Science_ Facts at Your Fingertips

NATURAL HISTORY FACTS | 149 • The heaviest bird is the ostrich, extinct giants weighing up to 345 lb (156 kg), which is too • The giant moa was the tallest bird ever, heavy to fly. The heaviest flying bird is the standing 12 ft (3.6 m) tall. It lived in New great bustard, which weighs 46 lb (21 kg). Zealand and became extinct about 500 years ago due to hunting by humans. The lightest bird is the bee hummingbird, which weighs just 1/10 oz (2 g). • The largest insect in the world is the • The south american short-faced giant weta, which weighs 21/2 oz (71 g). bear, which lived about 1 million years The smallest insect is the parasitic ago, weighed 1.7 tons (1.5 metric tons) wasp Dicopomorpha echmepterygis, and stood more than 11 ft (3.4 m) tall when which is less than /1 100 in (0.2 mm) long. standing on its hind legs. It was twice the size of a polar bear. • The largest spider is the goliath birdeater tarantula, with a leg span of • The steppe mammoth stood 13 ft 12 in (30 cm). The smallest spider (4 m) tall. Its tusks could grow to more than is Patu marplesi, measuring /17 1000 in 16 ft (5 m) long. It lived in Siberia 500,000 (0.43 mm)—the size of the period years ago. at the end of this sentence. • Josephoartigasia monesi was a • The largest reptile, the Nile giant rodent that lived in South America crocodile, grows up to 20 ft (6 m) long. 2 million years ago. It was the size of The smallest reptile, a dwarf chameleon, a small car, measuring 10 ft (3 m) long is about 1 in (28 mm) long. and weighing about 1 ton. • The biggest amphibian is the Chinese • Argentinosaurus was one of the giant salamander; it can grow up to largest dinosaurs, measuring 100 ft (30 m) 6 ft (1.8 m) long. The smallest amphibian from head to tail and weighing more is Paedophryne amauensis, a tiny frog from than 77 tons (70 metric tons). It laid Papua, New Guinea. At ¼ in (7 mm) long, it eggs the size of soccer balls. is also the world’s smallest vertebrate. • Meganeura was a giant dragonflylike • The smallest mammal is the insect that lived 300 million years ago. hog-nosed bat, also called the bumblebee It had a wingspan of more than bat, which weighs just 1/10 oz (2 g). 100 ft (60 cm).

150 | SCIENCE Glossary other organisms, together Gear A simple with conditions such as machine that moves Acceleration A change Conductor A substance temperature and light. a force from one place in an object’s velocity, that allows electricity to Evaporation The change to another and changes caused by a force flow through it easily. in state of a substance the size of the force. acting upon it. Current A flow from a liquid to a gas. Germination The Amplitude A measure of electricity. Evolution The process process by which of the height of an Decomposition A by which species change a seed begins to energy wave. Loud change that takes place into other species over grow into a new plant. sounds are made in dead bodies in which very long periods. Gills Parts of a fish of sound waves with complex substances Evolution is the way life that absorb oxygen a large amplitude. break down into developed on Earth. dissolved in the water. Atmosphere A layer of simpler chemicals. Fertilization The Gravity A force that gases that surrounds a DNA A special substance process by which male pulls all objects with planet such as the Earth. found in the cells of all and female parts of an mass towards Atom The smallest living things. The DNA animal or plant come each other. particle of a chemical contains instructions together to reproduce. Herbivore An animal, element. that tell the cells how Force A push or a pull such as a cow, elephant, Bacteria Tiny to behave. that changes an object’s or deer, that eats single-celled organisms Ecosystem A distinct shape or velocity. only plants. found all over the Earth. region, such as Fossil fuel Fuel such Hypothesis A Carnivore An animal, a forest or an ocean, as coal and oil that is theory about how such as a shark, lion, that contains made from the remains things work. Scientists or crocodile, that eats living organisms. of living things. test their hypotheses only meat. Electromagnet A Friction A force by conducting Cell The smallest unit powerful magnet made caused by rubbing experiments. of a life-form. Organisms using electricity. one thing against Inclined plane can be single-celled Electron A particle another. Friction slows A simple machine or multicelled. that makes up part of down movement and used to lift or lower Circuit A continuous an atom. An electron produces heat. heavy objects loop around which has a negative charge. Fulcrum The point around using less effort. an electrical current Element A pure which a lever rotates. Infrared A form of can flow. substance, such as gold, Fungus A kind of invisible radiation given Compound A hydrogen, or oxygen, that organism that feeds off as heat by objects. substance made from is made up of only one on the bodies of living or Insulator A substance two or more elements. kind of atom. There are dead plants and animals. that does not allow Condense To change 118 different elements. Gas A state of matter electrical current or heat state from a gas into Environment The in which molecules are to pass through it easily. a liquid. surroundings in which an spread out and moving Invertebrate An animal organism lives, including rapidly. Most gases that does not have are invisible. a backbone.

