The Animal Book_clone

Exoskeleton ❯ Many invertebrates have a Animals hard outer casing called an exoskeleton. It Invertebrates supports their internal organs, helps them move around, and provides protection. The Features exoskeleton does not stretch, so the •Do not have creature has to shed its skin as it grows. backbones or a bony skeleton Mexican red-kneed taran •Often have a hard outer coating (exoskeleton) •Often hatch out from eggs • Often hatch as larvae, changing shape to become adults tula Spiny hairs ❯ Small animals such as invertebrates make tasty morsels for larger predators, so many have evolved defence systems. This tarantula can release stinging hairs from its legs, which stick into its attacker’s skin, causing pain and itching.

Sponges 1 Red ee sponge tr Invertebrates ❯ Sponges SCALE Leuconia nive a Niphates alba dcrumb sponge 2 Lemon sponge urse spong thrus3 Brea Water is pumped nge out through volcano- P 5 Boring sponge 4 Yellow finger sponge shaped holes e Clath rina cla Perforated surface 6 Red purse spo Found mainly in the sea, sponges are some red tree sponge 1 , grow upwards like underwater plants. of the world’s simplest animals. They don’t have heads, Others, such as the lemon sponge 2 , are almost spherical, tails, eyes, or even mouths. Instead of moving about, they while some, such as the breadcrumb sponge 3 , grow as pump water through pores in their bodies and filter out tiny a crust on rocks. The yellow finger sponge 4 grows in particles of food. Sponges don’t have bones, but their bodies upright columns, peppered with pores. The European boring are often reinforced by mineral crystals and fibres, which give sponge 5 uses acids to tunnel through shells and solid rock. 50 them a crunchy or spongy feel. Some sponges, such as the Growing on shallow reefs in Malaysia and Indonesia, the

Ridged surface 8 Pink vase sponge 7 Azure vase sponge Elk horn sponge 11 Deep-sea glass spongeLong, thin 10 Venus’s flower basketstalk ephant hide spoOrange puffball spongenge El 9 Mediterranean bath sponge Golf ball sponge red purse sponge 6 resembles a miniature balloon. 100 years. The Mediterranean bath sponge 9 lives 51 Water flows in through its sides and out through the narrow on the shallow seabed. Its extra-springy skeleton makes it opening at the top. Vase sponges work in the same way, perfect for washing with, once it has been cleaned. Most but are much larger. The azure vase sponge 7 and pink sponges grow near the surface of the sea, but Venus’s vase sponge 8 , both from the Caribbean, can be up to flower basket 10 lives deep down. Like the deep-sea 45 cm (11⁄2 ft) high, but the world’s tallest vase sponges grow glass sponge 11 , it has an intricate skeleton made of silica, bigger than a fridge, and are known to live for more than which lasts long after the sponge has died.

Jellyfish, anemones, Invertebrates ❯ Jellyfish, anemones, and corals and corals SCALE Flexible stalks appear like underwater bushes Blue jellyfish 1 White-spotted jellyfish 2 Sea wasp Box-shaped body Hula skirt siphonophore coPruarlp”lheyldacroe i Gas-filled float blown “ Upside-d along by the wind d 3 Moon jellyfi 4 sh Por own jellyfish ea strawber tuguese S K ry idney sea p man en Long, transparent tentacles o’w ar Armed with stinging tentacles, jellyfish and and stings continue to work even when the tentacles are their relatives catch and kill prey. All of them are soft-bodied, pulled away. The moon jellyfish 3 lives close to coasts although many corals protect themselves by building hard all over the world. It is quite compact, but the Portuguese cases or tubes. Most kinds, including the white-spotted man o’war 4 has tentacles up to 50 m (164 ft) long, almost jellyfish 1 , have mild venom, but the deadly sea wasp 2 the length of four buses. Its powerful venom makes it nearly from Australia and Southeast Asia can kill humans who as dangerous as the sea wasp. The red coral 5 has a 52 brush against its tentacles. The poison acts within seconds, brightly coloured skeleton, which is sometimes made into

