The Illustrated Book of Signs and Symbols_ 1000s of Signs and Symbols From Around the World ( PDFDrive )

Everyday Objects \\ll VSl Rl\\(, ! IMF People haw always been fascinated b) the concepi ol time, and have linked the mam objects related to it to their own mortalit) I bus the aging process may be seen as time marching on, and heart problems as a failure ol the old ticker.\" HOIRGLASS Watch This simple instrument lor I ike the clock, the measuring time operates on watch is a symbol the principle of sand filtering the passing hours and down over a period of an a remindei ol the hour under the force ol brevity ol life - \"time gravity The process has given stands still for no man. nse to the notion of life being \"ike \"sand ebbing awa) Sundial 8 The sundial shows the time via the shadow cast by the sun as it moves through the heavens. This ancient method thus relied on the . ity ol a sun god Am iiok Mirror Candle Open book TllRI \\l> Lips iu k mi red lipstuk is a The anchor is a symbol Since thought is A candle is a symbol ol Books are A thread is a symbol ol of safety stability, and reflection, the mirror symbols ol s) mbol ol sexualit) hope c hrist is often indicates truth, clarity. the individual soul know ledge life and of human referred to as an anchor and self-knowledge, as and the wisdom h at centuates th< in the sea ol life An well as vanity, thu and the flame that the universe destiny spun In a erogenous zone ol the anchor depleted with a break a mirror brings lights the darkness of An open book is a divine powei In ( ireek lips and. with its dolphin is a symbol of bad luck because u is a ignorance It is the sun person or subjet I that winding, uptight Chnst on the eross, and form of harming and spiritual tan be easily Vriadne gives to be anchored means oneseU To Taoists a illumination, and an understood, whereas I heseus a ball ol \\arn mechanism, combines mirror is the calm of extinguished candle a closed buck, remains In which to escape male ami female ted the sage and the can signify death From the labyrinth reflection of the ( andles play a part in a myster) In 1 linduism a thread una. i onnet is this wi universe many religious rites with the next, and and in < hristianity the high-caste Hindus lighted candle weal a sa<. led thread represents Christ as mi« a a « the resurrected light ol the world ( OMPASS NI'l \\M> INK Sum k SPOON I he i ompass points I ike tin- brush used in In Eui Ivei ( (MH I I out tin lout primary ( hine i spoon Is :i to directions, North. the pen i ol a bal time ol I and I I Soul ind learning ami the : the foul intellect, and it mai symbolizes nurture Key n and life I indarydin out destin lank •hi ally the 10m I IMF I din bol, with n in MlRROI i dippi mouth indi. >MSI. \\ i'l i c built •Mlh the to that t: bom into a life \"| pri\\ ill ^-%^»^». -%--%. % « % « % %

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Serpens Sjrua Ihr: Symbol Coi Systems •* Certain signs and symbols have evolved l VIRGO over thousands of years. These include X^c scripts, gestures, and stylized images, often used as instant means of communication. As technology shrinks the modern world, these signs and symbols increasingly transcend other languages. * O.AL/U

/ Symbol systems Picture Writing Ideograms Cm Kn G In cultures throughout the world, picture writing represents the These Hittite ideograms earliest attempt at setting down words in a non-verbal, non-gestural are a more abstract development of form of communication. Picture writing differs from drawing in that it uses a standardized set of picture signs, or \"pictograms.\" These picture pictograms. A picture of signs came to represent particular objects that were then easily a foot, lor example, may recognized by the reader. As the need for more complex forms grew, mean the verb \"to walk.\" signs that represent actual word sounds were introduced, and in addition, simple signs were combined to create a more complex script. y 6^0 Sti h -I God Ox Great Clay tokens i Seat Pictograms These Sumerian tablets I' These particular C llll li date from c.3000 bc. pictograms are quite Large numbers of Heart, modern, dating from the early 1900s. King representational clay 'A Njoya of Bamum, in a tablets have been remote area of unearthed in modem Cameroon, set about c i eating a written Iraq and Iran. Some language for his people 1,500 different symbols Bamum has only have been decoded, most of them relating single- syllable words, to agricultural and and so each picture commercial matters. sign is also just one syllable. The meanings Stone i 'I i he symbols are fairly easy to decipher, Egyptian hieroglyphs /iins/i holdei Lucky eye Hieroglyphs, literally \"sacred writings,\" originated long before The \"wadjet eye,\" or Eye 3000 BC, but were not deciphered until the L9th century, when the of Horus (sky god), was thought to have ma. mRosetta Stone was discovered in Egypt. This had inscriptions powers 5cribes often included this symbol in three scripts, one oi them Creek, which could be translated and their writing for good luck compared with the hieroglyphs. Hieroglyphs are a combination of pictograms - mostly stylized drawings ol animals, plants, and flowers - and \"phonograms,\" or signs representing sounds. This script was therefore a true form of writing in the modern sense. Waiir Cartolc III && The names of Egyptian Km kings and queens were Reading hie stela always enclosed in oval A hieroglyphic text can borders, known as cartouches. The cartouche be read from left to was a symbol of the ruler's right, right to left, or top power, signifying that he or she reigned over \"all to bottom I he symbols ol that the sun encircles.\" It was a French animals or people lell you W hit h Egyptologist, Jean- rhi owl/ om/ //Mr s oj in .i notion way to read 1 [ere the faces point Francois Champollion, indicali thi tl tailing the King furu ral to the right, so the tc.\\t is to be who in 1822 cracked the (Ion >/ thi [l i • •Hi ring foi th priest Mi i ra ( 2250 fit 1mmn .ul righi to Icli code of these particular royal hieroglyphs. I 00

U UP R Nr E \\V R ! T 1 i Chinese Mm vn . The inscription records the no The c hinese script, the Mayan script is made rulers up ol compounds ol oldest script still in use i signs and is a mixture ol pictograms and toda) is more than ER • 00 years old The phonetic elements it earliest examples were inscribed onto tortoise is written in double columns from left to shells or carved into right and top to bottom. The ox bones Some hieroglyphs below are phonetic-syllabic - pictographic elements remain, hut the they each contain Chinese characters also several elements and include phonetic sounds, and yet are components and .in added element to still representational characterize the word a/3 *J§ M- »B Some Chinese words are H BlRDES compounds, hems; the sum of two other « ^X tse It Q2P aallUttle SOITH Dr- ' Cherokee a B Cherokee script was 4 (x) invented in 1821 and y T shows the influence ol w G the Latin alphabet It is a phono',. stem, that is, there is a clear relationship between the written symbol and M u w mor\\ the sound shown here- This panel comes from the temple of Yaxchilan. Jose to the present in phonetic symbols border between Mexico and Guatemala It depicts the sacrificial offering ol blood to bring lorth ancestral spirits i ad) Xtx the wife ol 1 ord Shield Jaguar is gazing up at Yat-Balam, a spirit who has emerged from the jaws ol a huge double-headed serpent ( I Nl [FORM Ml v 3000 bc 2400 bc 650 bc Sm klso This form of writing ^fl ±Bird -*T ( MIII.MI I tor more thar ( \\KIOI ( H I : I ..wins raEHOGLVmSH H. throughout the \\ LUCKVEYEa I Babylonia ty w M It developed M M \\S Mom I* and cl P £ ^r* m of put I'l. rOCRAMS «» illy to $1 HTC4 I with a K £±T but JL in th' —czz IT I1

Symbol Systems Numbers Number systems In most cultures numbers are imbued with symbolic meaning. The practice of Devanagari numerology is the study of their influence. Numbers have long been seen Mosi Western languages use Arabic numerals. These derive from those written in Devanagari. as expressions of cosmic order, possibly deriving from ancient Babylonian the script used lor Sanskrit, the classical observations of regular cosmic events, such as night and day, the phases of the language ?i India. moon, and cycles of the year. Viewed symbolically numbers represent more v<\\ * 3 * than quantities; they also have qualities. To the Greek mathematician I wo Pythagoras, even numbers were feminine, divisible into two equal parts, and rilREF FOUR i ive were considered passive: odd numbers were masculine, and active. % x9 «5 % o SEVEN E1GH1 NINI Row \\N The Roman system uses seven alphabetical signs: M1, V, X, L, C, D, and Numbers are formed by adding (6 = V+I = VI) or subtracting ^4 = 1 less than V = IV). Larger numbers come from Latin words, foi example C=centum=100; M= mille= 1.000 I II III IV V VI rwo rilKll FOUR il\\l OZero was invented ITo be number one SIX VII VIII IX X in ancient India. is to be the best. L Ik, 111 11 \\ Represented by a Spiritually, one stands continuous circle, it C D M for the state before the signifies non-being and creation of the myriad HUN FIV1 mot SAND eternity. To Pythagoras forms of life. It also 1 it was the perfect form. symbolizes the oneness HUND containing all and to which all living things from which all is wMl ISRI must return It is < created In Islam it is but also the individual Numerals in 1 lebrew read from right oleft) limitless light and the 1 Divine Essence. t orrespon d to the alphabet ( )ne is tlu first letter. alt ph; two the second; and so on Aftei the tenth . lettei the alue ol eac h lettei goes up in tens . 2 Many cultures view the nto FOUR j 2 5> world as made up of >pposing dualities: life in) nikii rwo (au ph) and death, light and dark, male and female, (GIMEI.) heaven and hell. Others 4 Four is the number ol the square the lour n15i pairs as elements - earth, lire, water, and air; and the t Jt t T t cardinal points ol the compass It is assoc ialed complementary, such as with the Earth and with completeness. In NINI IK. Ill s|\\l\\ sl\\ the Chinese yin and yang medieval Europe human nature was (II III) (heth) eft [wo is the numb characterized by the lour humors (seen abo of discord and conflict . but phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric, and melancholic ind marriaj Three I ki i oil ei mi Trim n 3 Sacred to most religions, the number three Three geometric shapes coming mbines the numbers one and two and so includes all life and experience. It is birth, spress the life, and death; mind, body, and soul; past, present, and future; man. woman, and child. istian Trinity, one mGod three persi the Father, the Son, and the 1 I I Spirii Thus the architectural device ol the Brahma, Shiva trefoil is often found in churches Hindi trinity ind Shiva form a Nl I'll \\i's IKIDI \\| 5 As the sum ol two, a feminine number, and ween them they create, The trident is a symbol ol the Roman three, a mas( uline numbei five is importani In India Brahma. god. Neptune, possibl) in many cultures It is a symbol fol man [\"here in an endless cycle of birth are five human senses ( )n a human figure, a line sustain, and d representing the pasl joining the head to outstretched arms ,u\\i\\ legs and the ind the forms a pentagram Muslims pra) Fivetimesa | ind there are five pillars ol piety in Islam future The indent ol the Hindu god Shiva stands lor his function and destro] ei Satan also holds a trident. 02

N l \\l BI RS wm nsvv> 9 Nine is the sacred I number tin O1 In C hristian countries 1 J \\$ an unlucky multiplied by itself to lj number because there were 1 5 at the give eternity, fateful Last Supper. In Leonardo's fresi pillion and |esus has just announced that one ol the fulfiflmenl 1 he Norse disciples will betray him. In ancient south god Odin hung for nine America there weie 1 3 Mayan heavens and the and nine nights Aztec calendai was divided into 13-da) periods on the tree Yggdrasil to 8 A- the first cubic win the secret ol the ~\\ \"I Originall) the age at « tizen was numbei (2x2x2), runes Kir mankind. In i tuna it is the numbei Z. JL entitled gh now lowered in eig^il i- considered the o! celestial powei the I nine-storied pagoda is perfect number a symbol ol heaven many countries), 21 is still considered a major c hinese life is ruled h\\ «\"I landmark in life A symbolic T3 eight at eight months ny ke) signifies entry into a Juki has milk teeth; 1 r\\ As the number of adulthood. In many at eight year> he loses JLVJihe lingers ten is them; at twice eight countries this is thi he readies maturity; the foundation ol most and at 8 x 8 he loses counting systems Ten at which a person is also figures strongly in the power ol the Bible there are ten allowed to buy and procreation The Buddhist wheel ol life commandments, ten dnnk alcohol nan plagues, ten Thi B has eight spokes, foi :is and ten lepers. Af\\ Representing the eight-fold path to 6 the Bible. ( iod c reatecl the Enlightenment According to some T\" \\J the'.'.:>. ill in ss world in six davs and rested on the seventh number 40 is especiall) epresents balance, love, health, and also theories, in the decimal luck, because it is the winning throw of a die. mi ten is symbolic important in the Bible Seven ol the return to unilv Moses sojoum on Sinai lasted 40 da) 7 Seven is a sacred number, representing the union ol divinity as did that ol Christ in (number three) and earth (number four) Each of the four phases ol the the wilderness, and moon lasts seven days and there are Noah's ark floated in the Flood foi 40 days seven days in the week and 40 nights I ort) was aUo signific am in terms ol \\ears - the lews spent 40 years in the wilderness, and the reign David and Solomon lOth 40 y< Ml NORAH cr/\"\\ This is the The branches and celebration It of the )ewish maiks the completion candlestick ol seven les indicate the seven da) and sanities new the week as well beginnings as the sun mi and live principal Dv£Lf\\ I his marks the planets The three I - :i ol the shaped arms represent wisdom strength, minute and hour, and and beauty led with time Will I I S WITHIN In an pt it In Hindu phil< long I ile in ih« Si \\| \\ Di \\|)M SINS Sm use I he seven deadly rwo i | in. glutton) . sloth. 1 ~\\ te the multiple of the mascul ind lllKI I I ' lunterparts 1 Zm -'ill SEVI . ol i he three itual and catthlv Ol list il and ths ol the veai 2I • 1/ I irdinal mcnt ;il night InI : '12 knights ol the 'uistmas I 2 disc iples, and 1 1 tribes ol I-; 10 5