GLOSSARY | 151 Ion An atom or Nucleus The center Predator An animal Species A group of molecule that contains of an atom, made of that hunts other animals organisms that are very an uneven number of neutrons and protons. for food. similar and able to breed protons and electrons. Also used to mean a part Prey An animal that is with one another. An ion either has positive of a cell that contains hunted by other animals Spore A fertilized cell or negative charge. most of the cell’s DNA. for food. made by fungi that grows Lever A simple machine Nutrient A chemical Protist A simple form into a new organism. that makes a force or a that a plant or animal of single-celled life. Static electricity A movement larger. Levers needs to stay healthy. Proton A particle form of electricity in can be used to move Omnivore An animal that found in an atom’s which electric charge heavy objects. eats both meat and plants. nucleus. A proton builds up in one place. Liquid A state of matter Orbit The path of has a positive charge. Temperature A in which a substance has an object that follows Pulley A simple measure of how hot a fixed volume but no another object. The machine used to a substance is. fixed shape. Moon makes an orbit increase pulling forces. Ultraviolet A form Mass The amount of around the Earth. Radiation A form of of radiation found in matter within an object. Organism An individual energy that travels in the sunlight. Humans cannot Matter Any living thing, such as form of electromagnetic see ultraviolet, but some physical substance. a plant or animal. waves, such as light insects and birds can. Metabolism The Parasite An organism and X-rays. Velocity The speed and chemical process that lives on another Respiration A chemical direction of movement by which living things organism and harms it. process in which food is of an object. make the substances Particle A very small bit broken down to release Vertebrate An animal they need to grow of matter, such as an atom, its energy. that has a backbone. and stay healthy. a molecule, or an electron. Satellite An object Wedge A simple Migration A journey Photosynthesis A that orbits another object. machine that is used made by animals from process that takes The Moon is the Earth’s to separate objects one place to another place in the leaves only natural satellite. or to hold them in place. in search of food or in of plants in which the Seed The fertilized order to reproduce. energy of the Sun egg of a plant, usually Molecule A group is used to make sugars surrounded by a store of atoms that have they need for food. of food to help it grow. bonded together Plasma A state Solid A state of matter to make a new of matter similar to in which the molecules substance. Water a gas and containing are tightly packed is made of molecules charged ions. together and cannot containing hydrogen Precipitation Water that move freely. and oxygen. falls to the Earth’s surface Solution A liquid with Neutron A particle from the atmosphere. It another substance found in the nucleus can be in the form of rain, dissolved in it. of an atom. It does hail, or snow. not have a charge.

152 | SCIENCE Index B CERN (Switzerland) 27 chain reactions 54 A babies 124–25 chemical bonding 30–31 bacteria 5, 102, 106–07, 148 chemical energy 50, acceleration 88–89 balanced forces 85 acids 44–45 barium 33 51, 52–53 adaptation 140 bases 44–45 chemical reactions 36, 38–45 agriculture 5, 6 bats 138 chlorophyll 114, 115 air, heating/cooling 79, 80 batteries 58, 59 chloroplasts 115 air resistance 86–87 Becquerel, Henri 76 Chordates 104–05 aircraft 86–87, 89, 147 bees 116, 119 circuits 59, 98 alcohol 109 bending, light 73 class 104–05 algae 103, 106 Benz, Karl 8 cleaning products 44, 45 alkali metals 32, 144 Berners Lee, Tim 9 clouds 20, 21 alkaline earth metals 33, 144 beta particles 76–77 combustion 24 alkalis 44 birds 5, 122, 138–39, 146, 149 communication 118–19 alloys 35, 37 black holes 84 compasses 62–63, 64, 65 alpha particles 76–77 boiling 18 compounds 33, 36–37 amphibians 122, 124, 149 bones 33, 139 compression 17 amplitude 82, 83 boring drills 97 computers 9, 49, 98–99 animals 5, 82, 103–05, 117–43 brakes 86 condensation 19, 20 bread 109 conductors 25, 81 endangered 143 bronze 35, 37 conifers 111, 112–13, 131 evolution 140–41 burning 40 conservation 53, 143 flying 138–39 consumers 126–27 marine 132–33, 136–37 C convection 80 reproduction 124 cooking 38 survival 134–35 calcium 33, 44 cooling 78 types of 122–23 cameras 75 copper 33, 35, 37 antibiotics 9 carbon 26–27, 31 coral reefs 123, 132–33 antibodies 107 carbon cycle 129 corrosion 39 arachnids 119, 123, 149 carbon dioxide 109, 115, corrosive substances 44 argon 34 Crab Nebula 70–71 artificial intelligence 99 128–29, 142 cranes 96 asexual reproduction 116 CarbonX 25 crustaceans 103, 123 atmosphere 20, 142 carnivores 105, 114, 119 Curie, Marie 8 atmospheric gases 35 cars 8, 88–89, 97 current electricity 57 atomic number 32, 44 catalysts 40 cycles 128–29 atomic power 54–55 caustic substances 44 atoms 4, 15, 26–35 caves 21 D splitting 28, 54 cells 102, 106 attraction, magnetic 62 Darwin, Charles 8 axles 93, 95 decay 129 deceleration 89

