield based on the of the colonial arms national flag Below the shield are two palm branches and two spears 65

Africa Uganda Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: October 9, 1962 Usage: National and Civil The colors of the The great crested flag represent the crane is the national Ugandan people, badge of Uganda sunlight, and brotherhood Black, yellow, and red are the party colors of the UPC Africa 3UDAN Since independence in 1962, Uganda has suffered years of upheaval. Under the current regime some $EM

Africa Kenya Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: December 12, 1963 Usage: National and Civil Black, red, and The white green are kanu fimbriations were party colors added to the KANU flag to create the White was added national flag to represent the Kenya African Democratic Union The African shield is also used in the national arms Africa Sudan Ethiopia malia Kenya became a colony in 1920 having previously been known as British East Africa. It became Uganda So independent in 1963 and a republic in 1964. KENYA Tanzania The flag adopted at independence shield and spears, but with a white was based on that of the Kenya rooster in the center, grasping an ax. Africa National Union (kanu); the dominant political party. For Kenya was the first African the national flag, white fimbriations country to use a shield of traditional were added, and the shield and design in its coat of arms, a practice spears replaced the party symbol. which has since been followed in many other new states. It was also A coat of arms was adopted in the first to give the motto in a local 1963 which makes use of the same language, in this case Swahili. ARMS OF KENYA The shield stands on The rooster with an ax is a representation of the KANU party symbol Mount Kenya “Harambee” meaning “Pull Together” in Swahili 67

Africa Rwanda Ratio: 6:13 Adopted: December 31, 2001 Usage: National and Civil Light blue The Golden Sun stands for symbolizes the the hope of enlightenment happiness that will bring and peace unity and fight ignorance Green represents Yellow is symbolic of the need for future prosperity economic growth Africa $EM

Africa Burundi Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: June 28, 1967 Usage: National and Civil Green The three stars represents hope represent the three ethnic groups, the White signifies peace Tutsi, Hutu, and Twa Red is symbolic of blood shed in the struggle for independence Africa $EM

Africa Central African Republic Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: December 1, 1958 Usage: National and Civil Red, yellow, and Red, white, and green are Pan- blue are taken African colors from the French The star represents Tricolore hope of a union under France The vertical stripe represents unity and the blood of humanity Africa Chad Sudan Previously known as Ubangui-Shari, the Central African Republic was formed as an autonomous CENTRAL state in 1958 under French protection. AFRICAN REPUBLIC Cameroon Dem. Rep. Congo The flag is unique in that it combines under the Emperor Bokassa from the Pan-African colors with those of 1976-79, but no change was made to France, the former colonial power. the national symbols. This was done in the hope that neighboring states would join a The coat of arms is intended to federation under French protection, symbolize both the Central African but this never materialized; the star Republic and its important position in represents the hope of achieving this the center of Africa. The upper scroll goal. The state became an empire bears the motto of the former ruling party; it means “A Man is a Man.” ARMS OF THE CENTRAL The central feature is a gold AFRICAN REPUBLIC star on a map of Africa, symbolizing the position of An elephant and the Central African Republic a baobab tree The hand was the party The national motto—“Unité, emblem of the dominant Dignité, Travail” meaning party in 1963, when the “Unity, Dignity, Work” arms was adopted 70

Africa Dem. Rep. Congo Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: February 18, 2006 Usage: National and Civil The gold fimbriations A blue flag with a suggest hope in yellow star was the the future flag of the Congo The red diagonal Free State from represents the blood 1877-1908 shed in civil wars. Africa The Democratic Republic of Congo was originally the Congo Free State (1880). In 1908 it became the CAR Belgian Congo and gained independence in 1960. DEM. REP. Congo CONGO Angola Zambia The flag of the Dem. Rep. of Congo provinces. In 1964 the design is like the design used 1964-1971. changed to one like the present flag. The flag of the Congo Free State was blue, with a central gold star. In 1971, the name of the country Under Belgian rule this flag changed to Zaïre, and the flag was remained, beside the Belgian flag. At based on that of the ruling party. independence in 1960, six stars were In 1997 the 1960 flag was restored, added down the hoist for the then six but replaced by the present design in 2006. FLAG OF CONGO FLAG OF ZAïRE 1960—1964 AND 1997— 1971—1997 71

