The Planets_clone

INDEX 249 comets (continued) crust Earth (continued) erosion 78, 79, 203 short-period 218, 241 asteroids 39 data 72, 236 ESA timeline of discoveries 230–31 Callisto 163 density 87 Earth 74, 75, 238 diameter 72 missions to comets 226–7, command module 108 Europa 21, 159 distance from Sun 12, 72 230, 231 compression 66 Ganymede 162 Earth–Moon system 92–3 cones, volcanic 121 Mars 110, 112, 113, 118, 119, 120, 122, 238 Earthrise 98–9 missions to Jupiter 168–9 continental crust 74, 75 Mercury 47, 48, 49, 52, 238 energy 82 missions to Mars 132–3 continental drift 86, 87 Miranda 203 from above 84–5 missions to Mercury 56 continents 72, 73, 76 Moon 91, 92, 102 future of 24 missions to Moon 105 convection cells 24 Pluto 220 geocentrism 20, 21, 36, missions to Saturn 194–5 convection currents 60, 61, Venus 59, 61, 238 37, 39 missions to Sun 38–9 gravity 72, 87, 88, 92 missions to Venus 71 75, 78 cryovolcanoes 184, 185, 221 hit by protoplanet 16 satellites 243 convection cycle, Jupiter 155 cubewanos 218 influence on Moon 88, see also spacecraft by name convective zone, Sun 26, 27 Cupid 201 91, 92–3 Eta Aquarid meteor shower 229 convergent boundaries 77 Curiosity rover 131, 133, 134–5, 136 life on 16, 43, 72, 73, ethane 186 Copernicus, Nicolaus 21, 36, currents, oceanic 80, 198 82–3, 230 Eurasia 72 Cuvier, Georges 87 magnetic field 75, 82, Eurasian Plate 76, 79 37, 69 cyanobacteria 83 87, 238 Europa 21, 82, 157, 159, 160–61, 168 Copernicus Crater (Moon) 88, 101 cyclones 81 Moon see Moon European Southern Observatory 219 coral atolls 80 near-Earth asteroids 140, 142–3 European Space Agency see ESA Cordelia 199, 201 D orbit 72, 237 evaporation 78 core rotation 72 evolution 82, 83 daguerreotype 36 search for “twin” 233 exoplanets 233 asteroids 39 Dali Chasma (Venus) 59, 63 size of 19, 24 exosphere 47, 75, 113 Earth 74, 86, 87, 238 Daphnis 174 structure 74–5 exploration, space 242–3 Ganymede 162 Dawn spacecraft 139, 145 surface 78–9 extinctions 87 gas giants 149, 238 Deep Impact spacecraft 227, 231 tectonic plates 62, 72, 74, 76–7, extrasolar planets 233 Jupiter 152, 167, 238 Deimos 128, 131 78, 79 extremophile bacteria 83 Mars 110, 112, 238 Delta IV Heavy rocket 242 temperatures 72, 75, 82, Mercury 16, 46, 238 deltas 80, 84, 116 238, 239 F metal 16 density waves 177 timeline of discoveries 86–7 Moon 90, 91, 92 Desdemona 201 water and ice 16, 72, 80–81, far side of the moon 88, 90, 92, Neptune 206, 238 deserts 85 82, 84 100, 104 Pluto 220 Despina 207, 209 weather/climate 33, 81, 82 rocky planets 43, 238 Diaconus, Leo 37 weight of 87 farmland 85 Saturn 172, 238 diamond rings 35 faults, geological 79, 203 Sun 26, 36 diamond sea/liquid 198, 206 earthquakes 20, 74, 76, 77, 86 festoons, Jupiter 151 Uranus 198, 238 Diana Chasma (Venus) 58 earthrise 98–9 filaments 28 Venus 60, 238 differential rotation 33 East African Rift 76, 77 fireballs 166 coronae dinosaurs, extinction of 87 eccentric orbits 218, 219, 220 Fizeau, Hippolyte 36 Earth 75 Dione 183, 184, 185, 188–9 eclipses flags, on Moon 109 Sun 24, 29, 35, 37, 39, 223 Discovery Rupes (Mercury) 45 Flamsteed, John 212 Venus 63 divergent boundaries 77 Jupiter’s moons 167 flat Earth theory 20, 86 coronagraphs 35 DNA 82 lunar 20, 92, 104 floodplains 116 coronal mass ejections (CMEs) 28, domes, volcanic 120 solar 34–5, 36, 37 flybys 20, 21, 54, 55, 56, 71, 128, 29, 33, 36 Doppelmayr, Johann 105 Eddington, Arthur 36 Cortés, Hernán 69 dorsa, Mercury 48 Edgeworth, Kenneth 218 130, 142, 166, 167, 168, 179, 194, cosmic dust 14 double-ring craters 45 Egyptians, ancient 20, 36 195, 208 cosmic rays 211 Dresden Codex 69 Einstein, Albert 36 fossils 83 Crabtree, William 69 dune fields, Mars 124–5, 126 ejecta 63, 100, 139, 164 Foucault, Léon 36 crater chains 164–5 dust 14 El Caracol observatory fracture lines 203 craters dust clouds, Mars 110, 113 (Chichen Itza) 69 Franklin, Kenneth 167 asteroid belt 141 dwarf planets 11, 20, 140, 212, 218, 220–21 electromagnetic radiation 243 frost line 16, 17 Callisto 163 elements, in solar system 236 fusion, nuclear 26 Dione 185 definition of 220 Ellesmere Island (Canada) 78 Earth 143 gravity 220 elliptical orbits 12, 21, 105, G Europa 159 orbits 220 141, 224 formation of 100 size and scale 18–19 Enceladus 21, 175, 183, 184, Gagarin Crater (Moon) 101 Galilean moons 160–61, 164–5 Dyce, Rolf 54 185, 189, 190–91, 192, 194, 195 Galatea 208, 209 Ganymede 162, 164–5 dynamo effect 60 Endeavour Crater (Mars) 134 galaxies 11, 14 Mars 111, 130, 134, 136–7 Dysnomia 213 Endeavour Rupes (Mercury) 48 Gale Crater (Mars) 131, 134–5, 136–7 Mercury 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, Endurance Crater (Mars) 134, 136 Galilean Moons 156, 157, 160–65, 166 E Enki Catena (Ganymede) 164–5 55, 56 Epimetheus 183 water on 168 Mimas 185 Eagle Crater (Mars) 116 Epsilon ring (Uranus) 199, 201 see also Callisto; Europa; Ganymede; Io Moon 88, 89, 91, 94, 96, 100–101, Earth 11, 12, 43, 72–87 equator, Earth 72 Galileo (Galileo Galilei), 21, 37, 54, 55, 68, 69, Eratosthenes 87 105, 156, 166, 192, 212 102, 103, 104 age of 86 Eratosthenes Crater (Moon) 89 Galileo Regis 160 Phobos and Deimos 128 asteroids and meteorites 138 Erebus Crater (Mars) 134, 137 Galileo spacecraft 145, 158, 160–61, 166, 168 Phoebe 192 atmosphere 43, 72, 74, 75, 86, 87, 239 Eris 213, 218, 220 Galle, John 213 Pluto 221 axial tilt 72 Eros 138, 140, 142, 144, 145 Galle ring (Neptune) 207, 208, 209 Rhea 184 circumference 87 Ganges River 80, 81 Venus 59, 62, 63, 71 Ganymede 156, 157, 160–61, 162 Vesta 139 Enki Catena 164–5 Cretaceous period 87