Tentacles armed 6 Mag ushroom cora with stings 5 Red coral l moneM on dead-man’s f nificent sea anemone Snak elocks ane 7 Red sea whip ingers 8 Common sea fan Comm Comm on tube an emone Parallel Ca 10 Organ pipe coral chalky tubes 9 Orange sea pen rnation co ral Flat mesh of branches jewellery. Sea anemones have extra-thick tentacles, with right-angles to the current. This maximizes water flow 53 stings that work like harpoons. The magnificent sea towards the sea fan and allows it to get the most food. The anemone 6 is one of the biggest, growing up to 1 m (3 ft) orange sea pen 9 has two food-collecting lobes and a wide. It lives on coral reefs and its tentacles often shelter swollen “root” that anchors it in the seabed. When touched, brightly coloured clownfish, which are immune to its stings. it vanishes into a burrow in the sand. The organ pipe coral The red sea whip 7 has thin stalks that bend in the current, 10 gets its name from its bright red, pipe-shaped tubes. It is while the common sea fan 8 has large flaps held at found in shallow waters in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

PACIFIC SEA NETTLE With their soft, golden bells and fine, trailing tentacles, these jellyfish look harmless. But they are carnivores. Their tentacles are equipped with millions of tiny barbs which inject poison into anything they touch. The venom paralyzes prey, which is fed into a mouth under the sea nettle’s bell. Although it can give humans a painful sting, this jellyfish is rarely dangerous to us.

Size ❯ Bell up to 45 cm (18 in) across; tentacles and arms hatch into larvae. These grow into stationary structures up to 4.6 m (15 ft) long Habitat ❯ Surface waters of the called polyps, from which new jellyfish grow. Lifespan ❯ Up to a year in the wild and up to 18 months in captivity. Pacific Ocean in autumn and winter, deeper waters in Predators ❯ Sea turtles and fish. Conservation status ❯ spring and summer. Distribution ❯ West coast of Canada, The species is not under threat. In fact, in some areas the USA, and Mexico. Also found around Japan. Diet ❯ they swarm in large numbers. Small fish, crustaceans, and other jellyfish. Breeding ❯ Eggs

Worms -headed land flatworm l roundworm Shovel Invertebrates ❯ Worms Flat segments 1 Tapeworm Large intestina containing eggs New Zealand land f latworm nd yellow flatworm Black a Backward-pointing bristles Yellow-tipped, pimply swellings on surface Gold-speckled flatworm 2 Giant intestinal fluke ristmas tree tube worm Paper-thin body Suckers cling ripples to move to host’s body through the water 3 Common liver fluke 5 Ch 4 Flowers’ flatworm Candy stripe f latworm The word “worms” describes many different intestines of animals such as cats, pigs, and humans, and can kinds of creatures. Most of them have flat or round bodies grow to many metres in length. Several leaf-shaped flatworms, with a head and tail. While some are smaller than a full stop, such as the giant intestinal fluke 2 and liver fluke 3 , also worms also include the world’s longest and skinniest animals, infect people, sometimes causing serious diseases and even stretching further than an Olympic-size swimming pool. death. Fortunately, most other worms are harmless, although Worms usually live in water or wet places, but many are their bright colours warn predators that they have a nasty 56 parasites of other creatures. Tapeworms 1 feed inside the taste. Flowers’ flatworm 4 lives on coral reefs and ripples

SCALE 6 Southern African velvet worm bean velvet worm 7 Carib Invertebrates ❯ Worms Tiger worm Food-collecting umber scaSea cucle worm tentacles Pacific feathe 8 Lugworm Stream f latworm rduster worm Segmented body 9 Sea mouse earthworm gwo 12 King ra Bristly rmlegs 10 Common 11 Fire worm its body as it swims. The Christmas tree tube worm 5 Poisonous bristles 57 stays in the safety of a burrow. It collects food with a spiral used for defence tuft of tentacles, which instantly fold up and disappear if a and movement predator comes nearby. Southern African velvet worms 6 and Caribbean velvet worms 7 have short, stumpy legs. on beaches and mud-flats. The sea mouse 9 has a bristly They creep along the forest floor, and capture their prey by body for digging through sand. Best known of all worms, the spraying it with sticky threads. Lugworms 8 live in burrows common earthworm 10 helps to make the soil fertile by burrowing through it and eating dead leaves and other waste. The fire worm 11 has poisonous bristles that help it to crawl over rocks and coral reefs. The king ragworm 12 eats seaweed and carrion using its two pincer-like teeth.