Africa Niger Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: November 23, 1959 Usage: National and Civil Orange represents the savannah grasslands White represents the River Niger Green represents the country’s rain forests The orange disc is symbolic of the sun Africa Libya Niger was originally a province of French West Chad Africa. In 1958 it joined the Sahel-Benin Union, Algeria achieving full independence in 1960. Mali NIGER Burkina Nigeria The flag was designed in 1958 with rain forest, whilst the white strip that of the Ivory Coast, with which stands for the Niger River, and the Niger was in alliance, along with orange disc for the sun. The flag was Chad and Dahomey (modern Benin). retained on independence and has This alliance came to nothing, but remained unchanged ever since. flags were adopted which indicated their common interest. In the case of Four flags appear on the arms of Niger, the orange is said to stand for Niger, surrounding a green shield. the savannah and the green for the On the shield are weapons, the sun, a corncob, and a buffalo’s head. ARMS OF NIGER Corn represents the country’s agriculture Weapons represent military achievements The buffalo’s head reflects pastoral farming The title of the state—in French—is placed on the scroll 72

Africa Chad Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: November 6, 1959 Usage: National and Civil The flag combines Red recalls the blood two Pan-African shed for independence colors—red and yellow, with two colors from the French Tricolore— blue and red Yellow symbolizes the sun and deserts Blue symbolizes the sky and waters of the south Africa ,IBYA Chad became an autonomous republic in 1958 and for two years joined with Niger, Ivory Coast and .IGER Dahomey in the informal Sahel-Benin Union. #(!$ 3UDAN #!2 The flag is a combination of the THE NATIONAL ARMS Pan-African colors popularized by Ghana, and those of the French The coat of arms dates from 1970, Tricolore, on which it is closely although Chad also has a seal (like modeled. It was adopted for the many former French colonies), autonomous republic and retained on adopted in 1959. The arms is in the independence in 1960. Despite many colors of the national flag and is upheavals since independence the flag supported by a lion and a wild goat. has not been changed. The medal below the shield is the badge of the National Order of Chad. ARMS OF CHAD The wavy bars symbolize Lake Chad The red symbol is for salt, the country’s The lion is symbolic of main mineral the south of the country A mountain goat The national motto— represents the “Unité, Travail, north of Chad Progrès” (“Unity, Work, Progress”) 73

Africa Mauritania Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: April 1, 1959 Usage: National and Civil Yellow and green The crescent and are both Pan- star of Islam African colors Green also recalls the country’s Islamic faith Africa !LGERIA Mauritania became fully independent from France in 1960. From 1976-79 it occupied part of Western 7ESTERN Sahara; now occupied by Morocco. 3AHARA -!52)4!.)! 3ENEGAL -ALI The flag was adopted in 1959 for the represents a real seal, used for autonomous republic. It consists certifying documents. simply of a yellow crescent and star of Islam on a green field, expressive It bears the title of the state around of the country’s full title—“The the edge. In the center are the Mauritanian Islamic Republic.” Islamic crescent and star emblems. These are decorated with a palm Mauritania also has a seal, like branch and a millet plant, both those used in many former French important national plants. The seal colonies. It is uncolored and was adopted for Mauritania in 1960. SEAL OF MAURITANIA The star and crescent of Islam The name of the country is given in both A millet plant French and Arabic A palm branch 74

Africa Mali Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: March 1, 1961 Usage: National and Civil Green, yellow, and The style of the flag red are Pan-African is modeled on the colors French Tricolore Africa !LGERIA Mali achieved independence from France in confederation with Senegal on June 20, 1960, but -AURITANIA split away later the same year to form a republic. 3ENEGAL 'UINEA The flag adopted in 1959 for the 1960, the flag was kept for use in Confederation was an imitation of Mali until March 1, 1961, when the the flag of Ghana, but following the black figure was dropped. style of the French Tricolore. It was charged with a black emblem known Mali also has a seal, like those of as a kanaga, a stylized human figure. other former French colonies. It is The colors were intended to reflect a uncolored and displays a local fortress unity with other African nations. between two bows and arrows. After the two countries split up in Above the fortress is a dove of peace and below it is a rising sun. SEAL OF MALI The dove of peace The title of the state A local fortress The national motto—“Un A bow and arrow Peuple, Un But, Une Foi” meaning “One People, One Goal, One Faith” 75