250 INDEX gas 14, 236 gullies, Mars 117 hydrogen 12, 14, 16, 25, 26, 47, Jupiter 11, 12, 149, 150–69 gas giants 11, 12, 146–215, 233 gypsum 124 149, 152, 172, 198, 206, 236 atmosphere 152, 154, 166, 167, compounds 16 168, 239 atmospheres 239 H liquid metallic 152, 153, 172, 173 axial tilt 150 formation of 16, 17 liquid molecular 172 belts and zones 150, 151, 154, mass of 16 Hadley Rille (Moon) 96–7 nuclei 26 155, 167 size and scale 18–19 hailstones data 150, 236 see also Jupiter; Neptune; hydrothermal vents 83 diameter 150, 167 diamond 198, 206 hypergiants 24 energy 152 Saturn; Uranus microscopic 14 Hyperion 182, 188 formation of 17 Gaspra 140, 145 Hale-Bopp, Comet 222–3, 228–9 gravity 17, 138, 140, 141, 150, 1 Gassendi, Pierre 55 Hall, Asaph 128, 131 I 56, 164, 165, 169, 224 Gemini Observatory 155 Halley, Edmond 87, 230, 231 Jupiter system 156–7, 166 Genesis spacecraft 39 Halley’s Comet 12, 21, 222, 224, Iapetus 182, 184, 193, 195 magnetic field 152, 153, 158, geocentrism 20, 21, 36, 37, 69 226, 227, 229, 230 ice 162, 166, 167, 169, 238 geology 87 haloes, comets 222 matter 149 geomagnetic storms 29 Harold II, King of England 231 Callisto 163 missions to 21, 38, 164–7, 168–9 George III, King 213 Hartley 2, Comet 227 Europa 159 moons 148, 150, 156–65, 166, Georgium Sidus 213 Hastings, Battle of 231 Ganymede 162 167, 168, 240 Germany, missions to Sun 38–9 Haumea 220 geysers (Enceladus) 21, 185, 190, orbit 150, 237 geysers Hawaii 67, 120, 123 rings 151, 157, 166, 168, 238 Hay, Will 193 191, 192 rotation 150, 154, 167 Enceladus 21, 185, 190, 191, 192 Haystack Valles (Mercury) 48 Mars 110, 114, 117, 126–7, 131 Shoemaker-Levy 9 collision with Io 158 Hayabusa spacecraft 144–5 Pluto 220, 221 165, 166, 225, 230 Triton 210, 211 Helene 183 in Saturn’s rings 170, 174 size of 19, 24, 150, 166 ghost craters 44 heliocentrism 20, 21, 36, 37, 69 Triton 210, 211 structure 152–3 giant planets see gas giants Helios 36 Ice Age 86 temperatures 150, 153, 155, 168, Gilbert, William 87 Helios A and B spacecraft 38 ice giants see gas giants 238, 239 Gill, David 230 heliosphere 37 ice sheets 80, 81 timeline of discoveries 166–7 Giotto de Bondone 230 helium 12, 14, 16, 25, 47, 149, 152, icy pits, Mars 127 up close 154–5 Giotto spacecraft 21, 226, 227, 172, 198, 206, 236 Ida 141 weather 150, 154, 155, 166, 167, 229, 230 discovery of 36 Imbrium Basin (Moon) 89 168, 169 glaciation 78, 86 nuclei 26 impact craters/basins see craters year 149, 150 global warming 87 Hellas Planitia (Mars) 110 India Goethe Basin (Mercury) 44 hematite 116 ancient astronomers 55 K Goldilocks zone 82 Hephaestus Fossae (Mars) 116 missions to Mars 132–3 Goldstone Deep Space Communications Hermes 54 missions to Moon 105, 107 Kaguya spacecraft 98 Complex (California) 69, 143 Hermite Crater (Moon) 88 missions to Sun 38–9 Kant, Immanuel 231 GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Herschel, Caroline 231 infrared 30 Karakoram Range 79 Laboratory) 90 Herschel, William 20, 131, 196, infrared radiation 62 Kasei Valles (Mars) 111, 116 Grand Canyon 118, 119, 203 200, 212, 213, 231 intercrater plains 49 KBOs (Kuiper belt objects) Grand Prismatic Hot Spring Herschel Crater (Mimas) 185 International Astronomical Union (Wyoming) 82–3 Herschel-Rigollet/Comet 35P 231 213, 220 see Kuiper belt gravity Hesperia Planus (Mars) 121 interplanetary magnetic field 38 Keeler gap (Saturn’s rings) 174 dwarf planets 220 Hesperus 69 interstellar clouds 14, 16 Kepler, Johannes 21, 130 Earth 72, 87, 88, 92 Hess, Harry 86 Io 21, 148, 157, 158, 160–61, Kerberos 221 Jupiter 138, 140, 141, 150, 156, Hevelius, Johannes 105 166, 168 Kircher, Athanasius 87 hexagonal cloud structure ionosphere, Venus 62 Kleopatra 138 164, 165, 169, 224 (Saturn) 179 iron 46, 60, 61, 74, 75, 87, 90, 91, Kotelnikov, Vladimir 54 Mars 110, 128 Himalayas 76, 79, 84 110, 112, 139, 162, 198, 206 Kuiper, Gerard 130, 200, 218 Mercury 44, 47 Himalia group ( Jupiter) 156 irregular satellites 156 Kuiper belt 12, 16, 17, 168, 200, Moon 88, 90, 91, 92, 105 Hinode spacecraft 39 Ishango bone 104 Neptune 204, 208 Hipparchus 105 Ishtar 69 208, 210, 212, 213, 215, Newton’s theory of 36, 105 hollows, Mercury 48 Ishtar Terra (Venus) 58, 64, 66 218–19, 220 Saturn 172, 174, 177 Home Plate (Mars) 136–7 ISRO (Indian Space Research composition of KBOs 218 Sun 11, 12, 24, 52, 56 Hooke, Robert 167 Organisation) see India discovery of 218, 219 Uranus 196 Hooker telescope Ithaca Chasma (Tethys) 185 distance from Sun 218, 219 Uranus’s moons 201 (California) 131 Itokawa 140, 144–5 formation of 218 Venus 58 Horrocks, Jeremiah 69 Ixion 220 size and scale of KBOs 18–19 gray silicaceous asteroids hot jupiters 233 (S-type) 138 hotspots, volcanic 63, 66, 76, J L Great Blue Hole (off Belize) 80 120, 122 Great Comet 230 Hough, George W. 167 Japan Lada Terra (Venus) 58 great comets 241 Hoyle, Fred 230 missions to asteroids 144–5 Lagrangian point 38 Great Dark Spot (Neptune) 204, Hubble Space Telescope 154, 179, missions to comets 226 lakes 116 205, 206, 212 199, 200, 201, 205, 208, 209, missions to Mars 132–3 Great Red Spot ( Jupiter) 149, 150, 212, 220, 221 missions to Mercury 56 Titan 186–7, 193 154, 155, 167, 168, 212 Huggins, William 230 missions to Moon 105, 107 Lakshmi Planum (Venus) 66 Great Rift Valley 76, 77 Hurricane Isabel 81 missions to Sun 38–9 landing sites, on the Moon 107 Great Sunspot (1947) 32 hurricanes 179 landslips/landslides 118, 163 Great White Spot (Saturn) 178, Hutton, James 87 JAXA ( Japan Aerospace Larissa 208, 209 193 Huygens, Christiaan 131, 193 Exploration Agency) see Japan Lassell, William 200, 208 Greeks, ancient 20–21, 36, 54, 69, Huygens Titan probe 192, 194, 195 Lassell ring (Neptune) 208, 209 104, 105, 166, 192, 208 Hyakutake comet 224, 228–9 jet stream Late Heavy Bombardment 103 Greenaway Crater (Venus) 58 hybrid solar eclipses 35 Earth 86 launch sites, rocket 242 greenhouse effect Hydra 221 Jupiter 154 lava flows, Mars 120, 121 Earth 62 Hydraotes Chaos (Mars) 111 Saturn 170 lava plains Venus 43, 58, 62 hydrocarbons 186 Grigg-Skjellerup comet 21, 226 Jesus Christ 230 Mars 110, 114, 120, 121 groundwater 117 Jewitt, David 219 Mercury 48, 49 Gruithuisen, Franz von 68, 69 Jove 166 lava plains (continued) Juliet 201 Juno spacecraft 167, 169

