Inventions_ Facts at Your Fingertips_clone

FASCINATING FACTS | 149 never give up product. WD-40 stands for “Water Displacement 40th Attempt.” It gained • Thomas edison tried many materials for fame for having multiple and unusual the filament in his lightbulb, including cork, uses, such as preventing guitar strings wood, rubber, grass, and even human hair. from rusting and removing crayon marks. • Thomas Edison invented his lightbulb • One of the most unusual inventors is after thousands of failed attempts. an American named Ron Popeil. He has He famously said: “Genius is one percent invented all kinds of household and leisure inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.” gadgets, including a chop-o-matic that chops vegetables and a pocket fisherman • When iRobot launched a robotic vacuum (a fishing rod that folds to fit into a pocket). cleaner in 2002, some people thought it was a silly idea that wouldn’t last, but the • The inventor of bubble gum said his Roomba continues to sell. invention was “an accident.” He sold his first batch in one afternoon. • An oil-based spray called WD-40 failed 39 times before its inventors hit on a final Who SaiD ThaT? WhaT’S in a name? “Invent something that will be used once • The name Lego® comes from and then thrown away. Then the customer the Danish words “leg godt” meaning will come back for more.” William Painter, “play well.” inventor of the crown cork bottle cap • Zippers were named for the sound they “To invent, you need a good imagination made as they opened and closed. and a pile of junk.” Thomas Edison • Duct tape is also widely known as “If I have seen further than others, it is by “duck” tape because of its ability to standing upon the shoulders of giants.” repel water. Isaac Newton • Coca-Cola was named after the coca “If birds can glide for long periods of time, leaves and kola berries from which it was then... why can’t I?” Orville Wright originally made.

150 | INVENTIONS Glossary Generator A machine than in an exterior that produces (or furnace. Most vehicles Alloy A material Fiber optics A means generates) electricity. are powered by internal made of two or more of sending information Global Positioning combustion engines. metals, or from a metal in the form of light System (GPS) Internet The global combined with another impulses along glass A navigation system network that links material. Bronze is an or plastic fibers. that relies on information millions of computers. alloy, made from a Filament The part of from satellites to provide Joystick A means of mixture of copper a lightbulb that glows precise location details. controlling the cursor and tin. when an electric GPS depends on the for a computer game Artificial Intelligence current passes through satellites linking with to make the game (AI) Robots that are it. Thomas Edison ground-based receivers. seem more realistic. developed to learn famously experimented Many cars are fitted Lens A curved piece are described as having with thousands of with GPS receivers. of glass. Lenses can artificial intelligence substances to try and find Industrial Revolution be found in telescopes, (as opposed to the asuitable filament. A period of rapid industrial glasses, and cameras, natural intelligence Force A push or pull that expansion in Britain and, among other things. that people enjoy). can make something later, in rest of Europe and Lever A rigid bar, Braille A system of move, prevent something the US. It started in the pivoted at one point reading and writing that from moving, or change late 1700s and saw a huge along its length. This uses raised dots. There an object’s motion. amount of innovation and means it can be used is now a braille code for Four-stroke cycle invention. This is the time to transmit and change every widely spoken engine The most that factories began to force. An oar is an language in the world, common type of emerge and people moved example of a simple lever. as well as one for music engine. Each piston in away from the countryside Maglev This is short and for mathematics. the engine works in four to form towns around for “magnetic levitation.” There is even a stages, or strokes: intake these factories. Maglev trains depend on braille system for (taking in a mixture of air Information Age magnets to lift the train use with computers. and petrol), compression Also referred to as the and move it forward. Browser (web) An (squeezing the mixture), Computer or Digital Age, Mesopotamia An application that is used combustion (a spark this defines the time we ancient region that to find information