Africa Senegal The design is modeled on a Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: September 1960 Usage: National and Civil French Tricolore The Pan-African colors: red, yellow and green The star represents unity and hope Africa -AURITANIA Senegal achieved independence from France in federation with Mali in June 1960. The Federation 3%.%'!, -ALI lasted until August 1960. 'AMBIA 'UINEA \"ISSAU 'UINEA The original flag for the Federation kanaga emblem on the original with Mali was adopted on April 4, Federation flag to a green star. This 1959. It remained in use in Mali has remained the flag ever since. until March 1961. The coat of arms was designed by A NEW NATIONAL FLAG a French heraldist in 1965. It depicts a rampant lion and a baobab tree— After the breakup of the Federation emblems which had appeared on in 1960, Senegal adopted a new earlier badges of Senegal. The medal national flag; changing the black is the star of the National Order. ARMS OF SENEGAL The star is the same as on the national flag The lion and baobab tree appeared on previous arms Motto is the same as Mali’s— “Un Peuple, Un But, Une A wreath of palm branches Foi” (“One People, One Goal, One Faith”) The star of the National Order 76

Africa Gambia Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: February 18, 1965 Usage: National and Civil Red represents the savannah grasslands The blue stripe symbolizes the River Gambia Green symbolizes the forests Africa -AURITANIA The Gambia became self-governing in 1963 and fully independent of Britain on February 18, 1965. 3ENEGAL It became a republic on April 24, 1970. '!-\")! -ALI 'UINEA \"ISSAU 'UINEA The flag of Gambia has no political colonial badge of the Gambia and basis. The blue stripe of the flag is follows traditional heraldry. The said to represent the River Gambia two tools represent the main ethnic flowing between the green forest and groups—the Mandinka and the the red savannah. It was adopted at Fulani—and the crest, above the independence in 1965. helmet, is a local oil palm. The coat of arms was granted The federation formed with before independence, in 1964. It Senegal from 1981—1989 had no makes no reference to the previous effect on the national symbols. ARMS OF GAMBIA A crest of oil palm leaves The supporters are two lions, shown holding tools An ax and a hoe represent the Mandinka and the The national motto— Fulani, the two main ethnic “Progress, Peace, Prosperity” groups in Gambia 77

Africa Cape Verde Ratio: 10:17 Adopted: February 25, 1992 Usage: National and Civil The ten stars stand The red stripe for the ten islands between the white of Cape Verde represents the road to progress Blue represents the Atlantic Ocean #!0%

Africa Guinea-Bissau Ratio: 1:2 Adopted: September 24, 1973 Usage: National and Civil The black star Yellow stands represents the for the sun unity of Africa Green represents hope Red stands for the blood shed during the struggle for independence Africa -ALI Guinea-Bissau is so-called to distinguish it from the former French Guinea. Formerly a territory of 3ENEGAL Portugal, it achieved self-government in 1973. '5).%! \")33!5 Like the former flag of Cape Verde, pan-African combination of red, the flag is based on that of the Partido yellow, green, and black in 1957. Africano para a Independencia da Guiné In the Ghanaian view, the black star e Cabo Verde (paigc), still the stands for the unity of Africa. The dominant party in Guinea-Bissau. colors are now said to stand for the blood shed for independence, hope, THE GHANAIAN INFLUENCE and the sun, as the source of life. The party flag was derived from The coat of arms is the paigc that of Ghana, which first used the badge, a black star and a scallop shell. ARMS OF GUINEA-BISSAU As the PAIGC badge, the palm leaves represented A star symbolizing Guinea-Bissau African unity The scallop shell The PAIGC motto originally recalled the —“Unidade, Luta, Cape Verde islands Progresso” meaning “Unity, Struggle, Progress” 79

Africa Guinea Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: November 10, 1958 Usage: National and Civil The flag is modeled Green represents the on the French country’s vegetation Tricolore, but in Pan-African colors Red symbolizes the people’s sacrifice Yellow represents the sun and the riches of the earth Africa 3ENEGAL -ALI In 1958, Guinea became the first territory in former French West Africa to gain independence 'UINEA '5).%! without first becoming an autonomous republic. \"ISSAU )VORY 3IERRA

Africa Sierra Leone Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: April 27, 1961 Usage: National and Civil White stands Green represents for justice the agricultural and natural resources of the country Blue recalls the natural harbor at Freetown, the capital Africa 'UINEA Sierra Leone was founded as a home for freed slaves in 1787, but became a British colony in 1808. 3)%22! )VORY It achieved independence in 1961. ,%/.% #OAST ,IBERIA The arms and flag of Sierra Leone base are wavy bars depicting the sea. were devised by the College of Arms The supporters are lions, similar to and granted in 1960. those on the colonial badge. ARMS OF SIERRA LEONE The three main colors from the shield—green, white and blue—were The shield depicts a lion beneath used to form the flag. They represent a zigzag border, representing the Lion agricultural and natural resources in Mountains after which the territory green, unity and justice in white, and was named, and three torches. At the blue for the harbor at Freetown. ARMS OF SIERRA LEONE The lions holding oil-palms are taken from the old The torches symbolize colonial badge education and progress The border represents National motto—“Unity, the Lion Mountains Freedom, Justice” The wavy bars depict the sea 81