Molluscs burst carrier shell Pebbles in spiral of shell owrie shell Invertebrates ❯ Molluscs 2 Tiger c 1 Sun g whelk shell SCALE Fool’s cap Shell is covered Do ap shell by skin when cowrie is active Pr upe 5 Trumpet triton shell 3 Precio us wentletr ickly Pacific dr 4 Pink conch shell Tightly coiled spiral Poli’sBanded tulip shellmon northern whelk Com Tent olive shell shell shellnecklace Slit-shaped opening Molluscs are amazingly varied animals, house. The sunburst carrier 1 , a sea snail, fastens pebbles ranging from fast-moving squid, to clams, slugs, and snails. to its shell, using them as camouflage. The tiger cowrie 2 Most of them live in water and have shells. Clams and their has an egg-shaped shell with a beautiful pattern and glossy relatives have two-part shells joined by a hinge. If danger sheen. The precious wentletrap 3 has a ribbed shell. It strikes, the shell snaps shut, protecting the animal inside. preys on anemones and corals, using cutting jaws. Found in Snails and their relatives have spiral shells. Like clam shells, tropical oceans, the pink conch 4 and trumpet triton 5 58 they keep growing, so their owners never have to move are two of the largest sea snails. The pink conch grazes on

Great screw shellEu ropean bittersw Noah’s ark Invertebrates ❯ Molluscs West Indian worm shell6 Channelled apple snail 8 Common pelican’s foot shell ll 7 Common mussel Ca Long tentacles eet 9 Edible oyster she ts’s tongue oyster shell Spired shell 10 Great scal lop shell Subulate auger shell Shell covered in spines seagrass and seaweed, while the triton is a predator, attacking starfish and other slow-moving prey. It hunts at common pelican’s foot 8 creeps across mud and sand night and paralyzes its victims with poisonous saliva before beginning to feed. Like most apple snails, the channelled on the seabed. Its shell has extensions that resemble webbed apple snail 6 has gills, and lives in fresh water. The common mussel 7 lives just below the waterline on rocky feet. The edible oyster 9 and the great scallop 10 are shores, using its gills to filter out small particles of food. The often harvested to eat. Mussels and oysters glue themselves to rocks using sticky threads. Scallops lie on the seabed. If a predator tries to creep up on them, they swim away by clapping their shells open and shut. 59

SCALE Invertebrates ❯ Molluscs 11 Philippine watering pot Chalky, Giant top shell 12 Red abalone shell grit-covered tube 15 Varicose sea slug sea slug Common limp et k-margined s Variable neon 14 Blac ea slug 13 16 Spanish dancer mon sea angel Com Gills for Red callista breathing Some molluscs, such as the Philippine watering Opalescent sea slug pot 11 , do not need to move, because they sieve their common limpet 13 is much smaller, but just as tough. It food out of the water. But many others, including the red clings to wave-battered rocks and can withstand the fiercest abalone 12 , creep about on a muscle-packed sucker that winter storms. Sea slugs, or nudibranchs, have a foot but no works like a foot. The red abalone grazes on algae, and shell. They are famous for their brilliant colours. Many kinds, its grip is incredibly strong. When threatened, it clamps its such as the black-margined sea slug 14 , have a tuft of gills 60 shell to the rock and is almost impossible to dislodge. The on their backs and a pair of tentacles that look like miniature horns. The black-margined sea slug feeds on sponges. So do