on ignites the mixture, are living in, whereby stretched through the World Wide Web. which burns rapidly we are reliant on modern-day Iraq and Codex The earliest and pushes the piston information technology Kuwait, as well as parts form of a book, made down), and exhaust with economies that of modern-day Turkey from manuscripts (the spent mixture depend on computers. and Iran. Mesopotamia stitched together leaves the cylinder). Innovation The means has been widely termed along one side. Gears Toothed wheels by which an idea or the “cradle of civilization.” Compound machine that mesh together as invention is developed Microprocessor The A machine, such as a they turn. Gears are used and improved in a complicated circuits at bicycle or wheelbarrow, to change the speed or new way. the heart of a computer that uses two or more force with which wheels Internal combustion that perform instructions simple machines. turn, allowing the efficient engine An engine that and calculations, and use of power. burns fuel inside one or more cylinders, rather

GLOSSARY | 151 communicate with other Patent A legal document previously done by by large organizations parts of the computer. that grants sole rights to people. Car factories, for handling huge The microprocessor is a an individual or company for example, use robot amounts of data. computer’s brain. to make, use, and sell an assembly lines to Weather forecasting Monorail A railroad with invention. Patents have build cars as well depends on the a single rail track. Many a set time period and as to paint them. operation of monorails operate with they do expire. Patent Satellite An object in supercomputers. the train suspended applications are given orbit around a body Technology The means from the rail but others a number if successful in space. Thousands by which knowledge run on it. Monorails are and a year of issue. of artificial satellites and inventions are widely used at airports. Pendulum A hanging orbit Earth, aiding put to practical use. Monowheel A vehicle weight that swings to communication and Telecommunication with a single wheel. regulate the workings navigation, taking part Communication over a The rider sits next of a clock such as a in research, providing distance by electronic to the wheel, or within Grandfather clock. weather forecasts, as well means such as a it (unlike a unicycle). Piston A round metal as being used in spying. telephone or television. Movable type A system part that fits snugly in Sextant Sailors have Transistor A tiny of printing in which letters a cylinder and moves used sextants for electronic component or words are created up and down. Car hundreds of years. that is used to switch on individual blocks, so engines usually have These tools measure or amplify electric they can be moved into four pistons, each one the angle between the signals. It is a means position to form a word in its own cylinder. horizon and objects of controlling an or sentence. Power line A cable that in the sky, helping electrical current. Nanotechnology carries electrical power. determine a boat’s World Wide Web The science of creating It is usually supported position. (WWW) The part of the materials and machines by a tower. Simple machine The Internet that contains that are too small to Projector A device for simplest ways in which websites, which are see—far smaller than projecting an image a force can be applied. A navigated by a web the period at the end onto a screen. lever, wedge, and screw browser and are made of this sentence. They Radar A system used to are all simple machines. up of documents that can only be seen under detect aircraft, ships, and Smartphone A cell are linked together. powerful microscopes. other objects. It works phone that can perform Nanotechnology is being by emitting pulses of many of the functions of applied to an increasingly radio waves, which are a computer, in addition wide range of items. reflected off the object. to its use as a telephone. Papyrus A fragile Radio waves Most smartphones have material made from the A type of energy that is a touch-screen interface. stem of the papyrus plant invisible, travels in Steam engine An engine and used to write on in waves, and can be used that uses steam, created ancient Egypt before the to send information. by heating water to invention of paper. It was Robot A machine that is boiling point. It is used also used to make controlled by a computer, to drive machinery. objects such as baskets, and that can do work Supercomputer ropes, and sandals, A computer that is used among other things.