Africa Liberia The flag is modeled on the Ratio: 10:19 Adopted: July 26, 1847 Usage: National and Civil US Stars and The star Stripes represents African freedom Eleven stripes represent the eleven men that signed the Liberian Declaration of Independence Africa 3IERRA 'UINEA )VORY Liberia was founded in 1816 by the American ,EONE #OAST Colonization Society as a home for freed slaves from the USA. It became independent in 1847. ,)\"%2)! The flag of Liberia is clearly based All the counties of Liberia have on that of the USA, with one white local flags, but the extent of their star in a blue canton standing for use is unclear. the freedom it was intended should shine forth in the so-called “Dark THE PRESIDENT’S FLAG Continent.” The canton itself represents Africa. The eleven stripes There is also a flag for the President, are said to stand, in this case, for the using a shield in the form of the signatories of Liberia’s Declaration of national flag. Whether this is actually Independence. in use is in doubt, in view of the civil war in Liberia since 1990. THE PRESIDENT’S FLAG Shield is derived from Four stars features of the national flag representing the Supreme Commander 82

Africa Ivory Coast Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: December 3, 1959 Usage: National and Civil The design is Green recalls their modeled on the coastal forests French Tricolore Orange represents the savannah grasslands White represents the country’s rivers Africa 'UINEA -ALI \"URKINA Ivory Coast was originally part of French West Africa. It became independent in its own )6/29 right on August 7, 1960. #/!34 ,IBERIA 'HANA After independence, Ivory Coast interpretation is that they symbolize formed a loose alliance of West progress, hope, and national unity. African states. The flags of these The flag was adopted in 1959, just states were influenced both by the prior to independence. pan-African colors first used by Ghana, and also by the model of the THE NATIONAL ARMS French Tricolore, the flag of the former colonial power. The coat of arms, which has a green shield charged with an elephant’s ALLIANCE OF WEST AFRICAN STATES head, is based on the emblem of the Rassemblement Démocratique Africaine, The colors chosen for Ivory Coast’s the dominant political party at the flag were also used by Niger, with time of independence. Originally the which Ivory Coast had an alliance elephant’s head was on a blue shield, (the resemblance to the colors of but this was altered in 1964 to green, Ireland is coincidental). They were to match the national flag. The shield intended to symbolize the following: is supported by two palm trees. orange represents the savannah Behind is a rising sun. On a scroll at grasslands, white the rivers, and green the base of the arms is the title of the the coastal forests. Another state, “Republique de Côte d’Ivoire.” 83

Africa Burkina Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: August 4, 1984 Usage: National and Civil Red, yellow, and Red recalls the green are pan- 1984 revolution African colors The star is the guiding light of the revolution Green represents Burkina’s abundant natural resources Africa Burkina, originally known as Upper Volta, was once a French colony. It became self-governing in -ALI .IGER 1958 and fully independent in 1960. \"52+).! )VORY

Ghana Africa Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: March 6, 1957 Usage: National Red recalls the blood shed by Ghana was the first freedom fighters country to use the Yellow represents pan-African colors mineral wealth of red, yellow, green, and black Green is symbolic The star of of the country’s African freedom rich forests Africa \"URKINA Previously the Gold Coast, Ghana became independent from Britain in 1957. It took its new 4OGO name from that of an historic African empire. )VORY '(!.! #OAST Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana’s first the inspiration for numerous other leader after independence, was the African flags during the period of first to introduce the politically decolonization. symbolic pan-African colors—red, yellow, green, and black—into Ghana followed the flag patterns African flags. They were ultimately established in the United Kingdom, derived from the colors of Ethiopia, and so has a both a red ensign for use dating back to the 19th century and on civil vessels and a white ensign for have now become associated with naval vessels. This use of several flags the Rastafarian movement in the sets it apart from other West African West Indies. The flag also became states, which normally have only one all-purpose flag. GHANAIAN RED ENSIGN The national flag is The field is in the style of placed in the canton the British Red Ensign 85

