Cars_ Facts at Your Fingertips_clone

ALL ABOUT CARS | 149 forMula 1 • An F1 car is made up of 80,000 parts. • While standard car engines can last for • racing tires last for only 56–75 miles more than 10 years, F1 car engines (90–120 km), while standard car tires last for only about two hours of racing. can last for 37,300–62,140 miles (60,000–100,000 km). • An F1 car can accelerate from 0–160 mph (0–258 kph) and decelerate • The tires of most F1 cars are filled back to zero within just four seconds. with nitrogen, as it has a more consistent pressure than normal air. • F1 drivers lose up to 9 lb (4 kg) of their body weight in just two hours of racing. • An F1 driver changes gears 2,500–4,000 times during a race. • The force an F1 driver feels when they brake their car is comparable to how • Pit stop crews in F1 races take it would feel to drive through a brick wall an average of three seconds to refuel at a speed of 186 mph (300 kph). and change tires. around The world ▶ One of the longest recorded traffic jams, in france in 1980, stretched ▶ One hong Kong businessman recently 110 miles (177 km). placed an order for 30 Rolls-Royce cars, the single largest order for this car ever made. ▶ In the us, a driver spends an average of 38 hours a year waiting at red lights. ▶ In Japan, drivers above 75 years of age have to mark the rear of their cars with the ▶ The Kea, a bird native to new Zealand, “Koreisha” symbol (elderly car mark). is notorious for eating the strips of rubber from around car windows. ▶ In china, you can pay to have someone drive your car through a traffic jam, while ▶ In cyprus, it is illegal to eat or drink you are whisked away on a motorcycle. anything while driving. ▶ In albania, 80 percent of registered cars ▶ In 1898, police in new York city used are Mercedes-Benz. bicycles to pursue speeding drivers.

150 | CARS Glossary Crumple zone The area Four-stroke cycle on a vehicle that absorbs The most common Accelerate To speed cc (cubic centimeters) force during a collision, type of engine. Each up and go faster. This is a measurement of helping to protect the piston in the engine Aerodynamics The the capacity, or space, occupants from injury. works in four stages, or science of designing inside all the cylinders of Dashboard A panel strokes: intake (taking in something to have a an engine. A larger cc inside the vehicle, a mixture of air and gas), lower air resistance so usually means a more below the windshield, compression (squeezing it can move smoothly powerful engine. that contains indicator the mixture), explosion through the air. This Chassis The basic frame dials (i.e., a speedometer), (a spark ignites the makes it more efficient of a vehicle, upon which storage compartments, mixture, which explodes because it uses less the engine and main body and controls. and pushes the piston energy and saves fuel. are mounted. Diesel A type of liquid down), and exhaust (the Airbag A safety device Clutch A device operated fuel, made from oil. Diesel spent mixture leaves usually packed in the by a pedal that allows the is used to power many the piston). center of the steering driver to change gears. trucks and some cars. Four-wheel drive wheel and in the The clutch is operated by Disk brake A brake that A system in which dashboard in front of the driver’s left foot. reduces the speed of a power from a vehicle’s the passenger seat. Concept car A vehicle car by using friction to engine is sent to all An airbag quickly that is built to show new slow down the wheels. four wheels. inflates with air during designs or technologies. Drag racing A type of car Front-wheel drive a crash, cushioning a Convertible A car with race where two or more A system in which car’s occupants from a roof that can be folded cars accelerate from a power from a vehicle’s the impact. back or removed. standing start and race engine is sent to the Amphibious car A car Coupe A two-door car for a fixed distance in front wheels only. that can operate on with a fixed roof that a straight line. Gasoline A liquid land and on water. slopes down to the rear. Electric car A car with fuel used to power Axle The shaft (or rod) Crankshaft In an engine, an engine powered solely most of the cars on our that car wheels turn the crankshaft is a rod by electricity. roads. Gasoline is made on. The axle transmits that is turned by the Force A push or a pull from crude oil or gaseum, power to the wheels power of the pistons action that can make which is found deep and makes them turn. pumping up and down. things change direction, under the Earth. Battery A store of The crankshaft changes speed up, slow down, Gearbox The part of chemicals that produce this up-and-down motion and even change shape. a vehicle that contains electricity when into a rotating motion that Formula 1 (F1) A the gears. connected to a circuit. turns the car’s wheels. worldwide racing Gears Toothed wheels Bumper A bar of metal, Crash test dummy championship that that lock together. Gears plastic, or rubber that is A full-scale model of a uses extremely fast, are used to change the attached to the back person, used to test the single-seat racing speed or force with which and front of a car to safety of road vehicles in cars built to strict rules a car’s wheels turn. protect it in the event simulated collisions. (the “formula”). Races Gear stick A rod located of a collision. take place on tracks by the driver’s seat that is over many laps. used in conjunction with the clutch to change gears.