152 | INVENTIONS bread communications 120–1 leavened 74 compact discs (CDs) 71 Index sliced 146 compasses, magnetic 34 computers 13, 118–19, 132–7 A bridges 109 condensed milk 75 Bronze Age 13 cornflakes 7 abacus 58 bronze casting 13 cotton accidental inventions 7 browsers 136–7 adhesive tape 45 bubble gum 149 gins 98 aerosol cans 114–15 wrinkle free 52–3 agile robots 142 C cotton candy machines 146 airplanes 15, 28–9, 105, counting 58 calculators 58 cranes, lifting 97 149 calendars 48 credit cards 38 air transport 15, 28–9, 149 camcorders 73 CT scanners 87 aloe 85 camera obscura 128 culture 60–81 ammunition 110–11 cameras 128–31 cups, no-spill 148 amphibious vehicles 20–1 cutting edge technology 140–3 animals, carved 63 digital 131 antiseptics 84 medical 117 D Apgar newborn tests 89 canal locks 97 Apple watch 143 canning 74 Daguerre, Louis 129, 146 arms 110–11 can openers 5 Daguerreotype 129 artificial intelligence cars 23 dams 109 driverless 141 dandy horses 24 (AI) 142 engines 17 data storage 132–3 artificial limbs 88 cell phones, debit cards 38 atomic clocks 48–9 diapers, disposable 148 augmented reality 141 handheld 127 Digital Age 13 automated teller machines celluloid 55 digital audio players 70–1 cement 54 digital cameras 131 (ATMs) 59 chariots, two-wheeled 22 discoveries 4 automatic telephone chess 79 disease, cause of 84 chisels 113 dishwashers 42 exchanges 127 chocolate 76–7, 146 dolls, talking 11 axes 112 chocolate chip cookies 146 draglines 101 cinema 72–3 drills 113 B cinemascope 73 drink pouches 147 cinématographe 72 driverless cars 141 ballpoint pens 45 clinker-built boats 19 drones (UAV) 140 balls 63 clocks 46–9 drugs 86 banknotes 59, 148 clothes 36, 38, 50–3 drums 64 bar codes 59, 146 duct tape 149 bicycles 95 nanotechnology 117 dynamite 111 biometrics 140 Coca-Cola 75, 149 Dyson, Sir James 6, 149 blood pressure monitors 89 codes 126 books 123 coins 58 bottle caps, metal 148, 149 Colossus 132 bowling 61 bows and arrows 110 Braille 124–5 brass instruments 64

INDEX | 153 E germs, killing 85 failed 10–11 glass how they happen 6–7 earthquake detectors 104 non-material 8–9 Edison, Thomas 4, 11, 147, 149 nonreflecting 106 through time 12–13 electric lighting 39 plated 56–7 what is an invention? 4–5 electric trains 26–7 glasses, eye 38–9 invisibility cloaks 143 electricity 108–9 Glulam 57 Iron Age 13 emails 120 Go (game) 79 iron lungs 84 energy 96 government 8 engineering 92–117 GPS (Global Positioning JK engines 16–17, 99 ENIAC 133 Systems) 35 jeans 51 entertainment 60–81 gramophones 67 jet engines 17 everyday inventions 36–59 guns 111 jet packs 29 exoskeletons 143 jigsaw puzzles 148 eye control 145 H joysticks 80 Kevlar 56 F hammerstones 112 kick scooters 25 hand axes 112 kinetoscopes 73 factories 13 hang gliding 28 knapping 112 failures 6, 10–11, 149 headphones 67 knives 39 Falkirk wheel 92–3 heating 39 fastenings 50–2 helicopters 29 L fiber optics 121 High Wheelers 24–5 fiber-optic endoscopes 87 home video games 80 land transportation 22–7 film 128–31 hot-air balloons 28 Large Hadron Collider hour glasses 47 developing methods 131 Hubble Space Telescope 107 (LHC) 102–3 roll 129 hygiene 40 laser surgery 90–1 technology 72–3 hyperloop 144–5 laws 8 fingerprints, biometric 