Great ramshorn 17 Pac ug 18 European black sl Silveific banana sl This species ug has black or snail orange skin Invertebrates ❯ Molluscs West African tellin Brown garden snail 19 Giant African snail r mouth turbanshell Sword razor clam shell Spotted Royal comb venus Commo n piddo sea hare ck Growth rings 20 Swan mussel Sof t shell clam 21 Fluted giant clam the varicose sea slug 15 and the Spanish dancer 16 , 61 a giant sea slug that swims by rippling its body, making world because of its large appetite and fast breeding. Back it look like a dancer wearing a skirt. Molluscs are also in the water, clams are molluscs with hinged shells. A few, common on land, particularly in damp areas. The Pacific such as the swan mussel 20 , grow in rivers and streams, banana slug 17 and the European black slug 18 live in but most, including the fluted giant clam 21 , live in the sea. cool climates but the giant African snail 19 is a tropical Like its big brother the giant clam, it contains microscopic species that has become a major pest in warm parts of the algae that live in its flesh. These algae produce nutrients, which contribute to the clam's food supply.

GIANT CLAM The giant clam is the world’s heaviest shelled animal, and possibly the largest species that has ever lived. It has a huge, thick shell formed of two parts, with a deeply folded edge. The edges of the inner body, or mantle, are often a beautiful iridescent blue-green or gold, and can be seen when the shell opens to feed. It is a myth that a giant clam can catch and swallow people, because a clam will only close, slowly, if it is attacked.

Size ❯ Shell up to 1.5 m (5 ft) long Weight ❯ Up to 200 kg called zooxanthellae that live inside their mantle tissues. (440 lb) Habitat ❯ The clams anchor themselves on sand Breeding ❯ Giant clams expel sperm and eggs into the or coral rubble in reefs or in lagoons. Distribution ❯ Tropical ocean. The eggs develop into larvae called veligers, which areas of the Indian and western Pacific Oceans and South swim freely and hunt for food. Predators ❯ Sea stars, snails, China Sea. Diet ❯ Giant clams filter plankton out of the sea some fish, and humans. Conservation status ❯ Vulnerable using their gills. They also get nutrients from plant-like algae due to harvesting for food and the aquarium trade.

Squid, octopuses, and cuttlefish Invertebrates ❯ Squid, octopuses, and cuttlefish Broadclub cuttlefiSCALEsh Dumbo octopus Horizontal, slit-shaped pupil North Pacific giant octopus 1 n reef squid e-ringed oc 2 Blu topus Ca ribbea Cup-like Common suckers 3 squid Unlike other molluscs, squid and their relatives octopuses, it can squirt clouds of black pigment into the water are fast-moving hunters with keen senses and big brains. to confuse predators. Fully spread out, its legs can measure Octopuses have eight arms covered in suckers. Squid and over 4 m (13 ft) from tip to tip. Far smaller, but much more cuttlefish also have eight arms, plus two long tentacles which dangerous, the blue-ringed octopus 2 has a highly toxic shoot out to catch their prey. Many of these animals can bite. It can kill humans, although it usually swims away. The change colour in seconds, helping them to hide. The North common squid 3 has a streamlined body with prominent 64 Pacific giant octopus 1 hunts on the seabed. Like many side fins, and lives in the open sea. Like other squid, it zooms

Prey-snatching 4 Whip-lash squid pus tentacles Day octo 6 Invertebrates ❯ Squid, octopuses, and cuttlefish8 Common cuttlef ish 5 Chambered nautilus Bigfin reef squid us Atlantic octop an giant cuttlefish 7 Australi 9 Mimic octopus Long, muscular arms Common octopus backwards by sucking in water and squirting it out in a jet. lairs and hunts after dark. The Australian giant cuttlefish 7 65 Jet propulsion is also important for octopuses when they need and common cuttlefish 8 cruise over the shallow seabed to make a quick getaway. The whip-lash squid 4 hovers in looking for crabs and other prey. The extraordinary mimic deep water, waiting for prey with its long tentacles extended. octopus 9 is one of the few octopuses that hunt while the The chambered nautilus 5 has a spiral shell and about sun is up. As well as changing colour, it can disguise itself 90 tentacles which tightly grip its prey. Mostly found in shallow to resemble more than a dozen different animals, making waters, the Atlantic octopus 6 spends the daytime in rocky it look more dangerous than it really is.

