Nelson Mandela_ A Biography (Greenwood Biographies)

GLOSSARY African National Congress (ANC)—Founded in 1912, the major African nationalist movement, which since 1994 has governed South Africa. African nationalism—A political philosophy based on achieving independence for Africans subjected to colonial rule or asserting African sovereignty. Afrikaners—South African white minority (7 percent of the total population, but a majority of whites) who speak the Afrikaans language and trace descent from Dutch settlers. Apartheid—Policy of legalized extreme racial discrimination, implemented from 1948, finally uprooted in 1994; from the Afrikaans “separateness” or “apartness.” Bantu Education—An apartheid policy, first introduced in the 1950s, which imposed inferior education on Africans. Bantustans—Ethnic “homelands” forcibly imposed on Africans by the apartheid regime. Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU)—The major South African labor federation, in electoral alliance with the ANC. Congress Youth League—Established 1944, with Mandela as cofounder; in 1949 replaced ineffective ANC strategy with vigorous protest policies. Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA)—Negotiating forum established in December 1991 to draft new constitution; deadlocked, May 1993. Defiance Campaign—Large-scale, nationwide protests against discriminatory apartheid laws in 1952 that led to the ANC becoming a mass-based organization. Freedom Charter—Policy program adopted by the Congress of the People in 1955, and subsequently the ANC’s chief program until 1996. Group Areas Act (1950)—A central pillar of apartheid legislation forcing blacks to live in segregated areas. 131

132 GLOSSARY Growth, Employment, and Redistribution (GEAR)—The Mandela adminis- tration’s second economy policy, which in 1996 replaced the RDP. Inkatha Freedom Party—Sectional (Zulu) political party led by Mangosuthu Buthelezi. National Party—Political party supported mainly by Afrikaners, in power 1948 to 1994. Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)—Breakaway party from the ANC, founded in 1959. Pass laws—A series of rigid laws and statutes restricting the free movement, work, and living areas of Africans in South Africa, gradually phased out from the 1980s. Rand—South African currency. Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP)—Mandela administration’s initial economic policy, 1994–1995, replaced by GEAR. Rivonia Trial—Trial for sabotage, lasting from 1963 to 1964, which resulted in the sentencing to life imprisonment of Mandela and his co-accused. Robben Island—Prison off Cape Town incarcerating Mandela from 1964 to 1982. South African Communist Party (SACP)—Formed in 1921, banned in 1950, relaunched underground in mid-1950s, then legally in 1990; electoral ally of ANC. Soweto—Huge, sprawling township southwest of Johannesburg where Mandela lived in the 1940s and 1950s; the initial site of the Youth Revolt of 1976. Transkei—Literally, “Across the Kei” (River), the region where Mandela was born. Treason Trial—A mass trial of 156 anti-apartheid leaders, including Mandela, from 1956–1961, which resulted in the complete exoneration of all the accused. Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)—1995–1998, chaired by Des- mond Tutu, to expose human rights violations and heal apartheid wounds. Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK, “Spear of the Nation”)—Military organization of the ANC founded in 1961 by Mandela; integrated into South African army after 1994. United Democratic Front (UDF)—Very wide coalition of civic, church, labor, and political organizations, formed in 1983 and broadly supportive of the ANC. Xhosa—A major South African nationality; also the language spoken by Xhosa people, including Nelson Mandela. Zulu—A major South African nationality; the language spoken by Zulu people.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY SELECTION OF PUBLISHED WORKS BY NELSON MANDELA In His Own Words. Edited by Kader Asmal, David Chidester, and Wilmot James. New York: Little, Brown, 2003. In the Words of Nelson Mandela. Edited by Jennifer Crwys-Williams. New York: Penguin, 1997. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston: Little, Brown, 1994. Mandela: An Illustrated Autobiography. Boston: Little, Brown, 1996. No Easy Walk to Freedom. New York: Penguin, 2002. The Struggle Is My Life. London: International Defence and Aid Fund, 1990. BOOKS Barber, James. Mandela’s World: The International Dimension of South Africa’s Political Revolution 1990–99. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2004. Benson, Mary. A Far Cry. New York: Viking Penguin, 1989. ———. Nelson Mandela. New York: W. W. Norton, 1986 (updated 1994). ———. South Africa; the Struggle for a Birthright. London: IDAF, 1985. Buntman, Fran Lisa. Robben Island and Prisoner Resistance to Apartheid. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Callinicos, Luli. Oliver Tambo: Beyond the Engeli Mountains. Cape Town: D. Philip, 2004. ———. The World That Made Mandela: A Heritage Trail. Johannesburg: STE, 2000. 133

134 SELECTED BIBLIOGR APHY Daniels, Eddie. There and Back: Robben Island 1964–1979. Cape Town, South Africa: Mayibuye, 1998. Dingake, Michael. My Fight against Apartheid. London: Kliptown Books, 1987, Gilbey, Emma. The Lady: The Life and Times of Winnie Mandela. London: Cape, 1993. Gish, Steven. Alfred B. Xuma: African, American, South African. New York: New York University Press, 1999. ———. Desmond Tutu: A Biography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004. Guiloineau, Jean. The Early Life of Rolihlahla Madiba Nelson Mandela. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 1998. Harrison, Nancy. Winnie Mandela: Mother of a Nation. London: Gollancz, 1985. Huddleston, Trevor. Naught for Your Comfort. New York: Doubleday, 1956. Johns, Sheridan, and R. Hunt Davis Jr., eds. Mandela, Tambo and the ANC: The Struggle against Apartheid. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Kathrada, Ahmed. Letters from Robben Island: A Selection of Ahmed Kathrada’s Prison Correspondence, 1964–1989. Edited by Robert Vassen. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1999. ———. Memoirs. Cape Town: Zebra Press, 2004. Kerr, Alexander. Fort Hare 1915–48: The Evolution of an African College. New York: Humanities Press, 1968. Krog, Antjie. Country of My Skull. New York: Random House, 1998. Kumalo, Alf. Mandela: Echoes of an Era. New York: Viking Penguin, 1990. Lodge, Tom. Mandela: A Critical Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Magubane, Peter. Nelson Mandela, Man of Destiny: A Pictorial Biography. Cape Town: Nelson, 1996. Maharaj, Mac, ed., Reflections in Prison. Cape Town: Robben Island Museum, 2001. Maharaj, Mac, and Ahmed Kathrada. Mandela: The Authorized Portrait. Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel, 2006. Mandela, Winnie. Part of My Soul Went with Him. New York: Viking Penguin, 1985. Mangcu, Xolela, ed. The Meaning of Mandela: A Literary and Intellectual Celebra- tion. Cape Town: HSRC Press, 2006. Meer, Fatima. Higher than Hope: The Authorized Biography of Nelson Mandela. Revised ed. New York: Harper, 1990. Meer, Ismail. A Fortunate Man. Cape Town: Zebra Press, 2002. Meredith, Martin. Nelson Mandela: A Biography. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998. Naidoo, Indres. Robben Island: Ten Years As a Political Prisoner in South Africa’s Most Notorious Penitentiary. New York: Vintage, 1983.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 135 Nelson Mandela Foundation. A Prisoner in the Garden. New York: Viking Studio, 2006. O’Malley, Padraig. Shades of Difference: Mac Maharaj and the Struggle for South Africa. New York: Viking, 2007. Peires, J. B. The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. The Road to Democracy in South Africa. Cape Town: Zebra Press, 2004. Sampson, Anthony. Mandela: The Authorized Biography. New York: Knopf, 1999. Sisulu, Elinor. Walter and Albertina Sisulu: In Our Lifetime. Cape Town: D. Philip, 2002. Sisulu, Walter. I Will Go Singing: Walter Sisulu Speaks of His Life and the Struggle for Freedom in South Africa. Cape Town: Robben Island Museum, 2001. Sparks, Allister. Tomorrow Is Another Country: The Inside Story of South Africa’s Road to Change. New York: Hill and Wang, 1995. Thompson, Leonard. The Political Mythology of Apartheid. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985. Walshe, Peter. The Rise of African Nationalism in South Africa: The African National Congress, 1912–1952. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971. PERIODICALS Keller, Bill. “Mandela Proclaims a Victory: South Africa Is ‘Free At Last!’” New York Times, May 3, 1994. Limb, Peter. “Early ANC Leaders and the British World: Ambiguities and Identi- ties,” Historia 47, no. 1, 2002: 56–82. Maluleke, Elias. “Mandela: Can He Save South Africa?” Pace, March 1990: 6–16. Suttner, Raymond. “African National Congress (ANC): Attainment of Power, Post Liberation Phases and Current Crisis,” Historia 52, no. 1, 2007: 1–46. INTERNET SOURCES “Biography of Nelson Mandela.” http://www.anc.org.za/people/mandela.html. “The Long Walk of Nelson Mandela.” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/ shows/mandela. “Mandela: An Audio History.” http://www.radiodiaries.org/mandela/mpeople. html. “The Mandela Page.” http://www.anc.org.za/people/mandela/index.html. “Nelson Mandela Biography” (South Africa History Online). http://www.sahis tory.org.za/.