140 Lego® 63, 149 fish, robotic 147 I lenses 106, 117 flight recorders 105 levers 95 floppy disks 133 ice pops 146 life-support machines 84 flutes 64 inclined planes 95 lifts, passenger 147 food and drink 74–7, 146 Industrial Revolution 13 lightbulbs 4–5, 41, 147, 149 four-stroke engines 17 Information Age 13 liquid-crystal display front engine cars 23 information technology 13, future technologies 144–5 (LCD) TV 130 118–39 locks, canal 97 G infrastructure 108–9 lodestone 4 ink 44 log boats 18 games 78–81 innovations 5 long-playing records (LPs) 70 gas-powered cars 23 instant messaging 120 Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) 30 gears 95 instant noodles 75 generators 108 intensive care units 84 Internet 136–7 inventions

154 | INVENTIONS M notes, bank 59, 148 pulleys 95 nuclear power plants 96 punched paper tape 133 machines 94–105 number systems 9 puppets 63 Maglev (magnetic levitation) 27 nystatin 86 magnetic recording 70 QR magnetism 4, 34 OP Manned Maneuvering Unit 31 quartz clocks 47 margarine 146 octants 34 quinine 86 marine chronometers 35 off-road vehicles 146 radar 105 Mars exploration rover 31 oil wells 101 radiators 39 matches 7 operations 85 radio 68–9, 146 materials 54–7 pacemakers 88–9 raincoats 50 measuring instruments 46–9 Painter, William 149 refinements 7 measuring tapes 49 paper 123 refrigerators 74 medical inventions 82–91 paper bags, square-bottomed Reitwagen 25 relaxation 62–3 nanotechnology 117 148 roads 108 medicines 85, 86 paper clips 44 robots merry-go-rounds 94 PaPeRo robots 142 microchips 133 papyrus 122 agile 142 microphones 66 parachute jumps 29 micro 116 microprocessors 13, 134–5 Paralympics 82–3 PaPeRo 142 microwave ovens 7, 146 paraplegic aids 143 robotic arms 85 mint 85 patents 5 robotic fish 147 mirrors 40 pencils 44 robotic vacuum cleaners 149 money 38, 58–9 pendulum clocks 47 soft 147 monorails 27 penicillin 86 rockets 30 monowheel vehicles 10–11 Penny Farthings 24–5 roll film 129 Morse code 126 percussion instruments 64 roller coasters 62 mouse, computer 119 personal computers (PCs) Roomba 149 movable type 123 rubber 54 MP3 players 7 134 Rubik’s cube 79 MRI scanners 87 phonographs 66 rudders 19 music 63, 64–5 photographs 129, 131, 146 pianos 65 S N plants, medicinal 85 plasters, sticking 83 safety pins 51 nanobots 116 plastics 55 sage 85 nanotechnology 116–17 plate glass 56–7 sails 18 Napier’s bones 58 PlayStations 81 sand glasses 47 navigational tools 34–5, 147 playtime 78–81 satellites 30, 121, 138–9 needles 38 ploughs 13, 96 scissors 41 Newcomen, Thomas 16, 99 Polaroid cameras 129 screwdrivers 93 Newton, Isaac 149 polythene 55 screws 95 Nintendo Wii 81 Popeil, Ron 149 search engines 137 no-spill cups 148 Portland cement 54 seed drills 98 nonreflecting glass 106 power 108 seismographs 104 noodles, instant 75 power drills 113 seismoscopes 104 power lines 108 Semaphore 126 presses, printing 123 Senet (game) 79 printing 122–3 sensors, wearable 7 prosthetics 88 sewing machines 42