GLOSSARY | 151 Go-kart A small, Limousine A long, luxury Running board A narrow Sunroof A panel in a low-slung motor vehicle car, often with a partition platform attached to the car’s roof that can with an exposed frame, that separates the driver sides of a vehicle that is be opened. often used for racing. from the passenger used to climb in or out. Supercar An expensive, Grand tourer (GT) A compartment. Running boards were high-performance car. high-performance, luxury Microcar The smallest common on early cars, Supercars have car, able to make long type of car. A microcar but are no longer used. powerful engines. journeys at high speeds has little internal space, Sedan A four-door car for Suspension A system in style and comfort. a weak engine, and four or more people that of springs and shock Hatchback A car with sometimes only has an enclosed trunk. absorbers that help a a rear door that opens three wheels. Solar car A car powered vehicle travel more upward, revealing the Moose test A test that by the Sun’s energy. smoothly over bumps trunk area. measures how well a car Speedometer A dial on in a road’s surface. Horsepower (hp) A is able to avoid a sudden the dashboard that shows SUV (sport utility unit of power. It is used obstacle. the driver how fast the vehicle) A rugged to measure the power Minivan An minivan is a vehicle is moving. vehicle designed for of a vehicle’s engine. large vehicle able to carry Spoiler A small wing off-road use, but often The term was invented up to eight passengers. mounted on the back of used on normal roads more than 200 years They are also known as a car to reduce lift at high in urban areas. ago to compare the multipurpose vehicles. speeds, which helps the Trunk A small, amount of work a Pickup truck A small car to grip the road better. self-contained space, steam engine could do truck with one bank of Standing start Some usually at the rear of compared to a horse. seats and a large, flat motorsports have a a car, used for carrying Hybrid A vehicle that cargo area at the back. standing start, where goods such as luggage. uses two or more Pit stop When a car cars are stationary at the Turbocharged different power sources, leaves the track for beginning of the race. A turbocharged such as gas and repairs and refueling Station wagon A car car is equipped electricity. during a car race. with an extended roofline. with a turbocharger, Internal combustion Production car It has a floor to roof which increases the engine An engine that A car that is mass- trunk space. engine’s power. burns fuel inside one or produced and sold Steering wheel A wheel VIN (vehicle more cylinders, rather to the general public. that the driver turns to identification than in an exterior Rallying A type change the direction of number) furnace. Most vehicles of motorsport in the front wheels. It is A VIN is a unique are powered by internal which adapted mounted on the code used to identify combustion engines. production cars dashboard. every individual vehicle. Jet propelled car are driven over Stock car racing Wind tunnel A car that is powered public roads or across A type of motorsport A large, tubelike by a jet engine. rough terrain against in which production passage with a huge LED (light emitting a set time. cars are driven around fan at one end that diode) An LED is a small Roadster A sporty, an oval racetrack for is used to test the but bright light that open-topped car. a set number of laps. aerodynamics of cars is very energy efficient. and other objects.