Moon 88, 90, 100 Jupiter 154, 167 Mars 3 spacecraft 132 INDEX 251 Venus 59, 62 Mercury 55 Mars as the Abode for Life lava tubes MAHLI (Mars Hand Lens (Cambridge, MA) 143 Mars 121 Imager) 134 (Lowell) 131 minor planets see asteroids Moon 96, 102 main belt see asteroid belt Mars Express 118–19, 128, 133 Miranda 200, 201, 212 Le Verrier, Urbain 204, 213 Makemake 220 Mars Global Surveyor 117, 133 Le Verrier ring (Neptune) 207, mantle Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Miranda Rupes 202–3 208, 209 asteroids 39 molecular cloud 14 lead isotopes 86 Earth 74, 75, 78, 120 (NASA) 42–3, 126, 134 montes, Mars 120–21 lead sulfide (galena) 67 Mars 112, 113, 122 Marsquakes 118 Montes Apenninus (Moon) 89, Lexell’s Comet 231 Mercury 16, 47, 48 mass extinctions 83, 87 life Moon 91, 103 Mathilde 138 102, 109 on Earth 16, 43, 72, 74, Neptune 206 Mauna Kea (Hawaii) 67, Montes Taurus (Moon) 103 Pluto 220 Moon 82, 88–109, 128, 240 82–3, 230 Uranus 198, 199 123, 219 on Europa 159 Venus 60, 61, 63 Mauna Loa (Hawaii) 121 age of 90, 101 on Mars 131, 134, 135 Marduk 166 Maunder, Edward 36 Apollo Project 108–9 origins of 82 Mare Crisium (Moon) Maxwell, James Clerk atmosphere 105 on Venus 68 89, 101 craters 88, 89, 100–101 Ligeia Mare (Titan) 186–7 Mare Fecunditatis (Moon) 192, 193 data 88 light 24 89, 101 Maxwell Montes (Venus) 66–7 distance from Earth 92, 105 pollution 85 Mare Humboldtianum Mayan civilization, astronomers 69 Earth–Moon System 92–3 speed of 167 (Moon) 101 Mead Crater 63 Earthrise 98–9 Sun bends 36 Mare Imbrium (Moon) 88, meltwater 80, 81, 116 eclipses 20, 92, 104 Sun rays 30–31 96, 102 Mercury 11, 12, 43, 44–57 formation of 16, 20, 92, 104 lightning 71, 168, 170, Mare Moscoviense (Moon) 101 gravity 88, 90, 91, 92, 105 172, 178 Mare Nectaris (Moon) 89, 101 atmosphere 44, 47, 48, Hadley Rille 96–7 lineae, Europa 59 Mare Serenitatis (Moon) 89, 103 55, 239 highlands and plains 102–3 lithosphere 74 Mare Smythii (Moon) 101 influence on Earth 88, 91, 92–3 Little Ice Age 33 Mare Tranquillitatis (Moon) 89, axial tilt 44 mapping 94–5, 105 lobate scarps 45, 52 101, 108–9 Carnegie Rupes 52–3 mass 104 Lockhead C-141A Starlifter Margaret 200 data 44, 236 meteorite impact 104 transport plane 200 maria (seas), Moon 88, 89, 90, diameter 44, 55, 57 missions and landings 20, 89, 90, Lockyer, J. Norman 36 92, 94, 100, 101, 102–3, 105 formation of 16 Lomonosov, Mikhail 68 Mariner 2 spacecraft 20, 69 gravity 44, 47 96–7, 104, 106–9 Long March 2F rocket 242 Mariner 4 spacecraft 20, 130, 133 magnetic field 238 orbit 34, 35, 88, 92, 93, long-period comets 224 Mariner 9 spacecraft 118, 122, mapping 50–51, 55, 57 Lowell, Percival 131, 213 130, 133 missions to 44, 46, 48, 54, 104, 105 Lowell Observatory (Arizona) Mariner 10 spacecraft 54, 55, 56 phases of 92–3, 104 131, 213 Mars 11, 12, 42–3, 110–37 55, 56–7 rotation 88, 92 Luna 2 spacecraft 106 age of 130 naming of 54 samples from 101, 104 Luna 3 spacecraft 20, 104 atmosphere 20, 110, 113, 126, naming system (features) 48 solar eclipses 34–5 Luna 9 spacecraft 104 orbit 44, 54, 55, 237 structure 90–91, 92 lunar landing module 108–9 130, 239 phases of 55 surface 88, 90, 104, 105 lunar month 93 axial tilt 110, 131 rotation 44, 46, 52, 54 temperatures 88 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter data 110, 236 structure 46–7 timeline of discoveries 104–5 101, 105 diameter 110 surface 48–9, 55, 56, 57 water ice on 105 lunar rocks 101, 104 dunes 124–5, 136 temperatures 44, 238, 239 moonlets, Saturn 182, 183 lunar rovers 96–7, 107 exploring 136–7 timeline of discoveries 54–5 moonquakes 90 Lunokhod rovers 107 gravity 110, 128 transit of 55 moons 240 Luu, Jane 219 landings 134–5 Mercury Laser Altimeter dwarf planets 220 life on 131, 134, 135 (MLA) 57 formation of gas giants’ 17 M magnetic field 238 Meridiani Planum (Mars) 134 Jupiter 148, 150, 156–65, 166, mapping 114–15, 131 Mesopotamia, ancient 20 Maat Mons (Venus) 59, 63 missions to 20, 42–3, 110, 112, mesosphere 75 167, 168 Mab 201, 212 Messenger spacecraft 44, 46, 48, Mars 128–9, 131 McNaught comet 228–9 116, 117, 118–19, 130, 49, 50, 54, 55, 56, 57 Neptune 204, 207, 208–11 Magellan spacecraft 62, 69, 131, 132–7 metallic asteroids (M-type) 138 planetary 11, 149 moons 128–9, 131, 240 meteor showers 223, 229, 241 Pluto 221 71 Olympus Mons 122–3 meteorite streams 231 Saturn 174, 175, 182–3, 184–91, magma 63, 66, 91, 96, 100, 102, orbit 130, 237 meteorites 15, 48, 49, 62, 90, 104, polar caps 110, 117, 126–7, 131 139, 143 192, 193, 194, 195 103, 198 rotation 110, 131 lead isotopes 86 size and scale 18–19 magma chambers 120, 123 rovers 134–5 Martian 131 Uranus 196, 199, 200–203, magnesium 61, 236 seasonal change 124, 126, 131 meteoroids 88, 100, 113 magnetic fields similarities to Earth 110 methane 12, 14, 16, 153, 186, 197, 212, 213 size 19 198, 204, 205, 206, 220 moonshine 105 Earth 75, 82, 238 structure 112–13 ice 210, 211 Mount Palomar (California) 218 Ganymede 162 surface of 130, 131 liquid 192 mountains interplanetary 38 temperatures 112, 116, 126, 127, Metis 157 Jupiter 152, 153, 158, 162, 166, 131, 238, 239 microbes 83 Earth 72, 73, 76, 77, 79, 84 timeline of discoveries 130–31 microplates 76 formation of 79 167, 169, 238 Valles Marineris 118–19 microwave telescopes 243 Moon 89, 90, 102–3 Mars 238 volcanoes 110, 112, 113, 114, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 76 Venus 58, 62, 63, 64, 66–7 Mercury 238 116, 120–23 Mid-Indian Ridge 77 see also volcanoes Neptune 206, 238 water on 43, 110, 113, 116–17, mid-ocean ridges 76, 77, 86 Mu ring (Uranus) 201 Saturn 179, 238 130, 134 Milky Way 10–11, 14, 24, 232–3 mudstones 134 Sun 14, 26, 28, 32, 33, 39 weather 20 Mimas 184, 185, 188–9 Mul.Apin tablets 54 Uranus 198, 199, 238 Mars (god of war) 130 minerals Mutch Crater (Mars) 111 Venus 238 Earth 83 Mystic Mountain 14–15 magnetic shields 82 Mars 116 magnetosphere Moon 105 N Venus 66, 67 Minor Planet Center N1 rocket 242 Nabu 54 Naiad 209 Napoleon I, Emperor of France 68 NASA