Africa Togo The five stripes represent the five Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: April 27, 1960 Usage: National and Civil regions of Togo The star of hope Red symbolizes Yellow reflects the blood shed Togo’s mineral wealth during the struggle for independence Green represents agricultural wealth Africa \"URKINA Togo, once a German colony, was divided between France and Britain in 1914. The French \"ENIN part became independent, as Togo, in 1960. 4/'/ .IGERIA 'HANA During the period of autonomy, signify its agricultural and mineral 1956-1960, the flag was green resources. The red canton is for the with two yellow stars arranged blood of those who struggled for diagonally with the French Tricolore independence, while the white star in the canton. is for hope, as on Liberia’s flag. On independence in 1960, the The national emblem contains two present flag was adopted. The five lions holding bows and arrows, and a stripes stand for the regions of Togo, sun with the country’s initials. Above and are in green and yellow to the sun is the national motto. EMBLEM OF TOGO The national motto— “Union, Paix, Solidarité”, “RT” stands for the title meaning “Unity, Peace, of the state “République Solidarity” Togolaise” Two lions are shown carrying bows and arrows to protect the homeland 86

Africa Benin Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: November 16, 1959 Usage: National and Civil Red, yellow, and green are pan- African colors The colors symbolize African unity and nationalism Africa .IGERIA Originally known as Dahomey, Benin became \"%.). autonomous in 1958 and independent from France \"URKINA in 1960. Its name was changed in 1975. 4OGO The flag used today is the same as arms. The seal depicts a pirogue or that adopted in 1959, although after African canoe with a bow and arrow, the revolution of December 1975, and two clubs. The arms consists of a green flag with a red star in the a quartered shield depicting a local canton was used. The original flag Somba fortress, the medal of the was restored in 1990, as was the Order of the Star of Benin, a palm original national emblem. The new tree, and a sailing ship. The motto is name of the country was retained. “Fraternité, Justice, Travail” meaning Benin has both a seal and a coat of “Fraternity, Justice, Work.” ARMS OF BENIN The Horns of Plenty spilling out ears of corn A Somba fortress are symbolic of riches The national motto from the land meaning “Fraternity, The Order of Justice, Work” Star of Benin 87

Africa Nigeria Ratio: 1:2 Adopted: October 1, 1960 Usage: National White symbolizes peace and unity Green recalls the land Africa .IGER Nigeria was formed in 1914 from several British colonies and protectorates. In 1954 it became a \"ENIN #HAD federation and in 1960 achieved independence. .)'%2)! #AMEROON The national flag is an adaptation of one time the states also had flags. the winning entry in a competition The coat of arms was granted in held in 1959. The original had a red sun with streaming rays placed at 1960, but the motto has been altered the top of the white stripe. This was since then to include the words removed by the judges and the flag “Peace and Progress.” The shield has not been altered since. represents the confluence of two rivers and the crest is a red eagle. Like Ghana, Nigeria has special It all stands on a green base strewn flags for civil and naval vessels and at with the Coctus spectabilis flower. ARMS OF NIGERIA The red eagle symbolizing strength The confluence is the national badge of the Niger and The two white Benuë rivers horses symbolize The Coctus dignity spectabilis is the national flower The national motto— “Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress” 88

Africa Cameroon Red, yellow, and green are the Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: May 20, 1975 Usage: National and Civil pan-African colors The pattern of the flag reflects the French Tricolore The star of unity Yellow symbolizes prosperity Green represents hope The red stripe represents unity Africa .IGERIA #HAD Cameroon was originally a German colony, which was partitioned by the French and the British #

Africa Equatorial Guinea Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: October 12, 1968 Usage: National and Civil The blue triangle Green reflects represents the sea the country’s agricultural lands White stands for peace The national arms have always appeared on the flag Red symbolizes the country’s independence Africa #AMEROON Equatorial Guinea includes the former Spanish colonies of Río Muni, the island of Fernando Po %15!4/2)!,

Africa São Tomé & Príncipe Ratio: 1:2 Adopted: November 5, 1975 Usage: National and Civil The red Green, red, triangle recalls yellow, and the struggle for black are pan- independence, African colors as on the flags of Ghana and Togo The two stars stand for the two islands Africa 0R¤NCIPE %QUATORIAL São Tomé & Príncipe are a pair of islands in the Gulf of Guinea that formerly belonged to Portugal. 3!/