152 | CARS Index Benz fact file 146–9 Patent Motor Car 6 history of 6–9 A Velo 7 luxury 76–89 manufacture 12–13, 14, 147 accessories 77, 79, 146 Benz, Karl 6 modern 34–75 accidents 16, 17, 146 BioFiber 136 parts of 4–5, 147 aerodynamics 19, 95 Bloodhound SSC 118, 125 racing and sports 90–115 air-conditioning 146 Blue Flame 124 safety and testing 16–19 airbags 9, 16, 17, 35, 146, BMW Castrol GTX High Mileage Ford Mustang 98 147, 150 335i 41 Chasseloup-Laubat, Count Gaston Alfa Romeo 530d Gran Turismo 48 de 124 i3 118 chassis 4, 12, 13, 15, 150 8C Competizione 112 i8 Concept 138 Chevrolet Spider 107 Mini Clubman 60 Bel Air 31 Alonso, Fernando 96 X5 xDrive50i 74–5 Camaro 2SS 89 American Dream (limousine) Z1 106 Corvette Stingray Convertible 148 Z4 95 C7 53 amphibious cars 119, 126–7, boats, amphibious 126 Impala 101, 148 144–5, 150 box design 37 Orlando 66 Amphicar 126 brake lights, rear 146 Tahoe 73 Apollo missions 128 brakes, formula 1 149 Volt 122 Arrol-Johnston 10 hp Dogcart 24 British Touring Car Championship Chrysler LHS 39 asphalt roads 147 101 Citroën assembly lines 13, 22 Brooklands racetrack 146 C4 Picasso 67 Aston Martin Brütsch Mopetta 28–9 SM 33 DB9 Volante 51 buffer zone 147 closed-wheel racing cars 94 V8 Zagato 110 Bugatti clutch 150 “Attention Assist” system 49 Type 35B 26 coffee-powered cars 148 Audi Veyron 16.4 Grand Sport 113 compressed air motors 136 A3 42–3 Veyron Super Sport 114–5 computers, onboard 147 A6 Avant 61 Buick Skylark 9 concept cars 117, 119, 134–41, 150 Q5 74 bumpers 5, 150 convertibles 36, 50–3, 146, 150 R8 86–7 buses, amphibious 126 Cooper, John 32 Sport Quattro Concept 141 butterfly doors 138 coupes 56–7, 140, 150 TT RS Roadster 109 BYD F3DM 9 see also grand tourers TTS 56 crankshafts 10, 150 Urban Concept 139 C crash test dummies 16, 150 Austin Mini 7 crashes 16, 17, 146 avatars 140 Cadillac crumple zone 16, 17, 150 axles 5, 10, 11, 150 Urban Luxury Concept 136 crushed cars 15 US presidential limousine 82–3 Cugnot, Nicolas 6, 22 B Curiosity (Mars rover) 119, 130–1 car carriers 14 cylinders, engine 10 batteries 4, 15, 150 car towers 54–5 recharging 118, 121 car transporters 14 D solar-powered 132 cars wind-powered 143 Daimler, Gottlieb 7, 22 amazing 116–45 dashboards 4, 35, 147, 150 Bentley early 20–33 De Dion, Count 148 Arnage 39 engines 10–11 Continental GT Speed 57

diesel 150 Flyer, Thomas 146 INDEX | 153 DiesOtto engines 135 foot pedals 4 diners 26 Force, John 98 H disc brakes 150 Ford Dodge Habermann Top Methanol Dragster 1932 Hot Rod 142 98–9 Avenger 99 Escape Hybrid 74 Challenger 88–9 Escort 148 hand-built cars 78, 106 Coronet 30 Evos 119 hard tops 50–1 doors 5 Focus ST Wagon 60 Harvick, Kevin 101 butterfly 138 Fusion 100 hatchbacks 38, 44–9, 150 design 36 GT 148 headlights 4 gull-wing 119, 134, 143 Model T 8, 22, 23, 148 drag racing 93, 96, 98–9, 150 