252 INDEX missions to asteroids 144–5 Earth 72–3, 74, 75, 86, periodic comets 241 (PHAs) 142, 143 missions to comets 226–7 92, 104 periodite 75 Principia (Newton) 21 missions to Jupiter 168–9 permafrost 110, 127 Proctor, Richard 68, 104 missions to Mars 132–3 Uranus 198 Pettengill, Gordon 54 Prometheus (Io) 158, 161 missions to Mercury 56–7 Venus 71 Pettit, Edison 131 prominences 28 missions to Neptune 114–15 see also maria; seas Philolaus 21 missions to Saturn 194–5 Oceanus Procellarum (Moon) 102 Phobos 128–9, 131 loop 25, 28 missions to Sun 37, 38–9 Okavango Delta (Botswana) 84 Phoebe 182, 192 Proteus 208, 209 missions to Uranus 202–3 Oldham, Richard 86 Phoebe ring (Saturn) protoplanets 16, 17, 46 see also spacecraft by name Olympus Mons (Mars) 67, 85, 110, protostars 14–15 natural selection 82, 83 120, 121, 122–3 175, 184 Ptolemaic system 21 Nautical Almanac Office 213 On the Revolution of the Heavenly Phoenix Mars Lander 117, Ptolemy, Claudius 21, 37, 192 Near Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) Sphere (Copernicus) 37 Puck 201 system (California) 228 Ontarius Lacus (Titan) 193 132, 134 Pwyll crater (Europa) 159 NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft 138, Oort, Jan 225 phosphorus 69 Pythagoras 20 144, 145 Oort Cloud 12, 224, 225, 230 photography, of Sun 36 near side of the Moon 9, 89, 90 Ophelia 199, 201 photosphere 24, 26, 27, 30, Q near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) 140, Öpik, Ernst 230 142–3, 145 Opportunity rover 116, 131, 133, 35, 37, 39 QB1 218, 219 neon 236 134, 136, 137 photosynthesis 83 Quaoar 220 NEOWISE survey 142 optical telescopes 243 Piazzi, Giuseppe 20 Neptune 11, 12, 140, orbits 12 Pillan Patera (Io) 158, 161 R 198, 204–15 asteroids 140–41, 142 Pioneer 5 38 atmosphere 204, 205, comets 12, 222, 224–5 Pioneer 10 166, 168, 194 Rachmaninoff Crater dwarf planets 220 Pioneer 11 168, 193, 194 (Mercury) 49 206, 239 Earth 72, 237 plains (planitiae) axial tilt 204, 206 eccentric 218, 219 radar observations 54, 69 blue color 204, 205, 206 elliptical 12, 21, 141, 224 Mars 110, 114 radio telescopes 243 data 204, 236 Jupiter 150, 237 Mercury 44, 45, 48, 49 radio waves 30 discovery of 20, 212, 213 Jupiter’s moons 156–7 Moon 102–3 radioactive zone, Sun 26 energy 206 Kuiper belt objects 218 Venus 58, 59, 64 radiometric dating 86 gravity 204, 208 lunar 34, 35 Planet X 213, 220 rain magnetic field 206, 238 Mars 130, 237 planetary motion, laws of migration of 17 Mercury 44, 54, 55, 237 21, 130 Titan 187 missions to 21, 204, 205, 208, Moon 34, 35, 88, 92, 93, 104 planetary nebula 24 Venus 62 Neptune 220, 237 planetesimals 16, 17, 46 red giants 24 212, 214–15 Neptune’s moons 208, 209 planets 11 Red Spot Junior ( Jupiter) moons 204, 207, 208–11, 240 Phobos and Deimos 128 distance from Sun 12 154, 167 Neptune system 208–9 Pluto 218, 220 extrasolar 233 reefs, coral 80 orbit 220, 237 Pluto’s moons 221 formation of 16–17 regio, Venus 58 and plutinos 218 satellites 243 orbits 11, 12 regular satellites 156 rings 204, 207, 208, 212, 238 Saturn 170, 237 size and scale 12, 18–19 relativity, general theory of 36 rotation 204, 206 Saturn’s moons 182, 183 see also planets by name religion 20, 21 seasons 204 Saturn’s rings 176 plants 72, 82 Rhea 183, 184 size 19 and solar gravity 24 Planum Australe (Mars) 110, 127 Riccioli, Giovanni Battista 69, 105 structure 206–7 Uranus 213, 220, 237 Planum Boreum (Mars) 110, 126 ridges, Mercury 48 temperatures 204, 238, 239 Uranus’s moons 201, 213 plasma 26, 28, 29 rift valleys timeline of discoveries 212–13 Venus 58, 237 eruptions of 24 Earth 76, 77 weather 149, 204, 205, Orcus 220 plate boundaries 76, 77 Mars 110, 112, 118–19 organic molecules 82 plate tectonics see tectonic plates ring of fire 35 206, 212 organisms, multicellular 82 Plato Crater (Moon) 101 rings year 149, 204 Orion spacecraft 145 Plum Crater (Moon) 101 Jupiter 151, 157, 166, Nereid 208 Orionid meteor shower 229 plutinos 218 New Horizons spacecraft 168, Oschin, Samuel 218 Pluto 11, 220–21 168, 238 220, 221 outer planets 12, 146–215 atmosphere 221 Neptune 204, 207, 208, Newton, Isaac 21, 36, 104, outflow channels 116 demotion of 213, 220 105, 231 oxygen 47, 74, 75, 83, 110, 113, discovery of 212, 220 212, 238 Nicholson, Seth 131 198, 206, 236 missions to 220 Saturn 149, 170, 171, 173, 174–7, nickel 60, 74, 75 ozone 83 moons 221 nitrogen 74, 113, 184, 210, 220, 236 orbit 218, 220 180–81, 182, 183, 192, 193, frost 210, 211 P seasonal variation 221 194, 195, 199, 238 Nix 221 size 19, 221 Uranus 196, 199, 200–201, Noachis Terra (Mars) 111, 124 Pacific Ocean 72 structure 220 212, 238 North America 72, 73 Pacific Plate 77 polar regions rivers North American Plate 76 Palus Putridinus (Moon) 97 Earth 72, 75, 80 on Earth 80, 81, 84 North Polar erg (Mars) 124–5 pancake domes 63 Jupiter 150, 154 on Mars (dry) 110, 116 Northern Lights 29 Pandora 183 Mars 110, 114, 117, 124–5, on Titan 187 Nu ring (Uranus) 201 Pantheon Fossae (Mercury) 49 Roche lobe (Saturn) 177 nuclear fusion 36 Paris Observatory 193 126–7, 131 rock cycle 78 nuclear reactions 14, 15, 26 Pasiphaë group ( Jupiter) 156 Mercury 44 rockets, world’s largest 242 nuclei, comets 21, 200, 222, 225, Paterae 120 Moon 105 Rocky Mountains 72 226, 227, 229, 230 Patterson, Clair 86 Neptune 211 rocky planets 11, 12, Pavonis Mons (Mars) 121 Saturn 179 40–137, 138 O Payson Outcrop (Mars) 137 Sun 33 atmospheres 239 Pele volcano (Io) 160 Uranus 196 formation of 16, 17 Oberon 200, 213 penumbra 32, 34, 35 Venus 58, 68 size and scale 19 observatories 243 Perdita 201 polar vortex (Saturn) 179 see also Earth; Mars; occultations, of Mercury by Venus 55 perigee 92 Polydeuces 183 Mercury; Venus oceanic crust 74, 75 Pope, Alexander 200 Romans, ancient 36, 54, 68, oceans Portia 201 130, 166 potassium 47 Rømer, Ole 167 potentially hazardous asteroids Rosalind 201 Rosetta spacecraft 227,