Starfish, urchins, Invertebrates ❯ Starfish, urchins, and sea cucumbersand sea cucumbers SCALE Red sea urchin on star 1 Common brittl ody Henry starfi 5 Indo-Pacific cushi shBlo Vermif e star Purple sunstar orm sea cucumber 2 Ochre starfish Coarse, spiny upper surface 4 Pr ickly redfish 3 Sea apple cucumber Yellow sea cucumber Fleshy spikes Found only in salt water, starfish and their The ochre starfish 2 feeds on mussels and other molluscs, relatives are unique in many ways. Most of these slow-moving using the tubes to grip its prey. Sea cucumbers collect food creatures have five arms branching out from the centre of using a ring of tentacles around their mouths. The sea apple their bodies. They have skeletons or cases made of hard, cucumber 3 is a highly poisonous reef-dweller. It has bright chalky plates. The common brittle star 1 moves by colours warning predators not to attack. Other species, such snaking its arms, but most animals in this group move as the sausage-shaped prickly redfish 4 , are coloured to 66 around using hundreds of little tubes, which act as feet. match the sand. The Indo-Pacific cushion star 5 becomes

6 Crown of thorns starfish Invertebrates ❯ Starfish, urchins, and sea cucumbersYellow feather star orgon’s head brittle sta 10 BlVenomousRows of rspines for red tubercles protection Red general starfish G Icon starfish Red cushion 7 Edible sea urchin Fire 8 Purple urchin urchin 9 Sea potato Smooth, spineless surface star ue starfish Short, venomous spines can deliver painful sting short-armed as it gets bigger, eventually maturing into case, while the purple urchin 8 has extra-long spines that 67 a dumpy cushion shape. It often grazes on coral. The easily break off. The sea potato 9 burrows into seabed notorious crown of thorns starfish 6 is a large species mud, and has bristly spines and a streamlined shape. Sea with venomous, thorny arms. It can devastate reefs with its urchins use their spines for self-defence, while sea cucumbers voracious appetite for coral. Sea urchins creep over rocks and squirt out a mass of sticky threads. The blue starfish 10 and reefs, scraping up food with their downward-pointing mouths. its relatives have a different kind of protection: if any of their The edible sea urchin 7 has short spines and a rounded legs are bitten off, they slowly grow back.

Centipedes Eastern flat-backed m and millipedes illipede Invertebrates ❯ Centipedes and millipedes w earth centipede giant centipede 2 Tiger SCALE 1 Yello Brown stone centipede merican giant millip 3A ede Megarian banded centipede Brow 4 Black giant pill millipede pede Banded stone centipedeAmerican d millipede Flat body can sho r t-he ad e fit under stones n snake milli Sonoran tiger ce ed millipede ntipede Tanzanian flat-back Centipedes and millipedes belong to a group up, they quickly wriggle away. The Indian tiger giant centipede 2 is one of the biggest, growing up to 25 cm of animals called arthropods, which have legs with joints (10 in) long. It can easily kill small rodents and can give and a hard body case. Millipedes are slow-moving humans an extremely painful bite. Centipedes have two legs vegetarians, but centipedes are agile predators, with keen on each segment of their body, but millipedes have four. The senses and poisonous fangs. Yellow earth centipedes 1 American giant millipede 3 can have more than 200 legs. hunt underground. With their bendy bodies and short legs, Like other millipedes, it grows extra pairs every time it moults, 68 they squeeze between particles of soil. If they are dug

5 White-rimmed pill milliped Invertebrates ❯ Centipedes and millipedes de Boring millipe Yellow-spotted millipedeBlack snake millipede e Extra-long legs 7 House centipede for swift movement 6 Brown giant pill milliped e 8 African giant millipede Legs move in a wave-like motion or sheds its skin. Pill millipedes are short and stubby, and the size of a golf ball. Most centipedes hunt outside, but the 69 often have 50 legs or fewer. They get their name because house centipede 7 often comes indoors. With its long legs, they can tuck in their legs and roll up into a ball. The black it is an amazingly fast sprinter, scuttling up walls and ceilings giant pill millipede 4 comes from Madagascar, while to catch spiders and other prey. With over 300 legs, the the white-rimmed pill millipede 5 is found in Europe. The African giant millipede 8 is one of the largest millipedes. brown giant pill millipede 6 from the forests of Borneo If threatened by predators, it releases a foul-smelling liquid is one of the biggest pill millipedes. Fully rolled up, it is about to persuade them it is not nice to eat.