Model Y 27 laser 138 drive shaft 11 Mondeo Mk IV 59 Hennessey Venom GT 115 dual-hinge boot lids 58 Mustang 98 Honda Duesenberg Model J 27 Mustang GT 85 Duryea 148 Windstar 62 Amaze 42 Dusty Dave the Dolphin 142 Ford, Henry 22 Civic 101 Formula 1 96–7, 104–5, Fit Sport 47 E 149, 150 Insight 120 formula racing 93, 94, 96–7 S2000 AP1 108 eco cars 118, 138, 143 four-stroke cycle 150 hoods 4 electric cars 117, 118, 120–1, 150 four-wheel drive 70, 150 Hummer front-wheel drive 10, 11, H2 71 concept 135, 136–8, 141 150 H2 Limousine 80–1 fun 143 fuel 120–1 hybrid cars 9, 119, 120–3, solar-powered 132–3 consumption 147 135, 136, 138, 150 engines 4, 10–11 meter/gauge 21, 146 hydrogen-powered cars 120–1, 35 formula 1 149 fun cars 142–3 Hyundai recycling 15 Funny Car 98 i20 48 turbocharged 101, 102, 151 i30 Wagon 61 types of 10 G exhaust ports 10 IJK Gabelich, Gary 124 F gas 151 Infiniti G37 Convertible 52 infotainment systems 79 factories 12–13 gauges 21 intake ports 10 fastback sedans 38 stations 26 interiors, luxury 78 fenders 4, 94, 150 turbines 137 internal combustion engines 10, Ferrari gear sticks 4, 150 gearboxes 10, 150 151 125 Sport 7 gears 11, 150 Jaguar 288 GTO 110 formula 1 149 Enzo 86 General Motors 8 C-X16 138 F1 104–5 Gibbs Aquada 127 C-X75 137 F138 96 go-karts 94, 150 X-type Sportwagon 59 LaFerrari 122–3 grand tourers 84–9, 150 XJ 41 Fiat Uno 44 grilles 4 XJ6 33 films, cars in 68–9 gull-wing doors 119, 134, XJS V12 84 flags, F1 96 143 Jeep Patriot 73 flat four engines 10 jet-propelled cars 118, 124–5, Flatmobile (lowest street-legal car) 126, 151 148 joysticks 135 Kang Shoe Company 143 Kennedy, Tom 142

154 | CARS L C220 CDI AMG Sport Edition 43 O CLS Shooting Brake 60–1 Lamborghini E-Class W124 58 off-road vehicles 35 Aventador LP 700-4 112–13 F-Cell Roadster 135 Oldsmobile Curved Dash 8 Diablo VT Roadster 111 F700 135 OM 665 Superba 23 Murcièlago Roadster 108–9 GL Class 71, 72 open-wheel racing cars 94 Marco Polo 64 Opportunity (Mars rover) 130 land speed records 124–5 SLS AMG 88 Oscar Mayer Company 143 laser technology 138 Viano 64 Otto, Nikolaus August 6 LED 151 W 126-series S-Class sedan 9 Otto cycle engine 6 LED-screen exteriors 140 methanol-fuelled cars 98 oxygen, emissions 136 Leonardo da Vinci 147 microcars 28–9, 151 Levassor, Émile 7 Midnight Rider (limousine) 148 P Leverette, Harry 142 Mini Cooper 32, 68–9 Lexus minibars 79 paintwork 12 mirrors stay-clean 134 GX J120 70 door 5 LF-LC 140 rearview 146 Panhard, René 7 lightning strikes 147 Mitsubishi Space Wagon 62 people carriers 62–7, 151 lights monster trucks 103, 148 personalization 79 headlights 4, 138 Moon rovers 128 Peugeot rear 5 moose test 17, 151 traffic 146 motels 26 107 46 lightweight cars 136, 139 motor racing 92–105 205 GTi 45 limousines 80–3, 148, 151 Mountain View Tire Dodge Avenger 5008 65 Locomotives on Highways Act 6 