INDEX 253 230, 231 sedimentary rock 79, 134 spacecraft Sun (continued) round Earth theory 86 sediments 78 Apollo project 108–9 temperatures 24, 26, 32 rovers, robotic, Mars 132, Sedna 220 landmark missions 242 timeline of discoveries 36–7 seismology 86 missions to asteroids 144–5 see also solar system 133, 134–5 seismometers 90 missions to comets 226–7, 231 rupes, Mercury 45, 48, service module 108 missions to Jupiter 21, 38, Sunda Trench 77 sexual reproduction 82 164–7, 168–9 sungrazers 223 52–3, 57 Shakespeare, William 200 missions to Mars 42–3, 110, 112, sunspots 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, Russia see Soviet Union/Russia shepherd moons 174 116, 117, 130, 131, 132–7 Shi Shen 37 missions to Mercury 44, 46, 48, 33, 36, 37, 39 S shield volcanoes 63, 120 54, 55, 56–7 supernovas 14 Shoemaker-Levy 9 (Comet) missions to Moon 20, 89, 90, Surya Siddhanta 55 S/2004 N1 209 96–7, 106–9 Sycorax 200 Sahara Desert 85 165, 166, 225, 230 missions to Neptune 21, 204, 205, salt pans 84 shooting stars 223 208, 212, 214–15 T sand dunes, Mars short-period comets 224 missions to the Sun 37, 38–9 Silfra 77 missions to Uranus 21, 196, tacholine 26 124–5, 136 silicates 47, 61, 112, 158 199, 200, 212 tails, comets 37, 222, 224, 227, Santa Maria Crater Silk Atlas of Comets 230 missions to Venus 20, 62, silicon 236 69, 70–71 230, 231 (Mars) 136–7 sinkholes 80 see also by name Taurus-Littrow Valley Sarychev Peak Skinakas Astrophysical Observatory spectroscopy 68, 230 (Moon) 109 (Kuril Islands) 85 (Crete) 55 spherical Earth 20 tectonic plates satellites 243 Skinakas Basin (Mercury) 55 spiral galaxies 11 slickensides 203 spiral waves 177 Earth 62, 72, 74, 76–7, 78, 79, camera-carrying 86 snow Spirit rover 134, 136 86, 87, 118 first 20 Spitzer Space Telescope 175 Saturn 11, 12, 149, 170–95 carbon dioxide 126, 127 Sputnik 1 20 Ganymede 162 atmosphere 172, 173, 178, comets 222, 230 Stardust spacecraft 226–7, 231 Mars 110, 111, 112 mineral 66, 67 stars Venus 59, 62, 63 193, 239 Snowman craters (Vesta) 139 telescopes 243 axial tilt 170 sodium 47 birth of 14 invention of 37 bands 170, 171 SOHO 6 (comet) 223 dying 14, 24 Telesto 183 data 170, 238 SOHO spacecraft 37, 38, 222 size and scale 18–19 Tempel 1, Comet 224, 227, 231 density 170, 172 Sojourner rover 131, 133, 134 STEREO (Solar Terrestrial Relations terrae, Venus 58 diameter 170 solar cycle 32–3, 36, 37 Observatory) 39 terrestrial planets energy 172, 178 Solar Dynamics Observatory Stickney Crater (Phobos) 128 see rocky planets formation of 17 24, 28, 29, 30, 37, 39 Stone Age 104 Tethys 183, 184, 185 gravity 172, 174, 177 solar flares 25, 27, 28, 30, Stonehenge 36 Thalassa 209 magnetic field 179, 238 33, 36, 38, 39 storms Thales 20 missions to 21, 178, 179, Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Earth 81 Tharsis Bulge (Mars) 119, see SOHO geomagnetic 29 120, 121 181, 188–9, 194–5 solar maximum 33 Jupiter 149, 150, 151, 154, 155, Tharsis Montes volcanoes moons 174, 175, 182–3, 184–91, solar minimum 33 (Mars) 119, 121 solar nebula 14, 16, 17 167, 168, 169 Tharsis region (Mars) 110 192, 193, 194, 195, 240 solar radiation 82, 110, 150 Neptune 205 Tharsis Tholus (Mars) 120–21 name system 184 erosion by 163 Saturn 170, 172, 173, 178, 179, Thebe 157 orbit 170, 237 solar storms 28–9 Theia 90 rings 149, 170, 171, 173, solar system 8–21 181, 193 thermosphere 75 age of 14, 15 Sun 28–9, 36 Tholi 120 174–7, 180–81, 182, 183, around the Sun 12–13 stratosphere 75 thrust faults 79 192, 193, 194, 195, 199, 238 birth of 14–15, 225 Styx 221 tick volcanoes 63 rotation 170 comets in inner 224 Subkou Planitia (Mercury) 45 tidal despinning 52 Saturn system 182–3 elements in 236 sulfur 60, 158, 236 tidal forces 54, 88, 90, 91, 92, seasons 178, 179, 193 formation of the planets 16–17 sulfur dioxide 62 100, 157, 158, 159, 166, 191 size 18 size and scale of bodies in 18–19 sulfuric acid 43, 58, 60, 61, 62 tidal heating 163 structure 172–3 timeline of discoveries 20–21 Sun 22–39 tides (Earth) 104 temperatures 170, 172, 173, Voyager 1’s portrait of 214–15 atmosphere 24, 37 tiger stripes 191 178, 238, 239 worlds beyond 233 birth of 14–15, 16 Titan 184, 186–9 timeline of discoveries 192–3 solar wind 37, 39, 47, 48, 62, 82, composition of 25, 26 Ligeia Mare 186–7 up close 178–9 179, 220, 230 data 24 missions to 21, 186–7, 192, weather 170, 172, 173, 178, solstices 36 death of 24 179, 181, 193 soot 14 differential rotation 33 194, 195 Saturn V rocket 242 South America 72, 73 eclipses 34–5, 36, 37 Titan-IVB/Centaur rocket scarps 163 South American Plate 76 energy from 24, 26, 27, 36 scattered disk objects (SDO) 218, 219 South Pole-Aitken Basin future death of 24 195 size and scale 18–19 (Moon) 88, 90 gravity 11, 12, 24, 52, 56 Titania 200, 213 Scheiner, Christoph 37 Southern Ocean 72, 77 heliocentric model 20, 21, 36, Tolstoy Basin (Mercury) 48 Schiaparelli, Giovanni 54, 68, Soviet Union/Russia Tombaugh, Clyde 212, 220 131, 231 missions to comets 226 37, 69 total eclipses (totality) 34, 35 Schiaparelli Dorsum (Mercury) 48 missions to Mars 132–3 life expectancy 24 Toutatis 140 Schirra, Wally 108 missions to Moon 20, 