Symbol Systems &Shapes Patterns Many shapes and patterns are universal. For example, similar patterns may decorate objects separated by thousands of miles and thousands of years. Symmetrical shapes appeal to our need for order, intricate shapes, such as puzzles and knots appeal to an urge to unravel mysteries, and labyrinths can express our need to find our true path, despite obstacles. Shapes may be mystical symbols. They are also often used symbolically in architecture - a square temple surmounted by a circular dome, for instance, represents the solidity of the earth topped by the dome of the sky. Yantra or mandala Doors of perception Square within square Asacred Hindu diagram, the yantra is used The tour projections from The square represents the earth, solidity, order, as a focus for meditation. Concentrating the middle of each side of and safety. It also represents the four compass the inner square are the directions and the balance of opposites. The on the geometric shapes draws the mind immense Grande Arche in Paris seems to embody into the diagram and beyond, into ultimate doors\" oi the yantra, these qualities by its location, size, and function. reality. Yantras often form the basis for the Where one square sits inside another, the outer ground plans of temples. The mandala is a through which the mind square symbolizes awareness of the physical may enter or leave the center circular yantra, usually enclosing a square. world, the inner square the unconscious. during contemplation. Stone circle Star Certain stone-age The star symbolizes light in darkness and peoples haw Lett wisdom shining through ignorance. To behind huge standing many people stars are stones as monuments. The original function the spirits of the dead, of the stone circle at set in the sky. To \"reach Stonehenge in England is still a lor the stars\" is to set mystery It was the highest goal. In the probably a lorm of temple, maybe US the star is a badge representing the eye of honor. of a great goddess. t—— r; ;*»;/ Shri Yastra, Nepal, c. 1 700 Wheel Longevity Circle Triangle This wheel, which is This is sJiou, one of the one ol twelve from the three ways of The enclosing circles serve The upward-pointing triangles base of the Sun Temple representing the Chinese at Konarak, India, symbol for longevity or to unify the opposing represent the male principle symbolizes samsara, the endless round ol immortality. It is often triangles. They are made and the downward-pointing existence. The wheel in seen with other Buddhism is a symbol symbols ol longevity, up oflotus petals to triangles the female such as the pine or the ol the Buddhist law, or Asignify the unfolding of Ik hey' i interloc k doctrine, set in motion tortoise when paired i[>l' I m the Buddha's lust with a peach, it is a reality as perceive.! Am ^k to show the creative wish foi a long and sermon. happy marriage mmmeditating on the yantra Hk activity of the cosmos. 104

Shapes <sr Patterns S\\\\ \\STIKA lilt R-Dl -l is Almond The swastika is a very ancient and auspicious Emblem ol French Also known as the mandorla, the almond- with complicated monarchy, the fleur- symbolism associated de-lis may be a allied shaped halo is formed with the sun Found in ins. Legend also claims from two intersecting most pans of the world, an angel gave a lily to circles It is used to it is especially popular ( lovis, Kingot the in India However, in Franks, in AD -Wo when symbolize Christ's he accepted Christianity ascension to heaven. the West it is now a symbol of evil because of its association with Adolf Hitler r lMRESMOi: Knot ' This engraving by Leonardo da Vinci is, like a yantra, a contemplative diagram It is a knot made from a single thread that, if followed, will lead Energy was once believed to flow in spiral form. The spiral symbolizes to one's inner self. The knot binds, but also holds the promise ol r lease. masculine and feminine energy and the energy of both sun and moon. ll is the great swirling force of the whirlwind and the movement of the A knot can be tied for protection, and to \"tie the knot means to get heavens. It is a manifestation of the energy in nature, and is related to the powerful imagery of the serpent. The spiral also symbolizes the circhngs married. of the soul, which eventually return to the center, or truth Triskele This Chinese drum bears the triski il, which, like the swastika was originally a symbol ol fortune It may represent the movemeni ol the sun lis I \\\\KII S/l \\/so M nkh is an Mv. i iik lent I gyptian si utn >ymbo Maze labyrinth, has appeared in the art ol the 1 gyptians, Indians ombining the S\\\\ \\sllk\\ I* au cross ol the Irivscii I* The • mms and ^ VMKV I* [ editerranea>nn peooppllie path leading the oval ol the I ss Isis it •chere truth h' puzzles, with the path signified life It ir in dr. ting was .nnth is difficult to enter, bui also difficult to ii n find their way through it adopted b) t optk ( hristian church in I 103

Symbol Systems Color Orange We are surrounded by color, and its immediate visual effect Like red, orange on our senses has powerful emotional and symbolic overtones. symbolizes Red is equated with blood, lor instance, and green with grass. flames, but The two colors traditionally associated with death are black and white. Though it differs from culture to culture - and even from also luxury and splendor. In China and person to person - color symbolism is among the most universal. Japan it is equated with love and happiness. Certain colors, such as Red red, advance, and are considered Inch' and Red is the color ol life - of blood, stimulating; others, such lire, passion, and war It is worn as blue, retreat, and tend to be soothing. Rainbows, b\\ brides in India and china as a which contain the full spectrum, are viewed as lucky s\\ inbol ol good luck and fertility. ( hristian calendars marked holy days in red, hence red-letter days. Bui reel is also the color of danger and warning signs are often marked in red O White ^W^ Bi i White symbolizes purity and WJlhu» West, Saffron robes perfection, also the Absolute. It is ^B black These young initiates the color most associated with ^^^^ wear the sallron- sacredness: sac i ific ial animals are often white. In the Western world brides usually death, mourning, colored robes ol wear white, but it is the color ol mourning in the underworld. Ii also Buddhist monks to much ol Asia. Ghosts are thought to be white has a ins with Rl I) 1 1 AC. indicate that they have because it is a color that conceals nothing \\ S) mbol ol revolution while flag signals truce, and therefore peace magic In I linduism, taken vows ol humility Kali, the terrible goddess and the communis! and renunciation party, the red Hag was ol destruction, is black. firsi raised during the Red devil Brown In (. him n represents n< h Revolution. It Sine e medieval limes Brown Satan, or the Devil, has symbolizes the north and was adopted during been depicted wiib red the earth winter. the Paris ( ommune in i lollies 01 skm Red is and fall. It is I and then by the the color ol hellfire Russian communists also, as the color ol the and damnation and also ol unbridled earth, humility and passion And lust degradation. UKJ I I 151 Hon red Monk jewelr) made ol jet, 1 celebrate In the Middle Ages blown was the color ol a black, 51 a mass mourning Several ommemorating stone, was commonly ( hristian orders martyrs, a adopted u to signify used b) 1 hose in c hristian u ileal from the world mourning in Victorian priesl wears limes Queen Victoria a red chasuble, the \"I I ngland, in perp i oloi symbolizing shed blood Red is 1 her also the color ol ( hrisi s Passion husband s death, thought Si \\ll S-SYMBOl RED i isso iation \"I red with \\ irilit) danger, and ual 1 'Hi men! makes ii one ol the mosl brighl jewelr) sho\\ .ii colors loi flashy sports cars - the I the ind this led to ultimate symbol ol masculine success in a fad foi jel jewelry. wealth) countries Lid white Sometimes called the Madonna Lily, the v lily is a symbol of purity and the The iditionally depicted with a wl she i baptism, and mn I I 06

OR( 1 Yellow Green Bi i i Pi RIM I As the In the West purple Yellow i> gold, light, and the sun Green is signifies royalt) and In Islam golden yellow represents color imperial powe wisdom and good advice, while pale the color ol the sk\\ yellow is deceit and betrayal. In %I yellow is the color ol envy and disgrace, ol life, and watei did in ancient and in Europe it is associated with cowardice. In blue symbolizes calm, America t represents pride and China yellow was the coloi ol royalty Yellow is pring and reflection, and the grandeui 50 |Us!icC the most visible color and i- used youth. It represents intellect It is also the internationally for warning Dll D I'l RIM 1 hope and JO) It is infinite, and the void In ancient Greece purpli TRl U 111 ROl SMI IOW from which all life extracted From mollusks, was associated with ecologj develops. Since the Middle Ages the concern with a luxur) that onl) the rich preserving the earth s MOMBi I I could afford Thus the ^ yellow has come to resources However, green also represents Ground lapis lazuli now symbolizes wealth agnify, in Europe deca) and jealous) In produced a pigment bet i aval and Christianity it is the Pi RIM I III \\KI treachery Here color ol the Trinity highly prized in In 1782 ington judas envelops i Mesopotamia lor decorating temple . m|esus his yellow 1st \\MIC GREEN ceilings The ci i uaied the firsi I S mil oak as he Pakistan s Hag declares signified divine favor identities him the nation s faith medal, a heart-shaped badge with a kiss, a ecui . i Nlam s xkred color, is combined ol purple cloth It was sign to the chiel with white lor purity priests that they The crescent became a revived in 1° 52 as the Purple should attest symbol ol Islam in the 14th century and the Mean, awarded to thi him. The color star was latei added as symbolism a symbol ol sovereignty wounded or killed in battle would have been e\\ idem Pl\\K to Renaissance In Western traditions, pink is the color ol flesh, and hence sensuality viewers. A softer tone ol red, 105-6 it is primarily associated with the feminine. Bl t i -skiwi i) cod Baby pink Rama, jn incarnation More muted than red. pink ol the I lindu god Vishnu, is usually suggests sensualit) in a les- depicted with blue skin, ssiw was Pink is the as is Krishna, another much-loved incarnation traditional coloi foi Blue is an appropriate coloi tor Vishnu, since young girls Baby girls j it represents the vastness CiRI 1 \\ lOR GO ol the heavens aie siill often Green is used Bill DOMl diesscd m pale universall) as a sign The blue pink, in contrast giving the go-ahead dome ol this to the traditional Along with red and yellow it was originally Russian church pale blue loi boys used lor railroad with its gold signaling before it was M ^k Gra) is associated with gloom adopted on the road stars, represents the heavens ^H W and depn ssion Bui as a balance [MFI KIM 111 IOW with the i ios^ V kiween black and white il is indicating ^^^^ the color of mediation rhings In (. hma yellow is symbolic ol the masculine that <. hrisi s principle I the power ol tile sun dominion thai aie noi certain arc considered gra) During the ( h ing dynast) 1 1644- Ni | | only the em ompasses areas In i hristianit) gra) represents the emperor could wear yellow I his 18th-century all hie immortality ol the soul .\\n^\\ is worn b) imperial throne cushion is decorated with religious groups he emblem ol the emp< m owI I s| |\\ i Si I KLSO |I III \\ Kl OLOR Ol( I II I i hlorophyl gi HBlue i plants ih, Lily white « ; A stylized seedling tonus the V ol the Vegetanan So< iet) It- logo i- iiu reasingl) Ri n i Tie mI the Western the world to draw attention ind moon - the to manufacture S\\U H,.\\ I I rian imption 11 1

Symbol Systems Alchemy Alchemy, the medieval forerunner of chemistry, was a richly symbolic CADl'CEUS Early alchemists science that united practical discovery with a mystical view of nature. The goal of alchemists was to discover the Philosophers Stone, or the Elixir of According to alchemical Alchemists were lore, Mercury, philosopher-chemists. Life, which would create gold from base metals. This messenger of the gods, Their goal was to distill an elixir that hange was known as transmutation, but could also be cast his magic wand would transform understood as a quest for spiritual perfection. One between two warring serpents. They coiled common metals, such way of achieving it was to unite opposing elements, such as water and fire, earth and air, the four primary themselves around it. as lead, into gold. elements. The fifth element or essence, forming what is called the caduceus, a symbol Through their ceaseless \"quintessence,\" symbolized the spint. ol opposing forces held in balance. laboratory experiments, The tail of the dragon they forged a path for In alchemy a dragon, or more often a serpent. modern chemistry. eating its own tail is known as the uroboros The dragon was a symbol of the god Mercury and the circle a powerful symbol ol the eternal cycle oi nature Because the uroboros recreates ttsell by feeding on its own body, it is a symbol of transforming matter, i.e. alchemy itself. Alchemical symbols Alchemists believed all matter was made up of earth, fire, water, and air. The symbol for water flows down like water, the symbol for fire rises up like flames. Sulfur and mercury are often paired together as masculine and feminine symbols repectively. The sun was the symbol of gold; the moon of silver. AWater Fire Mercury - oM IMMOR1 IL1TY Phoenix D|. Mylius, 1M8 Seal of Solomon Because of fear of This mythical bird is the alchemical symbol ol See a lso persecution, rebirth through fire In medieval legend, the This six-pointed star, one of alchemists developed phoenix lives in Arabia but flies to Egypt, the Caduceus «• Di the most powerful magical a complex vocabulary symbols of all time, of symbols to convey home of alchemy, to undergo its ritual death and brooch 40; combines the alchemical their knowledge. This i lapius59 diagram shows what regeneration Here it cradles the all powerful signs for fire elements ol lire and watei under its wings i an alchemist must do and water. As I \\KI\\ VIC Ml MISTS t* the water to arrive at the D 39 descends and the Philosopher's Stone, fire ascends, air and the key to immortality. Phoenix is I earth are created The alchemist brings »Seal oi Solomon The seal, together all the vital 115 therefore, elements around him - represents water and fire, earth and air. the union of the four elements in the quest for the Philosopher's Stone. 1 OH