INDEX | 153 decibels 83 environment 140, 142–43 G decomposers 126, 129 evaporation 18, 20, 37 deforestation 142 everyday science 10–11 gamma radiation 69, 71, 76–77 density 22 evolution 8, 140–41 gases 17, 34, 35, 145 deserts 131 exothermic reactions 40, 42–43 gastropods 123 diamonds 23, 31 expansion 79 gears 93, 97 digestion 107 experiments 5 Geiger counters 77 dinosaurs 141, 148, 149 extinction 141, 143, 149 genus 105 diseases 107 eyesight 74 germination 117 dissolving 24 Giant Redwoods 112–13 distillation 37 F gills 136 DNA 146 glass 46 drills 97 families 105 gliding 139 fatty acids 45 global warming 142 E feeding 5, 118–19, 126–27 gold 32, 33 ferns 110 graphite 31 Earth ferromagnetic materials 62 grasslands 130 crust 33 fertilization 116 gravity 7, 22, 49, 84 gravity 84 filtration 37 Great Barrier Reef 132–33 life on 100–43 fireworks 7, 42–43 groundwater 21 magnetic field 65 fish 103, 118, 122, 124, groups, living in 135 gunpowder 7, 42 echoes 82 132–36, 147 Gutenberg, Johannes 7 ecosystems 5, 130–31 fission 54–55 eggs 124 flammability 24–25 H Einstein, Albert 8 Fleming, Alexander 9 elasticity 23 flight 138–39 habitats 101, 130–31, 142 electric light 61, 75 flowering plants 110, 111, 116 hallucinations 108 electric motors 64 food webs 126–27 hang gliders 80 electrical conductors/ forces 4, 49, 84–97 hardness 23 hearing 82–83 insulators 25 and machines 92–97 heart 120 electrical energy 49 and movement 88–89 heat 78–81, 86 electricity 56–61 magnetism 62–69, 149 heat conductors 25 electromagnetic radiation forests 130, 131, 142–43 helium 27, 34, 55 formulas, chemical 30 herbivores 119 68–72, 76 fossil fuels 52, 53, 142 high-frequency 82 electromagnetism 66–69, 147 freezing 19, 21 hot-air balloons 17, 79 electrons 26–29, 30, 32, 56, 144 frequency 82 human impact 142–43 elements 32–35, 144–46 friction 86–87 hydroelectricity 58, 147 EM spectrum 68–69 fruit 110, 117 hydrogen 15, 36, 55 endothermic reactions 41 fuels 49, 52 hyphae 109 energy 4, 8, 49–83, 147 fulcrum 94 hypotheses 5 energy chain 52–53 fungi 5, 102, 108–09 energy resources 52 fusion 54, 55 engines 7, 86–89