99 Type 5 24 Lotus Elise 50 MPVs (multi-purpose vehicles) pickup trucks 151 low emissions 120, 135, 136 62–7, 151 pistons 10 luggage 77 Myers, Harry 146 pit stops 104–5, 149, 151 Lunar Roving Vehicle 128 Pontiac GTO 9, 86 Lunokhod 1 128 N Porsche luxury cars 76–89 911 Carrera Cabriolet 85 NASA 911 Carrera S Cabriolet 52 M Curiosity 119, 130–1 Pro Stock 99 Lunar Roving Vehicle 128 production cars 151 McLaren Opportunity 130 F1 111 Sojourner 129 R Mercedes MP4-28 97 Spirit 130 racing cars 90–105, 146 Marcos Mantula Spyder 107 NASCAR 94, 100, 101 radios, car 146 Mars rovers 119, 128–31 National Hot Rod Association rallying 92, 151 Maruti Suzuki Swift 46 Range Rover Limousine 81 Maserati Biturbo 38 (NHRA) 99 rear design 38 Maybach, Wilhelm 8 navigation systems 35 rear lights 5 Mazda MX-5 50 Nissan rearview mirrors 146 Mercedes record breakers 124–5, 148 Armada 72 recycling 14, 15, 147 35 hp racing car 8 Cima 123 Red Bull Racing RB9 97 60 hp 25 GT-R SpecV 87 refuelling 120–1 AMG Petronas F1W05 97 Juke 71 Renault Mercedes-Benz 149 Nobel, Richard 124 260D 7 Nobile, Vincent 99 Dauphine 31 A 250 49 notchback sedans 38 Kangoo 1 63 Biome 136–7

INDEX | 155 Sport Spider 108–9 stunts 68–9 UV Rinspeed sQuba 144–5 Subaru Impreza WRC 102 roadside services 26 sunroofs 151 underwater cars 144–5 roadsters 95, 106–9, 151 supercars 95, 110–15, 137 US presidential limousine 82–3 robots 12, 13 Superkart 250 cc 102 V6 engines 10 rocket-powered cars 118, 124–5 supersonic cars 118–19, 125 vehicle identification numbers (VIN) Rolls-Royce 149 suspension 151 SUVs (sport utility vehicles) 35, 12, 151 Avon turbojet engine 124 Venturi Fétish 117 Phantom Coupé 56–7 70–5, 151 Vettel, Sebastian 97 Silver Ghost 40/50 hp 25 Swamp Thing 103 Veyron, Pierre 115 roof design 36–7, 50–1 Sylvester, Joe 148 voice recognition systems 136 rovers 119, 128–9 Volkswagen running boards 151 T Beetle 7, 142, 148 S Tang Zhenping 143 Bora 148 tanks, amphibious 126 car towers 54–5 safety measures 16–17 Tata Nano 9, 47 Golf Cabriolet MK6 52–3 Saturn Vue Green Line 120 testing New Beetle 45 Schiavone, Patrick 85 Passat 148 scrapyards 14, 15 extreme weather conditions 5 Polo 148 seat belts 16, 17, 146 quality 12, 13 Sharan 63 SEAT Léon 100 safety 16–17 Touran 65 sedans 38–43, 151 wind tunnels 1 8–19 Volvo senior citizens 149 three-wheeled cars 141 Air Motion Concept 136 showrooms 12, 13, 14 Thrust2 124 S60 40 side-hinge boot lids 58 ThrustSSC 125 S80 Limousine 80 Sloan, Alfred 8 tires YCC 134 Smith, Penny 142 early 146 soft tops 50–1 racing 91, 149 W Sojourner (Mars rover) 129 run-flat 134 solar-powered cars 132–3, 143, safety 17 Top Methanol 98–9 WaterCar touchscreens 136, 140 Panther 119, 127 151 Toyota Python 127 sound barrier 125 Camry 40 space cars 119, 128–31 Corolla Altis 42 Watkins, Perry 148 spark plugs 10 Fun-Vii Concept 140 Wenzhou shoe car 