sewing patterns, graded 51 T INDEX | 155 sextants 35 shampoo 40 tablets 135 Voyager I and 2 32–3 ships 18–19 tea bags 75 vulcanized rubber 54 shoes 50 Teddy bears 148 shopping bags, square-bottomed telegrams 126 W telephones 126–7 paper 148 telescopes 106–7 Walkmans 71 sickles 113 television 130 washing machines 43 silly putty 148 textiles 52–3, 56 watches, Apple smart 143 Siri 141 texting 120 water skyscrapers 109, 147 theme parks 62 sleds 22 thermometers, storage in tie 147 sliced bread 146 walking on 147 slinky 79 clinical 88 water clocks 46 smartphones 127 toasters 43 water transportation 18–19 smoke detectors 105, 146 toilets, flushing 40 WD-40 149 soap 40 tools 12, 13, 112–13 weapons 12, 13 soccer balls 148 wedges 95 social media 120 medical 86–9 weighing scales 48 soft robots 147 toothpaste, tubes of 41 wheelbarrows 146 solar panels 96 toys 63, 78 wheels 16, 94, 147 sound technology 66–71 tractors (gas-powered) Wi-Fi technology 137 space elevators 145 wind turbines 96 Space Shuttle 31 101 windmills 97 space telescopes 107 trains 26–7 windshield wipers 6 space transport 30–3 trampolines 78 woodwind instruments 64 spears 110–11 transformers 108 World Wide Web (www) 136 spinning jennies 98 transistors 133 Wright, Orville 149 spirit levels 48–9 transportation 14–35 writing 8–9 sports 9 stainless steel 56 future 144–5 XYZ steam engines 16, 99 trucks, walking 10 steam locomotives 26 trumpets 64 Xbox 81 steamships 99 tunnel boring machines yeast 74 steel, stainless 56 yo yos 78 stethoscopes 88 (TBMs) 100 zero 9 sticky notes 45 typewriters 37 zippers 51, 149 Stone Age 12 storage, data 132–3 UV string instruments 65 submarines 19 ultrasound scanners 86 sundials 46 universal translators 145 sunscreen 117 USB flash drives 133 supercomputers 134 vacuum cleaners 42–3 surgery 85, 90–1 Swan, Joseph 4 bagless 6, 149 swimming suits, robotic 149 vacuum tubes (valves) 132 wooden 11 Velcro 51 swords 111 velocipedes 24 video calling 120 View-masters 80 violins 65

156 | INVENTIONS Acknowledgments Dorling Kindersley would like to thank: (t). Getty Images: SSPL (b). 49 Getty Images: Kolett John Smith (r). 110-111 Alamy Images: gary warnimont Annabel Blackledge for proofreading (tr). 50 Dreamstime.com: Alexander Shalamov (br). (t). 110 Getty Images: De Agostini / C. Marchelli (br). and Helen Peters for indexing. Photoshot: imago sportfotodienst (bl). 52-53 111 Alamy Images: The Art Archive (tr). Dorling The publishers would also like to thank the following Dreamstime.com: Dmires. 54 Dreamstime.com: Kindersley: The Combined Military Services Museum for their kind permission Aleksandr Kurganov (br); Voyagerix (bl). 55 (CMSM) (bl). Dreamstime.com: Chode (cb). 112 to reproduce their photographs: Dreamstime.com: Edwardgerges (t). iStockphoto. Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left; com: studiocasper (br). 56 Dorling Kindersley: Board (bc). 113 Alamy Images: Zoonar GmbH (br). Dorling r-right; t-top) of Trustees of the Royal Armouries (bc). Dreamstime. Kindersley: Museum of English Rural Life, The 1 Dreamstime.com: Aprescindere. 2-3 Dreamstime. com: Goce Risteski (bl). Scott Norsworthy Flickr. University of Reading (bl); The Science Museum, com: Inokos. 3 Dreamstime.com: Dimitry Romanchuck 56-57 Dreamstime.com: Jinfeng Zhang. 58 Alamy London (cla). Dreamstime.com: Wendy Kaveney (ca). (br). 4 Corbis: Dr. Albert. J. Copley / Visuals Unlimited Images: www.BibleLandPictures.com (br). 59 Corbis: 114-115 Getty Images: Eman Jamal. 116 Science (cl). 