154 | SCIENCE I M nonmetals 35 nonflammable materials 24–25 ice packs 41 machines nuclear energy 52, 54–55, 58 ignition 24 complex 96–97 nucleus 26, 54, 76 inclined planes 92 simple 92–95 nutrients 108, 114 Industrial Revolution 7 oceans 131–33, 136–37 infrared 68, 78, 80 magnesium 27, 33 octopuses 120–21, 137 inhibitors 40 magnetic fields 62–63 oil refineries 37 insects 103, 119, 123, 135, magnetism 62–69, 149 omnivores 119 malleability 22 orbit 12, 84 138, 149 mammals 103, 104–05, 119, orders 105 insulators 25, 81 organisms 106, 130 International Space Station 122, 125, 137, 148–49 ovum 116 man-made materials 41 oxygen 30, 35, 36, 103, 115, 128 12–13 marine life 132–33, 136–37 Internet 9 mass 22 P inventions 6–9 materials 4, 15, 22–25, 41, 46–47 invertebrates 103, 123, 137 matter 8, 14–25 parasites 135 ions 27 medicine 8–9, 11, 77, 109 particle accelerator 27 iron 33 melting 15, 19, 21, 38 particles 16–17, 19, 26–27 Iron Age 6 metals 6, 25, 32–33, 35, 81 penicillin 9, 109 microchips 9, 98–99 periodic table 32, 144–45 JKL microlife 106–07 PET scanners 77 microwaves 68 pH scale 45 jet engines 86–87, 89 migration 135 phosphorus 35 Kilby, James 9 minerals 16–17, 23 photosynthesis 52, 110, 114–15, kinetic energy 49, 50, 52, 53 mixtures 36–37 kingdoms 102–03, 104 Mohs scale 23 117, 126, 128–29 krypton 34 molds 102, 109 phylum 104–05 Large Hadron Collider (CERN) 27 molecules 30–31, 146 planets 4, 84 lava 14, 15 mosses 111 plants 5, 103, 110–17, 126–29, levers 94, 96, 97 motion, laws of 7, 88–89 life science 5, 100–43, 148–49 motors 64 140 lifting 67, 92, 94–95, 96 mountains 130 plasma 17 light 4, 72–75 movement 84, 86–89 plasticity 22 mushrooms 102, 108 plutonium 55 speed of 73, 146 polar regions 131 visible 69, 72 NO poles, magnetic 62–63 light energy 52 pollen 110, 116 lightning 56, 147 natural selection 8, 140 polonium 8 limestone 33 neon 34 polymerization 41 liquids 16, 18, 19, 24 neutrons 26–27, 32, 54, 76, 144 poor metals 35, 145 lithium 32 Newton, Sir Isaac 7, 88 potential energy 49, 51, 53 litmus paper 45 nitrogen 35 power plants 55, 58, 147 live young 125 noble gases 34, 145 predators 126, 127, 134–35 low-frequency 82

INDEX | 155 preservatives 40 semimetals 35, 145 timber 83 pressure 85 sense organs 119 tin 35, 37 prey 82, 118–19, 126–27 shadows 72 tornadoes 90–91 processing materials 47 silicon 35 trains, magnetic 64, 147 producers 126–27 skeletons 122, 123 transistors 98 properties 22–25, 32 smelting 6 transition metals 33, 144–45 protists 103, 106 snow 20, 21 transparency 72 protons 26–27, 32, 56, 76, 144 soap 45 trees 111–15, 130, 131, pulleys 95, 96 sodium 32, 44 solar power 52, 53, 147 142–43, 148 R solids 16, 18, 19 tundra 130 solubility 24 turbines 58 radiation 68–72, 76–77, 80 solutions 36 radio waves 68 solvents 24, 36 UV radioactivity 8, 76–77 sound 3, 67, 82–83 radium 8, 33 space 8, 12–13, 84, 88 ultraviolet 69 radon 34 speakers 67 universe 4, 15, 49, 101 rain 20, 21 species 102, 104–05 uranium 54, 55 rain forests 130 speed 86–89, 146–47 vaccinations 107 reactions 38–45 spores 108, 110 velocity 88–89 recycling 47, 108–09, 143 stars 4, 70–71 Venus flytrap 114 reflection 73 static electricity 57 vertebrates 103, 122 refraction 73 steam 7, 18, 58 viruses 101 relativity, theory of 8 storms 56, 90–91, 147 viscosity 16 reproduction 110, 116–17, streamlined shapes 86–87 volume 16 subatomic particles 26, 27, 29 124–25 sulfur 30 WXY reptiles 103, 119, 122, 124, 149 Sun 55, 72, 74, 80, 126 repulsion, magnetic 62 survival 134–35 water 24, 36, 136–37 respiration 128–29, 136–37 suspension bridges 85 water cycle 20–21 rivers 21 suspensions 36 water vapor 18, 19, 20 robots 99 symbiosis 134 waterproof clothing 41 rockets 84 waves 68–69, 82–83 rocks 15, 16–17 T wedges 92, 96, 97 Röntgen, Wilhelm 8 weight 22 roots 110, 115, 117 talc 23 wetlands 131 rusting 39 telescopes 74 wheels 6, 93, 97 temperate forests 131 wind power 52, 53 S temperatures 79 wind speeds 90–91 thermal conductors/insulators wings 138–39 salts 44, 45 World Wide Web 9 scientists 5 25, 81 X-rays 8, 69 screws 92, 97 thermal springs 18 xenon 34 seeds 110, 116–17 thermometers 79 yeast 102, 109

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