Africa Gabon Ratio: 3:4 Adopted: August 9, 1960 Usage: National and Civil Yellow and green represent natural resources Blue represents the sea Africa Cameroon Gabon was once a province of French Equatorial Equatorial Africa. It became independent in 1960 under the leadership of the Gabon Democratic Party. Guinea Congo GABON Dem. Rep. Congo The original flag was adopted in resources, especially its timber. 1959 and was similar to the present The coat of arms is of European one, but with stripes of unequal width and the French Tricolore in the style and is in the colors of the flag. canton. The Tricolore was dropped at The shield is supported by two independence. The flag’s unusual black panthers and an okoumé tree, proportions are laid down by law and symbolic of the timber trade. The the colors are said to stand for the coat of arms is unusual in having a sea, and for the country’s natural Latin motto—“Uniti Progrediamur,” beneath the branches of the tree. ARMS OF GABON The okoumé tree is symbolic of the timber trade A Latin motto—“Unite Progrediamur” meaning Two black panthers “We go forward in Unity” support the shield A second motto means The ship represents “Union, Work, Justice” Gabon moving toward a brighter future 92

Africa Congo Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: November 20, 1959 Usage: National and Civil The Pan-African The distinctive colors of red, diagonal pattern yellow, and green sets it apart from other Pan-African flags Africa #

Africa Angola Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: November 11, 1975 Usage: National and Civil The design is based The cog-wheel and on flag of the mpla machete are emblems of agriculture and The emblems of industry are similar to the Soviet-style hammer and sickle Africa Dem. Rep. Originally a Portuguese colony, Angola was Congo eventually liberated by the People’s Liberation Congo Movement of Angola in 1975. ANGOLA Namibia The flag of the People’s Liberation cog-wheel, star, and machete, but Movement of Angola (mpla) is like includes a hoe. These symbols are on the present national flag but with a a background which, like the yellow star. The half cog-wheel and emblem on the flag, is similar to the machete on the national flag were devices used in Soviet designs. The added, to create an emblem cog-wheel is balanced by a wreath of reminiscent of the hammer and sickle cotton, coffee, and corn, and an open on the Soviet flag. book. On the scroll is “Republic of Angola,” the state name. The national arms also features the ARMS OF ANGOLA The Soviet-style These are emblems of emblem is still in use agriculture and of industry The state name, in Portuguese— The book is symbolic of the República de importance of education Angola— 94

Africa Zambia Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: October 24, 1964 Usage: National and Civil The green field The eagle is taken represents Zambia’s from the national arms agriculture Yellow represents the country’s copper Red recalls the struggle Black stands for for independence the people Africa Dem. Rep. Tanzania Zambia was formerly the British colony of Congo Northern Rhodesia. It was granted full independence in 1964. Angola ZAMBIA Malawi Mozambique Zimbabwe Although the United National In the arms, the eagle, which Independence Party is no longer once appeared in the upper part of dominant in Zambia, the party’s the shield, forms the crest, above a colors remain in the bottom left crossed pickax and hoe. White and of the flag, designed by graphic black bars on the shield represent artists just prior to independence. the famous Victoria Falls. The The eagle is taken from the national supporters are an African man and arms, which are based on those of woman and the motto on the base the former Northern Rhodesia. reads “One Zambia, One Nation.” ARMS OF ZAMBIA The eagle of liberty The shield stands on an The pickax and hoe are allegorical landscape emblems of agriculture and industry The shield represents the white waters of the Zambezi River flowing over black rock at the Victoria Falls

Africa Tanzania Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: June 30, 1964 Usage: National and Civil Green and black, taken from the old Tanganyikan flag, represent the land and the people Blue, taken from the flag of Zanzibar, represents the sea Yellow symbolizes mineral wealth Africa Kenya The British Trusteeship Territory of Tanganyika became independent in 1961. In 1964, it merged Rwanda with the Republic of Zanzibar, to form Tanzania. Burundi Dem. Rep. N;HT;HC; Congo Zambia Mozambique The original flag of independent white stripe along the hoist. Tanganyika was derived from that of the Tanganyika African National A NEW UNITED FLAG Union, the dominant party at the time. This was horizontal stripes of When the two countries united to green-black-green. For the national form Tanzania, a new national flag flag, yellow fimbriations were placed was created which combined the between the green and the black. colors of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. The country’s coat of arms was also Derived from the Afro-Shirazi altered to include the new national Party, the flag of Zanzibar is green, flag in the shield, again to reflect the black, and blue stripes, with a vertical new union of the two countries. FLAG OF ZANZIBAR The national flag was These are the colors of added as a canton to the the Afro-Shirazi Party, revolutionary flag of 1964 who overthrew the ruling Sultan in 1964