4-5 Science Photo Library: KTSDesign (c). 5 Zero Creatives (br). Dreamstime.com: Hamsterman (tl); Photo Library: Spencer Sutton. 117 Alamy Images: Corbis: National Archives - digital vers / Science Faction Kmitu (bl). 60 iStockphoto.com: cristianl. 61 Corbis: Kuttig - People (bl); David Bleeker Photography (crb). (tr). Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London Mark Cooper (cb). 62 Dreamstime.com: Paul Lemke. Science Photo Library: Power and Syred (tr). 118 Getty (cr). Dreamstime.com: Photomall (br); Rise2rise (bc). 6 63 123RF.com: Anton Havelaar (bl). Dorling Images: Francis Miller. 119 Getty Images: Apic (cb). Getty Images: Grant Faint (br). Rex Features: Brian Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Museum (cra). 120 123RF.com: emevil (cla). Corbis: Imaginechina (bl). Smith (l). 7 123RF.com: de2marco (cr). Dreamstime. Dreamstime.com: Tuayai (tc). 64 Alamy Images: The 121 NASA: (tl). 122 Getty Images: DEA / S. Vannini (cb). com: Aleksandrs Samuilovs (tr); Candybox Images (tl); Art Archive (ca). Dorling Kindersley: Statens Historiska 123 Alamy Images: The Art Archive (tr); D. Hurst (ca). Angelo Gilardelli (br). Kenneth Shinozuka: (bc). 8 Getty Museum, Stockholm (bl); The National Music Museum Dreamstime.com: Alfonsodetomas (br). 124-125 Getty Images: DeAgostini (cl). 8-9 Corbis: Gianni Dagli Orti (crb). 65 123RF.com: Sandra Van Der Steen (tl). Getty Images: Datacraft Co Ltd. 126 Getty Images: SSPL (c). 9 Alamy Images: Mostardi Photography (tr). Corbis: Images: DEA Picture Library (b). 66 Corbis: Bettmann (br). 127 Alamy Images: War Archive (tl). Corbis: Sander de Wilde (bc). TopFoto.co.uk: Dinodia (cr). 10 (bl). Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London Oleksiy Maksymenko / All Canada Photos (br); Jason Getty Images: Yale Joel / The LIFE Picture Collection (br). 67 Alamy Images: Chris Willson (bl). Dorling Szenes / epa (bl). 128 Science Photo Library: CCI (cl). 10-11 Corbis: Transtock (c). 11 Alamy Images: Kindersley: Museum of the Moving Image, London (tr). Archives (b). 129 Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Historic Collection (br). Corbis: (tr). 13 Corbis: Mark 68-69 Alamy Images: ClassicStock. 70 Dreamstime. Museum, London (bc). 130 Dreamstime.com: Marc Alberhasky / Science Faction (tl); Michael Rosenfeld / com: Sdbower (bl). Getty Images: Science & Society Slingerland (tl); Sardorrr (br). 131 Alamy Images: NASA Science Faction (br). Dorling Kindersley: Powell-Cotton Picture Library (cla). 70-71 Getty Images: Cate Gillon. Archive (bl). Dreamstime.com: Andrei Malov (tr). 132 Museum, Kent (tr). Getty Images: Fine Art Images / 71 123RF.com: Elnur Amikishiyev (br). Alamy Images: Alamy Images: Brian Harris (br). Dreamstime.com: Heritage Images (clb). 14 123RF.com: Matouš Vinš. 15 Chris Willson (ca). 72 Getty Images: SSPL (b). 73 Kirill Shalmanov (clb). 133 Corbis: Roger Du Buisson Corbis: Charles Pertwee (cb). 16 Dorling Kindersley: Corbis: Paul Almasy (cr). Dreamstime.com: Denlarkin (br); Bob Rowan / Progressive Image (tl). Dreamstime. The Science Museum, London (bl). Getty Images: SSPL (bl); Pavel Losevsky (br); Kungverylucky (cla); Keith Bell com: Alexandr Malyshev (tr). Getty Images: SSPL (cl). (c). 