104, 106–7 magnetic field 14, 26, 28, 32, 33, 39 Trans Neptunian Objects Schmitt, Jack 103, 109 missions to Venus 70, 71 matter 149 Schrödinger Crater (Moon) 101 satellites 20, 243 missions to 37, 38–9 (TNOs) 213 Schröter, Johannes 54, 102 space exploration 242–3 position in Milky Way 11 size and scale 18–19 Schwabe, Samuel Heinrich 32, space exploration 242–3 rays 30–31 transform boundaries 77 37, 167 space probes see by name size of 24 transit science fiction 130 space rubble 15 solar cycle 32–3, 36, 37 of Mercury 55 Scott, David 96, 108, 109 space stations 243 solar eclipses 34–5, 36, 37 of Venus 69 SDO see Solar Dynamics Observatory storms on 28–9, 36 tree rings 32 seafloor 86, 87 structure 26–7 trenches, deep-sea 76, 77 seas Trinculo 200 lunar see Mare; maria Triton 208, 210–11 Mars 116 Trojan asteroids 13, 140–41 see also oceans troposphere 75, 199 Secchi, Angelo 131

254 INDEX troughs (fossae) Venus (continued) water (continued) Mars 127 mapping 64–5, 68, Saturn 172 Mercury 49 69, 71 superionic 198, 199, 206 Maxwell Montes 66–7 three states of 72 Tsiolkovsky Crater (Moon) 101 missions to 20, 62, Uranus 197, 198 Tycho Crater (Moon) 89 69, 70–71 vapor 14, 47, 113, 116, name of 68 117, 160 U naming system (features) 63 water ice 16, 105, 117, 126, 127, occultation of Mercury 55 160, 173, 174 ultraviolet light 30, 171 orbit 58, 237 ultraviolet radiation 30, 220 phases of 58, 69 waterfalls 116 ultraviolet telescopes 243 rotation 16, 58, 60, 68 waves 73, 80, 81 Ulysses spacecraft 38, 228 size 19 weather umbra 32, 34, 35 structure 60–61 Umbriel 200 surface 58, 62–3, 68, Earth 72, 73, 81, 82 United States 69, 71 gas giants 149 temperatures 43, 58, 69, Jupiter 149, 150, 154, 155, 166, Apollo project 108–9 238, 239 missions to asteroids 144–5 timeline of discoveries 68–9 167, 168 missions to comets 226–7 transit of 69 Mars 20 missions to Jupiter 168–9 weather/climate 62, 71 Neptune 149, 204, 205, 206, 212 missions to Mars 132–3 Saturn 170, 178, 179, 181, 193 missions to Mercury 56–7 Venus Express spacecraft 71 Titan 184, 186 missions to Moon 104, 105, 106–9 Venus Tablet 68 Uranus 196, 197 missions to Neptune 114–15 Verona Rupes (Miranda) 202–3 Venus 7, 62 missions to Saturn 194–5 Vesta 138–9, 145 weathering 78, 79 missions to Sun 38–9 Victoria Crater (Mars) 134 Wegener, Alfred 86 missions to Uranus 202–3 Vid Flumina (Titan) 187 Welles, Orson 130 missions to Venus 70–71 Viking 1 20, 129, 130, 134 Wells, H. G. 130 satellites 243 Viking 2 20, 130, 132, 134 wetlands 84 space exploration 242–3 volcanic domes 59, 63 Whipple, Fred 230 Upheaval Dome (Utah) 84 volcanoes/volcanic activity Wickramasinghe, Chandra 230 Uranus 11, 12, 149, 196–203 Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer atmosphere 198, 199, 239 Earth 72, 76, 77, 78, telescope 142 axial tilt 196, 213 85, 120 Wild 2, Comet 227 data 196, 236 wind erosion 79 diameter 196 Enceladus 191 winds discovery of 212, 213 Europa 159 Earth 73, 81 gravity 196 formation and types 120–21 Jupiter 150, 154, 168 magnetic field 198, 199, 238 Io 21, 158, 160–61, 166, 168 Mars 124, 126 migration of 17 and land formations 78 Neptune 149, 204 missions to 21, 196, 199, 200, Mars 110, 112, 113, 114, 116, Saturn 170, 172, 178, 179 Triton 211 202–3, 212 119, 120–23, 130 Venus 62 moons 196, 199, 200–203, 212, Mercury 44, 45 Wollaston, William 37 Moon 92, 100, 102, 103, 104 213, 240 Pluto 221 X naming of 213 Saturn’s moons 184, 185 orbit 196, 213, 220, 237 Triton 210 X-ray telescopes 243 rings 196, 199, 212, 238 Venus 43, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 71 X-rays 228 rotation 196 Voyager spacecraft 179, 194 Xanthe Terra (Mars) 111 seasons 196, 197 Voyager 1 21, 37, 157, 160, 166, Xichang (China) 242 size 19 structure 198–9 168, 192, 193, 194, 214–15 Y temperatures 196, 198, 199, Voyager 2 21, 160, 166, 168, 192, 193, Yellowknife Bay (Mars) 134 238, 239 194, 196, 199, 200, 201, 204, 205, 208, Yerkes Observatory timeline of discoveries 212–13 209, 210, 212, 214–15 Uranus system 200–201 Vredefort (South Africa) 143 (Wisconsin) 130 US Naval Observatory 131 Vulcan 37 Yutu (“Jade Rabbit”) vehicle 107 VY Canis Major 24 V Z W Valhalla impact basin (Callisto) 163 Zeus 166 Valles Marineris (Mars) 111, Wang Meng Crater (Mercury) 45 Zupi, Giovanni 55 War of the Worlds (H. G. Wells) 130 118–19, 120 water valleys, glaciated 78 Vallis Schröteri (Moon) 102 corrosive effect 78 Venera 3 spacecraft 69, 70 Earth 16, 72, 75, 82, 84 Venera 7 spacecraft 69, 70, 71 Enceladus 189 Venera 8 spacecraft 69 erosion 78 Venera 9 spacecraft 70 Europa 159, 160, 166 Venus 11, 12, 43, 58–71 exoplanets 233 Galilean moons 168 air pressure 71 gas giants 12 atmosphere 58, 60, 61, 62, 68, groundwater 117 Jupiter 153, 167 70, 71, 239 Mars 43, 110, 113, 116–17, 130 axial tilt 58 meltwater 80, 81, 116 data 58, 237 Mercury 55 diameter 58 Moon 105 gravity 58 Neptune 206 life on 68 Pluto 220 magnetic field 238