Spiders and relatives rantula Invertebrates ❯ Spiders and relatives American sun spider spider 1 Chaco ta ider 3 Goldtic huntsmanStinging hairs can 2MHorned harvestmanbe fired at enemies 4 Audo arbled orb we spider L Euroenrod crab DomesSay’s har vestman aver spider uin’s trapdoor pean wolf sp Whip spider Pear-shaped adybird spid body and small head er SCALE Long front legs used as feelers Many people are scared of spiders, but the and comes out to feed after dark. Like all spiders, it kills its world would be very different without them. These eight- prey by injecting venom through a pair of fangs. The legged animals are super-efficient hunters. Out of many marbled orb weaver 2 catches flying insects by spinning thousands, scientists have found only one kind that feeds on wheel-shaped webs, but the goldenrod crab spider 3 sits plants. Close relatives of spiders include sun spiders, whip on top of flowers where it ambushes bees and butterflies. spiders, and harvestmen, as well as ticks, mites, and Audouin’s trapdoor spider 4 lurks in a silk-lined burrow, 70 scorpions. The chaco tarantula 1 lives in a burrow by day equipped with trip-lines and a camouflaged lid. If anything

Legs end in 6 Southern black wid retractable dy long-legs claws 5 Metxaircaanntrulead-kneed ow 7 Dad Europ spider spider ean garden Eight small eyes St. Andrews cross spider 8 Giant house spider umping spid pider J 10 Goliath tarantula er 9 Raft spider Elega nt jumping s n jumping s Brow pider touches a trip-line, the spider flings open the lid and grabs its lives indoors, and so does the giant house spider 8 , a 71 prey. The Mexican red-kneed tarantula 5 is a forest- species that spins funnel-shaped webs. Raft spiders 9 lie dwelling spider, and a popular pet. It grows slowly and can in wait by the edges of ponds and pools where they catch live for more than 20 years. The southern black widow 6 tadpoles and small fish. The enormous goliath tarantula 10 from North America is far smaller but more dangerous. from South America eats insects, rodents, frogs, and even Females are much bigger than males, and they can give bats. It is one of the biggest spiders in the world, with a people a fatal bite. The daddy long-legs spider 7 often leg span as big as a dinner plate.

ilian wandering spider 11 Braz Invertebrates ❯ Spiders and relatives Crab-lik e spiny orb -weaver SCALE 12 Sydneyspfuidnenrel-web Sac spider Eight walking legs Silk egg sac carried by female oodlouse sp eb spider 13 W 14 Nursery w ider Four pairs of eyes star tick lk orb-weaver Pincer-like Lone mouthparts 16 American golden si Whip scorpion Wal 15 Cave spider nut orb-weaver Tufts of hair on legs All spiders make silk, but only some species hazardous to humans. Females live in burrows, but males spin webs to catch their prey. Many other kinds hunt on sometimes stray into backyards, and will bite humans if they the ground. The Brazilian wandering spider 11 is one feel threatened. The woodlouse spider 13 is much smaller, of the most dangerous of these prowling predators. It but it has extra-strong fangs for biting into the hard body cases roams through forests after dark, and sometimes wanders of woodlice. Nursery web spiders 14 and cave spiders 15 into urban areas where it clambers over people as they sleep. make silk sacs to carry their eggs, while the American golden 72 The Sydney funnel-web spider 12 from Australia is also silk orb-weaver 16 uses its silk to build some of the world’s