16-17 Getty Images: Sean Gallup (c). 17 Getty (cra); Luhuanfeng (cb). Getty Images: SSPL (l). 74 134 Corbis: Charles O’Rear (bc). 134-135 Dreamstime. Images: Encyclopaedia Britannica / UIG (br); Stocktrek Dreamstime.com: Shariff Che\\’ Lah (cl). 76-77 Alamy com: Hayati Kayhan (ca); Scanrail (bc). 135 (tr). 18 Getty Images: Danita Delimont (bl). 19 Alamy Images: Deyan Georgiev - RM content. 79 Corbis: Dreamstime.com: Paul Hakimata / Phakimata (br). 136 Images: age fotostock (tc); Stocksnapper (tr); John Gianni Dagli Orti (tl). Dreamstime.com: Aprescindere Corbis: Hank Morgan - Rainbow / Science Faction (bl). Cairns (cr). Corbis: Walter Bibikow / JAI (bl). (crb); Feng Cheng (tc). 80 Alamy Images: Chris Howes / 136-137 Dreamstime.com: Łukasz Białko (b). 138-139 Dreamstime.com: Chaoss (bl/Background); Evgeny Wild Places Photography (cr). Dreamstime.com: Ewa NASA. 140 Getty Images: Bobi (cr); Ed Jones / AFP (bl). Glyanenko (tl). 20-21 Courtesy of WaterCar. 22 Corbis: Walicka (l). Science & Society Picture Library: (br). 81 141 Alamy Images: Richard Levine (cla). Corbis: John Michael Dalder / Reuters (bl). 23 Getty Images: SSPL Alamy Images: Finnbarr Webster (ca); Marc Tielemans Chapple / Splash News (br); Timothy Fadek (cra). 142 (b). Courtesy Mercedes-Benz Cars, Daimler AG: (t). (tr); Gallo Images (bl). 82 Getty Images: William West / Alamy Images: Daniel Santos Megina (crb). Corbis: 24 Dorling Kindersley: National Cycle Collection (cl, bl). AFP. 83 Dreamstime.com: Robert Kneschke (cb). 84 George Steinmetz (t). Science Photo Library: Volker 24-25 Alamy Images: Howard Barlow. 25 Alamy Getty Images: SSPL (b). Science & Society Picture Steger (bc). 143 Alamy Images: Pawan Kumar (br). Images: Marc Tielemans (cr). Corbis: infusla-207 / Library: Science Museum (cla). 85 Dreamstime.com: Corbis: Kerim Okten. University of Rochester: (tr). INFphoto.com (br). 26 Getty Images: SSPL (t). 26-27 Andreadonetti (tr); Motorolka (tl); Anna Kucherova (tc). 144-145 Science Photo Library: Claus Lunau. 145 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (b). 27 123RF.com: Science Photo Library: Peter Menzel (b). 86 Dorling Getty Images: Visuals Unlimited, Inc. / Victor Habbick philipus (br). Alamy Images: Robert Mullan (tr). 28 Kindersley: CONACULTA-INAH-MEX (cl); Thackray (tl). iStockphoto.com: Tuomas Kujansuu (br). The Eye Corbis: Piotr Wittman / epa (bl). 28-29 Science & Medical Museum (cla). iStockphoto.com: YsaL (crb). Tribe: (tr) Society Picture Library: (b). 29 Corbis: Bettmann (cr). 86-87 Alamy Images: BSIP SA (ca). 87 Alamy Images: Jacket images: Front: 123RF.com: cokemomo fcra, Dreamstime.com: Kaspars Grinvalds (tl); Bob Phillips / Hero Images Inc. (cra). Science Photo Library: Philippe Olexandr Moroz crb; Dorling Kindersley: Durham Digital69 (tr). Photoshot: Mike Stocker (tc). 30 NASA: (tl, Psaila (bl). 88 Getty Images: Marwan Naamani / AFP University Oriental Museum bc/ (Folding fan), Natural b). 31 NASA: (l, tr, br). 32-33 Getty Images: Stocktrek (ca). Science Photo Library: Sovereign / ISM (bl). 89 History Museum, London c/ (film), Whipple Museum of Images. 34 Dreamstime.com: Jochenschneider (tr). Alamy Images: MixPix (br). Dreamstime.com: History of Science, Cambridge ca/ (Napier’s bones), Getty Images: De Agostini Picture Library (br). 