INDEX 255 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Smithsonian Institution: SDO / Goddard Space Flight Center. Image Asset Management Ltd. (tr). NASA: (br). 108 NASA: (tl, tr); JSC / Andrew Johnston, Geographer, Center 28 NASA: SDO (cl); SDO / AIA (br); Dreamstime.com: Dmitry Volkov / Russell L. Schweickart (cl). 108-109 for Earth and Planetary Studies, SDO / GSFC (bc). 28-29 NASA: SDO / Dymon (tc). Getty Images: DEA / G. NASA. 109 NASA: (tl, r). 114-115 National Air and Space Museum. GSFC. 29 Corbis: Mark Bauer / Loop Dagli Orti / De Agostini (fcl). NASA: NASA. 116 ESA: DLR / FU Berlin (G. Images (br). NASA: High Altitude NSSDC / GSFC (br). Science Photo Neukum) (b). NASA: JPL / Arizona Smithsonian Enterprises: Observatory / Solar Maximum Library: New York Public Library (bc); State University, R. Luk (tr). Science Carol LeBlanc, Senior Vice President, Mission Archives (bl). 30-31 NASA: Ria Novosti (c). 69 Corbis: Werner Photo Library: NASA (cr). 117 NASA: Consumer Products and Education; SDO / GSFC. 32-33 NASA: SDO / Forman (tr). Getty Images: Print JPL / ASU (tc); JPL-Caltech / University Brigid Ferraro, Vice President, GSFC. 32 BBSO / Big Bear Solar Collector / Hulton Archive (cl); Adina of Arizona / Texas A&M University Consumer Products and Education; Observatory: NJIT (bl). 33 Corbis: Tovy / Lonely Planet Images (tl). (cla). Science Photo Library: ESA / Ellen Nanney, Licensing Manager; Bettmann (br). 34 Corbis: EPA / Brian Institute e Museo di Storia della DLR / FU Berlin (G. Neukum) (b); Kealy Wilson, Product Development Cassey - Australia and New Zealand Scienza di Firenze: (cr). NASA: JPL NASA (tr). 118-119 ESA: DLR / FU Manager. Out (b). 35 Corbis: Miloslav (fbl); (br); JPL / USGS (fbr). 70 123RF. Berlin (G. Neukum). 119 NASA: (cr); Druckmuller / Science Faction (tr); com: rtguest (l). Wikipedia: (br). 77 JPL / USGS (ftr). 120-121 ESA: DLR / DK would like to thank the following William James Warren / Science Alamy Images: Wolfgang Pölzer (fbr). FU Berlin (G. Neukum) (b). 121 ESA: people for their assistance in the Faction (tl); Phillip Jones / Stocktrek 78 Alamy Images: Wayne Lynch / All DLR / FU Berlin (G. Neukum) (br, fbr). preparation of this book: Images (br). 36 Corbis: Gianni Dagli Canada Photos (tr). 79 Alamy Images: 123 ESA: DLR / FU (G. Neukum) (fbr). Orti (ftr). NASA: SOHO / ESA (cr). McPhoto / vario images GmbH & Co. NASA: JPL (cr). 124 NASA: JPL-Caltech Shaila Brown and Sam Priddy for Science Photo Library: Royal KG (t). 80-81 Alamy Images: Tom Till. / Univ. of Arizona. 125 NASA: NASA / editorial assistance; Simon Mumford Astronomical Society (fcl, br). UCAR 81 Corbis: Sanford / Agliolo (tr). Getty JPL / University of Arizona (tr); JPL / and Encompass Graphics for maps; Communications: HAO / NCAR (fcr). Images: James Balog / Aurora (cr). University of Arizona (tl, b). 126 Adam Benton for additional G. De Vaucouleurs, Astronomical NASA: image created by Jesse Allen, NASA: JPL / STScI (tr); (cr). 127 NASA: illustrations; Steve Crozier and Phil Photography, MacMillan, 1961 (cl). 37 Earth Observatory, using data JPL / University of Arizona (c, b). 128 Fitzgerald for retouching work; Corbis: Dennis di Cicco (fbl). Dorling obtained from the University of NASA: JPL-Caltech / Univ. of Arizona Tannishtha Chakraborty, Mandy Earey, Kindersley: (tl). Getty Images: Hulton Maryland’s Global Land Cover Facility (cl, cr). 129 NASA. 130 Getty Images: Vaibhav Rastogi, Anjali Sachar, and Archive / Print Collector (tr). NASA: (ca); Jacques Descloitres, MODIS DEA / M. Carrieri / De Agostini Picture Riti Sodhi for design assistance; SDO / GSFC (br). NOAO / AURA / Rapid Response Team / NASA / GSFC Library (tc); Popperfoto (cr). NASA: (cl, Caroline Hunt for proofreading; Helen NSF: N. A. Sharp, NOAO / NSO / Kitt (br). 82-83 Corbis: Peter Adams / JAI. br); JPL (bl). Science Photo Library: Peters for the index. Peak / FTS / AURA / NSF (cr). 83 Alamy Images: AF Archive (cra). NYPL / Science Source (tr). 131 Alamy Wikipedia: CNX (cr). 38 123RF.com: Corbis: Dr. Robert Calentine / Visuals Images: Mary Evans Picture Library The publisher would like to thank the rtguest (l). NASA: (clb, fcrb). 39 NASA: Unlimited (tr). Flickr.com: Leon (tr); World History Archive / Image following for their kind permission to SDO / GSFC (fcrb); STEREO (b). 42 Oosthuizen / leonoos (b). 84 Alamy Asset Management Ltd. (cl). Getty reproduce their photographs: NASA: JPL / University of Arizona. 48 Images: Guenter Fischer / Images: Kean Collection / Archive NASA: Johns Hopkins University imageBROKER (t). Getty Images: Photos (cr). NASA: JPL-Caltech (b). (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; Applied Physics Laboratory / Carnegie Michael Layefsky / Moment Select Science Photo Library: Royal c-centre; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Institution of Washington (br); (l). 49 (cr). NASA: JSC (cl); USGS EROS Data Astronomical Society (tc). 132 123RF. NASA: JHUAPL / CIW-DTM / GSFC / Center (clb). 85 Corbis: Tibor Bognar com: rtguest (l). NASA: JPL / GSFC 1 NASA: 61JPL / DLR (cr). 4-5 ESA: MIT / Brown Univ / Rendering by (clb). NASA: GSFC / METI / Japan (bc). 133 123RF.com: Eknarin DLR / FU Berlin (G. Neukum) (t). 6-7 James Dickson (bl); Johns Hopkins Space Systems, and U.S. / Japan ASTER Maphichai (cr). NASA: (bl). 134-135 NASA: JPL / University of Arizona. 7 University Applied Physics Laboratory Science Team (tl); (tr, cr). 86 Corbis: NASA: JPL-Caltech / MSSS. 135 NASA: Maggie Aderin-Pocock: (tc, bc). 10 / Carnegie Institution of Washington (bl). Science Photo Library: NOAA JPL-Caltech (cr). 136-137 Corbis: Corbis: 68 / Paul E. Tessier / Ocean. (t, bc); Science / AAAS (br). 50-51 (br). 87 Alamy Images: Interfoto (tr). NASA / JPL-Caltech / Michael Benson 14-15 NASA: ESA, and M. Livio and NASA. 53 NASA: The Johns Hopkins Getty Images: National Galleries of / Kinetikon Pictures (t). NASA: JPL- the Hubble 20th Anniversary Team University Applied Physics Lab, the Scotland / Hulton Fine Art Collection Caltech / Cornell / ASU (c). 137 NASA: (STScI). 14 Gemini Observatory: Carnegie Institution for Science (fcr, (cr); Universal Images Group (tl); Stock JPL-Caltech / MSSS (tr); JPL-Caltech / artwork by Lynette Cook (br). 15 ESO: br). 54 Getty Images: DEA / G. Montage / Archive Photos (cl). NASA: Cornell University (cra); JPL-Caltech / L. Calçada (bl). Science Photo Library: Nimatallah / De Agostini Picture JPL (bc). 90 NASA: (fbl). Science USGS / Cornell University (br). 138 Michael Abbey (br). 16-17 Science Library (tr). NASA: (cr, br). Science Photo Library: NASA / GSFC / DLR / NASA: JPL / JHUAP (tr). 