136 SELECTED BIBLIOGR APHY FILMS The Long Walk of Nelson Mandela. Alexandria, VA: PBS Home Video, 1999. Madiba: The Life and Times of Nelson Mandela. Canada: CBC, 2004. Mandela: Free at Last. Woodland Hills, CA: Globalvision, 1990. Mandela in America. New York: Vision Entertainment, 1990. Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation. Johannesburg: Island Pictures, 1995. OTHER Cape Archives Repository, Cape Town. Carter Karis Collection, Center for Research Libraries, Chicago. Colin Tatz, interview with the author, Sydney, Australia, August 9, 2005. Eddie Daniels, interview with the author, East Lansing, MI, October 13, 2006. Kathrada Collection, Michigan State University Library. Malcolm Fraser, telephone interview with the author, March 26, 2006. Mandela family interviews, Peter Davis Collection, Indiana University.

INDEX Abacha, Sani, 105 African nationalism, 3, 28, 30, 35, Achmat, Zackie, 124 38–42, 45, 49 African Americans, 12, 17, 29, 59, Afrikaners, 17–18, 29–30, 43–44, 109, 127 48, 60, 79, 91, 103–5, 107 African culture. See Culture, AIDS, 105, 118, 123–25 African Alexandra (township), 24–28, 67 African Mine Workers’ Union, 24, Alice (town), 14 All-African Convention, 17 27, 38–39 ANC. See African National African National Congress Congress (ANC), 12, 15–18, 24–25, ANC Women’s League, 29, 64, 27–29, 32–42, 44–60, 64–77, 81–84, 86–90, 92, 94–95, 67–70, 112 100–107, 109–15, 118–19, ANC Youth League, 14, 34–42, 123–24, 126, 128; adoption of armed struggle, 72–75; banning 44–45, 49–50 in 1960, 70, 73, 77; Defiance Angola, 99, 117–18 Campaign (1952), 49–54, 67; Annan, Kofi, 125 exile, 15, 73, 76, 86, 90, 92, Anti-apartheid movements, 94–95, 101; formation, 28; government, 99–108; negotia- 49–50, 52, 59, 61, 63, 69, tions, 91–95, 100–106, 126; 90–95, 97, 101, 105–6, 110 suspension of armed struggle, Apartheid, 7–8, 15, 27, 43–45, 102; unbanning (1990), 100; 47–61, 63–70, 77, 81, 83–84, and women, 29, 64, 67–70, 112. 88–90, 92–95, 99–102, 104–6, See also ANC Women’s League 110–12, 116, 119; definition, 43; legacy, 114–16, 124; origins, 43–44 137

138 INDEX Arafat, Yasser, 110 Clinton, Bill, 118, 127; on Nelson Australia, 50, 91, 105, 117, Mandela, 127 Azanian People’s Organization, Clinton, Hillary, 110 104 CODESA. See Convention for a Bantu Education, 48, 52, 69, 131 Democratic South Africa Bantustans (“Homelands”), 15, Cold War, 54, 65, 100 Colonialism, 12, 14, 18, 50, 53, 60, 63, 67, 69, 84, 93, 102–4, 131 53–54, 63, 66, 69–70, 73–74, Belafonte, Harry, 92 79, 109, 111–12, 114, 126–27 Benson, Mary, 40, 60, 71 Commonwealth, The (British), Biko, Steve, 89, 116 91, 119 Bill of Rights, 57, 59, 75, 112 Communism, 30, 39–40, 42, Bisho massacre (1992), 103 49–51, 75, 100 Black consciousness, 89 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Boipatong massacre (1992), 103 Act (U.S., 1986), 91 Bophuthatswana, 63, 102, 104 Congo, Democratic Republic, 117 Botha, P. W., 93–94 Congress of the People (1955), Botswana, 74, 115 56, 61, 65 British world, influence on Nelson Congress of South African Trade Mandela, 5, 12, 14–15, 75 Unions (COSATU), 89, 103 Brutus, Dennis, 81 Congress Youth League. See ANC Burundi, 117, 127 Youth League Bush, George H. W., 105, 124 Congressional Black Caucus, 90 Bush, George W., 124 Conservative Party (South Buthelezi, Mangosuthu, 102, 106 Africa), 104 Constitution, U.S., 112 Calata, James, 17 Constitution of South Africa Cape Town, 79, 93–94, 100, 125 (1996), 102–4, 109, 112, 116, Carter, Jimmy, 125 126–27 Castro, Fidel, 110 Constitutional Court, 112 China, 50, 70, 118 Constitutional negotiations, Christianity and churches, 2–3, 102–5, 112 Convention for a Democratic 5–6, 9, 11–12, 15, 43, 49–50, South Africa (CODESA), 54, 67, 87, 89–90, 105, 107; 102–3 exclusion of Africans from, 43, COSATU. See Congress of South 49 African Trade Unions Churches. See Christianity and Cuba, 99, 105, 118 churches Culture, African, 1–5, 12, 25, Clarkebury Boarding Institute, 28–29, 58, 89, 105, 112, 115, 11–14, 19 125

INDEX 139 Dalindyebo, Jongintaba (Nelson Grey, George, 13 Mandela’s guardian), 4–5, 8, Groote Schuur Accord (1990), 101 11, 18–19, 24, 26; death of, 28 Growth, Employment and Dalindyebo, Justice, 6, 18, 23–24, 28 Redistribution (GEAR), Daniels, Eddie, 9, 82–83, 95, 128 113–14, 132 Defiance Campaign (1950s), Hani, Chris, 104 49–54, 67 Harare Declaration (1989), 94 De Klerk, F. W., 94, 100–7, 111 Harris, Cecil C., 11–13 Dingake, Michael, 83 Healdtown Wesleyan College, Disinvestment from apartheid 13–14, 19, 26 South Africa, 90–92 Hertzog, Chaim, 110 Dube, John Langalilabele, 109 Hertzog Acts, 16–17 HIV-AIDS. See AIDS Elders, The (2007), 125 Housing, 31, 38–39, 111–12, 123 Elections (1948), 33, 43–44; Houston, Whitney, 92 Huddleston, Trevor, 52, 91 (1990), 104–7, 109, 113–14, 124; (1999 and 2004), 111–12, India, 91, 105 119, 124 Indonesia, 119 Eminent Persons’ Group, 91 Inkathagate Scandal, 103–4, 109 England, 74, 110 Inkathta/Inkatha Freedom Party, Ethiopia, 74 102 First, Ruth, 48, 92 International Defence and Aid Fort Beaufort, 13 Fort Hare. See University Fund, 90 International Red Cross, 85 (College) of Fort Hare, Iraq War, 124 Fraser, Malcolm, 91 Freedom Charter, 56–59, 65, 69, Jabavu, Davidson D. T., 16–17 Jabavu, John Tengu, 13 89, 105, 113; abandonment, Jackson, Jesse, 105 105, 113; adoption, 56–59 Joffe, Joel, 75 Johannesburg, 3, 15, 18, 20, Gandhi, Mahatma, 41, 50 Gandhi, Manilal, 50 23–29, 31, 33–34, 37, 40, 50– GEAR. See Growth, Employment 55, 55–56, 60, 63, 67, 70, 73– 74, 114, 125. See also Alexandra and Redistribution (township); Orlando; Soweto Globalization, 99, 114, Joseph, Helen, 64, 66, 87 Goldstone Commission, 102 Gordimer, Nadine, 15 Kathrada, Ahmed, 49, 79–80, Gore, Al, 110, 118 82–83, 85, 87, 92, 94, 96–97 Government of National Unity, 57, 104, 111, 115

140 INDEX Kerr, Alexander, 16, 18 letters and visits to Robben King, Coretta Scott, 110 Island, 86–88; Mandela Foot- King, Martin Luther, 106, 127 ball Club, 88, 106; wedding, 67 Kodesh, Wolfie, 73 Mahabane, Paul, 18 Kotane, Moses, 39–40, 50 Mahabane, Z. R., 18 KwaZulu-Natal, 35, 63 Maharaj, Mac, 81–84, 103, 110 Malan, D. F., 43 Labor migrants, 3, 5, 7, 23, 38 Mandela, Gadla Henry Labor unions, 24, 27, 29, 31, Mphakanyiswa (Nelson Mandela’s father), 2–8, 19, 60 35, 37–40, 48, 59, 64, 89, Mandela, Leabie (Nelson 113. See also African Mine Mandela’s sister), 2, 8, 3, 37, 119 Workers’ Union; Congress Mandela, Mabel Notancu of South African Trade Ntimakhwe (Nelson Mandela’s Unions; National Union of sister), 2, 5, 8, Mineworkers; South African Mandela, Madiba Thembekile Congress of Trade Unions (“Thembi”) (Nelson Mandela’s Land and land rights, 3–5, 7, 11, son), 31, 59, 73, 86 29, 57–58, 69, 75, 112, 114–15, Mandela, Makaziwe (Nelson 127 Mandela’s first daughter). See Lembede, Anton Muziwakhe, Mandela, Pumla Makaziwe 35–36, 42 Mandela, Makgatho (Nelson Lesotho, 70, 118 Mandela’s son), 59, 124 Liberal Party of South Africa, 82 Mandela, Nelson Rolihlahla: Libya, 105, 118 African nationalism, views Lincoln, Abraham, 15 on, 28, 30, 35, 39–42, 49; Af- Lodge, Tom, 9, 46 rikaans, 83; AIDS, 115, 118, Long Walk to Freedom (Nelson 124–25; arrests; 30, 51, 63, 70, Mandela’s autobiography), 1, 74, 77; autobiography, 1, 17, 69, 17, 69, 84, 110 84, 110; awards, 91, 106, 126 ; Lovedale Institution, 14 banning, 51–54, 56, 60, 68–69, Lusaka (Zambia), 101 71, 97; birth, 1–2; “Black Pim- Luthuli, Albert, 54, 72, 106; pernel,” 71, 74, 77; boxing, relations with Nelson Mandela, 13, 15, 36, 59–60, 88; British 54 influence on, 5, 12, 14–15, 75; childhood and youth, 1–22; Mabutho, J., 26 children, 31, 59–60, 63, 66, Machel, Graça, 119, 124 68–70, 73, 85–88, 93, 97, 106, Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie, 124, 126; church, 2, 6, 9, 67; civil disobedience, views on, 66–68, 70, 73, 76, 87–88, 92, 41–42, 44–45, 50; communism 99, 106, 119; banishment to Brandfort, 87–88; divorce, 119;

INDEX 141 and Marxism, views on, 30, 63, 65–68, 75–76; Truth and 39–40, 42, 50, 75; democracy, Reconciliation Commission, views on, 6, 12, 49, 57, 65, 70, 115–16, 127; U.S. tours (1990), 73, 75, 100–101, 109, 111–12, 105 (1993), 105; Victor Verster 118, 124, 126–28; diplomacy, Prison, 94, 99; votes in national 70, 74, 81, 83, 95, 100, 119; election for first time, 109; wed- divorce, 66 (Evelyn), 119 dings of, (Evelyn), 31, (Win- (Winnie); dress, 5, 19, 26–27, nie), 67, (Graça), 119; wives of 74, 76, 117; economic policies, (see Machel, Graça; Madikizela- 112–15; education, 3, 5, 7–8, Mandela Winnie; and Mase, 11–20; family, 1–10, 31, 59–60, Evelyn); writings and publica- 63, 66, 68–70, 73, 85–88, 93, tions of, 1, 17, 34, 52–53, 69, 97, 106, 124, 126; father, 2–8, 81, 84, 89, 69, 84, 110 19, 60; gardening, 12, 73, 85; Mandela, Nonqaphi Nosekeni honor, 3, 7; humor, 82, 117; Fanny (Nelson Mandela’s illnesses, 80, 116; imprison- mother), 2, 5, 7–8, 19, 28, 31, ment, 30, 51, 63, 70, 74, 79–98; 37, 60, 69, 76, 86 initiation, 1, 6, 11; Iraq War, Mandela, Pumla Makaziwe view on, 124; leadership, 1–2, (Nelson Mandela’s daughter), 6–7, 9, 19, 47–48, 54, 73, 77, 31, 59–60 81–82, 95, 100–101, 107, 115, Mandela, Winnie. See Madikizela- 117; legacy of, 120, 125–28; Mandela, Winnie legal studies and career, 16, 31, Mandela, Zeni (Nelson Mandela’s 35–36, 38, 47, 54–56, 66; let- daughter), 87 ters to family, 86–87; marriages, Mandela, Zindzi (Nelson Mande- 31, 66, 68–69, 106, 119; mili- la’s daughter), 68, 70, 88, 93, tary training, 72–74; mother, 2, 106 5, 7–8, 19, 28, 31, 37, 60, 69, Marks, J. B., 39 76, 86; M-Plan, 54; naming of, Mase, Evelyn (Mandela), 30–31, 1, 5; as negotiator, 94, 100–106, 37, 59, 66, 68 126; Nobel Peace Prize of, 106, Mass Democratic Movement, 94 115, 126; physique, 35, 81, 85, Matanzima, Kaiser, 15, 28, 60, 67, 88, 116; Pollsmoor Prison, 93, 93 95; presidency (1994–1999), Matthews, Joe, 59 109–20; release from prison, Matthews, Z. K., 16–17, 76 99, 103, 106; retirement, 120, Mbekela, George, 5 125; Robben Island, 79–93; Mbekeni, Garlick, 25 and Shakespeare, 12, 85; and Mbeki, Govan, 73, 76, 80, 84 sports, 2, 13, 15, 36, 59–60, Mbeki, Thabo, 84, 107, 111, 113– 85,117; trials (Rivonia), 73, 75, 14, 118–19, 123, 126; AIDS, 77, 79–81, (Treason Trial), 61, views on, 123; as president, 123

142 INDEX Mbobo, Victor, 14 Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund, Mda, A. P., 35 124, 128 Meer, Fatima, 106 Meer, Ismail, 30, 40–41 Nelson Mandela Foundation, 124, Methodist Church, 2, 6, 11, 13, 128 67 Ngubencuka (Thembu King), 12 Meyer, Rolf, 107 Nigeria, 74, 91, 105, 119, 127 Mhlaba, Raymond, 80 Nkabinde, Ellen, 26 Mines and mining, 3, 5, 7, 23–25, Nobel Peace Prize, 72, 106, 115, 27–28, 38–39, 44, 64, 114; 126–27 mortality, 38–39, 64 . See also Northern Ireland, 117 Labor migrants Nyerere, Julius, 110 MK. See Umkhonto we Sizwe Mlangeni, Andrew, 80 Obasanjo, Olusegun, 91 Mokitimi, Seth, 14 Operation Vula, 103 Molema, Silas T., 13 Orlando (township), 25, 31, Motsoaledi, Elias, 80 Mozambique, 92, 118–19 35–38, 59–60, 68, 70, 93, 100 Mpanza, James, 38 M-Plan, 54 PAC. See Pan Africanist Congress Mqhayi, S.E.K., 13–14 Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), Mqhekezweni (“The Great Place”), 5–7, 18, 28 69–70, 81–82, 104 Multi-Party Negotiating Forum, Pass laws, 27–28, 37, 48–49, 53, 104 Music, 24, 26, 47, 59, 92 55, 64, 69–70, 75 Mvezo village, 1–2, 7 Pilger, John, 124 Pogrund, Benjamin, 87 Pollsmoor Prison, 93, 95 Pretoria Minute, 102 Prince Charles, 110 Naidoo, Indres, 90 Qunu village, 1, 4–5, 7, 126 Namibia, 83, 99 Natal. See KwaZulu-Natal Racism, 3, 8, 15, 27, 30, 37, 41, National Party, 33, 43–45, 47, 52, 56, 75, 80–81, 107, 118, 126–27 100–101, 104, 106–7, 111 National Peace Accord, 102 Radebe, Gaur, 26–28 National Union of Mineworkers, Ramaphosa, Cyril, 89, 107 RDP. See Reconstruction and 89 Natives’ Representative Council, Development Program Reagan, Ronald, 91 16 Reconstruction and Development Nazi Germany and Afrikaner Program (RDP), 113 nationalists, 29, 44, 65 Resha, Robert, 74 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 40, 53, 91

INDEX 143 Rivonia Trial (1963–1964), 73, Soccer, 15, 29, 85, 125 75, 77, 79–81 Sophiatown, 24–25, 33–34, Robben Island prisoners, 7, 9, 51–52, 91 73, 75, 79–86, 90, 93–94, 101, South African Communist Party 103, 106, 112, 116, 124, 128; abuse, 79–81; clothing, 79–80; (SACP), 26–27, 30, 39–40, 42, diet, 79–80; debates, 81–84; 49–50, 84, 100, 103–4, 113, education, 81, 83; films, 85; 132 gardening, 85; newspapers, South African Congress of Trade 84–85; sports, 85; warders, Unions (SACTU), 59, 64 79–81, 83–85, 110 South African Indian Congress, 29, 58 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 29 South African Native College. Rugby, 85, 91, 116–17; World See University (College) of Fort Hare Cup (1995), 116 South West African People’s Organization (SWAPO), 83 Sachs, Albie, 117 Soweto, 21, 24, 31, 35–36, 67–68, SACP. See South African 71, 93, 100, 104; 1976 Revolt, 81, 89 Communist Party Soyinka, Wole, 127 SACTU. See South African Sports. See Mandela, Nelson, sports Congress of Trade Unions Sports sanctions, 91, 105 Sampson, Anthony, 35, 49, 94 States of emergency in South Sanctions and boycotts against Africa, 70, 93 Stengel, Richard, 69 apartheid, 72, 81, 89–92, 99, Suharto, 105, 124 105 Sullivan, Leon, 91 Saro-Wiwa, Ken, 119 Suzman, Helen, 80 Schreiner, Olive, 13 SWAPO. See South West African Segregation, 4, 11, 14, 16–17, People’s Organization 23–24, 27, 29, 33, 37–38, 41, Swaziland, 97–98 43–44, 51, 65 Sweden, 101 Seme, Pixley, 17, 35, 55 Separate Amenities Act, 48, 100 Taiwan, 118 Shakespeare, William, 12, 85 Tambo, Adelaide, 31, 60 Sharpeville massacre (1960), 70, Tambo, Oliver, 15, 31–32, 35–36, 76 Sidelsky, Lazar, 26–27 40–42, 44, 55–56, 60, 66, 70, Sisulu, Albertina, 25, 30, 36, 73–74, 76, 94, 101; and Nelson Sisulu, Walter, 25–28, 30–32, Mandela at Fort Hare, 15; and 34–36, 42, 45, 49, 68, 72–74, Mandela as legal partners, 80, 82, 86, 90, 94 Slovo, Joe, 30, 73, 107 Smuts, Jan, 17, 44

144 INDEX Tambo, Oliver (Continued) University (College) of Fort Hare, 55–56, 66; in exile, 76, 94, 101; 14–20, 24, 28, 32, 34, 42, 56, Nelson Mandela, view on, 76 128 Thembu (African people), 1–2, University of the Witwatersrand, 4–6, 12, 14, 19, 25–26, 28, 60, 30 82, 126 Vassen, Tom, 85, Toivo ja Toivo, Andimba, 83, 85 Verwoerd, Hendrik, 43–44, 48, TransAfrica, 90 Transitional Executive Council, 104, 116 Victor Verster Prison, 94, 99 103–4 Viljoen, Constand, 104 Transkei, 1, 3–4, 14–15, 19, 28, Wellington, A. Arthur, 13–14 31, 53, 60, 76, 93 West, Cornell, 127 TRC. See Truth and White South Africans, 2–5, 7–8, Reconciliation Commission 12–18, 23–27, 29–30, 34–35, Treason Trial (1956–1961), 61, 37–44, 47–50, 55–58, 60, 65– 66, 69, 71–76, 81, 91–92, 94, 63, 65–68, 75–76 101, 104, 113–14, 116; white Tripartite Alliance, 103, 113 employees, 23–24, 44 Truth and Reconciliation Witwatersrand, 23, 30 Women: African, 3, 6, 18, 28–31, Commission (TRC), 115–16, 49, 54, 58, 64, 68, 76, 112; in 127 politics, 29, 54, 64, 68, 112; Tuskegee, 17, 109 White, 30, 58, 64, 66 Tutu, Desmond, 89, 106–7, 115, World War I, 5, 99 125, 127 World War II, 17, 24, 29, 37, 44 UDF. See United Democratic Xhosa (African people and Front language), 1–4, 6, 13–15, 19, 25, 30, 67, 85, 88, 126 Uganda, 16, 115 Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), 72–73, Xuma, Alfred Bitini, 12, 24, 29, 33–36, 38–41, 44–45, 50 75, 81, 92, 102–3 United Democratic Front (UDF), Zulu (African people and language), 3, 33, 54 89, 94, 101 United Nations, 41, 90–91, 99, 105, 117 United States, 23, 29, 47, 70, 90, 105; Presidential Medal of Freedom, 126

About the Author PETER LIMB is Africana bibliographer and associate professor (adjunct) of history at Michigan State University, East Lansing. He specializes in South African history and African studies bibliography. 145

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