Alchem\\ & Freemason r\\ Freemasonry Free anp Ac c i pted Ma>ons form the world's oldest association ol men Its members belong to a lodge presided over by a master and wardens. Its principles, or craft, as freemasonry is called, is to \"build\" good men. Initiation rites, or degrees, concern the biblical Temple of Solomon and use the stonemason's tools as symbols of personal or spiritual growth. Pi 1MB RULE Apron ' Square Builders use Masonic aprons arc richly decorated emblems ol This is the emblem ol office, they hark back to the lambskin apn the plumb rule worn by stonemasons in ancienl times fha a Master of a Lodge h is an instrument that in obtain true the (.rand Mastei bears the sun - as the sun rises gathers scattered verticals. For in the East announcing the da) so too the ( Irand elements into order, Master opens a lodge, sitting in the Hast. and so represents a Masons it is a Masonic emblem Level moral code symbol ol The level is used to las \\s essential tools of a Hit- all-sei ing eye, with rectitude, stonemason, the bricks horizontally. It light, an ancient indicating square and torn pass is the symbol ol a sym] their upright have become the main behavior It is symbol of freemasonry Senior Warden and Together they help the emblem of signifies equality create belter citizens a lunior The sun, representing Warden ol a I odge the Jti\\ , Utl representing night Tracing board The principles ol freemasonry are explained to new members using tracing boards covered with symbols This tracing board, with its three pillars of wisdom, strength, and beauty, represents the firs! degree ol initiation into the fraternity /U(.l/> N /ill/./. I Thi-. ,,'nn.\\ l\\ (h t - polh.- Sign language brln. i'ljitiifh. Solomon s temple is lull ol »i(h the three principal S) mbols with u inding stairs representing an internal path the individual musi t limb ( )n eithei side are the kc\\ to man's secrets and an eai 1 ignifying ( itmpuss paints plent) fhe trowel cements\" brotherhood /inul piiinh n/ on tht / PUki UMn US OOI I \\R HII I Si 1 ILSO ( hr< hi >./ pari mrnl hlsl SlGN I Wc.l v.. I I Washington, w aI km is,. BOARD I reemason He adopted I S ooi 1 \\k Bll ' 1 freemasonr) symb su< h as the pyramid (to denote knowlt • and wisdom I and the all seeing Aim rican nation I OK

1 Symbol Systems \\ Divination DIVINING I.. >\\\\ i AND MICK To see into the future and predict the course of events is a desire that Pendulum Divination bowl has preoccupied humankind from time immemorial. In some countries, A pendulum can be Among the Yoruba of animal entrails and oxen's shoulder blades are still examined for signs and used for dowsing - Nigeria, a bowl is filled answers to questions, as are the feeding habits of chickens. In the West the with sand and then discovering metal tapped with a stick. richly symbolic system o{ the Tarot, with its pictorial objects or water The resulting sand representations of situations or states of mind, has beneath the earth's Formation can be regained its popularity, and the medieval art of casting interpreted by a runes has reemerged. The ancient art oi palmistry, in surface. In especially diviner to answer questions such as which the lines etched on the human palm stand for ^killed hands, a where to locate water areas of human life, continues to flourish everywhere. or when the tribe can pendulum can even be expec i rain. suspended over a map €3TS to locate lost items. OUIJA BOARD The ouija board is a means of getting in Crystal ball touch with the dead Crystal spheres can and has come to concentrate the ra the sun and so have represent contacl with the spirit world While come to represent divine light and many see this as a celestial powers. In harmless pastime, Europe the crystal ball is often used in others use it seriously divination and is now to contact those they a classic symbol of have lost or to ask lortune telling. A questions about the medium gazes into the futui. tp ol ball and sees \"pictures,\" peopli ther usually of the future. lightly touching a hette and In their titration call down a spirit thai uses it to spell out particular answ D' ' Reading hands lv iMAN D i IN DEV1I I The idea that the lines ol the A developed mount of Roman divination hand reveal a persi Saturn is the si In Roman times sacred character is very old. Difl hardworking forms of palmistry appear in personality chickens were used as messengers ol the gods. ancient Chinese and Jewish •imt oj I he) were placed in texts. As well as the lines, t he- spec ially constructed shapes of the fingers and ol \\I. coops and observed the \"mounts\" all I he way they scratched reveals a at then loud anil ale play a part in pi rson's was thought to show the diagnosis. ability to whether or not the gods approved ol a particular tommunuutr plan. A similar form ol Mount the two I I \\ I EAVES mounts divination is still Jupiter stand It was on< e ( ommi mi pra< in ed in parts ol for ambition i the world toda) and su whut in I \" 'land Omni si iiirowinc, sucks iveness loped mount I »/ the to have one's lortune in i hinese temples it is common to see men and oj Venus inu, ''all', (o told by means of ti women shaking <. ylindrical pots ol sin. ks until kmd-h, tmay waslli. ai. one sin k i latters to the ground In this type ol i drunk until jusl one divination, i ryptk messages are attai hed to the Oil i\\ hand i. a >poon remained in sinks The one thai falls firsl is all important, In Arab count P\\t mimry the i up I he ( up and hooks provide detailed ^^^ _ would then be rotated ca interpretations the traditional i palmistry haractet and three time bi fori iIm ) i method of looking future life is written in the lines ol tin- hand. liquid was pound into into the futuri The palm contains numerous lim thn thi mi, , i | he '.he which - the head line, the heart line, and the pattern i n ated by of a life line -are deemed particularly importani the leaves thai ink pool The strength and lengi lefl behind indicate h [ships, and ovi formed the basis uny. the.1 n adei 1 i Wl 1 rELLINGl interpretation II

Rl INI MO\\|s Divination Casting nines tor divination originated in Iceland in The language of the Tarot the Middle Ages and has recend) come back into Tarot cards probably originated in the East They entered Europe more than 500 years ago. The cards consisi of 22 . There arc 24 runes, each with a symbolic mi major arcana, or trump cards. m\\^\\ 56 minor arcana, the meaning, plus a blank one lor ihe unknown The *^ two sets possibl) originating separately They present a order in which the runes fall dictates their meaning picture oi a personality and symbolize die soul's joume) D along four parallel paths toward spiritual enlightenment. M : $ The1 i l XVII. n \" *\"\"* * ** *JV* l> f^k .hild L'fiTOILE Du I H Dice have been thrown in divination since ancient times and arc bols ol luck or chance In this method ol looking into the future, three dice are thrown When they fall, the numbers that they reveal and the order in which the dice ile of meanings This in turn pi or mterpi of the qu. I ( lll\\(. I iinese divina' S/l \\/so >ut in kum( IAI i i Du i i 1 ( Ml I n be MI' i of 6 Hi hfferent meaning I'm mi ii. 's i R,.\\|\\S DIVINATH I I Ml \\M.I \\,.l 01 1MI I Im.'i i

Symbol System? Astrology WHl Wheel of fortune the idea that the movements of the sun. the moon, and This astrological wheel shows 12 \"houses.\" the planets through the heavens influence our lives goes each representing one-twelfth of the back thousands of years. As early as 3000 bc, the heavens at the time ancient Mesopotamian civilizations recorded the of birth. The outer movements of these celestial bodies, and endowed their ring shows the gods and goddesses with the power and attributes of signs; the inner the heavenly bodies. The Greeks saw them as ring shows the element assigned representations of their own deities, and the Romans gave the five known planets - Mercury. Venus, Mars, to each. Fire signs Jupiter, and Saturn - the names that we still use today are energetic and The S Everything under the sun forceful; water signs are emotional and SPEND- Our Sun sign is the astrological sign of the zodiac that the powerful Sun is passing through at the time of our intuitive; air signs are MONTH IN EACH birth. Using symbolic language, the Sun sign in astrology objective and logical; Z0D1AI describes how we express ourselves most naturally. earth signs are practical The Moon in astrology is the feminine counterpart of the and reliable. Sun. It represents our emotional responses and our links with the past The Moon Mar 21-April 20 2 M 21 •• Leo Jul 23-A 24—S : I. 2- /T| ' Ol MINI C\\ft Aries ^y Tauri s tfS ( WCER 4 Leo *\\WV%I fX^ Virgo Courageous. satile and Cancenans ^I passionate, / Those born are said to The typical Cautious r \"J under this /^•^ quick-witted, Leo likes to and quite ^^•^ sensitive, those born enthusiastic, eanh sign are under the sign of the home-loving types who be the center private, the twins can also be and assertive, Aries said to be practical and changeable. Geminis will retreat into their of attention and can practical Yirgoan are communicative shell if upset. This people are inclined reliable, yet with people and need to water sign is associated have a powerful pays attention to know what is going on to rush into things. a stubborn streak. around them with the family, and personality with a detail and likes to be This fire sign is Sensuous Taureans many Cancenans have loach ol the dramatic. well prepared. associated with spring have a love of beauty very close family ties. Warm and loyal, Leos Virgoans may take a - a time of renewed and may have have a generous and special interest in growth and energy. beautiful voices. friendly nature. their health and diet Ubra Sept 24-Oct 23 Scot - 22 - 20 21-FEB19 P -20FtB-2i •\"% Libra /fI Yw IJr Scorpio ^ Sagittarius \\/lQ Capricorn Aquarius X Pisces £ The symbol Intense and ^^ Enthusiastic, y*^t Cautious and Independent I he typical and with a Pisces is ** passionate, r direct, and ™^X disciplined i mist scales with a love adventurous, the earthy streak. Aquarians are imaginative indicates that justice of mystery and secrets. Sagittarians C apncorn is hard- individualists who and intuitive and has working and has a and fairness are Scorpios are loyal and love to learn. With a marked lire rarely subscribe to a very compassionate succeed Those born conventional views important to Librans. private people great desire for freedom, under this sign can nature The fish ( nampions ol new Charming and known for their Sagittarians can i hange or be causes, their opinions symbolism reflec ts high climb can appear dogmatic diplomatic. Librans moderation, they react me restless if life trie hei at i slipper) becomes routine, and need harmony and stronL lally many enjoy traveling and i hangeable are up cord. when thr quality ol the sign 2I I

A OTS R L >i > < I Pi \\\\I I \\RY RULERS In astrology, the ten planets (the Sun and Moon Chinese astrology .no treated as planets, although technically a star and a satellite) represent basic drives or M The Chinese system is based on the year of characteristics thai arc common to everyone i ffljl^ birth. Each of the 12 animal signs occurs The sign the planet occupies at birth, its UNDE1 I every 12 years according to a lunar calendar OX Utl position, and the aspects it makes, eolor the thai begins around January/February The iiu expression ol its energies Below are the main signs are further defined by 5 elements, ster, wood, tire, air, metal, and water. symbols and associations for each planet disciplined 0Sl N % Jupiter Rat ~\"'S^ttfc. B°AI The central The largest 1959) creative known g 1948) Force in the The rat is ambitious, I hose bom under planet. hard-working, and zodiac, the Jupiter liable to accumulate the boar tend to be soc iable, Loyal, and Sun has masculine represents expansion. money. Rats may be reliable with a attributes and is linked exploration, and the reserved and shy passionate nature. with rulers and lathers search lor knowledge It is associated with and meaning |upiter s I^T (e.g 19\" s-^- Dog the heart and its metal associated body part is The intelligent and cHl (e.g I ild The Sun rules the liver, and it rules hard-working ox can be stubborn. But Dogs are intelligent, _:n ol Leo Sagittarius and Pisces. once aroused, an ox's affectionate, honest, ^^^ Moon % Saturn leehngs are deep. Once the and loyal They are ^MMj Associated farthest m^f Tiger objective but can be with known >f^ (e.g 1962) .^^ mothers. planet, inflexible. The tiger takes risks, the body, Saturn represents but is usually born J^ RoosiER order, limitation, and lucky. Tigers have a ^^ (e.g 1957) and childhood, the responsibility It is sensual nature and associated with the olten act on impulse Disciplined and good Moon is the Sun's skeleton and the skin, at organizing others, and rules Capricorn the rooster can be feminine counterpart and Aquarius eccentric, but has a sense of humor. Linked to the stomach k^A* Rabbit /^_—i MONK1 Y and womb, its metal is (e.g 1992) silver The Moon rules rT^^ (e.g. 1987) The charming and the sign of Cancer. The rabbit is artistic, conceited mon thoughtful, intelligent. \\\\\\ \\\\\\ si Z< <DIM I \\kn 20th CENTURY can be promiscuous when young, but is and lucky, and olten A WHEEL OF YEARS more settled latei pursues a comfortable Merc i h\\ *\\i^ Uranus This Nepalese zodiac displays the 12 images ol ™^f Shit i' lifestyle teg 1943) 2 Fast- ^S\"£jM^j' Discovered the Chinese system in the outer circle and the 8 Those born under only in the bf\\£ Dragon sacred Buddhist symbols in the central circle moving late 18th this sign tend to leel Mercury Vft^L (e g 1940) ~^W II 'I'M icg 1990) easily hun I heii represents century at Dragons are strong- ^Vo,XXSP Snvki willed and fiery. They compassionate nature the mind and the urge a time ol revolutions leg. 1953) makes them populai are usually successful, to understand and and social unrest, Snakes are pleasure - Freedom-loving, good- and either marry communicate Linked Uranus represents young or stay single loving, with a tendency humored, and with the shoulders, individual freedom, to be secretive. They generous, the horse is arms, and nervous new ideas, and are as energetic and a popular and rather m, Mercury rules dramatic change. It is self-reliant as dragons. unpredictable charat tei Virgo and Gemini the ruler of Aquarius. 9Vfai S |I Neptuni Mapping the skii s As men and women The planet ^^^^ Neptune. discovered gazed up at the night of ll rjJ^~ ^ in the sk) . the patterns attraction, created by the st.us middle ol beauty. suggested familiar the Nth century, ob|c'cis oi animals and cooperation, Venus also represents symbolizes the I he) named the st.its what we value in life intangible and the according to what the) It is linked to the saw - I eo loi lion and extraordinarj The ( iemini lor twins - and kidneys and is the included these ima natural ruler of Taurus planet ol fantasy and and Libra m i heir early maps dreams. Neptune rules the sign ol Pis Kf *f Mars el'i t ro Si) \\/X(> \"m imed Pluto ( HINE5I />'DI\\( «* 1 the represents powerful. hidden Hindi ZODIAI i ' ' beyond out control, .md is nan I CM the Roman gi Pi ini is«- ttina the underworld It is IISTRY 110 : with life, pio, nwin ii .'. wal, with 103; the head and with ll ' 1 -) 1 > \"I ^Hl'hi II \\

Symbol Systems Heraldic Emblems Status symbols One of the most colorful and attractive uses of symbols is in heraldry. Since coats of arms are ultimately granted There is no limit to the variety of devices used - plants, animals, humans, by the \"fount of all honor,\" the Crown, they have come to represent power and mythical beings, geometric shapes, colors, and inscriptions are grouped authority - royal, inherited, or civic. in a coat of arms or as a flag to represent a family, business, or nation. The practice of heraldry began in medieval times when symbols were used to identify knights on a battlefield or jousting in tournaments. It soon became a highly complicated system that had to be strictly regulated. This was done by the kings messengers, the heralds, which is why it is called heraldry. Vivid language Arms of Henry VIII Heraldic devices are described in a At the time of Henry VIII. the Bntish royal coat of language called \"blazon.\" It uses terms arms bore the English lion and the Welsh dragon. The unicorn of Scotland was not represented such as \"shield,\" \"charge\" (a symbol on since Scotland was then a separate kingdom. the shield), and \"supporter\" (a figure on either side of a shield). Lion Eagle The so-called king of The double-headed beasts is a natural eagle is of Byzantine symbol ot royalt) (late Roman) origin. Trappings of chivalry Bear Dog Knights and their horses dressed sumptuously for In Central European ibol ol faithfulness battle or tournament. They wore their heraldic heraldry the bear, and loyalty, a dog may symbols on their shields, armor, and surcoats. A standing for strength, often replaces the lion Minify a Crusader. surcoat was the garment worn over the armor, and from it we get the term 'coat of arms.\" Crested Arms or mi Swinton family eagle Dating from the 12th century, the Swinton family arms have evolved from a single boar \"rampant\" Crests were (upright) into a herd of six, acquiring along the onginally heraldic way the mottos \"1 hope\" and \"1 think.\" symbols mounted on helmets. An eagle, symbol of German power, crowns an early 20th- century Prussian i officer's helmet. / H PLATE, Cadency marks •ON 3rd son 1 5th century On English coats of %> © Mixed signals arms these symbols 4m - Arms of the City of Liverpool represent the rank The charges\" on this \"shield\" are a castle, denoting of each son within Neptune and a merman, the \"supporters,\" rein to Liverpool's long history as a port, as does the the Spanish city of Castile, and a lion, for the a family. ship The liver bird (similar to a cormorant), is a c visual pun, a device in heraldry called \"canting LrLn7 city of Leon. Trie surrounding decc. ation is of - ongin, reflecting Spain's Moorish heritage. 1 14

Herai.dk' Emblems Asian badges of honor Japan is the only nation that uses a .similar system ol heraldry to thai ol Europe, and u also developed in the 12ih centurj Japanese heraldic symbols are called \"mons,\" and are usually circular. The red sun on the lapanese Hag is the mon ol the Land ol the Rising Sun Symbolic patterns were also used on Chinese eourt dress to denote rank. I HI \\A1IYI R1VATJ [MP! RIA1 I LOWER Official's drfss The chrysanthemum I ach round pattern on this Chinese coun coat is the national flower is made up of good luck symbols. The ol |apan and a symbol Manchurian crane was of long life and prosperity. The lo- a symbol of longevity, petaled flower is the and was supposed to cresi ol the emperor. other imperial males carry the immortals use a 14-petaled mon. through the air. I Whue cranes were WHI embroidered on the u>uri robes ol civic officials ol the tourth grade. Here they are encircled by clouds and tiny bats, the bats being i symbols of happiness. Flags Using a range of colors, lorrns. emblems, M \\i \\\\\\i wBut i US and designs, flags represent a wide variety of different peoples, hut prohahly the The sun appears on The dragon - similai heI I s Hag is the most best-knoun flags are those ol nation stales many Hags, sometimes to those thai appeared modified flag in the on Chinese Hags - is world I he 1 i stripes representing royalty South Korea a reminder that this stand loi the original I he rising red sun in Himalayan kingdom s stales ol the union, but the vm-vang symbol name in its own the top band ol the number ol siais Malawi s flag is taken id the < entei language, Druli ^ has iiu nased with from the arms ol the each new state I he represents the two means I and ol the formei colon) ol universal opposing Thundei Pi agon loi I lawaii, « Nyasaland - ol faoism I he added in 1 foui trigrams ol the ng represem sun, moon, earth, and heaven PlRUI I \\sl(,\\ See \\/m> it no mere) would be shown to \\K\\IS oi mi ( in Ol the victim The winged hourglass arm and sword, I IVERPOOI I Hi w i and skuli I signified death ( kl •. M.I I I v.. I i ioi+i Zairi |s|<\\| MKl \\ I I he sword and I I VI. s I I the I he hand hold;: I he siai ol Da\\ id an an< warrioi huntei trib blazin the religious syml 1 he colors are iho w( \\l)\\ emblem ol the MI'K aits represem the main political Kin KIM FLOWEI i i Sri I \\\\k\\ maple li merit ol the the ition; representing the 1 ai the time ol The lion emhl' red maple, is the the centei bath independ is kn> bol I In blue stripes come >m national f| from tlu iwl I ION I mal ; will! 1I ,

Si mbol Systems International Signs Musical notation The notion of a picture being \"worth a thousand words\" is The present system ol representing music has evolved over hundreds of years. At the end of borne out by the vast number of signs and symbols that now the Roman period a system was devised using the letters A-G to represent the 7-note scale. The standardization of the 5-line stave, used to determine pitch, came about in the 17th century. represent words and phrases throughout the world. Take, for example, the no smoking sign. The red circle with its diagonal Treble de] line over a smoldering cigarette is as instantly recognizable in ir n -& H H NewPeace cross York as it would be in Kathmandu. This sign, like traffic f D E F C, A R C signs or the CND peace symbol above, has been designed to communicate B A G1 E D C immediately and effectively; other signs, such as mathematical and musical UMlc notation, have evolved over centuries as virtual languages in their own right. (9- 5 r» P n\\s V Organizations + —Mathematical symbols stf/V• The Red Cross \\ The International Red Cross was founded in Add Subtract \\Bas sclej Geneva in 1863 to The plus sign The symbol provide medical relief to all during wartime. first appealed for the minus sign, like Note values Its emblem was in German)' in 1 489 in the plus sign, was fust rhe duration ol notes and rests - the sounds formed by reversing and the silences - is indicated by symbols of Mercantile Arithmetii used in |ohn different shapes. These notes and rests are the colors and symbol of the Swiss flag. In |ohn \\\\ idman. \\\\ idman s book related to ihe beat ol the musk A dot alter a note oi test extends its value by half. The OCX) • Dividi X Multiply del sign (bass or treble) determines the The Olympic flag « In division I he s\\ mbol for range ol pitches to which The Olympic emblem of five interl ickingcin It- I multiplication ill. u st. ill refers. was created to represent five continents Europe, Asia. Africa, Australia, and the Ami rica s\\ mbol \\\\a-~ invented in L668 b) hist appeared in John Pell, a professor \\\\ ilium ( )ughtred's ol mathematics from ( [avis Mathematica, o» J- Cambridge, England. published i it. 1631 ll\\n ^~^^^ I Ol VI S o/ nPi rc i i The equals sign /^O ne per< enl ' was invented In sign derives Robert Recorde, who fn 'in th( foi inula J mused ii an alg< brai< /1 00 I he nun is from Qi text published in 1 557. lu n.ul i pei i (iiiii/ii ! I .'in i OO |N-1 INin VSQUARI rooi 7 CONDmiI I\", SI ( oined in ill.liI the..I i MI II square root sign I is a modified form ol a di\\ ision sign infinity s\\ mbol was in m• De v, tionibus Conicis, by John Wallis. Quality control marks The system ol si. imping prei ious metals as prool ol theii purii being in the 13th century Silverhad to have at least 92.5 pen cut silvei content in order to be con idi red sterling i ountrii \\ adopted different signs to denote purit) and i ities also had individual stamps so that pieces i .mill In located ac< urately. The United Nations Silver marks The United Nations was founded in 1945 and Swi Dl \\^ \\Jl/ adopted as its emblem a polar view ol the world 17>2 I in led by two olive branches of peace. m m IWSRi .1 ii nn. \\i'i -i ' iWNI D B\\ Dl Nl 'ir.i , PI R] ITALI Mir, \\ .M RANC1 too; .ii ' 1809 wo) l I WI ill El ROPl FLAG Ml Nil II MARK, The European Union (EU) flag was formally adopted in 1986. The 12 five-pointed ,YM1 L OF PURE COTTOI Ol REA1 Mill ii I i i according to hern 6I 1

Intern at ionai Sk Warning signs International highwa) \"sign language\" has been devised lor maximum visual impact. It involves a clear system oi colors and shapes thai can be understood instantl) Red. for example, indicates prohibition; yellow, caution; and green, safety Similarl) a triangle is a warning sign and a red circle, with or without a crossbar, is a prohibition sign \\\\ \\K\\I\\C, 1RIAM.I I Prohibition A triangular black hand on a yellow background color i- a cautionary sign Circles with reel outer bands, with oi i without crossbars, indicate prohibition R 3 ' >K1N< Pi HI l( INFORMATION Washing i \\bi i s H7H^r\\S7 £l ^ ®- UIRI II The standardization ol public symbols has An international Iven in operation since the early lQOOs, labeling scheme exists pI ' reflecting the growth ol international travel Mosi signs arc self-explanator) to promote the propei ! clothes and M.-. textiles Words are intentional!) kepi to a minimum A cross through any symbol means \\\\o not DlRl ( HON 1 In sign indicating direction has varied ovei the years, from a graphic hand with stretched finger in 'ii. in inn. more stylized •as used tod Si i wxo m Pin . M.'-. i i MATH! MATH M SYMBOI Organization; i i| oui end has prompt! <l a return to th iral, l>i Mini ONTROI MAI* i ling Sign, Willi its \\\\ UlNING SIGNS «* constantl) revolving now a famili u I P> on biodegradable pi bage cans >i runner recycling 7I I

. .-^v^s_- Symbol Systems Symbolic Gestures \"Actions speak louder than words,\" and this is particularly true of gestures. Thinking Teeth flick The various postures that we assume, both consciously and unconsciously, People adopt this This gesture, fli :king a posture unconsciously. thumb-nail against the are highly revealing - although just what they reveal depends on whether It is a modified prayer or not the action is intentional, and on the context in which it occurs. with a reassuring teeth, is common in Some gestures, however, transcend cultures - hands clasped together and touching of the lips. held out to another are a symbol of entreaty the world over. Mediterranean countries, Hands where it denotes anger. Loose screw Mockery Jealousy This gesture indicates Thumbing one's nose This gesture has various related meanings, and is generally an insult. In Mediterranean countries that someone is craz) is .1 playful insult, ii represents the horns of a cuckold; in japan it that he or she needs to familiar to all ages and denotes an angry 01 jealous woman tighten a loose screw- all nationalities. Often in the head. the lingers are w iggled to emphasize mocker) Fingers crossed Horns REETINGS This widespread This \"homed\" gesture symbol of protection or good luck is a protects againsi evil or modified form ol the Christian cross. bad luck and is often combined with a Thumbs up backward and forward rotation of the hand. Meaning \"okay,\" this SllTIDITY stems from Roman times when spectators Common in Saudi would make a similar Arabia, this implies \"1 gesture covering their can see clearly that thumbs (symbols of are a fool.\" swords) to spat Waving NOSI RUBBING gladiator's life. this gesture is often mai Although rare in the West, the i parting I he hand rubbing ol noses is still practiced raised with palm upward m oilier is a i lassu wa\\ nl chawing pr cultures, attenti notably to onesell among Polynesians Praying hands Qui r\\ HANDSII AKI the ( Lisping ol hands is a common gesture both on This familiar symbol of In Italy this gesture meeting and parting Unlike a how 01 a curtsey, it prayer is also one of of fingers and thumb mto rtain equality ol status. ct and greeting in India and Southeast pressed together, with [ Asia Originally it the hand twitching up and down, as! signified hands bound iu want 7 \" or together in a symbolic offering of oneself What do you mean?\" to God. Bowing Mit ingis ed mainl) in Asia and is immon si >R VICTORY Pi rfi 'i ii i. i bowil .1 to theii This sign is known 1 audiem me atti • I iw Ii i tradema; '.as a Okay applause In the West bowin till ton ; ii nnies accompanies the Chi' DING H VNDS thumb and hand hal i ignif) ing humilit) the her forel rm a circle i in bow in fiance. and move back and m.illi I bee i. forth to indicate that than the other I 18

Symbolic Gestures Arms Kissing Triumph Praise Childhood insult Cheek kiss Hand kiss Arms straight in the air In this gesture, palms, Children the world over This is a friendly This gesture is a arc a sign of success: the and head are turned stick their tongues out gesture practiced in the person feels this big heavenward. as a rude gesture - symbol of respect, and perhaps their first West, in which both was once commonly learned insult Be quiet people kiss each other An easily recognized on one or both cheeks performed by a man greeting a woman symbol of silence, the Usually the lips barely lips are sealed touch the hand. Hail Surrender I don't know Anger Depending on the A recognized gesture of This gesture involves Biting one's lower lip stiffness of the arm, submission, this arms- while shaking one's raised posture shows pulling down the head from side to side this is a friendly that the person is not comers of the mouth shows barely gesture or a Fascist contained anger. reaching for a facial equivalent to salute It goes back to a weapon. shrugging shoulders Roman times and was adopted by Hitler in the 1930s Eyes Ri |OK l\\(. 1 1 1 .^. S This gesture, Tin KlSS, G it. 1907-8 which combines Lovers' kiss jumping in the air An erotic view of a kiss, in which two people are with the slapping of right hands, is fused together in total intimacy. a spontaneous Exasperation Winking display of joy It A familiar sign ol A wink has various is most common exasperation, the eyes are turned heavenward, meanings, from sexual in the field of as though invoking approval by a potential divine assistance. team sports aimer, to collusion Eetwecn two people in the know. BlOWIM. \\ Kiss A symbol ol love often from a mothei to a child, or to a friend too distant to embrace Sm USD Arms i ! I IM.IRs ( Rossi I I N Yis Ski imk ism Awn n Hands aa Raising |UM one hv •xpti Although shaking eyebrow is a uniimon I yebrows raised and ii one's head generally furrowed is an by turning tin- head gesture ol disbelief instinctive respon FOOl Kiss hKissing India Moi m i* from std >r in I he two sides ol the me anxii ty it is a ture symbolizing and Pakistan this face are ai odds, humility and respect, North Alma with a wobbling from side natural expression, performed by the Pope to sidi- means registering a state :arp turn nliision common to all during llo|\\ Week cultui 1 I s>

Signs & Symbols Glossary In references to Greek and Roman mythology in the Bodhisattva Future Buddha; one who four humors The four fluids (blood, booh, we have generally used the Roman names for postpones Nirvana in order to save phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) that, the gods rather than their Greek counterparts, according to medieval belief, shaped the others. because they tend to be more familiar. The Roman personality depending on how much of Brahma The four-headed god who created gods are listed here with then Greek equivalents. each was present in the body. the universe and who. with Vishnu and Freud, Sigmund (.1856-1939) Austrian Absolute, the A term for God or the state Shiva, forms the Hindu trinity. Buddha Religious leader, founder of psychologist who invented of cosmic unity. Buddhism, who taught that psychoanalysis. Adonis In Greek and Roman mythology, a beautiful youth loved by Venus. He was enlightenment is achieved by meditation Freya In Norse mythology, Odin's wife. and detachment goddess of love, marriage, and fertility. killed while boar hunting. Cernunnos Celtic horned god. lord oi Furies Avenging goddesses in Greek Agni Hindu fire god. nature and fertility. mythology Ainu Aboriginal inhabitants of the Cherokee A Native American people. Gabriel Archangel in Christian and Japanese island Hokkaido. Churchill, Winston British Prime Minister Muslim belief. God's messenger. Aladdin The main character in The 1 ,001 during World War II Gandhi, \"Mahatma\" (1869-1948) Indian Nights or Arabian Nights, a poor boy who CND Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament nationalist leader, famous for heading a has a magic lamp. nonviolent Ireeclom struggle. Comanches A native people ol North Alchemy The chemistry of medieval Garuda Fabulous bird, mount of the scientists, who tried to find a way to turn America. Hindu god. Vishnu. ordinary metals into gold. cosmos, cosmology Universe; study of the Great Goddess An embodiment of the universe as an ordered whole feminine principle. May take different Allah Islamic name for God. forms, In Hinduism, may be benign or Crucifixion I he execution of Christ b) allegory A story in which the characters icinKing. nailing him to a cross. and events are meant to be interpreted griffin A mythical beast with a lion's body cuckold Man whose wife is unfaithful to symbolically. and eagle's beak and wings. him. amulet A charm, often inscribed with a Hanukkah The Jewish festival of lights. Cupid (Greek Eros) Roman god of earthly magic formula, to protect one against harbinger Forerunner, precursor. love, son of Venus. Hathor Egyptian goddess of love and evil. David Second Hebrew king, father of beauty. Annunciation The angel Gabriel's visit to Solomon. the Virgin Mary to tell her that she will Hercules (Greek Herakles) Hero of Diana (Greek Artemis) Roman goddess of give birth to Jesus. hunting, protector ol women Roman mythology famous for his Apollo Greek and Roman sun god, and Donar Teutonic god of thunder, strength Dreaming, the In Australian Aboriginal god of prophet heresy A belief that contradicts authorized thought, the spiritual and natural order Arabian Nights A collection of Eastern folk incorporating legends of the ancestors. religious teaching. tales, also known as the 1,001 Nights. Durga A terrifying form of the Goddess in Herod Herod Antipas, governor of the Ariadne Daughter of Cretan King Minos in Jews in Jesus tunc. Hinduism. Greek mythology, who helped Theseus Hittites Inhabitants of ancient Anatolia Aelixir liquid giving everlasting life, only to be later abandoned by him. and Syria. Aristotle Ancient Greek philosopher erogenous zone Area of body susceptible Homer Blind Greek poet of the 8th advocating reason and moderation. to erotic stimulation. Ashanti People from central Ghana. century bc, author of the epics Iliad and asceticism Denying oneself physical Eve Biblical first woman, who lived with her husband, Adam, in the Garden ol Odyssey. pleasure for religious reasons. Eden. Horus Egyptian hawk-headed sun god, Assyrians Ancient peoples who inhabited son of Isis and Osiris. what is now Iraq, and who conquered a Exodus The escape of the Jews from I Ching Ancient Chinese book ol vast empire. slavery in Egypt. divination. auspicious Bringing good luck. Fates Atropos, Clotho, and Lachesis, avatar Incarnation; one of the Hindu god Greek goddesses controlling destiny. initiation ceremony A rite of admission, Vishnu's ten incarnations on earth. Flood, the According to many religious often marking the entry into adulthood Inuits Inhabitants of Greenland and the Aztecs An American Indian people who traditions, an ancient disaster that Arctic region of North America. Eskimos. inhabited ancient Mexico. drowned all humanity except for a Isis Chief goddess of ancient Egypt, sisici Babylonians Inhabitants of ancient Iraq. chosen few. four elements Earth, air, fire, and water, wife of Osiris Bacchus (Greek Dionysus) Roman god of believed in medieval times to be the Israelites Descendants of the patriarch fertility and wine. basic ingredients of the universe. (Jacob), the Jews. 120

Gl OSSARY ... k «.«.%.-%».-%. %.»,, Jacob Hebrew patriarch whoso twelve sons Neptune (Greek Poseidon) Roman god ol s.u\\rs Hall-goat and hall-human were ancestors to Israel's twelve tribes the sea woodland gods in Greek mythology Jonah Biblical figure who was swallowed Nirvana Extinction ol individuality and Selket Human-headed Egyptian scorpion- absorption into the cosmos, never to be by a great fish. reborn; goal of Buddhism goddess, Judas Iscariot Disciple who betrayed Noah Biblical character who, at God's shaman Priest -doctor who works directly command, built an Ark to save his family Christ to the Jews with the spirit world. from the Flood Judea Southern division ol ancient Shiva The Destroyer, one ol the three great Odin Chief deny of Norse mytholog) sk) Palestine. . gods of Hinduism Jung. Carl 1 1875-1961) Swiss psychologist god. Sinai Mountain in Egypt where Moses and colleague of Freud who originated Orpheus Mythical Greek poet and received the Ten Commandments musician with the power to enchant all analytical psychology Sioux A Name American people ol North Juno (Greek Hera) Queen of the Roman America pantheon, protector of women living creatures. Solomon, King Hebrew king, son ol Jupiter (Greek Zeus) King of the gods in Osiris Egyptian god of the dead. David, famed for wisdom. Ottoman Belonging to the Ottoman Roman mythology, god of thunder. Soviet Union The former Union ol Soviet Empire, ruled by the Turks \\o 1 300- Koran The Muslim sacred texts as revealed Socialist Republics 1O20. to the prophet Mohammed. stylus Pointed implement for writing on Krishna Incarnation of the Hindu god Pan Greek god ol shepherds and hunters wax tablets. with a goat's horns and hoofs. His pipes Vishnu, had a hypnotic effect Taoism Chinese philosophical system mandala Pictorial symbol of the universe, pantheon All the gods ol a mythology teaching harmonious interaction with a Buddhist aid to meditation nature. Mars (Greek Ares) Roman god oJ war. collective!) Theseus Hero of Greek mytholog) who martyrdom Hying for one's belief. patriarchs The founding lathers ol a killed the minotaur i \\ Marj . \\ irgin The mother of Jesus Christ. nation or religion. Thor Norse god ol thunder. Maya An ancient Indian people who lived Phaeton Son of Apollo, who drove the Thoth Ibis-headed god ol wisdom and in Central America and Southern chariot ol the sun for one day, nearl) sel learning in Egyptian mytholog) the earth on fire, and was killed b\\ Mexico Jupiter's thunderbolt totem An object or creature regarded as phoenix Fabulous Arabian bird reborn Mecca The birthplace of Mohammed sacred by a clan ( >ften an ancestoi figure from the flames ol us own destruction Medusa In Greek mythology, a female Pluto (Greek Dis) Roman god ol Hades. transcendence I he surpassing ol all monster with snakes for hair whose the Underworld, kingdom of the dead, limitations ol human knowledge and primordial 1 \\isting from the beginning; glance turned people to stone. experience Mercury (Greek Hermes) Roman tribe ofJudah Descendants ol |udah, son messenger god. ^od of travelers. primeval ol |ewish patriarch |acob Mcsoamerica Central America, between Promised Land ( anaan (present-da) Trojan War Legendar) siege ol the city ol Israel), which the Jews believed had been Northern Mexico and Panama. Troy by the creeks ' Mesopotamia The ancient name for part ol tzars Emperors ol pre-Revolutionar) modern Iraq promised them b) God Russia Quetzalcoatl Aztec god ol learning and of microcosm I he world or universe in priest)^ functions nsuall) depicted asa Ulysses (Greek Odysseus) Hero ol miniature Roman and Greek mytholog) who Minerva (Greek Athena) Roman goddess feathered serpent fought the 1 rojans and was famous for of wisdom and war Rama Vishnu's seventh incarnation, the his courage and ingenuity Minoan Of prehistoric Crete. mythical hero of India's wai with Lanka Venus (Greek Aphrodite) Roman goddess Mithras Ancient Persian god of light Ramadan I he ninth month of the Islamic ol beaut) and love calendar, when Muslims last b\\ da) worshiped by Romans Venus, sphere of In medieval thought, the Re Egyptian sun-god, fathei of Osiris and Moghul emperors Northern Indian earth was encased in nine in\\ isible iMs Muslim dynasty rulers 152r>-1857. rotating spheres ol in< reasin htc Mohammed 570-632) The prophet and Renaissance I he transitional period holding a planet between the Middle Ages and modern founder ol Islam times, literally the 'rebirth ol aits and Virgin Birth I he birth ol |esus to the monotheistic Believing in one god only Virgin Mar) aftei hei insemination b) Moses Hebrew lawgiver and judge who led learning God his people out ol Egypl Samurai Japanese- aristocratic wairio Vishnu tne Preservet With Shiva one ol equivalent ol I ngland S knights mysticism >f directly experiencing the most important Hindu gods Sanskrit I he anc uni literary language ol the Divine through yinandyang hinese opposing yei India heightened spiritual awareness. complementary principles, yin being Navajo AN people of North Saturn Lhe second largest plane) lis negative, feminine, and daik. while yang Amen influence is believed by astrologers to is positive, masculine, and bright mm\\t ft Human-headed Egyptian god ol give ris >ld, melanc hoi) Yoruba People ol southwestern Nigeria tht un temperament Zoroastrianism Pre Islamic Persian religion 11 1

7I 1 Signs & Symbols Index Numerals in bold denote arch 25, 95 betel nut 4/ bugle 81 see also Jesus chrysanthemum 52, Bhutan, flag of 115 bull 61 Christianity 18-19, 39 main entries archetype 10. 11 Bible 16, 19,37,49, 115 see also Taurus 1 12 A Ariadne 97, 120 54, 57, 60, 64, 73, butterfly 41, 56, 57 acanthus 46 Church 18 Aries, sign of 112 anemone 50 circle 104 Ark 74,81.00, 102 blackbird 67 stone 104 Noah's 37, 106 New Testament bread 49 citrus fruit 17, 48 candle 97 cloud 37 Aboriginals. Australian of the Covenant 1 19. 64 c 26,39,63,67 arms 75 birth 71 coral 41 clover, four-leaved 46, egg 40 dice 70 acacia 45 gestures 75, 119 79 acanthus 46 heraldic 114 fertility goddesses cadency marks 1 14 dove 18,65 club 20 caduceus 40. 108 acorn 45 arrow 91 74 cake, wedding 83 dragon 30 Clyde 52 calligraph) 25. 07 eagle on coconut, double 74 Adam 42, 44, 48, 59, Art Deco 35 Heket 58 egg 40 coin jewelry 78, 86, hsh 54 74,84 Artemis 14. 44. 120 lotus 52 96 Adonis 50, 120 see also Pi. ma mother-of-pearl 38 camel 63 Aesculapius 40. 59 asana 22 plains 46 ( anada, Hag ol 115 flute si collective unconscious agate 41 ashlar 109 mail 57 am< ei sign \"I 55, gazelle 6.3 10 Astarte 71 Amu 54, 67 birthstones 41 1 12 goldfish 66 Commandments, Ten Al Borak 24 Athena 14. 31, 49, bishop fish 29 candle 07 grapes 48 17 gray 107 Aladdin 97, 120 01 121 black 45, 60, 65,87, 1 apricom, sign ol 29, Communion 1 106, 117 112 albatross 67 see also Mm. green 107 compass 25, 97, 102, bird 67 104, 109 alchemy 54, $9, 59, ax 90 cards 74, 88 green man 70 108, 120 axis, world 44 bloodstone 41 1 .11 nation 50. > hair 73 Feng Shui 78 91,95 conch 20, 22, 55 Ama Terasu 27 blue 40 84 107. 1 15 1. up 54 hammei 00 boai 61. 113, 114 I J! pel, magic 79 amber 38 Aztec 28, 35,40, 52, Bodhi tre< 2.: • harp 81 condor 65 ambrosia 49 66, 74. 10',. 120 Bodhisattva 2? - cartouche 100 heart 74 confetti 83 95..1 .lie amethyst 40, 41, 86 120 hedgehog 6 1 t onfucius 27 ampulla 89 ildi< I 14 hen 64 copper 39 amntsa 44 B 43 60...i 9 hyacinth 50 coral 38, 41 amulet 38,40,41, 56, i t aiholk ism i I jasmine 53 corn 49, 100 72, 120 97 prayi 16 ( eltic cross 18 |i 1 usalem In cornelian 41 Amun-Re 14 Babel Town ol ^4 bow 91 ( . lis 15,44, 54, 55, lighthouse 05 cornucopia 71 6 I 6/ s| 105 Ananta 20 ~> 40, 48, bov reetin 118 maypole 76 coronation 89 ancestor spirits 26 I bower 4 3 c emunnos 15. 120 howl, divination 1 10 in. mi 28 54,61.86, 120 box 96 nan. issiis 53 corset 85 II anchor 18,97 Dil IVSUS opal II cotton 84, 16 anemone 50 ony 94 palm 44 I am ma 10 77 centipede 57, 1 15 cow, sacred 21 eru 60 Pandora 96 pansy 50 cowrie 55 ( hadai 85 animus 10 bamboo 46 prayer 16 passion Mower 50 crab 55 ankh 105 ba ilisk 30 let, charm chakra 20 ID', pig 6 see also c ancer Brahma 20, 22 1 crane 64.67, 1 15 crescem is, 24, 107 ant 57 basket 96 i hameleon 58 plum 48 chefs hal 85 Anubis 14, 62 Bastei 60 i, 65, 10 120 purse Hi, anvil 90 bal 63, 115 brain 7 3 1 In rokee >< ripi 101 roostei i' .I... odile 58 10,40 120 Aphrodite 15 -I bay tree 43 rose 51 1 10. us 53 64 65, 121 beads. Aim an 86 74 i hi rry 44. 48 sage 47 cross 18, 118 95 also Venus 63, I 14 1 hess 88 sail 49 see ci/sn i tin ilix h. nun 11 k 46 Apollo 14, 15, 31,34, claw - 86 n king 61 h1 28 cross, reel 61 I bea 'i 63 n 106 buckle 84, 87 1 Buddhism 22-23, 27, 35, V- I n, 50, > hoi olate 8 5 shell 55 . row 65 I uihsh 55 crown 17, 18, 22, 35, 52,54.61,91, 120 bee 56,82 chokei 87 apple 48 Barbn int 23 \\lolel .(1 lo 74,88,89, I 14 111 .1 11 11 apron 109 44 38, 39, 43, 45, 52, < hrisl 18 28, 51, 37, while I0(i mi. ih-, 18 !8, 41, 74 1 iras 21 ' 29 -i 44, 46, 47, 48, 49. ( hristmas crystal 39, 79 i i i; i aquamarine 41 bell 80 iO .1 13 .1 il mistletoe 47 hall 110 Aquarius 1] 97, 103, 104 64 66 6/ so 9] Hi e 44 cuckoo 64 112 buffalo 21.6! beret 85 97 wren 67 < uneiloi 111 si 1 ip| 101 1 11

51 f 1 5 1 51 In pi x cup 96 dervish 76 elements, lour 72, hare 60 afist 41, grapes 48. ol 102, 108 head 7 3 MCupid desert 37 Ik -he 52 flag 3. 106, 107 gravestone 93 elephant 20, 22. 26, 115 116 gray 107 oo. 120 Devanagari script 102 higo 63 Greeks, ancient 14 ' dharma 22 elixir 42. 40. [08, 120 hippopotamus flew iO, 105 diamond 40. 4 Elvis 70 honey 4o Flora 15 see also emerald 40. 41 Ky-lin 28 ... . emperor 89. 107, 115 lion 62 Cybefc 44 Diana J4, 56,91, 120 ermine 88 flute 81 49 54, Eros 14, 120 lotus ~^2 fly 5o 55 97, cyclamen 50 see also Artemis 04 cymbals 80 see also Cupid Makara 29 whisk 89 107 due 79. 103, 111 Eve 30.42.44. 48. mandrake 46 cypress 45 mermaid 2° 59, 74.84. 120 Dionysus 44. 46, 75 eve 72 mother-of-pearl J8 fog 37 oak 45 90, 120 all-seeing 72. 109 fool 89. 1 1 1 green $ 107. see also Bacchus orange 48 TV evil 41.72,79 foot se< 1 17 direction sign 1 17 gestures 119 Osiris 14 \\*J1 idol 72 oyster 55 foot binding 84 green man 7 lunar 72 divination. Fowl 26, magic 79 palm 44 footprint greeting 118 of the soul ^4 91 110 Stonehenge 1 04 pat Buddha s 22. 75 griffin 31.40. 120 wadjet 72.81 Daikoku - Diwali 21 ol wisdom 72 peony 50 Vishnu's 75 grotto 42 daisy 50, 53 phallus 74 date 48 djed-pillar 75 pineapple 48 70 get-me-not 50 guitar, electric 80 dodo 0~ pinecone 44 fountain 42 plants 46 fox : 60 - gun 91 pomegranate 48, Freemasonry 35. 44 David, King 81, 120 dog 40. 76, 60. 113 Dead, Day ol the 02 114 ram 61 109 deadly nightshade 46 death 92-93 doll, lose 78 ravei Fre\\ 1 HT T dolphin 54.97 anemone 50 red sari 83. 106 1 reya 38. 53 J. JL dome 25, 37, 95, 107 reptiles 58 frog 58 ax 90 rue 49 Hades 44 Donar 45 120 sacrifice 74 hair 87 7 3 serpent 59 alisk JO doors' (yantra 104 sou 61 \\lt 27 Hamlet 50 doorway 94 sparrow 64 fungus 47 bat 63 spear 91 fur 84 hammer 90 beech 44 dovi 49.65. swallow 64 swing Oo hand 75 ^ 110 black 106 82. B7 Th7 Furies 65. 120 more 44 candle Dracula 63 j. three-legged symbol ol the future 75 75 of God 75 crow dragon 30. 108. 113. -prints 75 toad 45 115 fairy, tooth 79 tongue 72 i^ ton 1VJT dan dragonfly 56 falcon 64 also list. wheal 40 Gabriel 24 25 53. dod dreadlocks 7 3 fan 96 fetish 40 106, 120 ires Dreaming, the 26 fez 85 harpy 3 Fates 65,90, 120 Ganesha 20 Hand ol Fatima 24 fifty-pence pi< Ganga 2; handshake 118 ivy 4o 120 feet 75 Hanukkah 16.40 fig 48 2 lizard - drum- 76 80 105 Feng s hui 78 84 120 garden, walled 42 mournir. duck 5 fennel 47 •nails 75 garlic 47 Hanuman 20 garnet 41 mulberr. Durga 20,80, 120 fertility 70-71 1- 14 garuda 20,2 31 66, iw: also Kali acom 45 120 hare 60 gazelle 6 3 harp SI Pand 90 apple Gemini sign ol 112 parsley 47 Apsara 21 dance harp*. 3 hai 118 pi: 1 TJh—T basket 96 hat 8 5 breasts \"4 *7 plants 46 • 00 114 Hathor • 47 pop] 73 201 51 85 hawt- o7 61 n 64 r bunny 60 i hinese draj head 7 3 L 19 om • mer 74 head 8 19 . com 4o goldfinch 66 HO 92 - ecli| 34 6i he.ni 74 B3 gout irden ol dati Hebrew numerals 102 44 emerald 40 • 54 list ol flsl wl 40 Heh Heh. »2 44 41 llei tiki 41 31. 4 \\9 • 61 hen ot hennaed hand •ird 47 Ik: 1 %-j%'%^% -%^%^%^'%^ I23

85 5 5 Signs & Symbols *^%s%^M Hera dog 60 K ornaments 86 M mime 77 see Juno grapes 48 votive 79 lemon 17,48 minaret 25 heraldry 29,62,114 hear: 74 Minerva 15, 121 herbs 47 Hercules 28 Jerusalem 16 Ka'bah 24 Leo. sign of 112 mace 22 see also Athena Hermes 15. 108. 121 miniature 87 heron 67 manna 49 Kali 72, 106 leopard 62. 116 Madonna 38, 51.93 Minotaur 28 hieroglyphs 100 mirror 78. 97 Hinduism 14.20-21. pig 61 ilso Durga level, mason's 109 magnolia 53 mistletoe 47 mitered bishop 29 29.49. 53. 54,57, silver 86 Kama 56, 65 Libertv. Statue of 35 magpie 64 58.61.63.65.74. Mohammed 24. 25. 76,81.83,90.97. trees, sacred 45 Kami 27 Libra, sign of 112 Makara 29 o3. 121 104. 106 also Muslim kangaroo 63 Life. Tree of 42.44. malachite 41 mon 1 1 see also individual Isle of Man. emblem of Karttikeya 65 45.63 Malawi, Hag of 115 money 78, 79 gods monk 75 Kenya, Hag of 115 lightbulb 97 mandala 51, 72. 104. hippocamp 29 Thai 23 hippogryph 31 Israel, flag of 115 key 96. 103 lighthouse 95 121 Zen 2 3 hippopotamus 63 Hittues 81. 101, 120 ivory 38 Khepn 35 lily 53. 70.93. L05, mandorla 105 monkey 63, 31 1 holly 44 Monroe. Marilyn 70 honey 49 ivy 46 king 10,73,74,88 106 mandrake 46. 47 moon 34-35 honeysuckle 53 hoopoe 67 kingfisher 65 -livered 74 manna 44 (astrology) 112, Hopi 65 113 horn 16,21, 118 Kinnara 31 of the valley 53 mantle 17,88 horse 61. 113 bow 91 horseshoe 79,83,87 Kippah 16 lime 45 mantra 21, 23 cat 60 Horus 14 - J kissing 114 linden 45 maple 51 1 crab 55 100 kiwi 65 crescent 107 hourglass 74, 97 knife 78 linga 70 mangold 52 dragons 30 Huitzilopochth 66 frog, toad 58 hummingbird 66 lion 28. 62 114. 115 marionette 76 goose 65 humors, four 74, 102 hare 60. 67 hyacinth 50 jackal 62 knight 89. 114 hy also 1 eo marriage 83 honey 49 hydra 28 horse 7 1 hyssop 47 Jacob's ladder 1 09 knighting 41 lips 82 betel nut 47 ibis 66 lioness 62 I jade 41 knocker 94 lipstick 97 butterfly 56 man in the 34. 83 1 Ching 107 Japan, emblem of 56 knot 43. 105 liver 74. 113 dove 65 ibis 66 milk 49 ideograms 100 flag of 35 knot garden 4 3 1 iverpool, .urns of duel moonstone 41 Inan 27 onion 49 Incas 65 flower of 115 Knowledge. Tree of 114 He-he 52 ox-horn 61 incense burner 21 oyster 55 information signs 117 jasmine 53 44 lizard 58 Juno 1 pearl J8, 55 intestines 74 queen 88 Inuits 54 jay 66 Koran 24, 25. 42. 49. lobster 55 kingfisher 65 Ireland, emblem of jeans, blue 84 81,85, 121 rose 51 Loch Ness Monster 28 knot 4 5 46,81 salmon 54 iris 50 Jerusalem 16 Krishna 20 SI, 82, lockei 83 magpie 6 5 shells 55 iron 39 jester 89 locust 57 peons 50 silver 34. 108 Isis 14, 66, 105 107. 121 snail 57 Islam 24-25. 39, 102, spiral 105 Jesus 41.44. 50. 74 Kuan Yin 55 lodestonc 34 poppy 50 rhoth 14 107 unicorn 28, 60 So Chnst Ky-hn 28 longevity symbol 104 rose 51 moonstone 4 I Ca: mortarboard 85 jet 38, 58. 87. 106 - 20.21.22,23, Jicui and peac h moth 57 mother goddess S. 14. Jonah 54 52,96, 104 104 18,21,46,49, 57. hi, 62. 88 Judaism L Louis XIV 39 swallow r>4 mother-of-pearl 38 mouse 60 acacia • 12 65.82 Mars 15,67,91, 121 mouth 7 3. 1 14 dog 60 Aphrodite 1 Mars (planet) 113 duck 65 labyrinth 28, 74. 97. betel nut 47 Mary . Virgin grapes • 104. 105 divine 53 see Virgin Mary harp 81 lace 84 Eros 15 mask 26. 55, 40 »4 lemon ladder 90. 95. 109 honeysuckle 59, 62. 77 hoopoe 67 matzah 17 lily 53 ladybug 56 menorah 103 Lakshmi 21 jasmine 53 maypole 76 oak 45 Lamb, Sacred 1 olive oil 49 lamp knoi 43 105 Krishna 82 see also labyrinth palm 44 mosque 25 rose 51 Medusa 31, 59, 121 pig 61 oil 97 starfish 55 Melanesia >4 ram 61 Lancastrians 51 lute 81 menorah 16, 49, 103 shofar 61 landscape in Taoism lyre 81 Mercury 15. 108, 27 Judas Iscariot 96 121, 121 Juno 15.45, 53 lapis lazuli 40. 107 see disc Hermes Jupiter 15. 44. 45 laurel 44 Mercury (planet > 1 1 3 see also Zeus lead 39 Meretseger 59 Jupiter (planet 113 leather 84. 116 mermaid 29 Leda 65 mezuzah 1 f> leek 49 milk 49 leg 75 Milky Way 14 ^*^%s%s%?%s%fis%s%s%s%s%* 124

5 61 % %. . Index t--%^-».--%. -».-%.-%'% % » » » %^%.'» --%.-%.-». -•-»-»%.•%•»»*»»-%»*•.» •% *.-i Muchatinda 22 l L6 Phaeton 58. 121 queen 10, 54, 74.88 Tudor 51 Samson and Delilah HUti/lil 22 phallus 7 5. 74 window j 1 73 olive oil 49 pharaoh 14. 75. 88 Quetzalcoatl 31 40, mar) 47 mulberry 45 Olympic games 49 phoenix 28, 31. 108, Rosetta Ston< 100 Samurai 54,91, 121 music 66 121 Om 21 121 quintessence 108 rose-water sprinkler sapphire 40. 41 Apollo 14 21 Kinnara 31 omphalos 74 pictograms 100 R Sarasvaii 80 notation 1 16 onion 49 pig 61 rub> 40. 41 Muslim 24. 25, 45,91 opal 41 rabbit 51 1 runes 1 1 Saturn 110,113 see also Islam and Ophelia 50 pilgrims 19 Saturnalia 44 Koran pillar 75. 109 rainbow 37. 50 106 Russia, emblem ol orange (fruit) 48 rainforest 36 satyrs 61 rmt-\\i< 80 orange (color) 107 Pillars, Five 24 ram 16, 61 s myrtle 1\" 45 orb 88,89 pine 44. 105 scales 90 orchid 50 see also Aries i (2 sabbath 16 organ 81 cone 71. 75 see also 1 ibra ornaments, garden 43 pineapple 48, 70 Rama 21, 107, 121 sacrifice, human 74 Orpheus 81,121 pink 86. 107 76,88 scallop 1 5, 55 Osins 14,46, 75,90, pipes 81 rat 31 1 scarab 35. 56 Pisces, sign ol 112 sadku 20 N 105, 121 plow 90 raven 64, 92 saffron 106 scent shaker 21 plum 45, 48 Re, sun-god 44, 52, sage 47 Ostara 53 plumb rule 109 sw pie i 88,89 ostrich 67 Pluto 45, 121 64,67,88, 121 Sagittarius, sign ol ouija board 1 10 Pluto (planet) 113 recycling sign 117 Scorpio sign ol 112 owl 67 Polynesia 54, 64 red 41,45, 48, 50, 112 scorpion 57 ox 61, 113 pomander 41 sailor's top 84 naga 29 oyster 55 pomegranate 48, 67 51,56. 66,67 82. si Andrew 90 see also Scorpio poppy 50, 93 St. Augustine 81 Naga Rassa 59 Poseidon 14, 24. 121 83, 85, 93, 97, St. Catherine 14 Scotland, emblem ol Nanus, 04 106. 115, 117 St. Catherine of Siena 47 see ii/s,> Neptune potion, love 78 reeds 46 53 scythe 74. 40.92 St. Cecilia 81 sea 34 prayer religions, ancient Si Christophei 14 Divine 25 14-15 St. David 49 albatross 67 beads 18, 25 Celtic 15,44, 54 St. Francis of Assist Aphrodite 15 Napoleon 66 book 1 I gyptian 14 box 16 19,53 Narcissus 53 Jewish 16 Greek 14,47,49, St George 10, 91 Makai.i 29 rug 24. 45 54 St Hildegard 40 Nativity 19 wheel 23 Norse 15 St lerome 62 mermaids/sirens primrose 53 St John the Baptist 29 navel 74 P prince 10,73,89 Roman 15,49, 54 princess 10, 89 IS 14 • 44 protective figure 79 see ciKc individual St |ohn the 1 vangelist Monarch of 27 protective garment 74 gods Nelertem 52. 121 resurrection 14 is 19 Poseidon 14. 54 puja 21 seahorse 2° 54 Nepiune 29,61, 74. padlock, Chinese 87 ribbon, red 93 si Mark 19 pagoda 23 puppet 76 nhs 74 si Mar) Magdal 102. 114. 121 Pakistan, Hag of 107 Puranas 21 rice 44 83 sea urchin 55 palace 89 purple 50, 107 ring 83.87 19 seal 84 ilso Poseidon palm 17. 44 puis, 46 rivet 36 Nepiune (planet) 1 13 palmistry 110 pyramid l>4 robin 67 si Matthew 96 seder 7I Pan 46. 81 si Michael 91 Selket 57 net 40 Pan pipes 46 81 Q rock 50 si Patrick 46 Pandora ^>o1 I . nettle 50 pansy 50 qiblah Ro< k. Home ol the 25 si Paul 19 serpent 15, 20, 44. parabaik 22 st Petet is 19 New Guinea 54 66 Paradise J6 42 44 i/in 80 locket 70 45,59,63 • 66 New Zealand 65 Qitou 51 roman numerals 102 90 bird ol rib quail 67 Romans 1\", st i homas Aquinas 78,86 10 108 qualit) control marks < | si Valenti newt 58 116 double-headed 28 61 63 65.67.71. card 82 Nidhogg 50 45 salamandet 28 101 ni^hlini;al( 67 75. 79 si salmon 54 hydra 28 HNile rool 95 44 sea urchin Nirvana 22. 121 6| Salu golden 4 i samsai shamroi k 46 m Sahib 4| see cWm> Eden rope 61 90 she.il 71 parrot 65 <• mytholi 1 parsle) 47 18 'I sheep passion [lower 50 64 • ,1 shells I j 29 55 sheng 81 75 l 'ulei ol t ioldi -rubbing 1 18 17 sheliu 14 44 Path. I Lghtfold 22 shield 41. 1 14 105 Shintoism 27 peach 48 ship 18 O peai 6> shiti.ih (a< a< i.i 45 pearl 38 4 1 - Shiva 20 21 >6 61 \">4 51 Odin I - pelican f>4 84 stiletto 70 121 pen 47 shofat 16 • 103 pendulum 1 10 shou 104 pentagram l> shrine )i> olivi i 41 *.^%^%^%^%s%^%s-%r'%^ ^%s%^4 2I 5

5 5 25 3 'VBHt? Signs & Symbols Buddhist 23 six-pointed 104. Surya 61 tiger 62. 113 see also Aphrodite woodpecker 67 Tigris 28 Venus (planet) 1 1 household 21 108. 115 sutra 23 tile, star-shaped 25 Versailles 43 worm 57 Tlaloc 28 violet 50 Islamic 24 starfish 55 Svipdag 38 toad 58. 79 Virgin Mary 18, 28, wreath 44, 93 tongue 72. 110 wren 67 Shinto 27 stela 100 swallow 64 top hat 85 38,42,47,48. 49, topaz 40. 41 X see also chorten sticks, divination 110 swan 65 Torah 17 50. 51, 53, 55, 56. 106. 121 Xavier, St. Francis 3 3 Sicily, emblem of 75 Stone, Philosopher's swastika 21. 22. 75, torch 1 1 Virgo, sign of 112 Y sickle 90 108 105 fcni 27 Vishnu 20. 21. 31. tortoise 58. 105 yang 37.47,65.66, Siddhartha 22, 23 stork 65, 67, 71 swing 96 49. 52, 54,55. 56, i pole 26, 67 75, 102. 107. 121 102, 107. Ill, 115. sign, definition of 6 stupa 23 Swinton family, arms tower 95 volcano 27. 36 121 tracing board 1 00 vulture 67 yantra 104. 105 Sikhs, emblem of 91 sukkot 17 114 trefoil 102 vulva 74 Yat-Balam 101 silk 84 Sumenans 81, 101 triangle 104 yellow 51, 53. 107. Nsword \"> 7^ 91 trident 14. 102 W 117 Trinity 18.46. 102 silver 39,86,97. 116 sun 34-35 115 triskele 105 yew, 44 rriton 20 Yggdrasil 30.45, 103 simurgh 31 Ama Terasu 27 swordfish 54 [YojanWar 15. 121 trowel 109 yin 37, 39, 55, 58, 60, sins, seven deadly amber 38 sycamore 44 trumpet 81 65, 102. 111. 115. tulip 70 121 103 Apollo 14 symbol, definition of turban 85 turquoise 40, 41, 58 yoni 70 Sioux 66, 121 (astrology) 112, 6 York 51 turtle see tortoise siren 29 113 symbol, mathematical Z Tyrannosaurus Rex Sisyphus 39 Bastet 60 116 58 Zaire, flag of 115 Zen skeleton 74 bird 64 symbol, phallic 70, U skull 72 black 35 garden 43 80,89,90,91.04 L'luru (Avers Ro<.k' monk 23 -and-crossbones calendar 35 symbol, sex 70 26 wadjel eve\" 72, 100 Wales 30, zero 102 72, 115, 117 candle 97 Ulysses 29, 121 Zeus 14, 15, 31,44, emblem of 49, 81 sky 37 cat 60 umbrella 89 wall 04 49, 65, 66, 80, 90 unconscious 10 zither 80 -scraper 94 con. • T unicorn 28 Wall, Western 16 zodiac 103, 112 Sleipnir 28 Uranus 1 1 3 wai god 26 smallpox cure 79 eagle 66 urn 93 warning signs 117 Chinese 30, 60, falcon 64 Uroboros 108 Uruguay, flag of 35 3I 1 snail 57 garuda 29, 31 tablas 80 I S, flag of 115 Hindu 29. 104 snake 22, 59, 113 gold 108 Tahiti V washing labels 1 17 Nepalese 1 31 wasp 57 stick 58 goose 65 Taj Mahal 93 mine card 82 watch 07 Zoroastrianism 57, snakes and ladders 59 Grand Master 109 vampires 47, 73 60, 67, 121 snowflake 37 hawk 67 talisman 40, 72, 86, Varuna 29 water 34. 58, 50,63, Solomon heron 67 horse 61 87.95 22 ION, 115 Seal of 108 ibis 66 Tane 64 Venus 14, 15, 39,44, Temple of 25. 109 Japan 51 1 Taoism 27. 44. 47. see also sea Solomon Islands 54 king 88 45.48. 55. 71. 74, South Korea, flag of leopard 62 61,91,93,96,97, 82 121 salt 17 115 lion 60, 62 Soviet Union, symbol lotus 52 115, 121 waterfall 37 of former 90, 121 Malawi 1 Tarot 92, 111 waving 1 18 sparrow 64 orange 48 spear 91, 115 peacock 65 tartan 84 weal her 37 Sphinx 31 pomegranate 48 Taueret 63 spider 57. 79 quail 67 well 43,87 spine 75 raven 64 Taurus, sign of 1 1 spiral 105 Re 14 tea leaves, reading whale 54 Spirit, Holy 18 ring (on cross) 18 spleen 74 rooster 64 110 wheat 46 spoon 97 spider 57 teeth 73 square 104 spiral 105 tefillin 16 wheel 21, 103, 104, square and compass stag 63 temple 25, 72, 95, 109 sunflower 52 112. I I i Sri Lanka, flag of 1 1 104. 109 stag 62 swastika 21 Hindu 21 Catherine 19 stairs 95, 109 three-legged Texas 51 ol law 22 star 24, 25 Thang-ka 52 of hie 22 symbol 75 Theseus 28,07, 121 -pointed 78, thistle 47 prayer 2 3 yel! Thor 15. 45,90, 121 102, 107,116 thorns, crown of 18, spinning 90 of David 16 115 sundial 97 74 sunflower 52 Thoth 14,66, 121 white 45. 51, 53,65, thread 97 throne 88 83,86,93, 106. thunder 37, 90 L15 tie 85 wig 85 willow 17 44, 50 pattern 82 window 94 wine 19 witch 60, 78 doctor 70 woli 34 ^*<9^%^^^%^n^%^%^%^%^-%^%^ *^S%S*S%S%^S%S%*%*%**s%s*S%s%S%^S%s%S%**S%S%s*S\\S%S%*%S%S%S%^S\\?^ I 26

Further Reapi ng * Further Reading Ayo, Yvonne. Africa, Eyewitness Guides, Guerber, H.A. The Myths of* - Rome, Nordon, Rudolph. Symbols and then Meaning, Knopf, L995 Dover, 99 } Concordia i l 1> Baquedano. Elizabeth. Acre. Eyewitness Guides, Haeffner. Mark, Dictionary of Alchemy . ( )xford Companion to Music . Oxford University ThorsonsSF, 1992 Press, 1967 Knopf. 1993 &Hall. James. Subjects Symbols in Ait. Harper Parker, Derek. Nov Complete Astrology, Random &Becheri. Heinz Gombrich, Richard. and Row. 1974 House Value, 1990 The World of Buddhism, Thames and Hudson Inc . - Hall, James, The Illustrated Dictionary of Symbols Philip, Neil, The Illustrated Book oj Myths, 1 in Eastern and Western Art, HarperCollins. 1 994 DK Publishing Inc 1995 Becker. Udo. The Continuum Encyclopedia of Hall, James, Sangoma: An Odyssey into the Spirit . World of Africa, Putnam Pub Group, 1994 Symbols, Continuum, 1994 Rawson, Philip, Art oj Tantra, Thames and Herder Symbol Dictionary, The, Chiron Hudson Inc., 1985 Becket, Sister Wendy. The Story oj Painting, Rawson, Philip, Sacred Tibet, Thames and DK Publishing. Inc., 1993 Publications, 1991 Hudson Inc . 1991 &Black, Jeremy Green. Anthony. &Honour, Hugh Fleming, John, Visual Arts Rawson. Philip. The Art oj Southeast Asia &Gods, Demons Symbols of Ancient A History, Abrams, 1991 Mesopotamia, University of Texas Press, 1992 Cambodia. Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Burma, Blurton. Richard. Hindu Art, HUP, 1992 Huntingdon, Susan, The Art of Ancient India. &Java Bah. Thames and Hudson Inc., 1990 Weatherhill, 1995 Campbell, Joseph. The Masks of God, vol I: Saunders. Nicholas. Animal Spirits, 1 ittle Brown, Hint, Michael. Nepal, A Guide to the Ai I and Primitive Mythology; vol 2: Oriental Mythology; 1995 Architecture of the Kathmadu Valley, vol 3. Occidental Mythology; vol 4: Creative Shambhala Publications, 1994 Saunders. Nicholas. The Cult of the Cat, Mythology, Viking, 1959-68 Japan, An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 2 vols., Thames and Hudson Inc., 1991 Chetwynd, Tom, Dictionary of Symbols, &Stuiley. Margaret James, A Dictionai ThorsonsSF, 1994 Kodansha, 1993 Hinduism and Us Symbols, Routledge, Chiron Dictionary of Greek and Roman Mythology, Jean, Georges, Writing, the Story of Alphabets and &Chapman Hall, 1985 Chiron. 1994 Scripts, Abrams 1992 Theroux, Alexander. The Primary c olors Cirlot, J.E., A Dictionary of Symbols, Routledge, Jung, Carl G., Man and his Symbols, Doubleday H. Holt, 1994 1993 &Co Inc., 1964 &Jung, Carl G., Psyche Symbol: A Selection of Thomas, Nicholas, Oceanic Art, Thames and &Clift, Jean Clift. Wallace, Symbols of Writings from C.G.Jung, Princeton University Hudson Inc., 1995 i Transformation in Dreams, Crossroad NY. t Twining, Louisa, Symbols & Emblems oj Early & 1986 Press, 1991 \\ Medieval ( hristian \\u. Gordon Press. 1980 t &Kelsey, Morton, Symbols, Dreams Visions, Cooper, J. C, An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Versluis, Arthur. Native American Traditioi i' Traditional Symbols, Thames and Hudson i\" Amity House Inc., 1988 Element, 1994 Inc., 1992 &King, Francis X., Mind, Magic Mystery, DK Villiers, Elizabeth. The Mascot Booh An &Cooper, J. C. Symbolic Mythological Animals, Publishing Inc., 1992 Encyt lopi did oj Bringers oj Good I uck ( hai ThorsonsSF, 1992 Knappert. Jan, Aquarian Guide to African Spells, Talismans, and ( olors, Gordon Press, Crossley-Holland, Kevin, The Norse Myths, Gods Mythology, Thorsons SF, 1991 1991 of the Vikings, Pantheon Books, 1981 Knappert, Jan, Indian Mythology, Encyclopedia of Wangu, Madhu Bazaz. Buddhism. Facts On File, Myth and Legend, Aquarian Press, 1991 De Rola, Stanislas Klossowski, The Secret Art of 1993 Alchemy, Thames and Hudson Inc., 1973 Knappert, Jan, The Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern Onis File, Mythology and Rehgum. Element, 1993 Wangu, Madhu Bazaz. Hind Dreyfuss, Henry, Symbol Sourcebook, McGraw- 1991 Hill. 1972 Kunz, George Frederick. The Curious Ion \\\\ ernei I I ( Myths and na, I Fberard, Wolfram A Di< tumary of Chinese Precious Stones, Dover Publications, 1971 Dover, I &'ish edition, Routledge Kegan Larousse Dictionary qj Beliefs and Religions, \\\\ ernei Karel ed Jyml &\\u Religion Larousse, Kingfisher, Chambers. N94 i &Leith, James, Symbols in Life Art, I Diversity of Paul. 1986 &The Indian : Toronto Press, 1987 : Farrant. Sheila. Symbols for V. Matnlmeal Riverdale ( ompai 1WZodiac. ThorsonsSF. Williams, ( A.S., Outlii nese Symbolism &Ferguson, George, Signs Symbols in Christian 1 undquist, |ohn \\1 The Tempi ; An Motl Art. Oxford : 961 Heaven and Earth, Thames and Hudson I Witkower, Rudoll &Foley, John, The Guinness Encyclopedia o) Signs 19£ bols rhames and Hudson Inc . 1977 Publishing, 1993 Lurkei Manfred The Gods and Syml .Religions. The, Lion I SA, 1994 Egypt. Thames and Hudson In I ontana, David H mbols, Yarwood, Doreen, rh< Encyclopedia of World turn* Random House Valui Morgan Hal Symbols Viking i I read Mgmund Hie InterpretaH nguin 191 Zimmer, Heinri< h Myths and Symbols in Indian Knopf, i Morns Desmond • n Publishing and < fvilization Panthi '4oi -1 Gordon, Matthi i >n File y^S%s%^l^S%^

^*-***»-\"*-*-»^ t»^»-%^*--*-,*^«*-Jl^a^! Signs & Symbols »^»^^%^*^>»^»^^»^*^»^»--»<-%--%'%^*^»^»--V-*^'«^»--%^%. Acknowledgments From the author: Extraordinary, for her expertise, good Graham, Anderley Moore, Fergus Muir, Caroline Potts. Specially commissioned photography Andy Crawford, I would like to thank the fnends and advice, and good humor. Thanks also to Steve Gorton, Ellen Howden at the Glasgow Museum, colleagues who answered queries concerning myHarriet Griffey, and to friends at Tolli's and Geoff Thompson at the Manchester Museum Specially commissioned illustrations Peter Bull, the text. These include Richard Blurton, for all their encouragement; and lastly to Nick Hall, Colette Ho, Malcolm McGregor, Peter Heather Elgood, Anat Feinberg, Edward Roben, Jessica, and Jonathan, for their Visscher. John Woodcock. Gibbs, Meher McArthur, and John Okell Additional photography Max Alexander, Peter and Yumiko Yamamoto. Thank you to uncomplaining support through every Anderson, Geoff Bnghthng, Jane Burton, Peter Alison Cole, the Western Art adviser, for Chadwick, Tim Daly, Geoff Dann. Philip Dowell, her many valuable comments. I owe a great crisis. I dedicate this book to them. Andreas von Einsiedel. Neil Fletcher, Lynton Gardiner, debt of gratitude to those at DK: Anna David Garner, Philip Gatwood, Paul Goff, Chnsti Kruger, Peter Bailey, the team of Sarah The publishers would like to thank: Graham. Frank Greenaway, Peter Hayman. Stephen Hayward, John Heseltine, Alan Hills, Chas Howson. Ponder, Emma Foa, Martin Wilson, Shinn Laraine Newberry, our Australian consultant; Julian Colin Keates, Dave King, Cyril Laubscher, Richard Perry and John Hamill for all their help regarding Leeney, Liz McAulay, Andrew McRobb, Kevin Mallet, Patel, Joanna Pocock, and Ali Cobb, who Diana Miller, Ray Moller, Nick Nicholas, Martin Norns, all worked tirelessly on this book. An Freemasonry; Hugh Myers for the loan of his precious Stephen Oliver, Gary Ombler, Roger Philips, Martin Plotter, Laurence Pordes, Kim Sayer, Karl Shone, Steve especial thank you to Sarah for her calm &chess set; Bentley Co.. the Bond Street Jewellers, for Shott, David Spence, James Stevenson, Give Streeter, and assured handling of the design - and Harry Taylor, Matthew Ward, Kate Warren, J erry their advice and use of their many transparencies; Past Young, Michel Zabe her smile, and to Emma, Editor Times for access to their historical gift collection; and Additional illustration: Chnstian Hook. Danuta Mayer Spink and Son Ltd. for all their assistance. Special thanks to Sue Instead, for her continuing support and encouragement Additional design, editorial, and picture research Caroline Brooke. 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Imperial War Museum 1 14bo: Japan clb=center left below, crb=center right below, bcl=bottom Archive o Mr, Michael Jcnner 18bc; The Jewish center left, bcr=bottom center nght, bfl=bottom far left, 11.023), 62cl, tr (obj no. 19102-12-464), 63b, 64-65t, Museum lbbl. l~tr. c, JNTO 23cb,Joods Historich bfr=bottom far nght, tfl=top far left, tfr=top far right. Museum, Amsterdam 17br; Kobal Collection lltr. 65tr, 66cl. 70cl, 71br, 78cra, cr.79cl, 86bcl, 93lcl, 96cr, 7 5tfr; Anna Kruger 18c: Museum of London 91br, Manchester Museum back jacket. 4cl I4cfl, cr, bcr, 105bc; Duncan Brown 28c, 39cr. 75tcl, 93cb, 107br; J.Allan Cash 77c. 93crb. 94tr, bl. Lester Checseman AKG 17tl. 19tl, 34-35. 53cr, 81tr. 94br; /Ench Lessing 21bl, 72cl, 73br; Christie's Images 32-33, 47tr. Cinema Bookshop. 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Oxford 18tr, 20tr, 25tc, Museum of English Rural Life, University of Reading, 30br, bl, 57tl cb; National Maritime Museum, London Leeds 90cfr. ET Archive 1 , 2d. 201. 22tr, 31tl, 62bl, 2crb, 29br, 59bc, 72bl. cr, National Museum of 29tl. 52cr, 103tcl, 105tc: The Australian Museum/Nature 66tr, 71cra. 72bc, 74cl. 81tc, 89tc. lOltr. 103bl; Mary Scotland 31tc, 9Mr, National Trust Photographic &Focus Library 26bfr; Bentley Co. 86tl, br. bcr, 87tl, Evans Picture Library 4b, 4cra, 9bl, 9tr, 28cfr, 31br, I ibrary/Nick Mecrs 4 Ml, National Trust for cb, cr, cfr. bla, bl, br; Bibliotheque Nationale (01FR 143 >7< 45tr, 65br. 72tr, 73tr, 74il, 75br. 79tr, 80tl, 81cfr, Scotland/Harvey Wood 48br. Natural History Museum, fol 198vl 42tr: Birmingham Museum 49bl; BLC 1 16bfr; 84bra, 89cl. 90cl, 90bl, 92c, 95tcl, 102bl, HOcrb, elb; London 38br. 39ll, tr, bl, 40tl. bcl. 40bcr, c, cr, 55cr, The Bridgeman Art Library 8br, 26cr, 27tr, 34ca, 42br; / Eye Ubiquitous 43c, /David Gumming 21cr; Frank '9cra; Past Times, Witney, Oxfordshire 43cla, Leather 27cr. Exeter Museum 86cl. Chris Fairclough Archeological Museum, Naples 15cl; Musee des Beaux- Peter Newark's Western Americana 6 1 tr. 76tr; Arts, Le Havre 36b; Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris 8b. Colour Library 18br, 95bl, Forest Light/Alan Watson Photostage/Donald Cooper 77tl. Pictor 76c; Pitt Rivers 95cl; Werner Forman Archive 23clb/Bntish Museum, 16tr, 27bc; Bonhams, London 2tr, 34b, 40cl; Brancacci Museum back jacket, 18d, 4 1 tcr. 47tcl. 54cr, 58tr, 62br, ©Chapel. Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence 59br; London inside jacket, 4cla, 28tr; Philip Goldman cla, crb, 70tr, 75tr, 77cb, 78tr, 86tr. 86cr, elb, 87cl. 91(1. Brewster Arts Ltd., New York, Tuesday, Leonora Collection 52bl, Musee National du Bardo, Tunis 63tl; tr; Sarah Ponder 93 tfl, be, Powell Cotton Museum Carrington 9cr; British Library- 24c, 341. 46c, 75bl, 98-99, National Museum of Man, Ottawa, Ontario 63clb. Statens 23c. br, 70cra, 80d; Rctna Picturcs/A&M Records llbl; 113br; Schloss Charlottenburg, Berlin 89cfr; Chnsties, Histonska Museum, Stockholm 15bt Univet Rex Features Ltd 7e>lx , 80tr, /Tim Rooke 85bl, Simmons 106tr; Royal Mail 65d; Peter Sanders 24bc, London 29bc; Musee Cluny, Paris 3b, 28cl; De Morgan ISPhiladelphia. 39br; The Garden Picture Library Scala 19bl, 105bl, Sir John Soane's Museum 46tr; ©Foundation, London 78c, be; Fondalion P Delvaux-Sl 42cb/John Bethell 73cr; Bridgme Thomas 43clb, Garrard, London }9d; Glasgow Museums 4c. rb, 5cra, Idesbald, Belgium/DACS 1996, The Temple 1949, Paul Sotheby's, London 21tcl, 22br. 24tr, bl. 25tr. 37d; Delvaux 6-7; Ferens Art Gallery, Hull 29cr; Giraudon 16cla, cb, br, elb, 20br, 21cra, tfr. tc. 22bc, 23tr. 25cfl. &Spink Son Ltd. 30c, 37cra. 107clb. 1 15tc, Frank 43tr Alusee des Beaux-Arts, Nantes 8t; / Musee Conde, cr, tl, 26tfr, tr, tc, 59c, 64bla, 76-77c,79lc, crb, 81bra, Spooner Pictures/Jane Taylor 91c, Sporting Pictures Chantilly 103tl; /Musee Municipal. 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Newbury 45crb; Reims Cathedral 51c, Bntish Library 95cr; Alain Evrard 83tl; Paolo Koch mudI Grand Lodge of England 35d, 109tr, tc. cr. bl St. Peters, Leuven 49cr; Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan 106ca; Kodak Ltd 83c; T.J. Larse-Collingen 27bl. Jenny &US Postal Service 70crb, bca, V A Museum. London Pate 25bl; John Ross 88bl; JIM Wilson 20c, 104crb; 103tr; Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel, Padua 107tfl; Tate 56br, The Vegetarian Society I07bc; The Wallace &Adam Woolfitt 6tr; Hodder Stoughton 891x Michael Collection, London 6 V 66tl, tc, 73d, 1 14bl. Rodney Gallery 50br, 106bl/©ADAGP, Paris and DACS, London Wilson 35tc; Westminster Cathedral I06cb; Elizabeth Holford lOtr. 30d, 72br; HMSO Crown Copyright Whiting Associates 95bcl. Robin Wigington. Arbour 1996, The Rechless Sleeper Rene Magritte 10b; Gallena 89br; Hulton Getty Picture Collection 77br, 89crb, : iorence 48bl; Courtesy of the Board of The Hutchison I ibrary/Sarah 1 rnngton 93cl, Goy \\iiiiqurs ' ill b< Wimbledon Buddhist Iemple2MI. Coolea 21c; Ikona/Gallena Borghese 15cla; The Image I &VTrustees of the Bank/Andrea Pistolesi 12-13; Guido Alberto Rossi 36c, F A 29tr, 60bl, 71bc, 82br (detail), Reginato 34c: Images Colour Library 77tc, 95c; /The Inlemational Wool Secretariat 1 l6bra, Michel Zabe Dawes Collection 106cra; /Charles Walker Collection erpool 53t: Wallace 66cb; Zcfa Pictures Ltd. 95tr; /Taner 24n ndon 88tr; 38c!; The British Hedgehog DKEvery ejfjfort has been madi tc trace the copyright holders Preser Bnush Library. London amapologizes for unintentional amissions and would be pk\\i\\t\\l • front jacket, 4clb, 5t, 6tl, 7b, 23tc. 28bl, 72cl in such cases, to add an a mcntinfuturi c<h\\ 128



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The Author Miranda Bruce-Mitford studied social anthropology at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London University, graduating with honors, and later earned a master's degree in Oriental Religious Studieb „ <;ame school. As a writer, she has contributed to Longmu Directory ofMinorities, the Macmillan Dictionary of Art, and the Larvusse Encyclopedia. As an academic, she has lectured at Sotheby's, at the School of Oriental and African Studies, and at the British Museum, and she is often a guest lecturer on art tours of Southeast Asia. The Consultant Alison Cole has contributed to a wide range of publications in addition to writing The Renaissance, Rrspective, and Color in DK's successful Eyewitness Art series. Alison Cole's latest book is Art ofthe Italian Renaissance Courts. She is head of communications at the National Art Collections Fund, London. i^ Sun Emblem of Louis XIV, the Sun Ki M AMFront ( n\\rr S ' Symbol ot r-aith I'nhtrmr ' 1)K Publishing, Inc. ( >S Nhdisnn Avenue- New York, \\> 116 Visit • )c \\Xorid Ic Web at h- ,..//www.' com

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