138-139 Photo Library: Take 27 Ltd. 20 Alamy Photo Library: David Parker (bc). 55 ASU (bl). 92 Corbis: Alan Dyer, Inc. / NASA: JPL / MPS / DLR / IDA / Daniel Images: North Wind Picture Archives Getty Images: Apic / Hulton Archive Visuals Unlimited (l). 93 NASA. 94-95 Machá ek. 139 NASA: JPL (tc); NEAR (tc). NASA: ESA / J. Parker (Southwest (tr); Guillermo Gonzalez / Visuals NASA. 96-97 NASA. 97 NASA: (fcr). Project / NLR / JHUAPL / Goddard Research Institute), P. Thomas (Cornell Unlimited (cr). NASA: Johns Hopkins 98-99 NASA: JAXA. 101 Corbis: (bl). SVS (tl). 140 NASA: ESA / SWRI / University), L. McFadden (University University Applied Physics Laboratory NASA: (bc, br); Goddard / MIT / Cornell University / University of of Maryland, College Park), and M. / Carnegie Institution of Washington Brown (t). 102 NASA: (cl, cr). 102-103 Maryland / STSci (br); JPL (cl); JAXA Mutchler and Z. Levay (STScI) (c); (bc); (br); KSC (bc). 56 123RF.com: rtguest NASA: (b). 104 Getty Images: Jamie (tr). 142 NASA: JHUAPL / NEAR (tc); JPL (br). 21 Alamy Images: Stock (l). NASA: JPL (bl). 57 NASA: Johns Cooper / SSPL (tr); Sovfoto / UIG (cl). JPL-Caltech (c). 142-143 Wikipedia: Montage, Inc. (c). Corbis: Alfredo Hopkins University Applied Physics NASA: (cr, br); NSSDC (bl). 105 Alamy Stephen Hornback. 143 Science Dagli Orti / The Art Archive (tc); Laboratory / Carnegie Institution of Images: North Wind Picture Archives Photo Library: David Nunuk (cr); Ria Heritage Images (tr). ESA: Courtesy of Washington (br); (bl). 62-63 NASA: (tl). Getty Images: SSPL (tr). NASA: Novosti (tl). 144 123RF.com: rtguest MPAe, Lindau (bc). NASA: JPL (bl); JPL JPL (b). 63 NASA: GSFC (cr). 64-65 AMES (bl); GSFC (br). Science Photo (l). NASA: JAXA (br); JPL / JHUAPL (bc). / Space Science Institute (br). Royal NASA. 67 NASA: JPL (cr). 68 Alamy Library: American Institute Of Physics 145 NASA: (br); JAXA (bl). 148 Corbis: Society: Ben Morgan (cl). 24 NASA: Images: World History Archive / (cl); Detlev Van Ravenswaay (cr). 107 NASA / JPL / Ciclops / UofArizona /

256 INDEX Michael Benson / Kinetikon Pictures. Space Science Institute (cr). 191 Library / De Agostini (tl); Hulton Emilio Segre Visual Archives / 154-155 NASA. 154 NASA: JPL / NASA: JPL / Space Science Institute Archive (tr). NASA: IAU / ESA / Hubble American Institute Of Physics (bl); University of Arizona (bl); JPL / Space (cr, fcr, br). 192 Getty Images: SSPL Space Telescope, H. Weaver ( JHU / Royal Astronomical Society (c). 231 Science Institute (br). 155 Gemini (tc). NASA: JPL / Space Science APL), A. Stern (SwRI), the HST Pluto Alamy Images: The Art Gallery Observatory: (bl). 158 NASA: NASA / Institute (cl, bl, br); JPL (c, cr). Science Companion Search Team and M. Collection / Tielemans, Martin JPL / University of Arizona (bc, cb, Photo Library: Royal Astronomical Brown (bl). Science Photo Library: Francois (1784-1864) (c); Walter cra); JPL / University of Arizona (br, tr, Society (tr). 193 Getty Images: Ann Sebastien Beaucourt / Look At Rawlings / Robert Harding Picture bl). 159 Corbis: NASA / JPL / PIRL / Ronan Pictures / Print Collector (tl); Sciences (cr); Royal Astronomical Library Ltd (tl); North Wind Picture UofArizona / Michael Benson / Silver Screen Collection / Moviepix Society (tc). 214-215 NASA: JPL (t, b). Archives (tr). ESA: J. Mai (bc). NASA: Kinetikon Pictures (tl). NASA: NASA / (c). NASA: AMES (cl); JPL / Space 218 Corbis: Roger Ressmeyer (tr). 219 JPL-Caltech / UMD (bl). Science JPL / DLR (br). 160-161 NASA: JPL / Science Institute (tr, br); JPL / ESO: (t). 220 NASA: (br); HST (cr). 221 Photo Library: Detlev Van USGS. 161 NASA: Galileo Project / JPL University of Arizona / DLR (bl). ESO: L. Calçada (b). NASA: ESA / HST Ravenswaay (cl). 232-233 National (t); JPL (c, b). 162 NASA: JPL / DLR (tr); Science Photo Library: Sheila Terry / M. Showalter / SETI Institute (tr). Maritime Museum, Greenwich, (bl). 163 NASA: JPL (tr); JPL / Arizona (tc). 194 123RF.com: rtguest (l). NASA: 222-223 Daniel Schechter. 223 NASA: London: Mark Gee. 238 NASA: JPL- State University, Academic Research JPL (crb, br). 195 NASA: (crb, fbr); JPL SOHO (bl). Wikipedia: (br). 225 Caltech / SSI / Cornell (br). 239 NASA: Lab (bc); JPL / ASU (br, bl). 164 NASA: (bl); JPL / Space Science Institute (br). NASA: H. A. Weaver, T. E. Smith (Space (tr); JPL (crb). 241 Corbis: Tony Hallas JPL / DLR (cl); JPL / Brown University 203 NASA: JPL (cr); JPL-Caltech (fcr). Telescope Science Institute) / J. T. / Science Faction (br). 242 NASA: (fcl). 166 Alamy Images: Igor 208 NASA: JPL (bl). 211 NASA: JPL / Trauger, R. W. Evans ( Jet Propulsion (cra). 1666 NASA: HST (bl). Golovnov (cr). Getty Images: Oxford USGS (cr, fcr, fbr). 212 Corbis: Laboratory) (bl). 226 123RF.com: Science Archive / Print Collector (c); Bettmann (cr). NASA: ESA, and M. rtguest (l). ESA: (bc). 227 NASA: (bl); Jacket images: Endpapers: ESA: DLR / SSPL (tr). NASA: (cl). 167 Getty Showalter (SETI Institute) (br); JPL (cl, JPL-Caltech / UMD (bc). 228-229 FU Berlin (G. Neukum). Images: SSPL (cr). NASA: JPL / bc). Science Photo Library: Royal NASA. 229 ESA: (br). Getty Images: University of Arizona (bl); (bc); JPL Astronomical Society (tr). 213 Corbis: Yoshinori Watabe / Amana Images (c). All other images © Dorling Kindersley (br). Science Photo Library: (tl); New Richard Cummins / Robert Harding NASA: (cr); NEAT (tr). 230 Alamy For further information see: York Public Library (tc). 188 NASA: World Imagery (fcl). Getty Images: Images: World History Archive / www.dkimages.com JPL. 189 NASA: (br); JPL / Space Ann Ronan Pictures / Print Collector / Image Asset Management Ltd. (tr). Science Institute (t, l); JPL-Caltech / Hulton Archive (cl); DEA Picture ESA: (bc). Science Photo Library: