Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine

Gentiana lutea Gentiana lutea (Gentianaceae) Gentian Key medicinal plants An erect perennial Gentian growing to 4 ft (1.2 m), with star-shaped yellow flowers and oval leaves. Gentian is a powerful bitter, and the herb is an essential Parts Used ingredient of traditional aperitifs and bitters such as Angostura bitters. The customary aperitif about half Root is harvested an hour before a meal is more than a social nicety— in autumn for the bitter constituents stimulate gastric juices and use in remedies prime the stomach, enabling it to cope effectively with to improve a heavy meal. Medicinally, gentian strengthens a weak digestion. or underactive digestive system. Key Actions Root contains bitter principles ■ Bitter ■ Digestive stimulant Fresh root ■ Eases stomach pain Gentian is a tall, attractive plant and has Research Dried chopped root been cultivated in gardens at least since the time of the 16th-century herbalist Gerard. ■ Amarogentin Although present in much smaller quantities than gentiopicroside, amarogentin is the constituent largely responsible for the bitterness of gentian. It is 3,000 times more bitter than gentiopicroside, and, tasted at dilutions of 1:50,000, it is possibly the most bitter substance on the planet. Habitat & Cultivation Traditional & Key Preparations & Their Uses Current Uses This largest member of the diverse QCaution Do not take if suffering from acid indigestion or a peptic ulcer. gentian family is native to the Alps and ■ Origin of the name Gentius, other mountainous regions of central king of Illyria in the 2nd century bce, Tincture (to make, p. 292). For Decoction (to make, p. 291). and southern Europe from Spain to reputedly discovered the virtues of poor appetite, take 2–5 drops For anemia and weakened digestion, the Balkans, flourishing at altitudes the plant. The name gentian attests of 2,300–7,900 ft (700–2,400 m). to its use in classical times. with water before meals. take 5 tsp 3–5 times a day. The large root crowns can be split or ■ Action of bitter principles the plant grown from seed. Due to There are 4 main taste receptors stimulant on the gallbladder and liver, nutrients, including iron and vitamin 99 overharvesting from the wild, this is on the tongue: sweet, sour, salty, encouraging them to function more B12, and is therefore useful for iron- now a threatened species, so buy only and bitter. It has been shown that efficiently. Gentian is therefore useful deficiency anemia (usually resulting cultivated root. It needs a loamy soil the bitter principles in gentian in almost any condition where the from blood loss). It is often added to and a sheltered site. The root is dug stimulate the bitter taste receptors digestive system needs to be toned prescriptions for women with heavy up in early autumn and dried. on the tongue, causing an increase up. It is often taken as a digestive tonic menstrual bleeding. in the production of saliva and in old age. Related Species gastric secretions. This in turn ■ Nutrient absorption Self-help Uses stimulates the appetite and improves By improving digestive function, Many gentian species are bitter-tasting the action of the digestive system gentian increases the absorption of ■ Anemia, p. 301. plants and a number are used in herbal in general. nutrients across the gut wall. It aids ■ Fever, p. 311. medicine as a result, for example ■ Digestive stimulant By the absorption of a wide range of ■ Weakened digestion, p. 319. Japanese gentian (G. scabra) and the stimulating the action of the stomach, ■ Gas & bloating, p. 306. Chinese qin jiao (G. macrophylla). many symptoms associated with weak digestion, such as gas, Key Constituents indigestion, and poor appetite, are relieved. Stomach and other ■ Bitter principles secretions are improved, which in (gentiopicroside, amarogentin) turn helps increase the absorption of nutrients. The herb also acts as a ■ Gentianose ■ Inulin ■ Phenolic acids www.ebook3000.com

GinkGo biloba Key medicinal plants Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) Ginkgo A deciduous tree with Ginkgo, Maidenhair Tree, Bai Guo (Chinese) one or several main trunks and spreading branches. It grows to 100 ft (30 m). Ginkgo is thought to be the oldest tree on the planet, Parts Used first growing about 190 million years ago. Though long used as a medicine in its native China, its therapeutic Leaves improve the circulation. actions have only recently been researched. The leaves They are used to make tinctures, (and their extract) are used to treat poor circulation and tablets, and fluid extract. to maintain a plentiful blood flow to the central nervous system. Ginkgo is also valuable for asthma and other allergic problems. Several clinical trials have found that Fresh leaf gingko proved useful as a treatment for dementia, including Alzheimer’s The husk of the disease, although some studies have ginkgo seed is found no positive benefit. Other removed before use research indicates possible use in conditions as varied as depression, Dried leaves glaucoma, and poor peripheral Ginkgo trees are widely cultivated for arterial blood flow. Seeds are prescribed by the their leaves, which are an excellent herbal ■ Anti-inflammatory action Chinese for urinary problems remedy for poor circulation and asthma. Ginkgo’s ability to reduce and wheezing. inflammation makes it valuable Habitat & Cultivation in conditions where nerve tissue Seeds is damaged by inflammation, for Native to China, ginkgo trees are example multiple sclerosis. Key Preparations & Their Uses grown in large-scale plantations in ■ Platelet activating factor China, France, and in South Carolina (PAF) Ginkgo inhibits PAF, a QCautions Do not exceed the dose. May cause toxic reactions if taken to excess. in the U.S. They produce green substance released by a range Take on professional advice if using blood-thinning medication. Restricted herb in to yellow fan-shaped leaves with of blood cells that causes the some countries. radiating veins, and round fruits blood to become stickier and about 3 cm (1 in) across. Leaves more likely to produce clots. Tincture of leaves (to make, Tablets Take for poor and fruit are harvested in autumn. p. 292). For poor circulation, take circulation and memory loss. Traditional & 1 tsp 2–3 times a day with water. Key Constituents Current Uses Decoction of the seeds is used by herbalists to treat wheezing. ■ Flavonoids ■ Chinese herbal medicine ■ Ginkgolides Ginkgo seeds are used to Fluid extract made from the fresh leaves is prescribed by medical herbalists ■ Bilobalides relieve wheezing and to lessen for asthma. phlegm. They are also given to Key Actions treat vaginal discharge, a weak taken daily by millions of people from nerve tissue and strengthen bladder, and incontinence. The middle age onward to maintain and the circulation. ■ Circulatory tonic leaves are traditionally used for improve cerebral circulation and the ■ Anti-inflammatory treating asthma. memory, and to reduce the possibility Self-help Uses ■ Anti-asthmatic ■ Western herbal medicine of a stroke. It is also a valuable ■ Anti-allergenic Western interest in ginkgo has medicine to take after a stroke, ■ Failing memory, p. 319. ■ Antispasmodic concentrated on the remarkable where it is thought to support ■ High blood pressure & ability of the leaves to improve Research the circulation, especially poor arteriosclerosis, p. 301. circulation to the brain, and the ■ Clinical trials Extensive research herb’s antiallergenic and anti- since the 1960s has established the inflammatory actions, which make importance of ginkgo in improving it a particularly useful herbal remedy poor cerebral circulation and aiding for the treatment of asthma. Ginkgo 100 memory and concentration. is a bestselling herbal medicine in France and Germany, where it is

Glycyrrhiza Gl abra Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae) Licorice Key medicinal plants A woody-stemmed Licorice perennial growing to 61⁄2 ft (2 m), with dark With a constituent—glycyrrhizic acid—that is 50 times Parts Used leaves and cream to sweeter than sugar, it is not surprising that licorice is mainly mauve flowers. thought of as a candy. Yet it is also one of the most valuable of all herbal medicines, a powerful anti- Root is harvested in inflammatory that is effective in conditions as varied autumn. It has valuable as arthritis and canker sores. It is among the most anti-inflammatory used herbs in European medicine, and has been properties. taken medicinally for several thousand years. Research Fresh root ■ Adrenal agent Research Dried root An extensive system shows that on being broken down of taproot, branch roots, Licorice has pealike flowers in summer. in the gut, glycyrrhizin has an anti- and runners can spread It is cultivated commercially for its roots. inflammatory and antiarthritic to 3 ft (1 m) action similar to hydrocortisone and Habitat & Cultivation other corticosteroid hormones. It Key Preparations & Their Uses stimulates production of hormones Licorice grows wild in southeastern by the adrenal glands and reduces QCautions Excessive doses can cause serious side effects, including high blood Europe and southwestern Asia, but it the breakdown of steroids by the pressure. Do not take large doses with high blood pressure. During pregnancy, or for is now extensively cultivated. It is liver and kidneys. long-term use, take on professional advice. propagated by dividing the roots in ■ Glycyrrhizin Research in Japan autumn or spring. The root of in 1985 showed that glycyrrhizin was Tincture (to make, p. 292). Dried juice stick Powder 3–4-year-old plants is unearthed in effective in the treatment of chronic For gastritis, add 1⁄2 tsp to 1/2 cup Chew for indigestion. Gently rub onto late autumn. hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. (100 ml) water and take twice a day. ■ Protective mucus Licorice as canker sores. Related Species a whole reduces stomach secretions but produces a thick protective Decoction For constipation, make a decoction (see p. 291) with Various Glycyrrhiza species are mucus for the lining of the stomach, 1 part licorice and 3 parts dandelion root. Drink 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) twice a day. used medicinally in a similar way making it a useful remedy in to licorice, for example the inflammatory stomach conditions. Fluid extract is prescribed for peptic ulcers. Chinese gan cao (G. uralensis). ■ Isoflavones The isoflavones are known to be estrogenic. Licorice ■ Adrenal stimulation Self-help Uses 101 Key Constituents is often used to treat menopausal Licorice stimulates the adrenal glands, symptoms, including hot flashes. helping in Addison’s disease, where ■ Constipation, p. 307. ■ Triterpene saponins the adrenal glands cease to function ■ Coughs & bronchitis, p. 310. (glycyrrhizin, up to 6%) Traditional & normally. ■ Loss of appetite Current Uses ■ Constipation Licorice is useful as ■ Isoflavones (liquiritin, a gentle laxative. & vomiting, p. 306. isoliquiritin, formononetin) ■ Traditional uses Licorice has ■ Canker sores, p. 306. long been valued for its medicinal ■ Oral thrush, p. 314. ■ Polysaccharides uses. It was taken in ancient Greece ■ Phytosterols for asthma, chest problems, and canker sores. Key Actions ■ Soothing herb Inflammatory conditions of the digestive system ■ Anti-inflammatory such as canker sores, gastritis, ■ Expectorant peptic ulceration, and excessive ■ Demulcent acid problems benefit from licorice’s ■ Adrenal agent demulcent and anti-inflammatory ■ Mild laxative properties, as do many chest complaints, arthritis, inflamed joints, and some skin problems. Licorice is also soothing for inflamed eyes. www.ebook3000.com

key medicinal plants Hamamelis virginiana Witch hazel A small deciduous Hamamelis virginiana (Hamamelidaceae) tree growing to16 ft (5 m), with coarsely Witch Hazel toothed, broadly oval leaves. Witch hazel was a traditional remedy of many Native Parts Used The leaves are odorless North American peoples. They used poultices soaked but have a bitter, in a decoction of bark to treat tumors and inflammations, Leaves and young twigs aromatic taste especially of the eye, and took the herb internally for are distilled to make hemorrhaging and heavy menstrual bleeding. European “witch hazel.” settlers in the 18th century soon came to value witch hazel for its astringency, and its use spread to Europe and beyond. Key Actions ■ Astringent ■ Anti-inflammatory ■ Stops external and internal bleeding Traditional & Current Uses ■ Established properties Witch Bark is used hazel contains large quantities of in tinctures Dried leaves tannins. These have a drying, and ointments astringent effect, causing the Witch hazel produces distinctive flowers in tightening up of proteins in the skin Fresh leaves winter followed by brown fruit capsules that, and across the surface of abrasions. when ripe, eject 2 seeds up to 13 ft (4 m) This creates a protective covering away from the tree. that increases resistance to Habitat & Cultivation inflammation and promotes healing Fresh bark Dried bark of broken skin. Witch hazel also Witch hazel is a woodland tree, appears to help damaged blood Key Preparations & Their Uses indigenous to Canada and eastern vessels beneath the skin. It is thought parts of the U.S. Today it is that this effect may be due to the QCaution If using internally, take only under professional supervision. commonly cultivated in Europe. flavonoids as well as to the tannins. The trees are grown from When witch hazel is distilled it retains hardwood cuttings or from seed, its astringency, suggesting that both of which are planted in astringent agents other than tannins autumn. The leaves are gathered are present. in summer and dried. The bark ■ Skin problems Witch hazel is harvested during the autumn is a very useful herb for inflamed and dried as quickly as possible in and tender skin conditions, such as Tincture of bark (to make, p. 292). Distilled witch hazel Dab onto insect the shade. eczema. It is mainly used where the Dilute 1 tbsp in 1/2 cup (100 ml) cold stings, sore skin, and broken veins. skin has not been significantly broken water and sponge onto varicose veins. Related Species and helps to protect the affected Ointment of bark (to make, area and prevent infection. p. 295). Apply to hemorrhoids European hazel (Corylus avellana) is ■ Damaged veins Witch hazel twice a day. a similar herb. It is used occasionally is valuable for damaged facial veins, in European herbal medicine as an varicose veins, and hemorrhoids, Infusion of the leaves (to make, p. 291). Use as a lotion (see p. 296) for broken astringent to treat diarrhea. The oil is veins and cysts. nutritious and can be used to treat and is an effective remedy for threadworms in children. bruises. Due to its astringent Witch hazel also makes an effective Self-help Uses Key Constituents properties, it helps to tighten eyewash for inflammation of the ■ Bruises, p. 304. distended veins and restore their eyes. Less commonly, it is taken ■ Cleansing wounds, p. 304. ■ Tannins (8–10%) normal structure. internally to alleviate diarrhea, ■ Eczema, p. 300. ■ Flavonoids ■ Other uses A lotion can be helping to tighten up the mucous ■ Hemorrhoids, p. 302. ■ Bitter principle applied to the skin for underlying membranes of the intestines, and ■ Skin rashes, p. 303. 102 ■ Volatile oil (leaves only) problems such as cysts or tumors. for bleeding of any kind. ■ Varicose veins, p. 302.

HarpagopHytum procumbens Devil’s claw key medicinal plants A trailing perennial, Harpagophytum procumbens (Pedaliaceae) reaching 5 ft (1.5 m) in length, with fleshy Devil’s Claw lobed leaves and barbed, woody fruit. The colorful name of this African plant is derived Parts Used from the appearance of its tough, barbed fruit. The medicinal properties of devil’s claw were first discovered Tuber is harvested in autumn by various southern African peoples, who used a and used in a variety of decoction of the tuber to treat digestive problems antiarthritic preparations. and arthritis. The herb is now widely available in pharmacies and health food stores in the West as a remedy for arthritis and rheumatism. Key Actions ■ Anti-inflammatory ■ Analgesic ■ Digestive stimulant ■ Antiarthritic Devil’s claw, found growing in the Transvaal, Research Chopped dried tuber has bright purple flowers in spring. ■ Anti-inflammatory French Sliced dried Habitat & Cultivation research (1992) indicated that tuber devil’s claw is anti-inflammatory, Devil’s claw is native to Namibia, but opinion is divided on its Key Preparations & Their Uses Botswana, and South Africa, where effectiveness in practice. it is a protected species due to over- ■ Pain relief There is some QCautions Do not take if suffering from gallstones or peptic ulcer. Do not take harvesting of wild plants. It thrives evidence to confirm devil’s claw’s during pregnancy. May interact with anticoagulants. in clay or sandy soils, preferring use as an analgesic as it seems to roadsides and open areas, especially be effective in easing the symptoms Decoction (to make, p. 291). Tincture (to make, p. 292). places where natural vegetation of joint pain. For rheumatism, simmer 1 tsp root For arthritis associated with has been cleared. Propagated from ■ Bitter The strongly bitter action in 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) water for 15 minutes. poor digestion, take 30 drops seed in spring, the young tubers of devil’s claw stimulates and tones Take in small doses over 1–2 days. are unearthed in autumn and cut the digestive system. Many arthritic with water twice daily. into pieces about 3⁄4 in (2 cm) long. conditions are associated with poor Care is taken not to mix the tubers, digestion and absorption of food, Tablets Take for arthritis which contain the active constituents, and the stimulant effect of this and rheumatism. with the roots, as this can render herb on the stomach and gallbladder the herb ineffective. contributes to its overall therapeutic relief from pain arising from a range Self-help Uses 103 value as an antiarthritic remedy. of joint and muscular problems, Related Species including gout, back pain, fibrositis, ■ Arthritis & inflamed joints, p. 313. Traditional & and rheumatoid arthritis. ■ Back pain due to joint Two related species, both growing Current Uses in Africa, are used medicinally in inflammation, p. 313. a more or less similar way to ■ African traditional remedy devil’s claw. Devil’s claw is used by various peoples in southern Africa, including the Key Constituents Khoisan and the Bantu. Traditionally it has been used as a tonic, especially ■ Iridoid glycosides for digestive problems; for arthritis (harpagoside) and rheumatism; to reduce fevers; and as an ointment for sores, ■ Sugars (stachyose) ulcers, and boils. ■ Phytosterols ■ Western uses Current Western ■ Flavonoids use of devil’s claw is broadly in line with its traditional application. It is commonly available over the counter in tablet form for arthritic and rheumatic conditions and can bring www.ebook3000.com

Humulus lupulus key medicinal plants Humulus lupulus (Cannabaceae) Hops A tall, climbing Hops perennial, growing to 23 ft (7 m). Hop The bitter taste of hops, which is well known to beer ■ Volatile oil (1% ), humulene plants are either male drinkers, largely accounts for this herb’s ability to strengthen ■ Flavonoids or female. and stimulate the digestion. Hops are also sedative and ■ Polyphenolic tannins make a valuable remedy for sleeplessness and excitability. ■ Estrogenic substances Traditional & When the plant was first used to brew beer in England in Current Uses the 16th century, it aroused great opposition: a petition Key Actions to Parliament described it as “a wicked weed” that would ■ Historical uses Hops feature “endanger the people.” ■ Sedative only occasionally in early herbals, ■ Soporific and the health benefits ascribed ■ Antispasmodic to them are similar to our ■ Aromatic bitter understanding today. ■ Sedative The herb is used mostly Hops have been cultivated for brewing Habitat & Cultivation Research for its sedative effect. A sachet placed beer since at least the 11th century. inside a bed pillow releases an aroma The bines (stems) are trained up raised Indigenous to Europe and Asia, ■ Bitter principles that calms the mind. Hops help to wire runners. hops flourish along roadsides and in The bitter principles as a whole reduce irritability and restlessness open areas. They are grown strongly stimulate the digestive and promote a sound night’s sleep. commercially throughout northern system, increasing the rate of ■ Tension Blended with other Europe and northern states of gastric and other secretions. A herbs, hops are good for stress, the U.S. Flowers of the female plant number of constituents, such as anxiety, tension, and headaches, (strobiles) are picked in early autumn lupulin, are sedative, though it is not though they should not be used and dried at a low temperature. yet entirely understood how they if depression is a factor. Their work. Lupulon and humulon antispasmodic action makes hops Related Species are antiseptic. useful for certain types of asthma ■ Other research The herb and for period pain. Hops are related to marijuana relaxes smooth muscle and has ■ Aid to digestion Hops are (Cannabis sativa, p. 181). been shown to have an estrogenic beneficial for the digestion, increasing effect. Some isolated constituents stomach secretions and relaxing Key Constituents are thought to depress central spasms and colic. nervous activity. ■ Bitter principles (lupulin containing Self-help Uses humulon, lupulon and valerianic acid) ■ Insomnia, p. 309. Parts Used Key Preparations & Their Uses Strobiles (female flowers) are leafy conelike QCaution Do not take if suffering from depression. catkins. Ripe strobiles may be used fresh but are more commonly dried for their sedative and bitter action. The strobiles develop Sachet Make a sachet with Infusion (to make, p. 291). at the end of bines that 100 g dried herb. Put inside For insomnia, drink 3⁄4 cup grow up to 13 ft (4 m) a pillow to aid sleep. (150 ml) at night. Dried strobiles Fresh strobiles Tablets usually contain other herbs. 104 Take for stress or sleeplessness. Tincture (to make, p. 292). For excessive anxiety, take 20 drops diluted in a glass of water 3 times a day. For digestive headaches, take 10 drops with water up to 6 times a day. Capsules (to make, p. 292). To stimulate the appetite, take a 300 mg capsule 2 times a day before meals.

Hydrastis canadensis Goldenseal key medicinal plants A small herbaceous Hydrastis canadensis (Ranunculaceae) perennial, with a thick yellow root and an Goldenseal erect stem growing to 1 ft (30 cm). Goldenseal is a North American remedy, prized during Parts Used the 19th century as a cure-all. The Cherokee and other Native Americans used it, mixed with bear fat, as an insect Rhizome contains alkaloids that repellent, and they also made it into a lotion for wounds, help to soothe and astringe the ulcers, and sore, inflamed eyes. It was given internally for mucous membranes. stomach and liver problems. Today it is employed as an astringent, antibacterial remedy for the mucous membranes of the body. Goldenseal is an unusual looking plant with Research Dried rhizome a single, red inedible fruit. ■ Alkaloids For an herb with Rhizome has a Habitat & Cultivation such a high medicinal reputation, characteristic golden there has been very little research Goldenseal grows wild in moist into its pharmacology, but it is yellow color mountainous woodland areas of known that goldenseal’s medicinal North America and prefers soil actions are due largely to the Fresh rhizome that is well covered with dead isoquinoline alkaloids. leaves. Due to excessive harvesting ■ Hydrastine Research in Key Preparations & Their Uses in the wild, instances of goldenseal Canada in the late 1960s showed in its natural habitat have become that hydrastine constricts the blood QCautions Toxic if taken to excess. Do not take if suffering from high blood pressure. very rare. In 1997 it was listed as an vessels and stimulates the autonomic Do not take during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Not suitable for children. endangered species, and so only nervous system. cultivated produce should be used. ■ Antibacterial Although this Capsules For gastritis, Tincture (to make, p. 292). Goldenseal is propagated by root herb’s mode of action and degree take a 300 mg capsule For excess mucus, take 20 drops division. Rhizomes from 3-year-old of effectiveness is not fully known, plants are dug up in the autumn and it has been found that the herb’s 3 times a day. with water 3 times a day. dried in the open air on cloth. constituents collectively have a stronger antibacterial activity than Powder is used to make capsules (see p. 292). Key Constituents berberine alone. ■ Berberine Berberine is bitter, Decoction (to make, p. 291). For sore throats, gargle 21⁄2 tbsp 3–4 times a day. ■ Isoquinoline alkaloids antibacterial, and amebicidal. (hydrastine, berberine, Recent research has established Infusion of powder (to make, p. 291). For yeast infections, apply 3⁄4 cup (150 ml). canadine) that it can be used to lower harmful blood-fat levels and stabilize blood wash or douche for vaginal yeast to absorb certain nutrients, notably 105 ■ Volatile oil glucose levels. and vaginal infections generally. B vitamins. ■ Resin ■ Canadine Research shows that The infusion is also valued as a ■ Gynecological uses this alkaloid stimulates the muscles remedy for psoriasis. Goldenseal helps to reduce heavy Key Actions of the uterus. ■ Digestive problems Taken menstrual bleeding and is used by internally, goldenseal increases herbal practitioners and midwives ■ Bitter tonic Traditional & digestive secretions, astringes the to help stop bleeding following ■ Anti-inflammatory Current Uses mucous membranes that line the gut, childbirth (postpartum hemorrhage). ■ Antibacterial and checks inflammation. It should Goldenseal stimulates the uterus and ■ Uterine stimulant ■ Mucous membranes Most not be taken for extended periods should not, therefore, be taken ■ Stops internal bleeding authorities agree that goldenseal of time as it reduces the gut’s capacity during pregnancy. is a potent remedy for disorders affecting mucous membranes of the body, notably of the eye, ear, nose, and throat, the stomach and intestines, and the vagina. ■ Countering infection As a dilute infusion, goldenseal can be used as an eyewash, as a mouthwash for infected gums, and as an extremely effective www.ebook3000.com

key medicinal plants Hypericum perforatum St. John’s wort An erect perennial Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae) growing to 32 in (80 cm), with bright St. John’s Wort yellow flowers in a flat-topped cluster. St. John’s wort flowers at the summer solstice. In medieval Parts Used Europe it was considered to have the power to protect Bright yellow petals against ill health and evil influences. Medicinally it was Flowering tops are have oil glands thought to heal wounds and “all down-heartedness.” In the picked when the containing hypericin 19th century the herb fell into disuse, but recent research flowers have opened. has brought it back into prominence as a key herb for nervous exhaustion and depression. It is now one of the most used herbal medicines in the world. A review in 2009 also concluded that the herb was helpful in treating severe depression. Research shows that St. John’s wort works on Fresh neurotransmitter levels (e.g. serotonin) flowering tops in several different ways. ■ Viral infection St. John’s wort extracts (particularly hypericin, the red pigment found in the petals and leaves) have strong antiviral activity, Fresh flowers notably against influenza, herpes, and hepatitis B and C. St. John’s wort was a folk remedy for insanity ■ Safety St. John’s wort rarely Dried flowering tops in the Middle Ages. causes side effects itself, but it does interact with certain Key Preparations & Their Uses Habitat & Cultivation conventional medicines, mostly St. John’s wort thrives in temperate increasing the rate at which they QCautions Can cause sensitivity to sunlight. Due to possible interactions, seek regions worldwide. It prefers a sunny are broken down by the liver. professional advice if taking a prescribed medicine, including blood thinners. site and well-drained, chalky soil. It This changes the amount of the Restricted in some countries. Do not combine with other antidepressants. can be grown from seed or by root drug present in the bloodstream, division in autumn. The flowering significantly reducing its Infused oil Make by tops are harvested in summer. effectiveness. In rare situations, steeping the herb this can be life threatening. in oil for 6 weeks Related Species (see p. 294). Dab Traditional & onto minor wounds A number of other Hypericum species Current Uses and burns. have a roughly similar medicinal action. Key Constituents ■ Nerve tonic The herb acts as a restorative and neuroprotective, ■ Phloroglucinols (hyperforin) helping to reverse long-term nervous Cream (to make, p. 296). For Tincture (to make, p. 292). ■ Polycyclic diones (hypericin) exhaustion and lowered mood. It cramps or neuralgia, rub onto For depression, take 1⁄2 tsp ■ Flavonoids can prove useful in seasonal affective the affected part. with water 3 times a day. Key Actions disorder and chronic anxiety, and Infusion (to make, p. 291), Drink 1/2 cup (100 ml) daily as a digestive tonic. improves sleep quality. ■ Antidepressant ■ Menopause The herb is ■ Anxiolytic considered a specific for the lowered commonly used to promote healing ■ Back pain, p. 313. ■ Antiviral mood that can accompany after surgery and minor burns. ■ Bites & stings, p. 303. ■ Wound healer menopause, often combined with The oil can be particularly helpful ■ Cold sores, chicken pox, & ■ Anti-inflammatory black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa, in relieving neuralgia—shingles, shingles, p. 304. Research p. 79) in such cases. sciatica, and toothache being ■ Depression & decreased vitality ■ Tissue healing The red infused common applications. due to menopause, p. 316. ■ Depression Clinical research oil has potent wound-healing Self-help Uses ■ Neuralgia, p. 308. since the 1970s has established St. properties and historically has been ■ Stiff & aching joints, p. 313. John’s wort as an effective treatment used to heal knife and stab wounds. ■ Anxiety, depression & tension, ■ Tired & aching muscles, 106 for mild to moderate depression. Nowadays, St. John’s wort oil is more p. 308. p. 312.

Inula helenIum Inula helenium (Asteraceae) Elecampane key medicinal plants A perennial growing Elecampane to 10 ft (3 m), with golden yellow, daisy- Prized by the Romans as a medicine and as a food, Parts Used like flowers and large, this herb derives its botanical name from Helen pointed leaves. of Troy, who, according to legend, was holding Root contains inulin, a elecampane in her hand when she set off with Paris mucilaginous (jelly-like) Sturdy to live with him in Troy. The root of the plant has substance that soothes flowering long been seen as a gently warming and tonic herb, and relieves coughing. stem and is particularly useful for chronic bronchitis and other chest problems. Key Actions Dried root ■ Expectorant Fresh root ■ Soothes coughing “Elecampane will the spirits sustain,” ■ Increases sweating Key Preparations & Their Uses is a medieval saying. It reflects the herb’s ■ Mildly bitter tonic properties. ■ Eliminates worms QCautions Can cause skin reactions. Do not take internally in pregnancy ■ Antibacterial or if breastfeeding. Habitat & Cultivation Research Decoction (to make, p. 291). Tincture (to make, p. 292). For bronchitis, Native to southeastern Europe For irritable coughs, take 1⁄3 cup mix 21⁄2 tbsp with 21⁄2 tbsp thyme tincture. and western Asia, elecampane ■ Inulin Inulin was first isolated now grows in many temperate from elecampane in 1804 and (75 ml) 2–3 times a day. Take 1 tsp 3 times a day. regions, including parts of the U.S. took its name from the herb. It It is also cultivated. Propagated has mucilaginous qualities that Syrup For coughs, make an infusion (see p. 291) and simmer until it has reduced from seed in spring or by root help soothe the bronchial linings. to half its volume, before adding the sugar or honey (to make, p. 293). Take 1–2 tsp division, it prefers moist, well-drained ■ Antimicrobial Alantolactone every 2 hours. ground. The root is unearthed in has been shown to have significant autumn, cut up, and then dried at activity against the tuberculosis ■ Chronic chest complaints digestion. It stimulates the appetite 107 a high temperature. mycobacterium. Researchers in Elecampane’s qualities have led to and relieves dyspepsia. It is a useful Ireland found that the root had its specific use for chronic bronchitis remedy for the treatment of worms. Related Species potent effect against MRSA, an and bronchial asthma. It is particularly ■ Infection In the past, elecampane antibiotic-resistant “superbug.” useful because it both soothes the was used in the treatment of Xuan fu hua (I. japonica) grows ■ Whole herb As a whole, the bronchial tube linings and is an tuberculosis. It works well with in China and Japan. Other relatives root has a stimulant, expectorant expectorant. In addition, the herb other antiseptic herbs and is given used medicinally include sunflower effect, encouraging the coughing is mildly bitter, helping recovery for infections such as tonsillitis. Its (Helianthus annuus), common up of mucus from the lungs. The by improving digestion and the restorative, tonic action complements fleabane (Pulicaria dysenterica), and volatile oil is known to be partly absorption of nutrients. its ability to counter infection. echinacea (Echinacea spp., p. 94). responsible for this and also for ■ Digestive problems the herb’s antiseptic properties. Elecampane has been taken Self-help Use Key Constituents traditionally as a tonic herb for the Traditional & ■ Coughs & bronchitis, p. 310. ■ Inulin (up to 44%) Current Uses ■ Volatile oil (up to 4%), ■ Chest infections Elecampane containing alantol has long been valued for its tonic, and sesquiterpene lactones strengthening effect on the (including alantolactone) respiratory system and for its ■ Triterpene saponins ability to resolve chest infections. ■ Phytosterols Its warming effect on the lungs, combined with its ability to gently stimulate the clearing of mucus from the chest, makes it safe for young and old. It can be used in almost all chest conditions, and is very useful when the patient is debilitated. www.ebook3000.com

key medicinal plants LavanduLa officinaLis Lavender A perennial shrub Lavandula angustifolia syn. L. officinalis (Lamiaceae) growing to 3 ft (1 m), with spikes of violet- Lavender blue flowers extending above the foliage. Lavender is an important relaxing herb, but it is better Parts Used known for its sweet-scented aroma than for its medicinal properties. It became popular as a medicine during the Flowers are late Middle Ages, and in 1620 it was one of the medicinal harvested toward herbs taken to the New World by the Pilgrims. It was the end of flowering, described by the herbalist John Parkinson (1640) as when the petals have being of “especiall good use for all griefes and paines begun to fade. of the head and brain.” ■ Neuroprotective Flowers contain ■ Antimicrobial high levels of volatile oil Lavender is widely cultivated for perfume Research Fresh and medicinal use. flowers ■ Lavender oil A 2014 clinical trial Habitat & Cultivation found lavender oil taken internally Dried flowers to be more effective than both a Native to France and the western placebo and a conventional tranquilizer Key Preparations & Their Uses Mediterranean, lavender is cultivated in relieving generalized anxiety. It also worldwide for its volatile oil. It is showed antidepressant activity. Other QCaution Do not take essential oil internally except under professional supervision. propagated from seed or cuttings studies have found similar benefits and needs a sunny position. The and tended to confirm relaxant, flowers are picked in the morning antidepressant, and gently sedative in high summer and are dried, or activity. The oil is thought to have low distilled to produce essential oil. toxicity and significant antibacterial and antifungal activity. Related Species ■ Flowers Lavender flowers and oil have similar properties. Although Spike lavender (L. spica) yields more little research has been conducted, oil than L. officinalis, but of an inferior it is likely the flowers have a quality. L. stoechas is used as an significantly greater carminative and antiseptic wash for wounds, ulcers, neuroprotective activity. Applied and sores in Spain and Portugal. externally, flower extracts are insecticidal and rubefacient (irritant Key Constituents and stimulating to the local circulation). ■ Volatile oil (up to 3%) Traditional & Tincture (to make, p. 292). Massage oil For headaches, combine containing over 40 constituents, Current Uses For insomnia, take 1⁄2 –1 tsp 20 drops with 1 tbsp carrier oil and including linalyl acetate (30–60%), cineole (10%), linalool, ■ Nervous system Lavender is well with water at night. apply (see p. 297). nerol, borneol known for its soothing and calming effect and is combined with other Essential oil Apply undiluted to insect stings. ■ Flavonoids sedative herbs to relieve sleeplessness, irritability, headaches, and migraine. Infusion (to make, p. 291) is a calming remedy for digestive problems. Key Actions It also helps to alleviate depression. For indigestion, take 1⁄3 cup (75 ml) twice a day. ■ Digestion Like many herbs ■ Antispasmodic with a significant volatile oil content, strongly antiseptic, helping to heal Self-help Uses ■ Relieves anxiety lavender soothes indigestion and burns, wounds, and sores. Rubbed 108 ■ Antidepressant colic, and relieves gas and bloating. onto insect stings, it relieves pain and ■ Back pain, p. 313. ■ Asthma Lavender’s relaxing effect inflammation, and can be used to treat ■ Bites & stings, p. 303. makes it helpful for some types of scabies and head lice. Massaging a few ■ Burns & sunburn, p. 309. asthma, especially where excessive drops on the temples eases headaches, ■ Earache, p. 312. nervousness is a feature. and five drops added to a bath at night ■ Headaches & migraine, p. 309. ■ Essential oil The oil is an relieves muscle tension, tones the ■ Insomnia, p. 309. invaluable first aid remedy. It is nervous system, and encourages sleep. ■ Neuralgia, p. 308. ■ Stiff & aching joints, p. 313.

Linum usitatissimum Linum usitatissimum (Linaceae) Flaxseed key medicinal plants A slender annual, to Flaxseed, Linseed 3 ft (1 m) tall, with narrow leaves, blue Flaxseed or linseed has been cultivated in the Middle Parts Used flowers, and spherical East for at least 7,000 years, and its seed and fiber seed capsules. have been put to innumerable uses—both medicinal and industrial—throughout history. Flaxseed has been Whole seeds gently shown to have very high levels of polyunsaturated support elimination essential fatty acids, making it valuable in maintaining and cleanse the colon. a healthy heart and circulation, and in preventing Cracked or ground chronic inflammatory diseases. seeds need to be used for other medicinal ■ Phytoestrogenic benefits. Golden ■ Cancer-fighting linseed varieties are usually preferred. Research Key Preparations & Their Uses ■ Omega-3 oils Flaxseed is QCaution Do not use immature seeds, which may be toxic. Store cracked or unusual in that it has very high levels ground seed in a closed container and keep in the fridge. of alpha-linolenic acid, an omega-3 Flaxseed is the best vegetable source polyunsaturated fatty acid, similar to Oil from the seed is convenient to use of omega-3 essential fatty acids. those most commonly found in fish but goes rancid easily. Take 1–2 tsp oils. Research indicates that omega-3 daily as a nutritional supplement. Habitat & Cultivation oils have significant anti-inflammatory activity. They also help to protect the Cracked or ground seed Take Originally native to temperate zones heart and circulation, and to reduce 1–2 tbsp daily with water to help in Europe and Asia, flaxseed is heart irregularities. The seed, rather now widely cultivated in temperate than the oil, helps to lower relieve menopausal symptoms. regions, including Canada and the cholesterol levels. U.S., Argentina, and northern Europe. ■ Cancer-fighting Ground flaxseed Flour is mixed with water and used as a poultice, and used in baking as a It is grown from seed in spring and appears to be specifically useful phytoestrogenic food during menopause. harvested when the seed is ripe in late against endometrial, breast, and summer or early autumn. prostate cancer: it is rich in omega-3 significant mucilage content, the applied to painful or tender boils and 109 oils, which are deficient in most seeds are also soothing and anti- carbuncles, softening the skin and Related Species Western diets; in lignans, which are inflammatory, reducing irritation drawing out the purulent material. phytoestrogenic and reduce the and inflammation in the gut in A Portuguese recipe recommends Purging flax (L. catharticum), native impact of estradiol (a potentially such conditions as colitis, irritable combining flaxseed oil with red to western Europe, is a purgative, harmful type of estrogen); and in bowel, and hemorrhoids. wine as an effective topical remedy but no longer used. mucilage and fiber, which prevent ■ Respiratory & urinary for wounds. reabsorption of unwanted estrogens disorders The seeds, which need ■ Menopause Adding flaxseed Key Constituents from the intestines. Flaxseed added to be split or ground up before being to the diet can support estrogen to the diet lowers PSA levels (used to swallowed, soothe the chest and, balance at menopause and reduce ■ Fixed oil (approximately 35%) measure prostate cancer risk) and to a lesser extent, the urinary tract. associated symptoms. Flax and other mostly alpha-linolenic acid thus is thought to protect against They have proved helpful in chronic seeds can be made into a (omega-essential fatty acid) prostate cancer. or paroxysmal coughs, bronchitis, and “menopause cake.” emphysema, and in urinary troubles ■ Protein (about 26%) Traditional & such as chronic cystitis. Self-help Uses ■ Fiber (about 14%) Current Uses ■ External uses A poultice of the ■ Mucilage (about 12%) crushed seeds or of flaxseed flour is ■ Constipation, p. 317. ■ Sterols ■ Laxative Flaxseed has mostly ■ Menopause, p. 316. ■ Lignans been used as a bulk laxative, especially valuable in chronic Key Actions constipation. The seeds soak up fluid in the gut, helping to make ■ Demulcent the stool softer and encouraging ■ Emollient easier bowel movements. They ■ Laxative should be taken with about 5 times their volume of water. With their www.ebook3000.com

LobeLia infLata key medicinal plants Lobelia inflata (Campanulaceae) Lobelia An annual growing Lobelia, Indian Tobacco to 20 in (50 cm), with lance-shaped leaves and pale blue, pink- tinged flowers. Lobelia is a powerful antispasmodic used for respiratory Parts Used and muscle disorders. In common with other Lobelia species, it was a traditional Native American remedy Aerial parts have for many conditions. It was used as a “puke weed” to important antispasmodic induce vomiting, as a remedy for worms and venereal properties and help relieve disease, and as an expectorant. Lobelia was also smoked respiratory complaints. as a substitute for tobacco, and was reputed to share some of its magical qualities. Key Actions ■ Respiratory stimulant ■ Antispasmodic ■ Expectorant ■ Induces vomiting ■ Increases sweating Fresh Traditional & Dried aerial parts aerial parts Current Uses Fresh leaves ■ Native American remedy Lobelia was a traditional Native Lobelia’s pale blue flowers were believed to American remedy with a wide range Key Preparations have magical properties and were used of applications. Its use was later & Their Uses to ward off ghosts. championed by the American herbalist Samuel Thomson (1769– Habitat & Cultivation 1843), who made the herb the RCautions Take only when prescribed by a medical herbalist mainstay of his therapeutic system or doctor and do not eat the fresh plant. Excessive ingestion An indigenous American plant, (see p. 27). He mainly used it to is rare (vomiting normally occurs first) but can be fatal. Restricted lobelia is found in much of North induce vomiting. herb in some countries. America, especially in eastern parts ■ Therapeutic properties The of the U.S. It grows by roadsides and whole herb is strongly antispasmodic. in neglected areas, and prefers acid The constituent lobeline stimulates soil. The aerial parts are harvested the respiratory center within the in early autumn, when the seed brain stem, producing stronger capsules are most numerous, and and deeper breathing. Laboratory are carefully dried. investigations during the 1990s Related Species suggest that lobeline has At least 4 other Lobelia species were antidepressant activity. Infusion is prescribed Tincture is given traditionally used by Native Americans. ■ Respiratory problems for bronchitis. to relieve asthma. A powerful antispasmodic and One, great lobelia (L. siphilitica), as its respiratory stimulant, lobelia is Tablets containing lobelia in Latin name suggests, was credited valuable for asthma, particularly combination with other herbs are by Native Americans and European bronchial asthma, and chronic used to treat bronchial asthma. settlers with the power to cure bronchitis. The herb helps to relax syphilis. Chinese lobelia (ban bian the muscles of the smaller bronchial lian, L. chinensis) is used in Chinese tubes, thereby opening the airways, ■ External applications Some combination with cayenne, lobelia has herbal medicine mainly as a diuretic stimulating breathing, and promoting constituents, especially lobeline, been used as a chest and sinus rub. and for snake bite. the coughing up of phlegm. In the break down rapidly in the body, and ■ Tobacco addiction Key Constituents Anglo-American herbal tradition, lobelia is often most effective applied The piperidine alkaloids, especially lobelia has always been combined externally. Its antispasmodic action lobeline, have similar chemical ■ Piperidine alkaloids (6%)— with cayenne (Capsicum frutescens, helps to relax muscles, particularly effects to nicotine, found in tobacco principally lobeline, but p. 74); the heating, stimulant action smooth muscle, making it useful for (Nicotiana tabacum, p. 240), and many others present helps to push blood into areas that sprains, and back problems where lobelia is employed by herbalists 110 ■ Carboxylic acids lobelia has relaxed. muscle tension is a key factor. In to help patients give up smoking.

Lycium chinense Lycium chinense syn. L. barbarum (Solanaceae) Goji berry key medicinal plants A deciduous shrub Goji Berry, Chinese Wolfberry growing to 13 ft (4 m), with bright green leaves and scarlet berries. Goji berry is a major Chinese tonic herb, first Parts Used mentioned in the Divine Husbandman’s Classic (Shen’nong Bencaojing) written in the 1st century ce. Root is used in preparations Traditionally it is believed to promote long life—a to relieve fevers. Chinese herbalist, said to have lived for 252 years, ascribed his longevity to tonic herbs, including goji berry. Today, both the berries and the root have a wide range of medicinal uses. Research Fresh root ■ Immune modulation Research that has been carried out Dried root Fresh over the past 30 years indicates goji berries berry supports immune function, in Berries can be eaten on sprig part countering the reduction of raw or dried, or used white blood cell production resulting in cooking, e.g. soups. from aging. It also appears to Goji berry produces berries that are prevent infection by preventing Dried a blood tonic. bacteria and viruses from attaching berries to cell membranes, particularly in Habitat & Cultivation the liver. The polysaccharides have Key Preparations cancer-fighting activity. & Their Uses Goji berry grows throughout much ■ Zeaxanthin This compound, of China and Tibet, and is cultivated occurring in higher concentration QCautions Avoid during pregnancy. It can interact extensively across central and in goji berry than any other food, with some prescribed medicines: do not take with warfarin. northern China. It is grown from is taken as a supplement to support seed in autumn. The root can be eyesight and the health of the retina. Decoction of the unearthed at any time of the year, It is thought to protect against age- root (to make, but is most commonly harvested related macular degeneration. p. 291). For fevers, take in spring. The berries are picked in ■ Tonic and neuroprotective 1/2 cup (100 ml) daily. late summer or early autumn. Several clinical trials in China have found that goji berry juice promotes Tincture of the root Making a decoction with berries Key Constituents general well-being, reducing signs (to make, p. 292). For Chop dried berries and simmer of fatigue, weakness, depression, coughs and wheezing, (see p. 291). For poor eyesight, ■ Beta-sitosterol and stress. In early-stage research, take 1⁄2 tsp diluted with Berries only: goji berry has shown promise as a water 3 times a day. take 1/2 cup (100 ml) daily. ■ Polysaccharides neuroprotective agent, and seems ■ Betaine to act within the brain to prevent importance in the elderly is the diet of anyone seeking to keep 111 ■ Sterols some aspects of the degenerative gradually being endorsed by research. healthy in their later years. A small ■ Carotenoids—mostly zeaxanthin processes associated with Combined effects that protect handful of berries taken on a daily ■ Vitamins B1, B12, and C Alzheimer’s disease. immune, liver, cardio-vascular, and basis (eaten raw or as part of a larger Root only: brain function from deterioration dish) makes a useful contribution to ■ Cinnamic acid Traditional & suggest that goji berry has a place in long term good health. ■ Psyllic acid Current Uses Key Actions ■ Circulation In China, goji berry is taken as a blood tonic and to ■ Tonic improve the circulation. It is also ■ Protects liver taken in order to help lower blood ■ Neuroprotective pressure and treat a range of ■ Lowers blood pressure symptoms that include dizziness ■ Anti-aging and tinnitus. ■ Slowing aging The traditional use of goji berry as a tonic of key www.ebook3000.com

key medicinal plants Melaleuca alternifolia Tea tree An evergreen reaching Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) 23 ft (7 m), with layers of papery bark, Tea Tree pointed leaves, and white flower spikes. Tea tree, and in particular its essential oil, is one of the Parts Used Leaves have a most important natural antiseptics. Useful for stings, strong aroma burns, wounds, and skin infections of all kinds, the herb Leaves have high levels of a when crushed merits a place in every medicine chest. Tea tree is native strongly antiseptic volatile oil to Australia and is a traditional remedy of the Aborigines. and are used in preparations for Its therapeutic properties were first researched during skin problems and infections. the 1920s, and it is now widely used in Europe and the U.S., as well as in Australia. ■ Antifungal ■ Antiviral ■ Immune stimulant Research Fresh leaves ■ Antiseptic properties Tea tree essential oil was first researched in 1923 in Australia. Since the 1960s it has been intensively investigated, Dried leaves and its antiseptic properties are well established. Clinical trials, mainly Tea tree provides one of the most effective in Australia, have shown that it is Key Preparations natural antiseptics. effective at treating a broad range & Their Uses of infectious conditions, especially Habitat & Cultivation fungal and skin problems such as QCaution Do not take the vaginal yeast, acne, and warts. essential oil internally except Tea tree is native to Australia, ■ Active constituents One of under professional supervision. flourishing in moist soils in northern the most important constituents is New South Wales and Queensland. known to be terpinen-4-ol, which Cream Add 5 drops It is now cultivated extensively, is significantly antiseptic and well essential oil to 1 tsp especially in New South Wales. tolerated by the skin. The oil also base cream and apply Tea tree is grown from cuttings contains cineol, which can irritate to pimples 3 times in summer. The leaves and small the skin. The cineol content varies— a day. branches are picked throughout poor-quality oil has more than the year and distilled to produce 10%; in some cases up to 65%. essential oil. Traditional & Current Uses Related Species Other Melaleuca species that provide ■ Traditional remedy Tea tree is valuable essential oils include cajuput a traditional Aboriginal remedy. The (M. leucadendron, p. 233), broad- leaves are crushed and either inhaled Infusion (to make, p. 291). For chronic Essential oil Add 3 drops leaved paperbark tree (M. viridiflora) or used in infusions for coughs, colds, infections, infuse 1⁄2 tsp herb in 3⁄4 cup to 12 drops carrier oil and and M. linariifolia, the essential oil of and skin infections. (150 ml) of water. Take twice a day. dab onto athlete’s foot. which is very similar to tea tree. ■ Skin problems Tea tree can be Pessaries (to make, p. 297). For vaginal infections, insert one a day. applied to skin infections such as Key Constituents athlete’s foot and ringworm, as well ■ Volatile oil containing terpinen-4- as to corns, warts, acne, and boils, ■ Oral infections The herb is infections. It may be used as a pessary ol (40%), gamma-terpinene (24%), infected burns, wounds, insect bites effective in mouthwashes, countering or can be diluted in a carrier cream alpha-terpinene (10%), cineo (5%) and stings, and other skin conditions. oral infection and gum disease, and and then applied. (percentages are variable). ■ Chronic infections Tea tree may it can also be used as a gargle for Self-help Uses be taken internally as a treatment for sore throats. Key Actions chronic, and some acute, infections, ■ Vaginal infections Tea tree is ■ Acne & boils, p. 305. ■ Antiseptic notably cystitis, glandular fever, and an excellent remedy for vaginal ■ Athlete’s foot, p. 304. 112 ■ Antibacterial chronic fatigue syndrome. irritation and infection, including yeast ■ Vaginal yeast infection, p. 314.

Melissa officinalis Melissa officinalis (Lamiaceae) Lemon balm key medicinal plants A perennial growing Lemon Balm, Melissa to 5 ft (1.5 m), with tiny white flowers and deeply veined, toothed leaves. In writing that “Balm is sovereign for the brain, Parts Used strengthening the memory and powerfully chasing away melancholy,” John Evelyn (1620–1706) neatly Aerial parts are used in a variety summarized lemon balm’s long tradition as a tonic of preparations as a calming remedy. remedy that raises the spirits and comforts the heart. Today, this sweet-smelling herb is still widely valued for Leaves produce its calming properties, and new research shows that it a lemon scent can help significantly in the treatment of cold sores. when crushed Research Dried aerial parts Fresh aerial parts ■ Volatile oil German research Lemon balm’s botanical name, Melissa, has shown that the volatile oil, and in Key Preparations comes from the Greek for bee and refers to particular citral and citronellal, calm & Their Uses the great attraction the plant holds for bees. the central nervous system. The oil is also strongly antispasmodic. QCaution Do not take the essential oil internally Habitat & Cultivation ■ Polyphenols Polyphenols are except under professional supervision. antiviral. In particular, they combat the Native to southern Europe, western herpes simplex virus, which produces Asia, and northern Africa, lemon cold sores. In one research study, the balm now grows throughout the average healing time of cold sores was world. The plant is propagated from halved to about 5 days and the time seed or cuttings in spring. The aerial between outbreaks doubled. parts are picked from early summer ■ Thyroid Lemon balm inhibits onward and are best harvested thyroid function. just before the flowers open, when the concentration of volatile oil is Traditional & Essential oil For shingles, add 5 drops at its highest. Current Uses to 1 tsp olive oil and massage the painful area gently (see p. 297). Key Constituents ■ Traditional uses This herb has always been taken to lift the spirits. Infusion (to make, p. 291). Tincture (to make, p. 292). For ■ Volatile oil up to 0.2% (citral, Taken regularly, it was believed to For nervous headaches, drink anxiety and mild depression, take caryophyllene oxide, linalool, encourage longevity. Other traditional 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) 3 times a day. 1⁄2 tsp with water 3 times a day. and citronellal) uses include healing wounds, relieving palpitations and relaxing the heart, Lotion For cold sores, make an infusion (see p. 291) and apply ■ Flavonoids and treating toothache. regularly (see p. 296). ■ Triterpenes ■ Modern relaxing tonic Lemon ■ Polyphenols balm is a relaxing tonic for anxiety, Juice Apply as needed to cuts and scrapes. ■ Tannins mild depression, restlessness, and irritability. It reduces feelings of Ointment (to make, p. 295). Apply to insect stings. Key Actions nervousness and panic and will often quiet a racing heart, being ■ Other uses Lemon balm is a ■ Cold sores, chicken pox, 113 ■ Relaxant a valuable remedy for palpitations first-aid remedy for cuts and insect & shingles, p. 304. ■ Antispasmodic of a nervous origin. Lemon balm stings and is good for fevers. ■ Increases sweating is also useful when too much anxiety ■ Flu with muscle aches ■ Carminative is causing digestive problems such as Self-help Uses & pains, p. 311. ■ Antiviral indigestion, acidity, nausea, bloating, ■ Nerve tonic and colicky pains. ■ Anxiety, depression, ■ Nausea due to emotional ■ Cold sores Lemon balm relieves & tension, p. 308. problems, p. 306. cold sores and reduces the chances of further outbreaks. ■ Stomachache, p. 305. ■ Hormonal herb Following the discovery of its antithyroid effect, the herb is given to people with an overactive thyroid. www.ebook3000.com

Mentha x piperita key medicinal plants Mentha x piperita (Lamiaceae) Peppermint A strongly aromatic, Peppermint square-stemmed annual, growing to 32 in (80 cm) with serrated leaves. Peppermint’s origin is a mystery, but it has been in Parts Used existence for a long time—dried leaves were found in Egyptian pyramids dating from around 1000 bce. Aerial parts are distilled It was highly valued by the Greeks and Romans, but for their volatile oil and used only became popular in Western Europe in the 18th in a variety of preparations. century. Peppermint’s chief therapeutic value lies in its ability to relieve gas, flatulence, bloating, and colic, though it has many other applications. Peppermint is cultivated in many parts of Research Dried aerial parts the world for its oil. ■ Volatile oil Research has shown Leaves have high that the volatile oil is strongly levels of volatile oil, antibacterial. Menthol (a constituent which has important of the oil) is antiseptic, antifungal, digestive properties cooling, and anesthetic to the skin, although it is also an irritant. Fresh aerial parts ■ Whole herb The whole plant has an antispasmodic effect on the Key Preparations digestive system. Clinical trials in & Their Uses Denmark and the UK during the 1990s have confirmed its value QCautions Do not give peppermint to children in the treatment of irritable under 5. The essential oil is best taken internally bowel syndrome. on the advice of a healthcare practitioner; it is not suitable for children under 12. Habitat & Cultivation Traditional & Current Uses Lotion made with Peppermint is grown commercially infusion (see p. 296). and in gardens throughout Europe, ■ Digestive problems Apply to irritated skin. Asia, and North America. It is Peppermint is excellent for the propagated from seed in spring and digestive system, increasing the Essential oil Dilute to Infusion (to make, is harvested just before it flowers flow of digestive juices and bile 2% (see p. 297) and p. 291). To improve in summer, in dry sunny weather. and relaxing the gut muscles. It dab onto temples to digestion, drink 3⁄4 cup reduces nausea, colic, cramps, and (150 ml) after meals. Related Species gas, and soothes an irritated bowel. ease headaches. In soothing the lining and muscles Peppermint is a hybrid of watermint of the colon, it helps diarrhea and (M. aquatica) and spearmint relieves a spastic colon (often the (M. spicata), which have similar, though cause of constipation). milder, therapeutic properties. ■ Pain relief Applied to the skin, peppermint relieves pain and Key Constituents reduces sensitivity. It also relieves headaches and migraines linked to ■ Volatile oil (up to 1.5%), digestive weakness. including menthol (35–55%), ■ Infection Diluted oil is used as an menthone (10–40%) inhalant and chest rub for respiratory infections. The whole herb is ■ Flavonoids (luteolin, important for digestive infections. menthoside) ■ Phenolic acids ■ Triterpenes Key Actions Self-help Uses Tincture mixed with other herbs, is prescribed mainly for digestive problems. Capsules are prescribed for irritable bowel syndrome. ■ Antispasmodic ■ Digestive headaches, p. 309. ■ Eczema, p. 300. ■ Stimulates sweating ■ Nausea with headache, p. 306. ■ Neuralgia, p. 308. ■ Antimicrobial ■ Gas & bloating, p. 306. ■ Analgesic 114 ■ Carminative

Myristica fragrans Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae) Nutmeg tree key medicinal plants An evergreen tree Nutmeg & Mace, Rou Dou Kou (Chinese) growing to 39 ft (12 m), with aromatic leaves and clusters of small yellow flowers. Nutmeg and mace both come from the nutmeg tree Parts Used Fresh, and have very similar medicinal properties. They scarlet aril are infrequently used in the West because of their Aril (mace) surrounds toxicity at high dosages, but nonetheless are important the seed casing. It is used in medicines, employed principally to stimulate cooking and as a medicine. digestion and to treat infections of the digestive tract. Nutmeg also has long been valued as an aphrodisiac Aril (mace) and as a remedy for eczema and rheumatism. turns yellow as it dries ■ Prevents vomiting ■ Stimulant Mace: ■ Stimulant ■ Carminative Traditional & Woody seed Fruit with Current Uses casing containing seed and aril kernel (nutmeg) ■ Digestive problems Nutmeg essential oil has an anesthetic and Dried seed and aril stimulating effect on the stomach Nutmeg and mace are cultivated and intestines, increasing appetite Seed kernel (nutmeg) Dried seed commercially in the tropics. and reducing nausea, vomiting, and is a stimulant remedy for kernel (nutmeg) diarrhea. It is a helpful remedy for intestinal infections and Habitat & Cultivation many digestive problems, especially rheumatic conditions. In gastroenteritis. China, nutmeg is known Native to the Molucca Islands of ■ Sleep aid Though nutmeg is as rou dou kou. Indonesia, nutmeg trees are now a stimulant, it has narcotic and widely cultivated. They are propagated anticonvulsant properties and Key Preparations & Their Uses from seed, sown when ripe. The can be successfully used at low tree yields fruit after about 8 years, dose (a pinch of powder will do) QCaution Take the essential oil internally only under professional supervision. and can continue to fruit for over as a sleep aid for short- or long-term Do not take more than 3 g of either herb a day. Do not use during pregnancy. 60 years. The fruit is picked when sleep problems. Laboratory studies ripe and the nutmeg and mace are also indicate that nutmeg has Powdered mace is Grated nutmeg For separated and dried. antidepressant activity. prescribed to treat eczema, mix 2 tsp ■ Aphrodisiac In India, nutmeg gas and bloating. with a little water Key Constituents has a long reputation as an into a paste and apply. aphrodisiac. It is believed to Nutmeg: increase sexual stamina. Essential oil of Infusion For gastroenteritis, ■ Volatile oil (up to 15%), ■ External uses Ointments based nutmeg is occasionally add a pinch of nutmeg on the fixed oil (nutmeg butter) are used by herbalists to to 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) of including alpha-pinene, used to treat rheumatic conditions. peppermint infusion (see beta-pinene, alpha-terpinene, They have a counterirritant effect, treat vomiting. p. 291). Take 3 times a day. beta-terpinene, myristicin, stimulating blood flow to the area. elincin, safrole In India, nutmeg is ground into a Ointment made from fixed oil (nutmeg butter). For rheumatic conditions, 115 ■ Fixed oil (“nutmeg butter”), paste and applied directly to areas apply several times a day. myristine, butyrin of eczema and ringworm. Mace: ■ Safety Low medicinal doses and ■ Volatile oil (similar to nutmeg culinary amounts of nutmeg and mace but with a higher concentration are safe. In excess, however, the herbs of myristicin) are strongly stimulant, hallucinogenic, and toxic. The consumption of just Key Actions two whole nutmegs has been known to cause death. Nutmeg: ■ Carminative ■ Relieves muscle spasms www.ebook3000.com

Ocimum tenuiflOrum key Medicinal plants Ocimum tenuiflorum syn. O. sanctum (Lamiaceae) Holy basil An aromatic annual Holy Basil, Tulsi (Hindi) growing to about 28 in (70 cm), with small, purple-red or white flowers. Holy basil, like sweet (culinary) basil, comes from India, Parts Used where it is revered as the herb sacred to the goddess Lakshmi, wife of Vishnu, the god who preserves life. Tulsi Aerial parts are tonic and means “matchless,” and the herb has very important invigorating and have a wide medicinal properties—notably its ability to reduce blood- range of other properties. sugar levels. In Indian herbal medicine, holy basil has a wide range of uses, relieving fevers, bronchitis, asthma, Leaves are serrated and stress, and mouth ulcers. covered in fine hairs ■ Reduces fever ■ Adaptogenic ■ Anti-inflammatory Holy basil is so called because it is often Research Dried aerial parts planted around temples and courtyards Fresh aerial parts in India. ■ Diabetes Research into holy basil’s ability to reduce blood-sugar levels, Key Preparations & Their Uses Habitat & Cultivation and thus help diabetes, has been going on for some decades. It has QCautions Do not take during pregnancy. Do not take if trying to conceive. Holy basil is native to India and other now been established as a useful tropical regions of Asia. It is also medicine for some types of diabetes. grown extensively in Central and ■ Indian research Research in South America, mainly for its India has shown that holy basil medicinal properties. Holy basil can helps lower blood pressure and has be grown from seed and is often anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, and cultivated as a potted plant. The fever-reducing properties. Preliminary aerial parts are picked before the research also indicates that the herb flowers open, in early summer. strengthens immune resistance, protects against radiation, has Related Species anticancer properties, and inhibits sperm production. The familiar culinary species, sweet basil (O. basilicum, p. 241), Traditional & Juice For skin infections, apply 1/2 tbsp Decoction (to make, p. 291) is a close relative. Current Uses to the affected part twice a day. is used for fevers and as a tonic. Take 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) daily as a Key Constituents ■ Traditional use Holy basil has always been considered to be general tonic. ■ Volatile oil (1%) including a tonic, invigorating herb, useful for eugenol (70–80%) improving vitality. Powder For mouth ulcers, rub ■ Ayurvedic remedy In Ayurvedic powder gently into sore areas ■ Flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin) medicine, holy basil is chiefly employed several times a day. ■ Triterpene (ursolic acid) for fevers. A classical Indian recipe ■ Polyphenols mixes holy basil, black pepper (Piper ■ Diabetic remedy The herb’s ■ Other uses Juice is extracted and ■ Saponins nigrum, p. 250), ginger (Zingiber ability to help stabilize blood-sugar applied to insect bites, ringworm, officinale, p. 155), and honey in a levels makes it useful in the treatment and skin diseases. It is also used as Key Actions remedy that prevents infection and of diabetes. ear drops for ear infections. Juice or controls high fever. ■ Respiratory problems Holy powdered herb helps mouth ulcers ■ Antispasmodic ■ Heart & stress Holy basil basil is valuable for respiratory to heal. ■ Analgesic is thought to have an affinity with infections, especially colds, coughs, 116 ■ Lowers blood-sugar levels the heart, protecting it from stress bronchitis, and pleurisy. It also Self-help Use and lowering blood pressure and treats asthma. cholesterol levels. It has a reputation ■ Bites & stings, p. 303. for reducing stress and is regarded as adaptogenic—helping the body to adapt to new demands and stresses.

Paeonia lactiflora Paeonia lactiflora syn. P. albiflora (Paeoniaceae) White peony key Medicinal plants An upright perennial, White Peony, Chinese Peony, Bai Shao Yao (Chinese) growing to 61⁄2 ft (2 m), with large white White peony’s history of medicinal use in China Parts Used flowers and divided, stretches back for at least 1,500 years. It is known dark green leaves. most widely as one of the herbs used to make “Four Root has important Things Soup,” a female tonic, and it is also a remedy tonic and pain-relieving Root has for gynecological problems and for cramps, pain, and properties. It is boiled antispasmodic dizziness. Traditionally, it is considered that women and dried for use in a properties who take the herb on a regular basis become as wide range of radiant as the flower itself. preparations. Research Dried root ■ Paeoniflorin White peony Fresh root has significant anti-inflammatory White peony is cultivated for its root, which and antispasmodic properties, and Key Preparations & Their Uses is a hormonal tonic, and for its flowers. preclinical research indicates that its traditional use for problems such QCaution Do not take during pregnancy. Habitat & Cultivation as rheumatoid arthritis is justified. Paenoniflorin, the constituent most Dong quai White peony is cultivated throughout responsible for these effects, is also northeastern China and Inner thought to lower blood pressure Decoction (to make, p. 291) helps relieve Rehmannia Mongolia. It is propagated from seed and support blood flow to the heart. period pain, heavy bleeding, and other in spring, or from root cuttings taken ■ Polycystic ovary syndrome menstrual disorders. To relieve period in winter. The root of 4- or 5-year- (PCOS) White peony has a pain, take 1⁄3 cup (75 ml) 3 times a day. old plants is harvested in spring hormone-balancing activity that helps or autumn. to reverse the symptoms of PCOS, Four things soup (to make, White peony which include irregular menstruation see p. 315). Drink 3⁄4 cup Related Species and infertility. In combination with (150 ml) daily as a general tonic. licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra, p. 101) it P. suffructicosa, also commonly has been shown to support regular Chuan xiong used in East Asian herbal ovulation and to lower the raised medicine, and peony (P. officinalis, testosterone levels that typically the most widely used female tonic (see pp. 40–41) and will help “blood 117 p. 243), a European species, occur in PCOS. in China. deficiency” states, as well as hot have broadly similar properties ■ Supports cognition There is ■ Gynecological remedy White flashes and night sweats. to white peony. accumulating evidence that white peony helps menstrual disorders, peony supports mental function, including heavy bleeding and Self-help Uses Key Constituents including spatial awareness and bleeding between periods, and is memory. Although no clinical specifically used to treat period pain ■ Heavy menstrual bleeding, p. 315. ■ Monoterpenoid glycosides trials have yet been published, and cramps. It is a blood and yin tonic ■ Hot flashes & night sweats, p. 316. (paeoniflorin, albiflorin) white peony appears to have a ■ Period pain, p. 315. strong neuroprotective effect ■ Benzoic acid within the brain. ■ Pentagalloyl glucose ■ Cold sores Pentagalloyl glucose may have an antiviral action against Key Actions the cold sore virus, herpes simplex. ■ Antispasmodic Traditional & ■ Anti-inflammatory Current Uses ■ Enhances cognition ■ Lowers blood pressure ■ Four Things Soup White peony is regarded primarily as a women’s herb. Together with rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa, p. 125), chuan xiong (Ligusticum wallachii), and dong quai (Angelica sinensis, p. 63), it is an ingredient in “Four Things Soup,” www.ebook3000.com

Panax ginseng key medicinal plants Panax ginseng (Araliaceae) Ginseng A perennial growing Ginseng, Chinese Ginseng, Ren Shen (Chinese) to 3 ft (1 m), with oval, toothed leaves and a cluster of small green- yellow flowers. Ginseng is the most famous Chinese herb of all. It has Parts Used been prized for its remarkable therapeutic benefits for about 7,000 years, and was so revered that wars were Root is harvested after 4 years, fought for control of the forests in which it thrived. An when the active constituents are Arabian physician brought ginseng back to Europe in most concentrated. the 9th century, yet its ability to improve stamina and resistance to stress became common knowledge in In China, dried the West only from the 18th century. root is chewed to provide an energy boost Research ■ Adaptogen Ginseng has been researched in detail over the last 50 years in China, Japan, Korea, Russia, and many other countries. Its remarkable adaptogenic quality (helping the body adapt to stress, fatigue and cold) has been confirmed. Dried root Trials show that ginseng significantly improves the body’s capacity to cope with hunger, extremes of temperature, and mental and emotional stress. Ginseng has always been valued as a tonic ■ Hormonal support The Fresh root in old age. ginsenosides, which are similar in structure to the body’s own Habitat & Cultivation hormones, can be adapted within the Ginseng is native to northeastern body to tone up deficient hormonal Key Preparations & Their Uses China, eastern Russia, and North states. Clinical trials support the root’s Korea, but is now extremely rare in traditional use by men, as they age, QCautions Do not exceed dose (can cause insomnia and high blood pressure). Take the wild. Ginseng cultivation requires to maintain vitality and virility. There on professional advice if using blood-thinning medication. Young healthy adults should not great skill. It is propagated from seed in is also evidence it helps with both take ginseng more than 6 weeks. Avoid caffeine while taking it. Do not take if pregnant. spring and requires rich, well-drained impotence and erectile dysfunction. soil. The plant takes at least 4 years to Research indicates that ginseng Capsules For nervous exhaustion, take a 500 mg mature. The root is then normally is equally valuable for women and is capsule once a day. harvested in autumn and washed a useful medicine at menopause and and steamed before being dried. beyond, aiding hot flashes and Related Species lowered mood, and improving sexual arousal. San qi (P. notoginseng, p. 243), ■ Other research Ginseng P. pseudoginseng, and American increases immune function and Soup is a common way of ginseng (P. quinquefolium, p. 243) resistance to infection and improves taking ginseng in China. Add all have significant benefits. liver function. Ginseng is a key herb 1 g dried root per portion in maintaining health and quality of of vegetable soup. Take daily. Key Constituents life in those with cancer. Tablets are a convenient way of taking ginseng. Take for short-term stressful events, such as moving a household. ■ Triterpenoid saponins (0.7–3%), Traditional & ginsenosides—at least 25 have Current Uses from late middle age onward, helping Self-help Uses been identified ■ Chinese remedy In China, ■ Acetylenic compounds ■ Panaxans ginseng is best known as a stimulant, them endure the long hard winters. ■ Impotence & premature ■ Sesquiterpenes tonic herb for athletes and those ■ Western tonic In the West, ejaculation, p. 316. Key Actions subject to physical stress, and as a ginseng is viewed not so much as a ■ Maintaining vitality, p. 319. male aphrodisiac. It is also a tonic for medicine, but as a life-enhancing tonic. ■ Poor sleep & nervous ■ Adaptogen old age, and is traditionally taken by It is useful for those coping with exhaustion, p. 309. 118 ■ Tonic people in northern and central China stressful events, such as taking exams. ■ Short-term stress, p. 308.

Passiflora incarnata Passiflora incarnata (Passifloraceae) Passionflower key medicinal plants A climbing vine Passionflower, Passiflora, Maypop growing to 30 ft (9 m), with 3-lobed leaves, Passionflower’s name comes from its beautiful flowers, Parts Used ornate flowers, and thought to represent Christ’s crucifixion—5 stamens egg-shaped fruit. for the 5 wounds, 3 styles for the 3 nails, and white and purple-blue colors for purity and heaven. The herb Aerial parts are picked as has valuable sedative and tranquilizing properties and needed for relaxing infusions. has a long use as a medicine in Central and North American herbal traditions, being taken in Mexico for insomnia, epilepsy, and hysteria. Passionflower was used by the Algonquin Key Actions Fresh people of North America as an herbal flower tranquilizer. ■ Sedative ■ Antispasmodic Dried aerial Habitat & Cultivation ■ Tranquilizing parts Fresh Native to the southern U.S. Research aerial parts (Virginia, Texas, and Tennessee) and to Central and South America, ■ Tranquilizing properties Key Preparations & Their Uses passionflower is now extensively Pharmacological research shows the cultivated in Europe, notably in herb to have sedative, tranquilizing, QCautions Passionflower can cause drowsiness. Do not take high doses Italy, as well as in North America. and sleep-inducing properties. A 2001 in pregnancy. It is propagated from seed in spring clinical trial found that passionflower and needs plenty of sun. The aerial was as effective in relieving anxiety as Tincture (to make, p. 292) is a useful Infusion (to make, p. 291). For parts are gathered when the plant oxazepam, a conventional tranquilizer, sedative for an overactive mind. occasional sleeplessness, drink up is flowering or in fruit. and had fewer reported side effects. Take 1 tsp with water daily. to 11⁄2 cups (300 ml) during the evening. A clinical study in 2011 found Related Species improvement in subjective sleep quality Tablets are a common over-the-counter in those taking passionflower. remedy for insomnia and stress. There are approximately 400 Passiflora ■ Indole alkaloids Research has species, some of which are popular not yet conclusively established ■ Tranquilizing effects Its ability properties are the key to its 119 garden plants. A number have a that passionflower contains to reduce anxiety makes usefulness, reducing the overactivity similar sedative action to passionflower. indole alkaloids. passionflower valuable for many responsible for the disorder. P. quadrangularis has been found nervous states, and it is used to treat to contain serotonin, one of the Traditional & conditions as diverse as asthma, Self-help Uses main chemical messengers within Current Uses palpitations, high blood pressure, the brain. and muscle cramps. In each case, ■ Insomnia, p. 309. ■ Insomnia Passionflower is best its antispasmodic and tranquilizing ■ Sleeplessness due to Key Constituents known as a remedy for insomnia and disturbed sleep patterns, and is useful backache, p. 313. ■ Flavonoids (apigenin) for short-term bouts of sleeplessness. ■ Amino acids ■ Gentle sedative This herb ■ Cyanogenic glycosides is widely acknowledged to be a good medicine for anxiety, tension, (gynocardin) irritability, and insomnia. Its gentle ■ Indole alkaloids (trace) sedative properties produce a soothing and relaxing effect, reducing nervous activity and panic, and making it a mild and non-addictive herbal tranquilizer, comparable in some ways to valerian (Valeriana officinalis, p. 148). Occasionally, it is prescribed for convulsions. ■ Pain relief Passionflower has valuable painkilling properties and is given for toothache, period pain, and headaches. www.ebook3000.com

Pelargonium sidoides key medicinal plants Pelargonium sidoides (Geraniaceae) Pelargonium An evergreen herb growing to Pelargonium, Umckaloabo 10 in (25 cm), pelargonium forms a rosette of long-stalked, heart-shaped leaves with striking purple-black flowers. Known as umckaloabo (thought to mean “heavy cough” Parts Used in Zulu), pelargonium has been used for centuries by traditional South African healers as a key remedy for Root is used for its strong coughs and respiratory infections and for gastrointestinal antimicrobial activity. disorders. The herb came to the attention of Europeans in the early 1900s after an Englishman named Charles Stevens was cured of his tuberculosis by a Basuto traditional healer who had given him large doses of pelargonium root. ■ Antiviral ■ Immune enhancing ■ Expectorant Pelargonium is a potent medicine for coughs, Research Root is sliced colds, and sore throats. and dried ■ Antimicrobial Pelargonium before it is used Habitat and Cultivation extracts have been shown to have strong activity against a wide range Root Pelargonium is still collected from of bacteria, notably those commonly the wild in the eastern parts of South responsible for ear, nose, throat, and Key Preparations & Their Uses Africa where it is native, though chest infections. Extracts have also demand for the root has led to been shown to act against herpes Cautions Give to children under 1 year of age only on professional advice. increased commercial cultivation. viruses. The root exerts a tonic effect The root is harvested at the end of on the immune system. Tincture (to make, p. 292) is a Tablets can be taken to the growing season, sliced, and then ■ Upper respiratory tract valuable remedy for acute and support and strengthen kiln dried. The plant is mostly problems German research over propagated from seed. the last 15–20 years has established chronic bronchitis. immune function. conclusively that pelargonium is a Related Species safe and effective treatment for Fluid extract is best for children with upper respiratory tract infections. problems affecting the upper Many other geranium species have respiratory tract and chest. Clinical medicinal activity, including another trials have shown that it is an South African species, P. reniforme, effective treatment for acute and which is often used for the same chronic bronchitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, indications. The closely related and the common cold, reducing American cranesbill and herb robert the intensity of symptoms and (Geranium maculatum and Geranium speeding recovery. robertianum, both p. 216) are strongly ■ Children’s remedy Unusually, astringent in action. several clinical trials have focused on treating respiratory infections in children, and the results of these indicate that pelargonium is a very safe and well-tolerated medicine for children (from 1 year old) with coughs, colds, sore throats, and sinus problems. Key Constituents Traditional & problems and chest infections. respiratory infections, including Current Uses It combines well with elderberry tuberculosis, but conditions as diverse ■ Polyphenols (including high levels extract, also easily found and very as painful periods, liver disease, of proanthocyanidins) ■ Respiratory infections Now safe for children. and gastroenteritis. commonly available in health stores ■ Traditional African remedy ■ Coumarins and pharmacies, pelargonium can Pelargonium has a much wider range Self-help Uses be considered a front-line home of uses in South Africa, where the Key Actions treatment for upper respiratory root has been used to treat not only ■ Colds & congestion in children, 120 ■ Antibacterial p. 318.

Persea americana Persea americana (Lauraceae) Avocado key medicinal plants An evergreen tree, Avocado growing to 65 ft (20 m), with dark green, leathery leaves and white flowers. Many parts of the avocado tree have a use in herbal Parts Used medicine. The leaves and bark are effective remedies for digestive problems and coughs. As well as being extremely Leaves are an astringent nutritious, the fruit has a wide range of medicinal uses. remedy for diarrhea. Native peoples of Guatemala, for example, use the pulp to stimulate hair growth, the rind to expel worms, and the seeds to treat diarrhea. The fruit pulp is used as a baby food in West Africa. ■ Relieve coughs Dried leaves Fresh ■ Promote menstrual flow leaves Fruit pulp: ■ Emollient Rind has ■ Carminative the ability to Rind: expel worms ■ Eliminates worms Seed Research Avocado is very nutritious and makes an Bark is stripped from the excellent baby food. ■ Cholesterol Research tree for use in treating shows that the fruit helps lower diarrhea and dysentery. Habitat & Cultivation cholesterol levels. ■ Poisons Livestock that have Seed contains good-quality oil. Indigenous to Central America, grazed on avocado leaves, fruit, or Fruit is nutritious and is avocado is widely cultivated for its bark have been observed to suffer Fruit used to “draw” wounds. fruit in tropical and subtropical areas, less toxic effects from snake bite including Israel, Spain, and South and other poisons. Key Preparations & Their Uses Africa. It is propagated from seed. The ■ Herpes simplex Laboratory leaves are harvested as needed; the experiments have shown that QCaution The leaves and bark should not be used during pregnancy. unripe fruit is picked when fully grown. avocado leaf extracts strongly inhibit the herpes simplex virus, responsible Decoction of leaves or Mashed pulp To help wounds Related Species for cold sores and genital herpes. bark (to make, p. 291). For to heal, apply a little mashed Other Persea species have similar fruits Traditional & diarrhea, take 1⁄3 cup pulp 3 times a day. to avocado and are used in a similar way. Current Uses (75 ml) 3 times daily. Key Constituents ■ Leaves & bark Avocado Oil from the seed. For skin blemishes, rub leaves and young bark stimulate a little oil on the area daily 3 times a day. Leaves & bark: menstruation and can induce ■ Volatile oil (methylchavicol, abortion. The leaves are taken for 121 diarrhea, bloating, and gas and are alpha-pinene) valuable for relieving coughs, for liver ■ Flavonoids obstructions, and for clearing high ■ Tannins uric acid levels, which cause gout. Fruit pulp: ■ Fruit The rind is used to expel ■ Unsaturated fats worms. The fruit pulp is considered ■ Protein (about 25%) to have aphrodisiac properties. Used ■ Sesquiterpenes externally, it soothes the skin. It is ■ Vitamins A, B1, and B2 applied to suppurating wounds and to the scalp to stimulate hair growth. Key Actions ■ Oil The expressed oil of the avocado seed nourishes the skin. It Leaves & bark: softens rough, dry, or flaking skin and, ■ Astringent massaged into the scalp, it improves ■ Carminative hair growth. www.ebook3000.com

PiPer methysticum Key medicinal plants Piper methysticum (Piperaceae) Kava An evergreen shrub Kava, Kava Kava climbing to 10 ft (3 m), with fleshy stems and heart-shaped leaves. Kava has major ritual and cultural significance among Research calming and stimulating intoxicant. the peoples of the Pacific Islands, where it is as much a It produces a euphoric state when part of daily social life as coffee is in the West. At ■ German ban In 2002, German taken in large quantities. modest doses, kava is calming and tranquilizing. regulators banned kava products ■ Relaxing remedy Kava is a safe At large doses, it leads to intoxication and euphoria, due to concerns that extracts were and proven remedy for anxiety that though without a hangover the next day. It has a hot, toxic to the liver and had led to does not cause drowsiness or affect slightly aromatic and bitter taste and leaves the mouth 20 deaths. Many other countries the ability to operate machinery. It is feeling slightly numb. followed Germany’s example. valuable for treating muscle tension The ban was repealed by the as well as emotional stress. and a shady position. The root is German authorities in 2015. Those ■ Pain relief With its tonic, harvested at any time of year. campaigning against it had long strengthening, and mildly analgesic maintained that the traditional use of properties, kava is a good remedy Kava has huge, tapering leaves, growing Related Species kava, especially water-based extracts for chronic pain, helping to reduce to 10 in (25 cm) across. Its root is used of kava, were inherently safe. sensitivity and to relax muscles that medicinally to relieve pain. The closely related P. sanctum is native Australian regulators had adopted are tensed in response to pain. to Mexico. It is similar to kava in many this approach in 2003 by allowing the ■ Arthritic conditions The Habitat & Cultivation ways; for example, it also contains sale of water-based extracts of kava. analgesic and cleansing diuretic effect kava lactones and is traditionally taken A rigorous reexamination of the 20 of Kava often makes it a beneficial Kava is an indigenous Polynesian vine as a stimulant. Other related species fatal cases found that only two cases herb for treating rheumatic and and grows throughout the Pacific include matico, betel, cubeb, and could in any way be attributed to arthritic problems such as gout. It Islands as far east as Hawaii. It is pepper (P. angustifolia, P. betle, the use of kava. helps to bring relief from pain and cultivated commercially in parts P. cubeba and P. nigrum, pp. 249–250). ■ Anxiety A 2003 review of kava to remove waste products from the of the U.S. and in Australia. Kava is found that “compared with placebo, affected joint. propagated from runners in late winter Key Constituents kava extract is an effective ■ Antiseptic Kava is routinely used or early spring and is usually grown on symptomatic treatment for anxiety.” by peoples of the South Pacific to frames. It needs well-drained, stony soil ■ Resin containing kava The authors commented that “few treat infection, especially where pain lactones, including kawain adverse events were reported in the is a key symptom. In New Guinea, reviewed trials.” Kava is nonaddictive, it is taken to soothe and treat sore ■ Piperidine alkaloid and clinical evidence suggests it is also throats and to relieve toothache. (pipermethysticine) a safe and effective treatment for It makes a valuable urinary antiseptic anxiety linked with depression, and will help in treating cystitis, Key Actions for insomnia, and for pain relief. urethritis, urinary frequency, and bladder irritability. ■ Tonic Traditional & ■ External uses The herb makes ■ Reduces anxiety Current Uses a useful analgesic mouthwash for ■ Urinary antiseptic treating toothache and mouth ulcers. ■ Analgesic ■ Traditional aphrodisiac Kava ■ Induces sleep is valued in the South Sea Islands as a Parts Used Traditionally the root is Key Preparations & Their Uses chewed and fermented Root relieves pain and with saliva QCautions Do not exceed recommended dosage or take for more than counters urinary infections. 2 months at a time. Use water-based extracts. Do not take during pregnancy. If there is a history of liver disease, take only on professional advice. Subject to legal restrictions in many countries. Dried root Infusion (to make, p. 291). 122 To relieve anxiety and muscle tension, drink 1⁄3 cup (75 ml) a day. Tablets containing a water-based extract can be taken for anxiety.

P l a n ta g o s p p. Plantago spp. (Plantaginaceae) Psyllium Key medicinal plants An annual, growing Psyllium, Ispaghula (Hindi), Flea Seed to 16 in (40 cm) high, with narrow leaves and Produced by several Plantago species—P. ovata, P. psyllium, and Scandinavia during the 1980s clusters of minute and P. indica—psyllium has been used as a safe and have shown that psyllium has both a white-brown flowers. effective laxative for thousands of years in Europe, laxative and an antidiarrheal action. North Africa, and Asia. Given their small size and brown ■ Diabetes A 1998 clinical trial with ■ Detoxifying herb The jellylike color, psyllium husks and seeds have been mistaken for 125 patients concluded that 5 g of mucilage produced when psyllium fleas, hence their folk name flea seed. Bland-tasting, they psyllium taken 3 times a day helped to is soaked in water has the ability to swell when moistened, and have a jellylike consistency lower blood-fat and -glucose levels in absorb toxins within the large in the mouth. people with type 2 diabetes. intestine. Psyllium is commonly taken to reduce autotoxicity (the toxins are Psyllium is widely cultivated for its husks Related Species Traditional & expelled from the body with the and seeds, which are used as a remedy Current Uses husks and seeds in the feces). for bowel problems. Common plantain (P. major, p. 251) ■ Digestive ailments The is prescribed for diarrhea and ■ Laxative Psyllium is prescribed soothing, protective effect imparted Habitat & Cultivation irritable bowel syndrome. Che qian zi in conventional as well as herbal by the mucilage-rich husks and (P. asiatica) is used in China as a medicine for constipation, especially seeds benefits the whole gastro- The three species that produce diuretic, for diarrhea, and for when the condition results from an intestinal tract. Psyllium is taken for psyllium grow throughout southern bronchial congestion. The powdered over-tensed or over-relaxed bowel. stomach and duodenal ulcers, and Europe, North Africa, and Asia, husk is given late in pregnancy to aid Both husks and seeds contain high for acid indigestion. especially in India, and are extensively normal presentation of the fetus levels of fiber (the mucilage) and ■ Urinary infections The cultivated. They are propagated from (head-down position in the uterus). expand, becoming highly gelatinous demulcent action of psyllium seed in spring and require plenty of when soaked in water. By maintaining extends to the urinary tract. In sun. The seeds are harvested when Key Constituents a high water content within the large India, an infusion of the seeds ripe in late summer and early autumn. intestine, they increase the bulk of (the only time this preparation ■ Mucilage (arabinoxylan) the stool, easing its passage. is used) is given for urethritis. ■ Fixed oil (2.5%)—mainly linoleic, ■ Other bowel problems ■ External uses When psyllium Contrary to expectation, psyllium husks are soaked in an infusion of oleic, and palmitic fatty acids is a useful remedy for diarrhea. calendula (Calendula officinalis, p. 73), ■ Starch It is also an effective treatment they make an effective poultice for many other bowel problems, for external use, drawing out Key Actions including irritable bowel syndrome, infection from boils, abscesses, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn’s disease. and whitlows (pus-filled swellings ■ Demulcent In India, psyllium is commonly used on the fingertips). ■ Bulk laxative to treat dysentery. ■ Antidiarrheal ■ Hemorrhoid relief Psyllium Self-help Uses is valuable for hemorrhoids, helping Research to soften the stool and to reduce ■ Chronic diarrhea & irritable irritation of the veins. bowel syndrome, p. 307. ■ Regulating bowel function Clinical trials in the U.S., Germany, ■ Constipation, p. 317. ■ Difficult passage of the stool & hemorrhoids, p. 302. Parts Used Husks are generally powdered for Key Preparations & Their Uses use in a variety of preparations. Seeds should be soaked in QCautions Do not exceed the stated dose. Always take with plenty of water. water before they are used. Cold maceration For constipation, soak Capsules of powdered husk (p. 292). 20 g of seeds in 3⁄4 cup (200 ml) water for For hemorrhoids, take a 200 mg 10 hours. Take the whole dose at night. capsule 3 times a day. Seeds Powdered husk Poultice For boils, mix 5 g of powdered husks with sufficient infusion of calendula 123 to make a thick paste. Apply (see p. 295) 3 times a day. www.ebook3000.com

Polygonum multiflorum Key Medicinal Plants Polygonum multiflorum (Polygonaceae) Fo Ti A perennial climber, Fo Ti, He Shou Wu (Chinese) growing to 33 ft (10 m), with red stems, light- green leaves, and white or pink flowers. A Chinese tonic herb with a bittersweet taste, fo ti is Parts Used thought to concentrate qi (vital energy) in its root, so that taking this herb gives vitality to the body. It Root is highly valued in Chinese has always been considered a rejuvenating herb, medicine for its tonic properties. helping to prevent aging and encouraging longevity. It is unearthed in the autumn. Traditionally, much folklore is attached to this herb, and large, old roots are thought to have remarkable powers. Key Constituents Dried root ■ Anthraquinone glycosides Key Preparations & Their Uses ■ Stilbene glycoside ■ Polyphenols QCaution Only the prepared root from Chinese herbal shops should be used. ■ Phospholipids, including lecithin Fo ti is one of the oldest Chinese tonic Decoction (to make, Tablets, known as Tincture (to make, p. 292). herbs. It is used to help lower blood Key Actions p. 291). As a general shou wu pian, are To reduce blood cholesterol cholesterol levels. tonic, take the decoction taken in China for levels, take 1 tsp twice a day ■ Tonic their rejuvenating Habitat & Cultivation ■ Antioxidant over 2 days. with water. ■ Mild sedative properties. Fo ti is native to central ■ Lowers cholesterol levels and southern China, and is cultivated ■ Neuroprotective Powder may be added to food for its tonic effect. Take 5 g a day. throughout that region. It is propagated from seed or by root Research properties, and to increase fertility ■ Premature aging Fo ti is division in spring, or from cuttings in both men and women. prescribed in China for people in summer. The plant requires ■ Cholesterol levels In animal ■ Liver & kidney remedy showing signs of premature aging. well-fertilized soil and plenty of experiments in China, fo ti was In Chinese herbal medicine, fo ti’s This suggests it helps the body protection from winter weather. shown to significantly reduce raised most important use is as a tonic function in a balanced, healthy way. The roots of 3- to 4-year-old fo ti blood cholesterol levels. Also, for the liver and kidneys. By In particular, there is a lot of evidence plants are unearthed and dried in a clinical trial, over 80% of patients strengthening liver and kidney to support the root’s use to aid during the autumn. Older, larger with high blood cholesterol who had function, it helps cleanse the blood, reversing hair loss and graying of roots are prized for their been taking decoctions of the root enabling the qi to circulate freely the hair. therapeutic properties, but showed an improvement. around the whole body. ■ Malaria The herb is prescribed are generally not available to ■ Blood-sugar levels Chinese ■ Nerve & blood tonic Fo ti is in the treatment of chronic malaria, obtain commercially. research has revealed that fo ti given in Chinese herbal medicine to when it is often combined with helps increase the levels of sugar people with symptoms, such as ginseng (Panax ginseng, p. 120), Related Species in the blood. dizziness, weakness, numbness, and dong quai (Angelica sinensis, p. 63), ■ Neuroprotective Preclinical blurred vision, that indicate inefficient as well as green tangerine peel Bistort (P. bistorta, p. 253), one of research points to fo ti having a nerves and “blood deficiency.” (Citrus reticulata). the most strongly astringent of all stabilizing effect on brain function, herbs, and knotgrass (P. aviculare, and that it might—as traditional p. 253) are used in European herbal use would suggest—prove valuable medicine. They do not have the in slowing aging processes within same tonic therapeutic properties the central nervous system. as P. multiflorum. In Chinese herbal medicine, P. cuspidatum is used Traditional & to treat amenorrhea (absence Current Uses 124 of periods). ■ Popular tonic Although fo ti is not the earliest tonic herb listed in Chinese herbal medicine (it is first mentioned in 713 ce), it has become one of the most widely used. It is taken regularly by millions of people in the East for its rejuvenating and toning

Rehmannia glutinosa Rehmannia glutinosa (Scrophulariaceae) Rehmannia Key medicinal plants A perennial, reaching Rehmannia, Di Huang (Chinese) 1–2 ft (30–60 cm), with large, sticky leaves and purple flowers. An important Chinese tonic herb, rehmannia has figured Parts Used extensively in many traditional herbal formulas and has an ancient history: it was referred to by Ge Hong, Root is unearthed in autumn. It has the 4th-century ce Chinese physician and alchemist. a protective action on the liver. Rehmannia is a “longevity” herb and has a marked tonic action on the liver and kidneys. Research has confirmed Root is chewed its traditional use, showing that it protects the liver and raw and has a is useful for hepatitis. slightly bitter taste Rehmannia’s appearance gave rise to its Research Dried root Fresh root Western folkname “Chinese foxglove.” ■ Liver remedy Chinese research Key Preparations & Their Uses Habitat & Cultivation has shown rehmannia to be a very important liver-protective herb, QCaution Take only on professional advice during pregnancy. Rehmannia grows wild on sunny preventing poisoning and liver mountain slopes in northern and damage. Clinical trials in China Rehmannia northeastern parts of China, have demonstrated that it can especially in Henan province. be effective in treating hepatitis. Chinese Shu di huang Simmer 15 g root Rehmannia can be cultivated, in ■ Other research Chinese figwort in 2 cups (500 ml) red wine for which case it is propagated from research over the last 10 years 20 minutes. For blood loss and seed sown in autumn or spring. indicates that rehmannia has a Remedy Decoct 15 g rehmannia and 10 g anemia, take 1/2 cup (100 ml) daily. The root is harvested in autumn, positive stabilizing effect on blood- Chinese figwort (see p. 291). For fevers, after the plant has flowered. sugar regulation, and aids liver and pancreatic function. Ongoing take 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) 2–3 times daily. Related Species preclinical research in China is examining the herb’s usefulness bleeding. It is warming rather than ■ Chinese formulas The herb 125 R. lutea is used in Chinese herbal in preventing osteoporosis. cooling, and is considered to be a is an ingredient of many famous medicine as a diuretic. prime kidney tonic. herbal formulas, most notably Traditional & ■ Blood pressure Rehmannia is “the pill of eight ingredients,” which Key Constituents Current Uses used to treat high blood pressure. contemporary Chinese herbalists Interestingly, while sheng di huang consider to “warm and invigorate ■ Iridoids ■ Raw & prepared root In Chinese appears to raise blood pressure, the yang of the loins.” ■ Polysaccharides herbal medicine, the root (di huang) shu di huang has the opposite effect. ■ Phytosterols is known as sheng di huang when ■ Longevity Rehmannia is a Self-help Uses ■ Phenethyl glycosides it is eaten raw and shu di huang traditional and valuable tonic for when it has been cooked in wine. old age. It is considered to help ■ Heavy menstrual bleeding, p. 315. Key Actions The former is the most commonly prevent senility. ■ Weakened liver & metabolism, taken remedy. Both are yin tonics ■ Tonic (see p. 40), but have different p. 319. ■ Anti-inflammatory therapeutic indications. ■ Kidney tonic ■ Sheng di huang The raw root ■ Lowers blood pressure “cools the blood,” and is given to ■ Antidiabetic help lower fever in acute and chronic ■ Reduces fever illnesses. Its cooling nature is ■ Antihemorrhagic reflected in its use for problems such as thirst and a red tongue that arise from “heat patterns.” Sheng di huang is useful for treating people with impaired liver function and is used specifically to treat hepatitis and other liver conditions. ■ Shu di huang This preparation is used specifically for blood loss and “blood deficiency” states such as irregular and heavy menstrual www.ebook3000.com

Rheum palmatum Key Medicinal Plants Rheum palmatum (Polygonaceae) Chinese rhubarb A thick-rhizomed Chinese Rhubarb, Da Huang (Chinese) perennial growing to 10 ft (3 m), with large palm-shaped leaves and small flowers. Chinese rhubarb has long been prized as the most Parts Used useful purge in herbal medicine, safe even for young children due to its gentle action. It has been used in Rhizome contains anthraquinones, which are China for over 2,000 years and is an extremely effective laxative, and tannins, which are astringent. treatment for many digestive problems. Paradoxically, it is a laxative when taken in large doses but has a Rhizome is a mild constipating effect in small measures. The rhizome appetite stimulant and has an astringent, unpleasant taste. helps improve digestion Key Actions ■ Laxative ■ Anti-inflammatory ■ Astringent ■ Stops bleeding ■ Antibacterial Research ■ Anthraquinones & tannins Chinese rhubarb’s medicinal value is largely due to the irritant, laxative, and purgative properties of the Chinese rhubarb grows best close to anthraquinones, and in large doses Dried rhizome water. In summer it produces clusters the rhizome is strongly laxative. of red flowers. A 2007 Chinese study concluded Fresh rhizome that the anthraquinones in rhubarb Habitat & Cultivation “possess promising anticancer Key Preparations & Their Uses Native to China and Tibet, where properties and could have a broad the best-quality herb is still found, therapeutic potential.” QCautions Do not take during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Do not take during Chinese rhubarb now also grows in ■ Antibacterial properties menstruation or if prone to gout or kidney stones. Not suitable for children. the West. It is found in the wild and Decoctions of the root have been is widely cultivated. It is grown from shown to be effective against seed in spring or by root division Staphylococcus aureus, an infectious in spring or autumn and requires a bacterium that causes mouth ulcers sunny position and well-drained soil. and folliculitis (an acne-type infection The rhizomes of 6–10-year-old plants of the beard area). In laboratory are dug up in the autumn after the studies, rhubarb has been found stem and leaves have turned yellow. to have notable activity against Related Species Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium Decoction (to make, p. 291). For Tincture (to make, p. 292). To that causes stomach ulcers. an occasional bout of constipation, stimulate the appetite, take 20 R. tanguticum and R. officinale have take 1/2 cup (100 ml) each evening. drops with water twice a day. similar uses to R. palmatum. These Traditional & 3 species are considered to be Current Uses Tablets are one of the most convenient ways of taking the herb. Take for superior in action to other rhubarbs. occasional bouts of constipation. ■ History Chinese rhubarb was The familiar, edible rhubarb is first mentioned in the 1st-century ce R. rhaponticum. Chinese text The Divine Husbandman’s laxative, helping to clear the colon ■ Other uses Chinese rhubarb Key Constituents Classic, and has been grown in the without causing excessive cramping. can be applied to burns, boils, and West since 1732. It is one of the few This is useful for treating constipation carbuncles. The herb acts as a tonic ■ Anthraquinones (about 3–5%), herbs still used today in conventional where the muscles of the large and mild appetite stimulant and rhein, aloe-emodin, emodin as well as herbal medicine, and is listed intestine are weak. serves as a useful mouthwash for ■ Flavonoids (catechin) in the British Pharmacopoeia of 1988. ■ Diarrhea Small doses of the root mouth ulcers. ■ Phenolic acids ■ Constipation Large doses of are astringent, relieving irritation of Self-help Use ■ Tannins (5–10%) Chinese rhubarb are combined with the inner lining of the gut, thus 126 ■ Calcium oxalate carminative herbs and taken as a reducing diarrhea. ■ Constipation, p. 307.

Rhodiola Rosea Rhodiola rosea (Crassulaceae) Rhodiola Key Medicinal Plants A fleshy perennial Rhodiola, Golden Root growing to 16 in (40 cm) in height with thick oblong leaves and clusters of yellow flowers. An Arctic plant that thrives in extreme environments, Parts Used rhodiola’s rose-colored roots have pronounced medicinal activity, enhancing the ability of the body to deal with Root helps to support physical stresses of all kinds. An adaptogen, similar to ginseng and mental endurance and to (Panax ginseng, p. 118), rhodiola also acts on the central counter the effects of stress. nervous system, supporting memory and concentration under conditions of stress, and helping to relieve nervous exhaustion and mild to moderate depression. ■ Monoterpenes (including rosiridin) ■ Triterpenes Rhodiola root is most commonly taken to Key Actions Dried rhizome improve mental and physical performance. ■ Adaptogen Fresh rhizome Habitat and Cultivation ■ Antidepressant ■ Aids mental performance Key Preparations & Their Uses Rhodiola is indigenous to ■ Anti-inflammatory mountainous and Arctic regions of Cautions Can cause irritability and sleep disturbance. Not advisable in manic and the northern hemisphere, including Research bipolar disorders. Canada, Scotland, Scandinavia, Russia, and Alaska. Rhodiola is still mostly ■ Adaptogen Rhodiola is an Decoction Take 21/2 tsp twice a day collected from the wild, threatening unusual medicine—an adaptogen to promote physical endurance. its long-term survival in some regions, that combines the ability to promote though it is now cultivated in Canada, physical and mental endurance with Tablets take as recommended by Norway, and Finland. antidepressant and anti-inflammatory supplier for lowered mood and vitality. activity. Though large-scale clinical Related Species trials are lacking, research shows that Tincture (to make, p. 292). To support memory and concentration, take rhodiola root increases the capacity 1/2 tsp 2–3 times a day. The central Asian R. quadrifida is used to resist physical and mental fatigue. in Mongolia to enhance strength and ■ Clinical trials In a 2000 altitude and winter cold. The roots ■ Other uses Rhodiola is 127 vigor. R. crenulata and R. rosea are Armenian clinical trial, young healthy have also been taken to promote traditionally considered to help used in Chinese medicine, though hospital doctors working night shifts longevity, ease depression, and treat improve fertility in both men and across China many different species were given a rhodiola extract. After infection. Rhodiola is now most women. In Siberia, rhodiola roots of Rhodiola are used to alleviate 2 weeks, those taking the extract commonly taken to improve mental are given to marrying couples to fatigue and protect against the cold. showed significantly fewer signs of and physical performance and to promote fertility and the health of Chinese research into R. crenulata mental fatigue, including better levels protect against the harmful effects of their future children. In Mongolia, indicates that this species aids of concentration and short-term ongoing stress. alongside its use as a tonic, rhodiola endurance and has a protective memory, than those taking a placebo. ■ Russian medicine Rhodiola is given for infections such as activity against radiation. In a 2015 U.S. clinical trial, 57 adults became an official medicine in Russia bronchitis and pneumonia, and with moderate depression were in 1969, being recommended for a wide is also used as a mouthwash for Key Constituents given rhodiola or sertraline, a range of health problems, not only as bad breath. conventional antidepressant. an adaptogen (see Research), but for ■ Phenylpropanoids (rosavins— Both medicines proved effective, psychiatric and neurological problems, Self-help Use occuring only in Rhodiola rosea) but those taking rhodiola reported such as depression and schizophrenia. fewer side effects. ■ Maintaining vitality, p. 319. ■ Salidroside ■ Flavonoids Traditional & Current Uses ■ Key traditional uses In Europe and Asia, the central core of rhodiola’s use in traditional medicine has always been its power to increase endurance and work rate, and the capacity to cope with high www.ebook3000.com

Key medicinal plants RosmaRinus officinalis Rosemary A strongly aromatic Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) evergreen shrub growing to 61⁄2 ft (2 m), Rosemary with narrow, dark green, pinelike leaves. Rosemary is a well-known and greatly valued herb Parts Used that is native to southern Europe. It has been used Volatile oil is most since antiquity to improve and strengthen the memory. Leaves are gathered in summer concentrated in To this day it is burned in the homes of students in and used in preparations or distilled the leaves Greece who are about to take exams. Rosemary has for their oil. a longstanding reputation as a tonic, invigorating herb, imparting a zest for life that is to some degree reflected in its distinctive aromatic taste. Research ■ General circulation A 2011 study published in Phytotherapy Research found that rosemary exerted anti-inflammatory and protective effects on the inner lining of blood vessels in young adults. Such research Dried leaves supports the understanding that many active compounds in rosemary Fresh leaves support a healthy circulation. A small 2006 clinical trial in Germany Key Preparations concluded (in line with traditional Rosemary was a symbol of fidelity between usage) that rosemary raised blood & Their Uses lovers, on account of its ability to improve pressure in people suffering from the memory. low blood pressure. All those taking QCaution Do not take the essential oil internally except under a professional rosemary also reported feeling practitioner’s supervision. Habitat & Cultivation better at the end of the trial. Native to the Mediterranean, rosemary ■ Other actions Japanese grows freely in much of southern laboratory research in 2003 found Europe and is cultivated throughout that diterpenes within rosemary Essential oil To improve the world. It is propagated from seed (carnosic acid and carnosol) strongly concentration, burn or cuttings in spring and prefers a stimulated nerve growth factor, several drops in an oil warm, moderately dry climate and suggesting that rosemary may burner (to use, p. 297). a sheltered site. The branches are stimulate nerve repair. A 2015 review Tincture (to make, p. 292) gathered during the summer after in Cancer Letters stated that these is an excellent tonic. For flowering and dried in the shade. constituents also had “promising stress, take 40 drops twice results of anticancer activity.” daily with water. Key Constituents Traditional & Infusion (to make, p. 291). To relieve headaches, take 21/2 tsp every 3 hours. ■ Volatile oil (1–2%) containing Current Uses The infusion, rubbed into the scalp, improves hair growth. borneol, camphene, camphor, cineole ■ Circulatory stimulant ■ Flavonoids (apigenin, diosmin) Rosemary has a central place in is valuable for fainting and weakness spirits, it is useful for mild to ■ Tannins European herbal medicine as a associated with deficient circulation. moderate depression. ■ Rosmarinic acid warming, tonic remedy that ■ Restorative Rosemary aids ■ Other uses Applied as a lotion ■ Diterpenes (including carnosic stimulates blood flow throughout recovery from long-term stress or diluted essential oil, rosemary acid and carnosol) the body, especially in those with and chronic illness. It is thought eases aching, rheumatic muscles. Key Actions low blood pressure. It is thought to to stimulate the adrenal glands Add the infusion, or essential oil, promote blood flow to the head, and is used specifically for debility, to bathwater for a reviving soak. ■ Tonic thus improving memory and especially when accompanied by Self-help Uses ■ Stimulant concentration. It may be taken to poor circulation and digestion. ■ Astringent relieve migraine and headaches and ■ Uplifting herb Rosemary is ■ Migraine, p. 309. ■ Nervine encourages hair growth and health. often prescribed for people who ■ Premenstrual syndrome, p. 315. ■ Anti-inflammatory ■ Poor circulation Thought to are stressed and “failing to thrive.” ■ Sore throats, p. 311. 128 ■ Antioxidant raise low blood pressure, the herb Valued as an herb that raises the ■ Tired & aching muscles, p. 312.

Salix alba Salix alba (Salicaceae) White willow Key medicinal plants A deciduous tree White Willow growing to 80 ft (25 m), with green Justly famous as the original source of salicylic acid Parts Used tapering leaves, and (the forerunner of aspirin), white willow and closely catkins in spring. related species have been used for thousands of years Bark is stripped from in Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America to relieve young branches and used Bark is dark joint pain and manage fevers. Dioscorides, a Greek fresh or dried. gray and deeply physician in the 1st century ce, suggested taking “willow fissured leaves, mashed with a little pepper and drunk with wine” to relieve lower back pain. Key Actions Dried bark Fresh bark ■ Anti-inflammatory Key Preparations ■ Analgesic & Their Uses ■ Reduces fever ■ Antirheumatic QCaution Avoid if allergic to aspirin. Do not ■ Astringent take during pregnancy or if breastfeeding. Not suitable for young children. Rarely, may Research cause gastrointestinal upset. White willow is used in Britain to make ■ Salicylic acid & aspirin Salicylic St John’s wort cricket bats. The bark has anti-inflammatory acid, a strongly anti-inflammatory properties. and analgesic compound, was first Cramp bark isolated from salicin in willow bark Habitat & Cultivation in 1838. It was the forerunner of Tincture (to make, p. 292). Remedy Make a decoction (see p. 291) aspirin, a chemical drug developed in For rheumatism, take 1/2 tsp with 10 g each of white willow, St John’s Native to much of Europe, white Germany during 1899. Salicylic acid wort, and cramp bark. For aching muscles, willow is also found in North Africa (and salicin) has many of the with water 3 times a day. and Asia, thriving in damp areas, such properties of aspirin but causes drink 3/4 cup (150 ml) twice a day. as on riverbanks. It is propagated notably fewer side effects. As such, from semi-ripe cuttings in summer it is now being widely researched as Tablets often also contain or from hardwood cuttings in winter. an alternative to aspirin-based anti- other herbs. Take for arthritis. The trees are frequently pollarded inflammatory medicines such as and bark is stripped from branches ibuprofen. Unlike aspirin, salicylic Decoction (to make, p. 291). For painful joints and aching rheumatic muscles, of 2- to 5-year-old trees in spring. acid does not thin the blood, and take 1⁄3 cup (75 ml) 3 times a day. any problems it might cause within Related Species the digestive tract are likely to Traditional & may also be used to ease headaches 129 be minor. Current Uses and head pain. Many Salix species, for example ■ Clinical trials Over the last 15 ■ Menopause A cooling herb that crack willow (S. fragilis), are used years, clinical trials have shown that ■ Joint remedy White willow is reduces sweating, willow bark can be interchangeably with white willow. high-strength willow bark extract an excellent remedy for arthritic and helpful in controlling symptoms such S. acmophylla is used on the Indian offers an effective alternative to rheumatic pain affecting the back, as hot flashes and night sweats. subcontinent as a remedy for mainstream anti-inflammatory and joints such as the knees and hips, fevers. In North American herbal medicines, particularly in treating though large doses may be required, Self-help Uses medicine, black willow (S. nigra) conditions such as osteoarthritis and such as a standardized tablet. In is given as an anaphrodisiac lower back pain. In a 2008 clinical combination with other herbs and ■ Arthritis & inflamed (sexual depressant). trial published in Phytomedicine, dietary changes, it relieves inflammation joints, p. 313. among people with arthritis of the and swelling, and improves mobility in Key Constituents hip or knee, aged between 50 and painful or creaky joints. ■ Back pain due to joint 75, those taking willow bark extract, ■ Fevers & pain White willow inflammation, p. 313. ■ Phenolic glycosides after 6 weeks, were rated by is taken to manage high fevers. It (up to 11%) doctors as doing significantly better ■ Hot flashes & night than those taking standard aspirin- sweats, p. 316. ■ Salicin based medication. Those taking ■ Flavonoids willow bark reported far fewer ■ Polyphenols side effects. www.ebook3000.com

Salvia miltiorrhiza key medicinal plants Salvia miltiorrhiza (Lamiaceae) Dan shen A hardy perennial Dan Shen, Chinese Sage growing to 32 in (80 cm), with toothed oval leaves and clusters of purple flowers. Recent scientific research supports dan shen’s traditional Parts Used usage as a remedy for heart and circulatory problems such as angina and palpitations. The Divine Husbandman’s Classic Root is an ancient (Shen’nong Bencaojing), the earliest of all Chinese herbal Chinese remedy for texts, listed dan shen as an herb that “invigorates the circulatory disorders. blood,” and it is still used as a circulatory remedy. In particular, it is taken for period pain and other conditions resulting from circulatory congestion. Research ■ Tanshinones There has been extensive research into dan shen in China, and the tanshinones have been shown to have a profound effect on coronary circulation, reducing the symptoms of angina and improving heart function. ■ Heart attack The whole herb (rather than isolated constituents) has been used in China to assist Dried Dried root patients who are recovering from chopped root Dan shen is an important circulatory a heart attack, and it appears to stimulant. It is sold in herbal markets support heart function at this Key Preparations & Their Uses across China for use in medicinal formulas. critical time. Clinical trials in China, however, have shown that dan shen Habitat & Cultivation is most effective when taken as QCautions For serious circulatory or heart problems, take only under professional a preventative, rather than as a supervision. The tincture may produce digestive and skin reactions. Avoid in pregnancy. Native to China, dan shen is now cultivated in northeastern China remedy after the heart attack and Inner Mongolia. It requires has taken place. moist, sandy soil and is propagated ■ Other research Many recent by root division in spring. The root is clinical trials involving dan shen have harvested from late autumn through used Chinese herbal combinations, early spring. rather than dan shen alone, so it is hard to draw conclusions. However, Related Species they do provide further evidence Sage (S. officinalis, p. 131) is closely of dan shen’s usefulness in cardio- related, but is used for an entirely vascular problems such as high blood Tincture is used by herbalists Decoction (to make, p. 291). different range of medical problems. pressure, angina, and heart disease. to treat angina and other For painful periods, take 1⁄3 cup In Mexico, the related species Unusually, two clinical trials in China circulatory problems. (75 ml) up to 3 times a day. S. divinorum is used as a hallucinogen. (2012) found that injected extracts of dan shen were helpful in pre- circulatory problems. It particularly stagnation, primarily those affecting Key Constituents eclampsia, a serious condition during benefits coronary circulation, the lower abdomen, such as absent ■ Diterpenes (tanshinones) pregnancy which involves fluid opening up the arteries and improving or painful periods and fibroids. ■ Phenolic compounds retention and high blood pressure. blood flow to the heart, and is ■ Sedative The sedative action of ■ Volatile oil Traditional & therefore helpful in treating coronary dan shen helps to calm the nerves, ■ Vitamin E Current Uses heart disease. Though it does not and it is therefore helpful in treating lower blood pressure, dan shen angina, a condition made worse by Key Actions ■ Circulatory stimulant Dan relaxes the blood vessels and anxiety and worry. Palpitations, ■ Tonic to heart and circulation shen has been esteemed by the improves circulation throughout insomnia, and irritability also benefit ■ Anticoagulant Chinese for thousands of years as a the body. from dan shen’s sedative properties. ■ Dilates the blood vessels circulatory stimulant. Like hawthorn ■ Circulatory congestion Dan Self-help Use ■ Sedative (Crataegus oxyacantha, p. 87), it is shen is used traditionally to treat 130 ■ Antibacterial a safe, effective remedy for many conditions caused by blood ■ Palpitations, p. 302.

Salvia officinaliS Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae) Sage key medicinal plants An evergreen Sage growing to 32 in (80 cm), with square stems and hairy grey- green or purple leaves. Sage’s botanical name is a clue to its medicinal importance: Parts Used Salvia comes from salvare, meaning “to cure” in Latin. A medieval saying echoes this: “Why should a man die Leaves have valuable while sage grows in his garden?” Today, sage is an excellent antiseptic and astringent remedy for sore throats, poor digestion, and irregular properties. periods, and it is also taken as a gently stimulating tonic. It has a slightly warm, noticeably bitter, and Purple sage, astringent taste. S. officinalis purpurascens, is the preferred medicinal variety ■ Clears mucus ■ Nerve tonic ■ Estrogenic Research Dried leaves Fresh leaves ■ Nerve tonic Ongoing research Sage is known most commonly as a taking place in the UK provides Key Preparations culinary herb, but it is also of great strong support for the traditional use & Their Uses medicinal importance. of sage to enhance memory. In the most recent study (2008), healthy QCautions Do not take medicinal doses during pregnancy or while Habitat & Cultivation volunteers averaging 73 years of age breastfeeding, or if epileptic. showed a significant improvement in Native to the Mediterranean, sage memory processing and accuracy of Infusion (to make, Tincture (to make, Fresh sage leaves is cultivated all around the world, attention after taking a single dose of p. 291). Use as a gargle p. 292) is a digestive are a useful first aid thriving in sunny conditions. It is sage extract. Interestingly, a moderate for sore throats up to tonic. Take 40 drops with remedy. Rub on stings grown from seed in spring and the dose, equivalent to 2.5 g of sage, water twice a day. plants are replaced after 3 to 4 years. proved most effective, more so than 3 times a day. and bites. The leaves are picked in summer. higher doses. ■ Sore throat In a randomized trial makes it ideal as a gargle for sore and is traditionally taken by a mother 131 Related Species published during 2006, a sage throat throats and throat infections. It can while weaning. spray was found to relieve throat equally be used for mouth ulcers ■ Digestive tonic Sage has a long In all, there are about 500 species of pain in people who had acute and sore gums. traditional use as a digestive aid, Salvia. Spanish sage (S. lavandulifolia) is throat infection. ■ Hormonal remedy A valuable supporting stomach health and the most familiar culinary variety and ■ Hormonal activity The herb’s remedy for irregular and scanty promoting better digestion does not contain thujone. Two close longstanding use during menopause periods, sage encourages better and absorption. relatives of S. officinalis are dan shen has also been researched. In the blood flow at menstruation. The (S. miltiorrhiza, p. 130) and clary sage most recent study, undertaken in herb is thought to reduce or prevent Self-help Uses (S. sclarea, p. 265). Switzerland (2011), women with sweating and can prove particularly at least 12 months of hot flashes effective during menopause. ■ Bites & stings, p. 303. Key Constituents reported an average 64% decrease It also helps to reduce hot flashes ■ Diarrhea, p. 307. in symptoms after 8 weeks of and night sweats and it has a ■ Hot flashes & night ■ Essential oil (1–2%) taking sage. calming, relaxant aspect. Sage will ■ Diterpenes ■ Lowering blood fat levels decrease breast-milk production, sweats, p. 316. ■ Triterpenes A clinical trial published in 2011 in ■ Mouth ulcers, p. 306. ■ Phenolic compounds Phytotherapy Research concluded ■ Sore throats, p. 311. that “sage may be effective and safe including rosmarinic acid in the treatment of hyperlipidemia.” ■ Tannins All blood fat markers showed improvement in those taking sage. Key Actions Traditional & ■ Antiseptic Current Uses ■ Astringent ■ Sore throat Sage’s combination of antiseptic and astringent action www.ebook3000.com

SambucuS nigra key medicinal plants Sambucus nigra (Caprifoliaceae) Elder A deciduous tree Elder growing to 33 ft (10 m), with oval leaves, cream flowers, and blue-black berries. Elder has more folklore attached to it than almost Parts Used any other European plant, except perhaps mandrake (Mandragora officinarum, p. 232). Chopping elder Flowering tops branches was considered dangerous in rural England reduce fevers and help as it was believed that the tree was inhabited by the coughs, colds, and flu. Elder Mother, and to avoid her wrath, woodcutters would recite a placatory rhyme. Elder is a valuable Flowers remedy for flu, colds, and chest conditions. reduce inflammation ■ Diuretic ■ Increases sweating Elder was traditionally known as “Nature’s Research Fresh medicine chest.” flowering ■ Elder berries Israeli research Habitat & Cultivation from 1995 found 90% of people tops that were given elderberry extract Native to Europe, elder thrives recovered in 2–3 days, while 90% Dried flowering tops in woods, hedges, and in open of those taking the placebo took up areas. It is now found in most to 6 days. Further clinical trials have Berries are nutritious and temperate regions, and is often supported these findings—a 2014 may be used as a mild laxative. cultivated. Elder is propagated from review concluded there was “good cuttings in spring. The flowering scientific evidence” that elderberry Berries contain Fresh berries tops are harvested in late spring extract was an effective treatment vitamins A and C and the berries are picked in early for influenza. Although the safety autumn. profile of elderberry has not been Dried berries established, evidence indicates it is Key Constituents a safe influenza remedy for adults Key Preparations & Their Uses and children. Berries: QCautions None known. Do not consume unripe berries. ■ Flavonoids Traditional & ■ Anthocyanins Current Uses Cream made with ■ Lectins ■ Vitamins A and C ■ Coughs & colds The berries have flowering tops (see Flowers: an established antiviral activity, helping ■ Flavonoids prevent and speed recovery from p. 296). Apply freely ■ Anthocyanins upper respiratory infections, such ■ Triterpenes as colds and flu. Following traditional Infusion of flowering tops to chapped skin. Tincture of flowering tops ■ Volatile oil (0.7%) usage, the flowers are taken to ■ Mucilage stimulate sweating and relieve fever (to make, p. 291). For colds, drink (to make, p. 292). For hay fever, take ■ Tannins by cooling the body. An elderflower infusion makes a soothing remedy 3/4 cup (150 ml) 3 times a day. 1 tsp with water 3–4 times a day. Key Actions when suffering from cold and flu. ■ Congestion & allergies The Decoction of berries (to make, p. 291). For rheumatic aches, take 1/2 cup ■ Antiviral flowering tops tone the mucous linings (100 ml) 3 times a day. ■ Clears mucus of the nose and throat (increasing 132 ■ Anti-inflammatory their resistance to infection) and are of waste products and are of value Self-help Uses prescribed for chronic congestion, in arthritic conditions. ear infections, and allergies. Infusions ■ Other uses Flowers and berries ■ Allergic rhinitis, including hay with other herbs can reduce severity are mildly laxative and appear to help fever, p. 300. of hay fever attacks if taken some lower blood pressure. The flowers months before the season. are thought to help control diabetes. ■ Colds, flu, & fevers, p. 311. ■ Arthritis By encouraging The berries appear to enhance ■ Colds & congestion in children, sweating and urine production, immune function. elder flowering tops aid removal p. 318. ■ Earache due to chronic congestion, p. 312.

SchiSandra chinenSiS Schisandra chinensis (Schisandraceae) Schisandra key medicinal plants An aromatic woody Schisandra, Wu Wei Zi (Chinese) vine reaching up to 26 ft (8 m), with pink Schisandra ranks along with other Chinese tonic herbs Parts Used flowers and spikes of as an excellent tonic and restorative. It helps in stressful red berries. times and increases zest for life. The berries tone the Fruit helps the body Berries are chewed kidneys and sexual organs, protect the liver, strengthen to cope with stress. every day for 100 days nervous function, and cleanse the blood. The name wu as a tonic in China wei zi means “5-flavored herb,” since this herb reputedly tastes of the 5 main elemental energies (see p. 40). It has a sour, salty, and slightly warm taste. Research Dried fruit ■ Aiding performance Healthy Key Preparations & Their Uses adults given schisandra extract showed a marked improvement QCautions Large doses can cause heartburn. Can interact with some medicines. in both physical and mental stamina. Take only on professional advice, if taking prescribed medicines. Russian sailors given schisandra had Schisandra is one of China’s most important an increased capacity to maintain and Decoction (to make, p. 291). For coughs and tonic herbs, widely taken as a sexual tonic. endure normal working regimens, shortness of breath, decoct 5 g crushed and Russian factory workers were berries with 1/2 cup (100 ml) of water. Habitat & Cultivation reported to have decreased Divide into 3 doses and drink during a sickness levels. 24-hour period. Schisandra is cultivated in north- ■ Protecting the liver The lignans eastern China, especially in the have been shown to have pronounced and women, schisandra reputedly respiratory infections such as 133 provinces of Jilin, Lianoning, antihepatoxic (liver-protective) action. increases the secretion of sexual chronic coughs, shortness of Heilongjiang, and Hebei. It is Up to 30 different lignans have been fluids and, in men, it also improves breath, and wheezing. propagated from seed in spring. identified in schisandra, which all sexual stamina. ■ Balancing fluid levels The fruit is harvested in autumn contribute to this effect. One clinical ■ Liver treatment herb Schisandra is used to tone up when it is fully ripe. trial reported a 76% success rate in Schisandra has proven benefits for and strengthen kidney function treating patients with hepatitis, with the liver and is used in the treatment and to help the body balance Related Species no side effects being noted. of hepatitis and poor liver function. levels of fluid, making it helpful ■ Nervous system Schisandra is ■ Sedative Although a stimulant, for treating night sweats, thirst, Though less therapeutically known to stimulate the nervous schisandra is used in Chinese medicine and urinary frequency. active than schisandra, the berries system, increasing the speed of reflex to “quiet the spirit and calm the heart.” ■ Skin rashes Recently, Chinese of the related nan wu wei zi nervous responses and improving It is given for insomnia and dream- herbalists have started to use (S. sphenanthera) are commonly mental clarity. The berries have a disturbed sleep and is a fine example schisandra to treat urticaria (hives) used in Chinese medicine for the mild antidepressant activity and of how adaptogenic herbs often work and other skin problems, including treatment of acute coughs. are thought to improve nervous in apparently contradictory ways to eczema. It is usually given for irritability and forgetfulness. In Russia, restore normal body function. these conditions in the form Key Constituents schisandra has been used to treat ■ Mental & emotional disorders of a medicinal wine. people with severe mental health In Russia and China, schisandra berries ■ Additional uses Schisandra ■ Lignans (schizandrin, disorders including schizophrenia and have traditionally been prescribed to is used for a wide variety of deoxyschizandrin, gomisin) chronic alcoholism. Clinical studies treat mental illnesses such as neuroses. other physical disorders, including in 1967 found that those taking a They are also given to improve diarrhea and dysentery, as well ■ Triterpeneso schisandra tincture became more concentration and coordination as to help improve failing sight ■ Volatile oil sociable and less emotionally tense. and are a traditional remedy for and hearing. ■ Vitamins C and E forgetfulness and irritability. Traditional & ■ Respiratory infections The Self-help Use Key Actions Current Uses herb is used in the treatment of ■ Low sex drive, p. 316. ■ Nerve tonic ■ Tonic Schisandra is a major tonic ■ Adaptogenic herb and acts throughout the body, ■ Protects liver strengthening and toning many different organs. ■ Sexual stimulant Probably best known as a sexual tonic for both men www.ebook3000.com

Scutellaria baicalenSiS key medicinal plants Scutellaria baicalensis syn. S. macrantha (Lamiaceae) Baical skullcap A perennial growing Baical Skullcap, Huang Quin to 1–4 ft (30–120 cm) high, with lance-shaped leaves and purplish- blue flowers. In 1973, 92 wooden tablets were discovered in a Parts Used 2nd-century ce tomb in northwestern China. Among other herbs listed in prescriptions for decoctions, Root is harvested tinctures, pills, and ointments was Baical skullcap. The when the plant is herb has had an established role in Chinese herbal 3–4 years old in medicine at least from that time, and is one of the autumn or spring. main remedies for “hot and damp” conditions, such as dysentery and diarrhea. Root has anti- inflammatory properties Research ■ Flavonoids Baical skullcap has been quite widely researched in China, and it is clear that it has marked anti-inflammatory, anti- allergy, and antioxidant effects, all 3 actions mostly being due to the flavonoids. ■ Clinical evidence Clinical studies investigating different applications of Baical skullcap show the herb has Dried root Fresh root promise in the treatment of Baical skullcap is an important medicinal infections, including bronchitis, Key Preparations & Their Uses plant in China and is also cultivated as and dysentery, high blood pressure, an ornamental. chronic hepatitis, and allergic rhinitis QCautions Best taken under professional supervision. (hay fever). The root has anticancer Habitat & Cultivation activity, with studies showing small- Baical skullcap is found in China, scale positive results in patients with Baical skullcap Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and Russia. lung and prostate cancer. It thrives on sunny, grassy slopes and ■ Diabetes The herb may be useful open areas between 330 ft (100 m) for problems arising from diabetes, Self-heal and 5,900 ft (1,800 m) above sea including cataracts. level. Baical skullcap is propagated ■ Weight-loss aid A South Korean Decoction (to make, p. 291). Remedy For headaches, from seed sown in autumn or spring. clinical trial in 2011 looked at the For feverish chest colds, drink decoct 15 g root with 10 g The roots of 3- to 4-year-old plants effectiveness of a baical skullcap and 1⁄3 cup (75 ml) 3 times a day. self-heal (see p. 291). are harvested in autumn or spring. platycodon (Platycodon grandiflorum) Drink 1⁄3 cup (75 ml) combination in treating obesity. After 3 times a day. Related Species 2 months, the group taking the herbs had lost significantly more weight than Skullcap (S. lateriflora, p. 135) is a close relation. It is a Native the placebo group. Tincture (to make, p. 292). For hay fever, North American remedy for take 40 drops with water 3 times a day. anxiety and stress. Traditional & ■ Circulatory remedy Baical ■ Allergic conditions The herb is Key Constituents Current Uses ■ Cold & bitter herb In ■ Flavonoids (about 12%)— traditional Chinese medicine, skullcap is a valuable remedy for useful for treating allergic conditions baicalin, wogoniside Baical skullcap is “cold” and “bitter” circulation. In combination with other such as asthma, hay fever, eczema, and ■ Sterols (see p. 42). It is prescribed in China herbs, it is used to treat high blood hives. The flavonoids in particular ■ Benzoic acid for hot and thirsty conditions such pressure, arteriosclerosis, varicose inhibit the inflammatory processes in Key Actions as high fevers, coughs with thick veins, and easy bruising. the body that lead to allergic reactions. ■ Sedative yellow phlegm, and gastrointestinal ■ Other uses Applied to the Self-help Uses infections that cause diarrhea, skin, Baical skullcap treats sores, ■ Antiallergenic such as dysentery. It is also given swelling, and boils. It is also given ■ Allergic rhinitis including hay ■ Antibacterial to people suffering from painful for circulatory problems that arise fever, p. 300. 134 ■ Anti-inflammatory urinary conditions. from diabetes. ■ Wheezing, p. 301.

Scutellaria lateriflora Scutellaria lateriflora (Lamiaceae) Skullcap key medicinal plants A perennial growing Skullcap, Virginian Skullcap, Mad Dog to 2 ft (60 cm), with an erect, many- A Native American herb, skullcap was traditionally taken Parts Used branched stem and for menstrual problems. It was also used in purification pink to blue flowers. ceremonies when menstrual taboos had been broken. Aerial parts are Skullcap became well known in 19th-century America harvested in summer Seed capsules, as a treatment for rabies, hence its folk name “mad dog.” for use in a number of when dry, Today, it is mainly used as a tonic and sedative for the calming preparations. look like nerves in times of stress. It has a bitter, slightly skullcaps astringent taste. Key Actions ■ Sedative ■ Nervine tonic ■ Antispasmodic ■ Mild bitter Research Dried aerial parts Skullcap is easy to recognize. It has pairs ■ Anxiety remedy Little research Fresh aerial parts of pink to blue flowers and distinctive has been carried out on this species seed capsules. of Scutellaria despite its long use in Key Preparations & Their Uses North American and British herbal Habitat & Cultivation medicine to ease anxiety and stress. QCautions Best taken under professional supervision. A small English study published in A native of North America, skullcap 2011 tested skullcap against placebo Infusion (to make, still grows wild in much of the U.S. in reducing anxiety in 43 “non-anxious” p. 291). For short-term and Canada. It thrives in damp people. Those taking skullcap showed relief of stress and conditions, for example on significantly better overall mood anxiety, take 21⁄2 tbsp riverbanks, and needs plenty of levels at the end of the 2 weeks 3 times a day. sun. Skullcap can be propagated of the study. from seed or by root division in Tincture (to make, Capsules (to make, spring. The aerial parts of 3- to Traditional & p. 292). For nervous p. 292). For nervous 4-year-old plants are harvested Current Uses tension and headaches, exhaustion, take a 200 mg in summer, when in flower. take 1⁄2 tsp with water capsule twice daily. ■ Native American cure The twice a day. Related Species Cherokee used skullcap to stimulate menstruation, relieve breast pain, and Tablets, often containing other sedative herbs, are taken for insomnia. There are around 100 species of encourage expulsion of the placenta. Scutellaria. In the past, European ■ 19th-century remedy The stress and worry cause muscular Self-help Uses 135 skullcap (S. galericulata) and lesser Physiomedicalists (followers of a tension. Skullcap is often prescribed skullcap (S. minor) have been used 19th-century Anglo-American school on its own, or with other sedative ■ Anxiety, depression, & tension, in a similar way to S. lateriflora, but of herbal medicine) first discovered herbs, to treat insomnia, and it is also p. 308. today they are considered to have skullcap’s use as a nervine. They given for period pain. a less important therapeutic action. recognized that it has a “deeper” ■ Migraine, p. 309. Baical skullcap (S. baicalensis, p. 134) action on the nervous system than ■ Panic attacks & headaches, p. 308. is also closely related. many other herbs and used it for hysteria, epilepsy, convulsions, and Key Constituents rabies, as well as for serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. ■ Flavonoids (scutellarin) ■ Current uses Today, skullcap is ■ Bitter iridoids (catalpol) taken mainly as a nerve tonic and for ■ Volatile oil its restorative properties. It helps ■ Tannins support and nourish the nervous system, and calms and relieves stress and anxiety. Its antispasmodic action makes it useful for conditions where www.ebook3000.com

Key medicinal plants Serenoa repenS Saw palmetto A small palm Serenoa repens syn. Sabal serrulata (Palmaceae) growing to 20 ft (6 m), with fans of Saw Palmetto yellow-green leaves and ivory flowers. Saw palmetto berries were eaten by Native North Parts Used Americans and animals. According to legend, on seeing the animals grow “sleek and fat,” European settlers tried Berries have powerful diuretic the berries and attributed medicinal properties to them. and tonic properties. They The fruit pulp was used as a tonic from the 19th century are a traditional North onward, and today it is used to help in debility, for American remedy for urinary tract problems, and for reducing an enlarged a wide range of problems. prostate gland. ■ Diuretic ■ Male tonic Research Berries have a vanilla, ■ Benign prostatic nutty flavor hypertrophy (BPH) Extensive clinical research, mostly in Europe, has shown that a lipid or fat extract Dried berries Fresh berries of saw palmetto is effective in reversing enlargement of the prostate gland. In the process, Key Preparations & Their Uses the extract reduces urinary retention Saw palmetto has dark purple to black and eases urine flow. In many QCautions Do not use during pregnancy, while breastfeeding, if taking berries, growing in the center of the leaf fans. European countries saw palmetto hormonal drugs, or if you have a hormone-dependent cancer. extract is a standard treatment for Habitat & Cultivation enlarged prostate. It is not clear Saw palmetto is indigenous to North how extracts of the herb work. Saw palmetto Licorice America and can be found growing ■ Combination with nettle root in sand dunes along the Atlantic and In the late 1990s two clinical trials Caribbean coasts from South Carolina gave men with early stage BPH a to Texas. It is propagated from seed combination of saw palmetto and in spring and needs well-drained soil nettle root. One trial compared the and plenty of sun. The berries are herbs with placebo, the other with Infusion (to make, p. 291) is a harvested when ripe in autumn, then finasteride, a standard conventional diuretic. For enlarged prostate, dried, often with the seeds removed. treatment for BPH. Results for the take 3/4 cup (150 ml) daily. Related Species herb combination in both trials were very good, with a clear improvement The Maya of Central America used in symptoms in respect to placebo, the roots or leaves of S. japa, another and similar outcomes for those taking Horsetail small palm, as a remedy for dysentery the herbs or finasteride, but those and abdominal pain. The crushed taking the herbs experienced fewer Tincture (to make, p. 292) Remedy Make an infusion roots of S. adamsonii were used by side effects. can be taken as a long-term (see p. 291) with 2 tsp saw the Houma, who also lived in Central tonic for debility. Take 1 tsp palmetto, 2 tsp horsetail, 1 tsp licorice, America, as an eye lotion. Traditional & and 3⁄4 cup (200 ml) water. Take 1/2 cup Current Uses with water daily. (100 ml) as a tonic twice a day. Key Constituents ■ Urinary remedy Saw palmetto ■ Lipid (fat) content includes has been nicknamed the “plant It is a useful remedy in cystitis and weight gain. Fruit pulp or tincture is phytosterols catheter.” This is because it has the prostatitis (inflammation of the given to those suffering from wasting ■ Flavonoids ability to strengthen the neck of prostate gland). illnesses and for general debility and ■ Polysaccharides the bladder, and to reduce an ■ Anabolic action Saw palmetto failure to thrive. enlarged prostate gland. It can be is a tonic and is one of the few Key Actions Western remedies that is considered Self-help Use equally useful in treating lower ■ Anti-inflammatory urinary tract symptoms, such as pain, to be anabolic—it strengthens and ■ Impotence & premature 136 ■ Antispasmodic frequency, and urgency in urination. builds body tissues and encourages ejaculation, p. 316.

Silybum marianum Silybum marianum syn. Carduus marianus (Asteraceae) Milk thistle Key medicinal plants A spiny biennial, Milk Thistle, Mary thistle growing to 5 ft (1.5 m), with white- veined leaves and purple flower heads. Milk thistle has been used in Europe as a remedy for Parts Used depression and liver problems for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. Recent research has confirmed Flower heads are eaten as a tonic traditional herbal knowledge, proving that the herb has food and can be used in remedies. a remarkable ability to protect the liver from damage resulting from alcoholic and other types of poisoning. Today, milk thistle is widely used in the West for the treatment of a range of liver conditions. ■ Anticancer Fresh flower ■ Anti-allergenic head ■ Increases breast-milk production Dried flower Spiny, thistle- Research head like leaves are ■ Silymarin German research from gray-green the 1970s onward has focused on silymarin, a substance contained Seeds contain silymarin, in the seeds. This exerts a highly which protects the liver. protective effect on the liver, They are the main part maintaining its function and preventing used in remedies. damage from compounds that are normally highly toxic. It has been Seeds shown that severe liver breakdown, Milk thistle has distinctive white markings resulting from ingesting carbon Key Preparations & Their Uses on its leaves caused, according to tradition, tetrachloride or death cap mushrooms, by the Virgin Mary’s milk. can be prevented if silymarin is QCautions May cause allergic reactions in rare cases. Seek taken immediately before, or within guidance from your health care practitioner if planning to Habitat & Cultivation 48 hours. In Germany, silymarin has take alongside chemotherapy. been used successfully to treat Native to the Mediterranean, milk hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Decoction of seeds (to Tincture of seeds may be thistle grows throughout Europe and is ■ Other research In several clinical make, p. 291). For liver taken to help hay fever. naturalized in California. It grows wild, trials, silymarin extracts protected thriving in open areas, and is cultivated liver function in people taking infections, take as an ornamental plant. Milk thistle likes chemotherapy for cancer, including, 1⁄3 cup (75 ml) a day. a sunny position and self-seeds readily. in one trial, children suffering from The flower heads are picked in full leukemia. Research so far suggests Capsules of seeds (to make, p. 292). bloom in early summer and the seeds that silymarin extracts support For a hangover, take a 500 mg capsule. are collected in late summer. healthy liver function during chemotherapy and do not reduce Tablets are prescribed for long-term treatment of liver disorders. Related Species the effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs. Laboratory research indicates tonic after the winter months when ■ Liver disorders Today, milk 137 Other closely related herbs, including that silymarin, particularly silybin, people had been deprived of fresh thistle is the main remedy used holy thistle (Cnicus benedictus, has significant anticancer properties. vegetables. They were also taken to in Western herbal medicine to p. 191) and globe artichoke (Cynara In a 2011 clinical trial in Iran, patients increase breast-milk production, and protect the liver and its many scolymus, p. 199), protect the liver with allergic rhinitis experienced were considered excellent for metabolic activities, and help from toxicity and exert a positive significantly fewer symptoms when melancholia (depression), which was renew its cells. The herb is used restorative action on liver function. taking a silymarin extract. traditionally associated with the liver. in the treatment of hepatitis and Gerard states in his Herball of 1597, jaundice, as well as in conditions Key Constituents Traditional & “My opinion is that this [milk thistle] where the liver is under stress— Current Uses is the best remedy that grows against whether from infection or excess ■ Flavonlignans (1–4%) all melancholy diseases.” alcohol, or from chemotherapy. (known collectively as “silymarin”) ■ Traditional uses Milk thistle flower heads, boiled and eaten like ■ Bitter principles artichokes, were useful as a spring ■ Polyacetylenes Key Actions ■ Liver protective ■ Chemoprotective www.ebook3000.com

Symphytum officinale Key Medicinal plants Symphytum officinale (Boraginaceae) Comfrey A perennial growing Comfrey, Knitbone to 3 ft (1 m), with thick leaves and bell- Comfrey’s names testify to its traditional use in mending like white to pink broken bones. “Comfrey” is a corruption of con firma, or mauve flowers. meaning the bone is “made firm,” Symphytum is derived from the Greek for “to unite,” and knitbone speaks for Parts Used itself. Comfrey is also a wound herb. K’Eogh in his Irish Herbal (1735) wrote that it “heals all inward wounds Root is harvested in autumn when and ruptures.” Today, it is still highly regarded for its the allantoin levels are highest. healing properties. Fresh root Research Fresh aerial parts ■ Active constituents Allantoin Comfrey was known to the Greek physician is a cell-proliferant that stimulates Dried root Aerial parts are rich Dried Dioscorides in the 1st century ce, who wrote the repair of damaged tissue. The in anti-inflammatory and aerial parts about it in his Materia Medica. herb’s anti-inflammatory activity astringent substances. is partly due to the presence of Habitat & Cultivation rosmarinic acid and phenolic acids. Key Preparations & Their Uses ■ Pyrrolizidine alkaloids An indigenous European plant, Research shows that, as isolated QCautions Do not use on dirty wounds as rapid healing can trap dirt or pus. comfrey grows in all temperate substances, certain pyrrolizidine Take internally only under professional supervision. Restricted in some countries. regions of the world, including alkaloids can be highly toxic to the Do not take during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. western Asia, North America, and liver. It is still unclear whether they Australia. It thrives in moist, marshy are toxic in the context of the Chopping leaves places. It can be grown from seed in whole plant, as they are only present For boils, apply as a spring or by root division in autumn, in minute amounts, often being poultice (see p. 295). and the leaves and flowering tops completely absent from samples are harvested in summer. The root of dried aerial parts. The highest Infused oil of leaves Ointment of leaves is unearthed in autumn. concentration is in the root, which (to make, p. 294). (to make, p. 295). should not be used internally. Skin Apply to sprains. Apply to bruises. Key Constituents applications, as well as the aerial parts of the plant, are considered safe. Tincture of root (to make, p. 292). Apply undiluted to acne. ■ Allantoin (up to 4.7%) ■ Clinical research In Germany ■ Mucilage (about 29%) and elsewhere in Europe, comfrey sprains, fractures, and broken bones applied to heal problems such as ■ Triterpenoids is widely used for sprains, bruises, has been known for thousands of insect bites, scars, skin inflammation, ■ Phenolic acids and sports injuries. Research, mostly years. It encourages ligaments and acne, and mastitis. in Germany, endorses the traditional bones to knit together firmly. A (rosmarinic acid) knowledge of comfrey’s wound- comfrey compress applied immediately Self-help Uses ■ Asparagine healing ability. In a 2007 study, to a sprained ankle can significantly ■ Pyrrolizidine alkaloids physicians rated the efficacy of a reduce the severity of the injury. The ■ Acne & boils, p. 305. comfrey leaf cream in healing combination of tannins and mucilage ■ Fractures, p. 312. (0.02–0.07%) abrasions. The doctors rated its helps to soothe bruises and grazes. ■ Fungal skin infections, p. 304. ■ Tannins effectiveness as good or very good ■ Other uses Comfrey preparations ■ Healing wounds, p. 304. in 93% of cases, and complete healing have many other uses and can be ■ Inflamed skin rashes, p. 303. Key Actions took 4 days with comfrey and 7 days ■ Stiff & aching joints, p. 313. with placebo. Other studies indicate ■ Demulcent comfrey’s value in promoting tissue ■ Astringent repair and as an anti-inflammatory ■ Anti-inflammatory in conditions such as sprained ankle, 138 ■ Heals wounds and bones osteoarthritis, and lower back pain. Traditional & Current Uses ■ Injuries Comfrey’s ability to promote the healing of bruises,

Ta b e b u i a s p p. Tabebuia spp. (Bignoniaceae) Pau d’arco Key Medicinal plants An evergreen tree Pau d’Arco (Portuguese), Lapacho (Spanish) (deciduous in cold climates) reaching Bark from the pau d’arco tree has been valued ■ Tonic 100 ft (30 m), with for centuries in traditional South American herbal ■ Antitumor pink flowers. medicine for its remarkable health benefits. Today, it is given as a remedy for inflammatory and infectious Research including wounds, fever, dysentery, problems, including conditions such as chronic fatigue and intestinal inflammation, as well as and candidiasis. It is also used for other conditions and ■ Antibacterial and antifungal certain types of cancer and snake bite. has a mixed reputation as a treatment for cancer, activity A Colombian review (2013) ■ Infections Given the large including leukemia. of research data on Tabebuia species, number of active constituents in much of which was undertaken pau d’arco, it is not surprising that medicine, so quality control of dried in South America, highlighted pau this beneficial herb is used in South bark can be difficult. T. avellanedae d’arco’s strong, direct activity against America and by herbal practitioners is considered to be the most several key bacteria, notably throughout the world. It is an therapeutically effective species, Staphylococcus aureus and important, natural antibiotic for while T. impetignosa is the species Helicobacter pylori, the latter being bacterial and viral infections, that is most commonly available. the principal cause of stomach ulcers. especially of the nose, mouth, and Pau d’arco is not normally It also has broad-ranging activity throat, and is considered helpful for cultivated—the prized inner bark is against many fungal agents, including chronic conditions such as CFS collected from trees growing in the Candida albicans. (chronic fatigue syndrome). wild, throughout the year. ■ Antitumor properties Pau Pau d’arco is also used for fungal d’arco’s anticancer action has been conditions, including ringworm and Pau d’arco is valued for its durable wood Key Constituents established in laboratory thrush, and is considered especially and for its bark that has important experiments, with many of its useful for treating chronic candidiasis. therapeutic properties. ■ Napthaquinones (lapachol) constituents suppressing the growth ■ Anti-inflammatory action ■ Anthraquinones of cancer cells. Research in Brazil in Pau d’arco reduces and relieves Habitat & Cultivation ■ Coumarins the 1960s raised great hopes that inflammatory problems, especially ■ Flavonoids pau d’arco might prove to be a major in the stomach and intestines. It An indigenous South American tree, ■ Iridoids cancer treatment, but clinical is used to treat a wide range of pau d’arco grows well in mountainous ■ Carnosol research has failed to produce other inflammatory conditions, terrains. In Peru and Argentina it is positive results. including cystitis, inflammation of found growing high up in the Andes. Key Actions the cervix, and prostatitis. Pau d’arco is also found in low-lying Traditional & ■ Cancer remedy Clinical areas (in Paraguay and Brazil), where ■ Antibacterial Current Uses experience in Brazil, combined it is thought to have originated. Many ■ Antifungal with its worldwide use by herbalists Tabebuia species are used in herbal ■ Antiparasitic ■ Early cure-all The Incas, the as a cancer remedy, suggests that ■ Immunostimulant Callawaya in Brazil, and other Native pau d’arco may be beneficial in ■ Anti-inflammatory South American peoples all prized the treatment of cancer, including pau d’arco as a cure-all. They used leukemia. However, more intensive it to treat a variety of conditions, research is needed into its therapeutic value. Parts Used Key Preparations & Their Uses Inner bark is prized for its immunostimulant properties. QCaution If taking anticoagulant medication, take pau d’arco only on professional It is used to treat many inflammatory conditions. advice. Do not take during pregnancy. Avoid if trying to conceive. Bark has important antibiotic properties Decoction (to make, p. 291) is a traditional preparation in South America. For candidiasis, drink 3/4 cup (150 ml) 3 times a day. Ointment (to make, p. 295). Tincture (to make, p. 292) is For wounds, apply freely. suitable for long-term use. For cfs, take 40 drops with water 3 times a day. Dried inner bark 139 www.ebook3000.com

Key medicinal plants TanaceTum parThenium Feverfew An herbaceous Tanacetum parthenium (Asteraceae) perennial growing to 2 ft (60 cm), with Feverfew numerous daisylike flower heads. Feverfew’s main traditional use was as a woman’s Parts Used herb. Nicholas Culpeper in The English Physitian (1652) sings its praises as “a general strengthener of [the] womb ... it cleanseth the womb, expelleth the after-birth and doth the woman all the good she can desire of an herb.” Feverfew is now used principally as a treatment for migraine, but has also long been thought of as an herb for arthritis and rheumatism. Research Aerial parts are harvested in ■ Migraine When, in 1973, the wife summer when the of a Welsh doctor ended her 50- plant is in flower. year history of migraine with Feverfew has daisylike flowers that bloom a course of feverfew, a detailed Dried The leaves contain all summer. scientific investigation got underway. aerial parts parthenolide, which In clinical trials in Britain during the helps prevent migraine Habitat & Cultivation 1980s the herb was shown to be an effective remedy for migraine. Further Fresh aerial parts Originally from southeastern clinical trials across Europe, including Europe, feverfew is now common one in 2006 that combined feverfew Key Preparations & Their Uses throughout Europe, Australia, and and willow bark (Salix alba, p. 129), North America. It can be propagated attest to feverfew’s ability to treat Cautions Eating fresh leaves may cause mouth ulcers. Do not take feverfew from seed or cuttings, and prefers migraine. The trials indicate feverfew if taking warfarin or other blood-thinning drugs. Do not take during pregnancy. well-drained soil and sun. The leaves may need to be taken long term (for Can cause allergic reactions in rare cases. are picked as required and the aerial 6 months or more) for full effect. parts as a whole are harvested in ■ Rheumatoid arthritis Fresh leaves To prevent Tincture (to make, p. 292). For summer when the plant is in flower. Feverfew’s effectiveness in the migraine, eat 2–3 leaves long-term prevention of migraine, treatment of rheumatoid arthritis daily on a piece of bread. Related Species is being investigated. take 10 drops a day. Feverfew is a close relative of Traditional & Capsules (to make, p. 292). For symptomatic relief of headaches tansy (Tanacetum vulgare, p. 274), Current Uses take a 100 mg capsule daily. and the chrysanthemum and chamomile species. ■ Fevers As its name implies, Tablets often contain other herbs. Take for headaches. feverfew may be used to lower Key Constituents temperature and cool the body. ■ Gynecological uses The herb ■ Volatile oil (alpha-pinene) has been used since Roman times ■ Sesquiterpene lactones to induce menstruation. It is also given in childbirth to aid expulsion (parthenolide) of the placenta. ■ Sesquiterpenes (camphor) ■ Migraine & headaches In small quantities, feverfew is now used as a Key Actions preventative for migraine. It has to be taken regularly, and at the first signs ■ Anti-inflammatory of an attack. It is useful for migraine ■ Analgesic associated with menstruation, and ■ Reduces fever for headaches. ■ Antirheumatic ■ Arthritis remedy The herb 140 ■ Promotes menstrual flow can help arthritic and rheumatic pain, especially with other herbs. Self-help Use ■ Migraine prevention, p. 309.

Taraxacum officinale Dandelion Key medicinal plants A perennial growing Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae) to 20 in (50 cm), with ragged basal Dandelion leaves, hollow stalks, and golden flowers. Known principally as a weed, dandelion has an astonishing Parts Used range of health benefits. In Western folk medicine, the leaves, which can be eaten in salads, have long been used Leaves are juiced, eaten raw in salads, as a diuretic. They were recommended in the works or dried for use in herbal preparations. of Arab physicians in the 11th century, and in an herbal written by the physicians of Myddfai in Wales in the 13th century. The root, which has a shorter history of medicinal use, is good for the liver. Key Actions Dried leaves ■ Diuretic Root is harvested after ■ Detoxifying 2 years and is dried or roasted. ■ Bitter Research Fresh root ■ Leaves Research published in Leaves contain the journal Planta Medica, in 1974, high levels of confirmed that dandelion leaves potassium are a powerful diuretic, though their exact mode of action is not Fresh leaves understood. Many other small-scale Dandelion’s name, which is a corruption of studies have confirmed this diuretic, Dried root the Latin dens leonis, meaning“lion’s teeth,” or more accurately, aquaretic effect derives from the appearance of its flowers. of dandelion leaf. Aquaretic refers Key Preparations & Their Uses to the fact that many herbal diuretics Habitat & Cultivation stimulate just the elimination of Marigold petals Borage flowers water and potassium. As dandelion Dandelion grows wild in most parts leaf has very high levels of potassium, Tablets have a diuretic effect. of the world and is cultivated in it is thought that no net loss of this Take for fluid retention. Germany and France. It is propagated mineral occurs on taking the leaf. from seed in spring. The young leaves ■ Root A 2004 laboratory study Tonic salad made with dandelion leaves. Tincture of root (to make, p. 292). are picked in spring for tonic salads, reported dandelion root had marked Eat regularly for its cleansing benefits. For eczema, take 1⁄2 tsp diluted with and later as a medicine. The root anticancer activity. It significantly 1⁄2 cup (100 ml) water 3 times a day. of 2-year-old plants is unearthed increased tumor necrosis factor and in autumn. apoptosis (programmed cell death). Decoction of root (p. 291). For acne, take 1⁄3 cup (75 ml) 3 times a day. Infusion of leaves (p. 291). For swollen ankles, take 2 cups (500 ml) daily. Related Species Traditional & Juice made from leaves. For fluid retention, take 1 tbsp 3 times a day. Current Uses Pu gong ying (T. mongolicum) is used skin problems, such as eczema, and from the pancreas and supporting 141 in Chinese herbal medicine to “clear ■ Diuretic Dandelion leaf is used arthritic conditions, where improved stable blood-sugar levels. heat” and relieve toxicity, especially as a diuretic and treats high blood clearance of waste products can of the liver. pressure by reducing the volume reduce local inflammation. Self-help Uses of fluid in the body. ■ Other uses Dandelion root is a Key Constituents ■ Detoxifying remedy Dandelion good prebiotic, supporting the health ■ Acne & boils, p. 305. root is a key detoxifying herb that of the gut flora. It has traditionally ■ Constipation, p. 307. ■ Sesquiterpene lactones gently stimulates the liver and gall been used in the early stages of type 2 ■ Detoxification for hangover, p. 309. ■ Triterpenes bladder’s capacity to clear waste diabetes, stimulating insulin release ■ Fluid retention, p. 315. ■ Polysaccharides products from the body. This action ■ Hives, p. 303. Leaf only: makes it valuable in the many health ■ Coumarins conditions that involve chronic toxicity, ■ Carotenoids whether this toxicity is linked to ■ Minerals (especially potassium) inflammation, infection, or dietary or Root only: environmental factors. The root is ■ Taraxacoside typically taken to treat constipation, ■ Phenolic acids ■ Minerals (potassium, calcium) www.ebook3000.com

Key medicinal plants Terminalia arjuna Arjun An evergreen tree Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae) reaching 100 ft (30 m), with pale yellow Arjun flowers and cone- shaped leaves. The bark of the arjun tree has been used in Indian Parts Used herbal medicine for at least 3,000 years, and has Bark has constituents that always been valued as a remedy for the heart. The lower blood pressure and first person credited with prescribing arjun for heart reduce cholesterol levels. disease was Vagbhata, an Indian physician of the 7th century ce. Arjun is an example of an herb for which the traditional use has been confirmed by modern pharmacological research. Arjun is a handsome evergreen tree. Its Research Dried bark is prescribed to help heart and bark circulation problems. ■ Cardiac tonic Research has been going on into arjun in India Bark is used to treat Habitat & Cultivation since the 1930s. The results have heart disease in India been highly conflicting, with some Arjun is found throughout most studies indicating that it increases Key Preparations of the Indian subcontinent, from heart rate and blood pressure, and & Their Uses Sri Lanka to the foothills of the others suggesting the reverse. It Himalayas. It thrives in wet, marshy seems that the herb is best used QCaution Take only under professional supervision. areas and on riverbanks. The tree is to treat conditions where the blood grown from seed and the bark supply to the heart is poor, for is cut in late winter. example in ischemic heart disease and angina. In a 2002 clinical trial Related Species in India, 58 men with angina were given arjun. Results were very A number of other Terminalia species positive, with those taking arjun are also used medicinally, notably experiencing a marked reduction beleric myrobalan and chebulic in angina symptoms and an increased myrobalan (T. belerica and T. chebula, capacity to exercise. p. 275). Both are close relatives of ■ Cholesterol Indian research has arjun and are among the most used demonstrated that arjun reduces herbal medicines in India. blood cholesterol levels. Key Constituents Traditional & Decoction is used by herbalists to Tincture is a valuable cardiac tonic. Current Uses treat poor circulation to the heart. Herbalists prescribe it to treat angina. ■ Tannins ■ Triterpenoid saponins ■ Traditional heart remedy ■ Modern heart remedy Arjun is Powder is a traditional ■ Flavonoids In Indian herbal medicine, arjun has beneficial for angina and poor coronary Ayurvedic remedy, ■ Phytosterols always been taken as a heart tonic. circulation. It is also of benefit if the prescribed for asthma. It has a long history of treating heart heart’s rate and rhythm are abnormal. Key Actions failure and edema (a condition in By lowering blood cholesterol levels, reducing blood pressure, and which fluid accumulates in the ankles supporting normal heart function, ■ Cardiac tonic and legs because the heart is not arjun improves the health of the ■ Lowers blood pressure pumping adequately). circulation and reduces the risk of 142 ■ Reduces cholesterol levels ■ Ayurvedic medicine Ayurvedic developing a serious heart problem. physicians use arjun to restore balance when any of the 3 humors, kapha, pitta, or vata (see p. 37), is present in excess. As a decoction, the bark is given to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Powdered bark is part of a traditional Ayurvedic treatment for asthma. Arjun is also given in Ayurveda for bile duct problems, as well as for poisoning and scorpion stings.

Thymus vulgaris Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae) Thyme Key medicinal plants An aromatic shrub Thyme, Garden Thyme growing to 16 in (40 cm), with woody Thyme was praised by the herbalist Nicholas Culpeper stems, small leaves, (1616–1654) as “a notable strengthener of the lungs, and pink flowers. as notable a one as grows; neither is there a better remedy growing for that disease in children which they Parts Used commonly call chin-cough [whooping cough].” Thyme is an excellent antiseptic and tonic, and today it is still used Aerial parts, harvested in summer, as a respiratory remedy, as well as being important for a contain antiseptic volatile oil. variety of other ailments. Leaves have an aromatic, bitter taste Research Fresh leaves Thyme’s pink flowers attract bees in ■ Volatile oil Thyme’s volatile oil is Dried aerial parts profusion and give a distinctive flavor strongly antiseptic—the constituent Fresh aerial parts to the honey. thymol, in particular, is a most effective antifungal. The oil is also Key Preparations Habitat & Cultivation expectorant and it expels worms. & Their Uses ■ Anti-aging Research in the 1990s Thyme is a cultivated variety of the in Scotland suggests that thyme and its QCautions Do not take the essential oil internally. wild thyme (T. serpyllum, p. 276) of volatile oil have a markedly tonic Do not use the essential oil externally during pregnancy. southern Europe and is now grown effect, supporting the body’s normal worldwide. It is raised from seed or function and countering the effects Infusion (to make, p. 291). by root division in spring and prefers of aging. More recent research For colds, take 1/2 cup light, chalky soils. The aerial parts are indicates that thyme is strongly (100 ml) 3 times daily. harvested in summer. antioxidant and may help maintain higher levels of essential fatty acids Essential oil for acne, Syrup (to make, Related Species within the brain. dilute to 5% and dab p. 293) is a traditional ■ Stomach ulcers Extracts of onto inflamed spots. There are many Thymus species, each the herb have shown strong cough remedy. Take with a different volatile oil content. antibacterial activity against H. pylori, 1 tbsp 3 times a day. Wild thyme (T. serpyllum, p. 276) is a bacterium often associated with often used in the same way as thyme. stomach ulcers. Tincture (to make, p. 292). For thrush, apply 40 drops, 2–3 times daily. ■ Menstrual pain Many compounds Key Constituents within thyme relieve muscle cramps. ■ Worms Thyme is often used to Self-help Uses 143 A 2014 Iranian clinical trial compared treat worms in children. ■ Volatile oil (mostly thymol the ability of thyme and ibuprofen ■ External uses Applied to the ■ Allergic rhinitis, p. 300. and carvacrol) to relieve period pains. The findings skin, thyme relieves bites and stings, ■ Back pain, p. 313. showed both treatments to and is used for sciatica and rheumatic ■ Bites & stings, p. 303. ■ Flavonoids be effective. pains. It helps ringworm, athlete’s foot, ■ Colds & flu, p. 311. ■ Phenolic acids thrush, and other fungal infections, ■ Coughs & bronchitis, p. 310. Traditional & as well as scabies and lice. Thyme ■ Earache, p. 312. Key Actions Current Uses infusion and diluted oil are also ■ Fungal infections, pp. 304 & 314. massaged into the scalp to encourage ■ Maintaining vitality, p. 319. ■ Antiseptic ■ Infections The antiseptic and hair growth and reverse hair loss. ■ Mild asthma, p. 301. ■ Tonic tonic properties of thyme make it a ■ Tired & aching muscles, p. 312. ■ Relieves muscle spasms useful tonic for the immune system in ■ Expectorant chronic, especially fungal, infections, as ■ Expels worms well as an effective remedy for throat ■ Antioxidant and chest infections. ■ Asthma & hay fever Thyme is prescribed with other herbs for asthma, especially in children. Its invigorating qualities balance the sedative effect of many herbs used for asthma. Thyme is also helpful in hay fever. www.ebook3000.com

Key medicinal plants Turnera diffusa Damiana An aromatic shrub Turnera diffusa syn. T. diffusa var. aphrodisiaca (Passifloraceae) growing to 61⁄2 ft (2 m), with smooth, pale Damiana green leaves and small, single yellow flowers. Damiana is a traditional aphrodisiac of the Maya Parts Used people in Central America. It continues to be considered valuable as an aphrodisiac and general Leaves are harvested tonic, and its stimulant, tonic action also makes it in summer. They make a a valuable remedy for those suffering from mild pleasant-tasting tea and depression. Damiana has a strongly aromatic, slightly are used for a wide range bitter taste. The leaves are used to flavor liqueurs and of medicinal preparations. are taken in Mexico as a substitute for tea. Damiana is an excellent tonic herb for ■ Mild antidepressant Fresh leaves physical weakness and nervous exhaustion. ■ Mild laxative and diuretic Dried leaves Habitat & Cultivation Research Key Preparations Damiana is native to the Gulf of ■ Initial research The first & Their Uses Mexico, southern California, the study into the aphrodisiac activity northern Caribbean Islands, and of damiana (published in 1999) Tablets usually also Namibia. It is also cultivated in these found that male rats with low contain other herbs. areas. Damiana is grown from seed sexual activity became more Take as a relaxing tonic. in spring and prefers a hot, humid sexually active when given damiana climate. The leaves are harvested extract. One cannot generalize Tincture (to make, p. 292) is a Infusion (to make, p. 291) is a when the herb is in flower from animals to humans, but this nerve tonic and antidepressant. tonic and is useful for urinary in summer. does correspond with traditional infections. Drink 3/4 cup (150 ml) views of the herb. Other recent For mild depression, take 30 Related Species research suggests that damiana drops with water 4 times a day. daily as a general tonic. helps to prevent raised blood- T. opifera and T. ulmifolia are used sugar levels in diabetics. ■ Gynecological problems antiseptic, in the urinary tubules. This as tonics in Brazil and Central Damiana is often given for painful constituent is also found in a number America, respectively. Traditional & and delayed periods, and is used of other plants, notably uva-ursi Current Uses specifically for headaches connected (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, p. 170). Key Constituents to menstruation. ■ Laxative Damiana is a mild ■ Tonic Damiana is a tonic and ■ Urinary antiseptic Being a laxative, useful in the treatment of ■ Volatile oil (about 0.5–1%), restorative for the nervous system, diuretic and urinary antiseptic, damiana constipation due to poor bowel including caryophylene, and has always been considered an is useful in the treatment of urinary muscle tone. thymol, and cadinene aphrodisiac. Its tonic action is partly infections such as cystitis and urethritis. due to the constituent thymol, which This action is partly due to the Self-help Use ■ Flavonoids is antiseptic and tonic. constituent arbutin, which is converted ■ Hydroquinones (arbutin) ■ Antidepressant Technically, into hydroquinone, a strong urinary ■ Anxiety, depression, & ■ Tannins damiana is a thymoleptic (having a tension, p. 308. stimulating action on the body and Key Actions mind). It is given to people suffering from mild to moderate depression ■ Tonic or nervous exhaustion. Its stimulating ■ Nerve tonic and restorative properties make it ■ Aphrodisiac valuable when anxiety and depression 144 ■ Mild stimulant happen together. ■ Sexual restorative Due to its reputed testosterogenic activity, damiana has always been seen as an herb for men, helpful in treating premature ejaculation and impotence. It is, however, beneficial for both men and women, being considered restorative to the reproductive organs of both sexes.

UlmUs rUbra Ulmus rubra (Ulmaceae) Slippery elm Key medicinal plants A large tree growing Slippery Elm to 59 ft (18 m) with a brown trunk and rough gray-white bark on the branches. This marvellous herb is a gentle and effective remedy Parts Used for irritated states of the mucous membranes of the chest, urinary tubules, stomach, and intestines. Inner bark of 10-year-old It was used in many different ways by Native slippery elm trees is collected Americans—as a poultice for wounds, boils, ulcers, in spring and powdered. and inflamed eyes, and internally for fevers, colds, and bowel complaints. Slippery elm has a strongly Bark contains mucilage that mucilaginous “slippery” taste and texture. soothes irritated tissues Research Fresh bark Slippery elm produces red-brown fruit, ■ Mucilage There is limited Dried bark each consisting of a single seed, research into slippery elm, but its in summer. action as an herb with large quantities Key Preparations of mucilage is well understood. When & Their Uses Habitat & Cultivation the herb comes into direct contact with inflamed surfaces such as the Infusion Mix 1 heaped tsp with Poultice For wounds, add several Slippery elm is a native of the U.S. skin or the intestinal membranes, 3 cups (750 ml) of warm water. drops of calendula tincture to and Canada, and is most commonly it soothes and coats the irritated found growing in the Appalachian tissue, protects it from injury, and Infuse for 5 minutes. For 1 tsp of powder. Mix into a paste Mountains. The tree thrives on high draws out toxins or irritants. diarrhea, drink a whole dose and apply (see p. 295). ground and dry soil. The inner bark ■ Reflex action When slippery of the trunk and branches is collected elm is taken internally, it is thought 1–2 times a day. in spring. likely that it causes a reflex stimulation of nerve endings in Capsules (to make, p. 292) Related Species the stomach and intestines that For bronchitis, take a 200 mg leads to secretion of mucus by the capsule 2–3 times a day. White elm (U. americana) is used in membranes of the urinary tract. a similar way to slippery elm, and was Powder For acid indigestion, take 1 tsp with water 2–3 times daily. taken for coughs by the Mohicans. In Traditional & Europe, the dried bark of elm (Ulmus Current Uses Tablets Take for diarrhea. spp.) was used as a demulcent, and was first mentioned by Dioscorides ■ Nourishing Taken regularly, ■ External uses Applied externally, Self-help Uses 145 in the 1st century ce. slippery elm is a nutritious and the herb softens and protects the soothing food that acts as a prebiotic, skin. It also works very well as a ■ Acidity & indigestion, p. 307. Key Constituents supporting beneficial bacterial growth “drawing” poultice for boils ■ Acne & boils, p. 305. within the gut. It is excellent as a baby and splinters. ■ Constipation in children, p. 318. ■ Mucilage food and during convalescence. ■ Hemorrhoids, p. 302. ■ Starch ■ Digestive disorders Slippery elm ■ Tannins is a particularly soothing herb and can bring instant relief to acidity, diarrhea, Key Actions and gastroenteritis. It will also help alleviate conditions such as colic, ■ Demulcent inflammation of the gut, constipation, ■ Emollient hemorrhoids, diverticulitis, and ■ Nutritive irritable bowel syndrome. ■ Laxative ■ Urinary problems This herb is a useful remedy for urinary problems such as chronic cystitis. ■ Respiratory conditions Slippery elm has been used to treat all manner of chest conditions and has a soothing effect on everything from coughs and bronchitis to pleurisy and tuberculosis. www.ebook3000.com

Urtica dioica Key medicinal plants Urtica dioica (Urticaceae) Nettle A perennial growing Nettle to 5 ft (1.5 m), with lance-shaped leaves Known for its sting, nettle has long been appreciated Parts Used and green flowers for its medicinal uses. In the 1st century ce, the Greek with yellow stamens. physician Dioscorides listed a range of uses—the fresh Aerial parts are eaten as a tonic vegetable chopped leaves as a plaster for septic wounds, the juice and used to make medicinal preparations. High levels of for nosebleeds, and the cooked leaves mixed with myrrh nutrients are to stimulate menstruation. Today, nettle is used for hay concentrated fever, arthritis, anemia, and, surprisingly, even for in the leaves some skin conditions. Key Actions ■ Diuretic ■ Tonic Dried aerial parts Fresh aerial parts ■ Astringent ■ Prevents hemorrhaging Root has important diuretic ■ Anti-allergenic properties that make it useful for prostate problems. ■ Reduces prostate enlargement (root) ■ Anti-inflammatory Research Seeds are thought to act to protect the liver. ■ Root Clinical trials over the past Nettle can be cooked as a vegetable and 20 years have supported the root’s use Dried root Seeds tastes like spinach. in treating an enlarged prostate and Fresh root easing lower urinary tract symptoms, Habitat & Cultivation though several tested it in combination with saw palmetto (Serenoa repens, Nettle grows in temperate regions worldwide. The shoots are picked p. 136) rather than on its own. Key Preparations & Their Uses in spring for use as a tonic and a ■ Antiarthritic Studies into nettle’s vegetable. Aerial parts are picked in benefit in osteoarthritis have had summer when the plant is in flower. mixed results, though a 2009 French The root is harvested in autumn. trial found it reduced patients’ Related Species required daily intake of anti- inflammatories when combined The annual nettle (U. urens) is used in with Vitamin E, zinc, and fish oil. Decoction of root (see Ointment of leaves Soup with nettle leaves, similar ways to U. dioica. Roman nettle ■ Seeds Results of a 2009 Iranian p. 291). For enlarged prostate, (to make, p. 295). For carrots and onions is rich (U. pilulifera) was the species most laboratory study suggested that the eczema, rub liberally. in iron. Drink regularly. drink 3/4 cup (150 ml) daily. used by the Romans for “urtication” seeds are antioxidant and protect Capsules of leaf, (to make, p. 292). For enlarged prostate take a 300 mg capsule (beating with nettles to encourage liver function. 2–4 times a day. For heavy periods, take a 100 mg capsule 3 times a day. blood to the surface), which they did to keep themselves warm. Traditional & Infusion of leaves (to make, p. 291). Drink 3⁄4 cup (200 ml) daily as a tonic. Current Uses Key Constituents Tincture of root (to make, p. 292) helps allergies and skin conditions. ■ Cleansing Nettle’s key traditional For hay fever, take 1 tsp diluted with 1/2 cup (100 ml) water twice a day. Aerial parts: use is as a cleansing, detoxifying herb. Self-help Uses ■ Flavonoids (quercitin) It has a diuretic action, possibly due ■ Allergies Nettle is antiallergenic. ■ Amines (histamine, choline, to its flavonoids and high potassium It treats hay fever, asthma, itchy skin ■ Allergic rhinitis including acetylcholine, serotonin) content, and increases urine conditions, and insect bites. The juice hay fever, p. 300. ■ Glucoquinone production and the elimination of can be used as a treatment for ■ Anemia due to heavy ■ Minerals (calcium, potassium, waste products. It helps many skin nettle stings. menstrual bleeding, p. 301. silicic acid, iron) conditions and arthritic problems. ■ Enlarged prostate ■ Bites & stings, p. 303. Root: ■ Astringent Nettle slows or Following research, nettle root has ■ Mild asthma, p. 301. ■ Plant sterols (stigmast-4-en-zone stops bleeding from wounds and now become a common treatment ■ Diaper rash, p. 318. and stigmasterol) nosebleeds, and is good for heavy for symptoms linked to having an ■ Hives, p. 303. 146 ■ Phenols menstrual bleeding. enlarged prostate. ■ Nosebleeds, p. 310.

Vaccinium myrtillus Vaccinium myrtillus (Ericaceae) Bilberry Key medicinal plants A deciduous shrub, Bilberry, Blueberry growing to 16 in (40 cm) tall, with white Bilberry fruit first came to attention in the World War II or pink flowers and (1939–45) when pilots found that their night vision purple-black berries. improved on eating bilberry jam. Since then research has shown that bilberries help the eyes to adjust to the dark, Parts Used and stimulate the part of the retina most involved in seeing clearly, especially in dim or dark conditions. Leaves make a useful urinary antiseptic There is also the suggestion that bilberry fruit helps and astringent for urinary tract problems to correct nearsightedness. such as cystitis and irritable bladder. Berries have a strong healing effect on capillaries, especially on the micro-circulation within the eye. Key Actions ■ Circulatory tonic ■ Antioxidant ■ Anti-inflammatory ■ Astringent ■ Urinary antiseptic Research Fresh berries ■ Circulation Clinical trials from 1964 onward have shown that Fresh leaves bilberry fruits protect peripheral circulation and capillaries. Symptoms Dried berries that have been shown to improve Bilberry fruit can be used as a natural with bilberry extracts include fluid Key Preparations antioxidant supplement. retention, pain, pins and needles & Their Uses (paresthesia), and cramps—all Habitat & Cultivation resulting from impaired peripheral QCaution If taking anticoagulants or diagnosed with a bleeding disorder, take blood flow. medicinal doses on professional advice only. Bilberry thrives in moist undergrowth ■ Eyesight Different trials have on moors, hillsides, and heathland, also shown improvement to eyesight Capsules Take up to 4 x 500 mg Tincture (to make, p. 292). Take throughout temperate regions of in the nearsighted, in those with capsules a day to improve 1⁄2 tsp a day for poor circulation. the northern hemisphere—Asia, retinal damage due to diabetes, and circulation within the eye. Europe, and North America. Widely to high blood pressure in patients cultivated around the world, bilberry taking bilberry extracts, beta- Decoction (to make, p. 291) is pleasant-tasting and useful for short-term is propagated from seed in autumn, carotene, and retinol. Other treatment of diarrhea in children. or from cuttings. The leaves are conditions such as period pain and collected in summer, the fruit recovery from hemorrhoid Tablets, like capsules, are convenient for long-term use. when ripe in late summer or operations may improve with bilberry. early autumn. claudication, Raynaud’s disease, ■ Antiseptic The leaves have a 147 Traditional & varicose veins, hemorrhoids, easy marked antiseptic effect within the Related Species Current Uses bruising, and all conditions impairing bladder and urinary tubules, and can blood flow to the eyes, particularly be used to treat urinary infections Other members of the Ericaceae, ■ Digestive problems Bilberry diabetes and high blood pressure. such as cystitis. such as bearberry (Arctostaphyllos fruit has long been used as a mild ■ Antioxidant The fruit is used to ■ Antidiabetic The leaves and uva-ursi, p. 170), cowberry (V. vitis- laxative (because of its sugars), protect against tissue damage (it may fruit have antidiabetic activity, idaea), and cranberry (V. macrocarpon, and to relieve diarrhea (due to prevent cataract formation) and to helping especially in pre-diabetic p. 280) are used principally as the tannins). It is also moderately promote tissue healing, for example states. There is growing evidence urinary antiseptics. antibacterial and, since it tastes in the gastrointestinal tract or in that the fruit can help to promote pleasant, is useful for treating rheumatoid or osteoarthritis. weight loss. Key Constituents diarrhea and indigestion in children. ■ Circulatory disorders Many ■ Tannins (approximately 7%) circulatory disorders will benefit from ■ Proanthocyanins the fruit’s ability to improve capillary ■ Flavonoids function and heal inflammation. ■ Fruit acids These include intermittent ■ Phenolic acids ■ Pectin ■ Vitamin B2, C, and carotene www.ebook3000.com

Valeriana officinalis Key medicinal plants Valeriana officinalis (Valerianaceae) Valerian Erect perennial Valerian growing to 4 ft (1.2 m), with pinnate Valerian has been used as a sedative and relaxant at divided leaves and least since Roman times. It was known to Dioscorides pink flowers. in the 1st century ce, who named it phu, the sound of the word reflecting its unpleasant smell. Valerian helps Parts Used relieve stress and has become an increasingly popular remedy in recent decades. It is a safe, nonaddictive Root and rhizome are harvested in autumn when relaxant that reduces nervous tension and anxiety and they contain the highest level of active ingredients. promotes restful sleep. Key Actions Dried root and rhizome ■ Sedative ■ Relaxant ■ Relieves muscle spasms ■ Relieves anxiety ■ Lowers blood pressure Research ■ Therapeutic properties Extensive research in Germany and Switzerland has endorsed the use of Valepotriates in the rhizome and valerian to aid sleep, improve sleep root induce sleep Valerian helps reduce stress. Its name is quality, and lower blood pressure. Fresh root thought to be derived from the Latin valere, A German trial carried out in 2002 and rhizome “to be well.” that tested valerian and oxazepam Habitat & Cultivation (a conventional sleep treatment) Key Preparations & Their Uses found both to be effective—83% of QCautions Can cause drowsiness. Do not take valerian if already taking sleep-inducing drugs. Native to Europe and northern those taking valerian rated the Asia, valerian grows wild in treatment as very good compared to damp conditions. It is cultivated 73% of those taking oxazepam. in central and eastern Europe. The plant is grown from seed in Traditional & spring, and the root and rhizome Current Uses of 2-year-old plants are unearthed ■ Historical uses Known as “all- Tablets often also contain other herbs. Take for stress or anxiety. in autumn. heal” in the Middle Ages, valerian Related Species was credited with many virtues, in particular with healing epilepsy. Tincture (to make, p. 292). For anxiety, take 20 drops in V. capensis is given in South Africa In 1592, Fabius Calumna published Powder can be taken as hot water up to 5 times a day. capsules (to make, p. 292). for hysteria and epilepsy; V. hardwickii, a detailed work on herbal medicine For insomnia, take 1–2 doses of 500 mg at night. found in China and Indonesia, is taken in which he claimed to have cured as an antispasmodic; V. ulginosa was his epilepsy with the herb. used for cramps and menopausal ■ Stress-related disorders Decoction (to make, p. 291). Take 1–5 tbsp as a sedative at night. symptoms by the Menominee people Valerian reduces mental over- in North America; and V. wallichi is activity and nervous excitability, used in the Himalayas in almost helping people who find it hard valerian. It is a useful remedy for for high blood pressure caused insomnia, whether caused by anxiety by stress and anxiety. exactly the same way as valerian. to “switch off.” It is beneficial for or overexcitement. ■ Effective relaxant Valerian relaxes Self-help Uses Key Constituents almost any stress-related condition, overcontracted muscles, and is helpful for shoulder and neck tension, asthma, ■ Chronic anxiety, p. 308. and, in general, has a calming, rather colic, irritable bowel syndrome, period ■ Insomnia, p. 309. pain, and muscle spasms. ■ Nervous exhaustion, p. 309. ■ Volatile oil (up to 1.4%), than directly sedative, effect on ■ High blood pressure Valerian ■ Premenstrual syndrome, p. 315. is used with other herbs in remedies ■ Sleeplessness due to including bornyl acetate, the mind. backache, p. 313. beta-caryphyllene ■ Anxiety & insomnia Many ■ Iridoids (valepotriates)— symptoms of anxiety, including valtrate, isovaltrate tremors, panic, palpitations, and 148 ■ Alkaloids sweating, can be relieved with