143 speeding tickets/fines 146, 148 Highlander 122 wheels 5, 10–11 speedsters 94–5 i-Road 141 Spirit (Mars rover) 130 Prius 9, 121 upmarket designs 79 split-gate boot lids 58 Prius V 66–7 Wienermobile 143 spoilers 95 RAV4 71 Willys MB Jeep 30 sports cars 23, 91, 94, 95, 106–15 track tests 17 wind tunnels 18–19, 151 traffic jams 149 Wind Up (smallest roadworthy car) concept 141 traffic lights 146, 149 electric 117 Triple-E (car carrier) 14 148 station wagons 37, 58–61, 150 Truth, Sojourner 129 wind-powered cars 143 steam power 6, 21, 22, 148 trunks 5, 150 window pillars 5 steering wheels 4, 21, 35, 68–9, lids 58 windows, electric 146 146, 151 space 37 windshield wipers 4, 21, 146 stock car racing 92, 94, 151 turbocharged engines 101, 102, 151 Wire, Lester 146 straight-four engines 10 World Rally Racing 102 Studebaker 21 World Touring Car Championship 100 Wouk, Victor 9

156 | CARS Acknowledgments Dorling Kindersley would like to thank: Annabel Cheng Mao (bl). 52-53 Alamy Images: nawson (t). Talbot (b). Corbis: John Lamm / Transtock (tr). Blackledge for proofreading; Helen Peters for 53 Alamy Images: P Cox (b). 54-55 Getty 112 Alamy Images: National Motor Museum / indexing; and Fleur Star for editorial assistance. Images: Sean Gallup. 56 Audi AG: (cr). 56-57 Motoring Picture Library (t). 112-113 Dreamstime. The publishers would also like to thank the BMW Group: (b). 57 Dreamstime.com: Stefan com: Hupeng. 113 Alamy Images: pbpgalleries following for their kind permission Ataman (t). 58 Alamy Images: B Christopher (cl). (t). 114-115 Corbis: Bruce Benedict / Transtock. to reproduce their photographs: Dreamstime.com: Keith Bell (cla). Courtesy 116 Getty Images: David Taylor. 117 Getty (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; Mercedes-Benz Cars, Daimler AG: (br). Images: Alain Benainous / Gamma-Rapho l-left; r-right; t-top) Photoshot: Gary Lee / UPPA (clb). 59 Alamy (br). 118 Dreamstime.com: Max Herman (c). 1 Alamy Images: Tom Wood (c). 2-3 Images: National Motor Museum / Motoring 118-119 Alamy Images: Ed Brown (b). 119 Dreamstime.com: Steve Allen (c). 4-5 Picture Library (b). Photoshot: Drive Images (t). 60 Carnegie Mellon University and NASA: (br). Dreamstime.com: Leonello Calvetti (c). 5 Volvo Dorling Kindersley: (t). Dreamstime.com: Corbis: Splash / WaterCar.com / / Splash News Car Group: (br). 6 Alamy Images: Interfoto (tr); Petarneychev (bl). 60-61 Courtesy (tl). Dreamstime.com: Olgavolodina (c). 120 Motoring Picture Library (clb). Dreamstime.com: Mercedes-Benz Cars, Daimler AG: (bc). 61 Audi Corbis: Sutton Images (bl). Photoshot: (cr). 121 Hupeng (br). 7 Alamy Images: (cra, bc); Interfoto AG: (t). Dreamstime.com: Stefan Ataman (br). 62 Corbis: Owaki / Kulla (b). Dreamstime.com: (c). Getty Images: Art Media / Print Collector (bl). 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