35 Andreitsalko (cla). 90-91 Science Photo Library. 92 National Cycle Collection fcl, National Maritime 123RF.com: Andrej Polivanov (t). Dorling Kindersley: Alamy Images: Katana Images. 93 Dreamstime.com: Museum, London fbl/ (Globe), National Motor Museum, National Maritime Museum, London (bl). Dreamstime. Tab1962 (cb). 94-95 Alamy Images: Juice Images (b). Beaulieu bl, National Motorcycle Museum, Birmingham com: Diana Rich (br). 36 Corbis: Jutta Klee. 38 Alamy 95 Alamy Images: Radharc Images (cla). Corbis: (tc). bl/ (Motorcycle), Museum of English Rural Life, The Images: Carlos Mora (r, br). Dreamstime.com: Viktor Dreamstime.com: Eng101 (ca). 96 Dorling Kindersley: University of Reading fcl/ (Plough), Museum of the Pravdica (bl). 39 Alamy Images: victor cea (tr). Getty Museum of English Rural Life, The University of Reading Moving Image, London c/ (gramophone), Pentax UK Images: Sanne Berg (b). 40 Alamy Images: dbimages (cb). Dreamstime.com: Darren Baker (c); Dimitar Ltd ca, Powell-Cotton Museum, Kent fclb, Stephen (cr). Dreamstime.com: Gaby Kooijman (cla); Sergiyn Marinov (cla); Marlee (bl). 97 Alamy Images: The Art Oliver cla, The National Music Museum cra/ (Trumpet), (clb). 41 Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, Archive (cra). Getty Images: Paul Quayle / Design Pics The Science Museum, London cra, fcr, c/ (theodolite), London (cra). Dreamstime.com: Showface (br). (br). 98 Corbis: (br). Dorling Kindersley: Museum of fclb/ (Cathode ray tube), clb/ (pocket watch), Wallace 42 Corbis: Bettmann (br). Science Photo Library: English Rural Life, The University of Reading (t). Getty Collection, London bc; Dreamstime.com: Bentaboe NYPL / Science Source (ca). 42-43 Getty Images: Images: SSPL (bc). 99 Getty Images: SSPL (r). 100 cb, Denlarkin clb/ (tea), Diana Rich fbl, Goce Risteski SSPL. 43 Getty Images: MyLoupe / UIG (bl). Science & Alamy Images: qaphotos.com. 101 Alamy Images: clb/ (vest), Hayati Kayhan fcra/ (Microprocessor), Kirill Society Picture Library: (br). 44 Dreamstime.com: Doug Steley A (b). Corbis: (ca). Getty Images: SSPL Shalmanov cr, Kmitu clb, Tab1962 fcr/ (Racket), Steven Jones (t). 45 Dreamstime.com: Monika (cra). 102-103 © CERN . 104 Corbis: Reuters (br). Getty Thommeo cr/ (Laptop), Titovstudio c, Waxart cr/ Wisniewska (tr); Porapak Apichodilok (br). Getty Images: SSPL (tl). 105 Dreamstime.com: Darkworx (backpack); Getty Images: Tetra Images fcl/ (scales); Images: SSPL (bc). 46 Corbis: (br). Getty Images: (tc); Meredith Lamb (r). Getty Images: Joshua Roberts / NASA: fcrb; Spine: Dorling Kindersley: Museum of the Hoberman Collection (bl). 47 123RF.com: cokemomo Bloomberg (bl). 106 Alamy Images: (bc). Dorling Moving Image, London t (ca). Dreamstime.com: Zafi123 (r). 48 Getty Images: Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (tr). All other images © Dorling Kindersley Tetra Images (cla). Science Photo Library: New York Dreamstime.com: Peter Sobolev (cb). 107 NASA. 108 Public library (bc). 48-49 Alamy Images: David J. Green Dreamstime.com: Buttet (bl); Leung Cho Pan (cla); For further information see: Emel82 (cl). 109 Alamy Images: travelib (ca). www.dkimages.com Dreamstime.com: Aleksandr Kiriak (clb); Ravindran