Ch ilean burrowing scorpion Sting raised to 17 Giant desert hairy scorpion 18 Yellow t threaten enemies hick-tail scorpion 20 Imperia l scorpion Pincers grip prey 19Gold scorpion ite Comm on European scorpion d velvet m Re Pincers covered with sensitive hairs biggest webs. Shaped like cartwheels, and more than 1 m (3 ft) yellow thick-tail scorpion 18 is smaller, but its venom 73 across, the webs are strong enough to catch hummingbirds is much more powerful. It comes from the Sahara Desert and and even frogs. Like spiders, scorpions have eight legs, but the Middle East. Gold scorpions 19 also live in the same part they also have a pair of pincers and a poisonous sting in their of the world, but the imperial scorpion 20 is a forest species tails. The giant desert hairy scorpion 17 is the largest kind from tropical Africa. It is one of the biggest scorpions, in North America. Like other scorpions, it uses its pincers to measuring up to 25 cm (10 in) long. Although it looks tear apart its prey, while its sting is mainly for self-defence. The menacing, its sting is not much stronger than that of a wasp.

SEA SPIDER Sea spiders belong belong to a group of marine animals called Pantopoda, meaning “all legs”. Their legs are so long compared to their tiny bodies that they have to keep some of their internal organs inside them. This strikingly coloured yellow-kneed sea spider comes from coral reefs off the coast of Australia. It is only a few centimetres across, but larger specimens can grow up to 90 cm (35 in) from tip to tip.

Size ❯ 1 mm–90 cm (1⁄25 in–35 in) Habitat ❯ Seabed; proboscis, to extract fluids from the prey, or breaks off smaller species live in shallow water, while larger sea pieces and puts them in its mouth. Breeding ❯ The eggs spiders live in the deep waters of the Antarctic Ocean. hatch into larvae. In most species the larvae float around Distribution ❯ Seas and oceans worldwide Diet ❯ Soft- freely as they grow. In some they live on their father’s front bodied animals such as sea sponges, anemones, and coral legs, while in others the larvae live as parasites in animals polyps. The sea spider uses its sucking mouthpart, or such as coral polyps or clams.

Crustaceans 3 White-spotted hermit crab 1 Edib Invertebrates ❯ Crustaceans le crab 2 Red reef hermit crab Abdomen hidden inside shell Thick carapace 4 Blue swimming crab Wide, flattened carapace Pincers used for Freshwater crab catching prey crab 5 Warty box crab Pa Ane inted pebble cr mone porcelain ab Velvet swimming crab Legs with a single claw 6 Christmas Island red crab Crustaceans are not common on land, but they human fingers, too. The red reef hermit crab 2 and flourish in fresh water and the sea. They include lobsters, white-spotted hermit crab 3 have small pincers, and live shrimps, and prawns, and also hundreds of different kinds in shells borrowed from other animals. Like other hermit of crabs. Some crustaceans swim in gigantic swarms, but crabs, they change shells as they grow. Each time these crabs crabs usually roam the seabed or scuttle over the shore. The move home, they carefully check their new shell to make edible crab 1 has an extra-tough shield, or carapace. Its sure that it is exactly the right fit. Blue swimming crabs 4 76 powerful pincers can crack open mollusc shells, and crush have back legs that work like paddles. These crabs like

Sponge crab SCALE Invertebrates ❯ Crustaceans Spotted coral Short hind legs crab 7 Orange f iddler crab Pear-shaped body ow crab 8 Panamic arr 9 Japanese spider crab Heavily armoured legs and body spending time on sandy or muddy coastlines. Warty box Orange fiddler crabs 7 make burrows in mangrove 77 crabs 5 burrow in seabed sand. They shield their faces swamps. Males have a tiny claw for feeding and a giant with their claws, giving them the alternative name, the one for signalling to females across the mud. The Panamic shame-face crab. Christmas Island red crabs 6 live arrow crab 8 lives on reefs, while the Japanese spider in tropical forests, surrounded by the Indian Ocean. During crab 9 prowls the seabed. Measuring up to 4 m (13 ft) the breeding season, millions of them emerge from the forest across, this amazingly leggy animal is the world’s biggest and march to the coast, where they mate and lay their eggs. crustacean, with a lifespan of up to 100 years.

10 Norway lobster triped squat lobster Invertebrates ❯ Crustaceans Two pairs of 11 Blue-s antennae, or feelers Red, thread-like antennae Flexible body ending White-clawed crayfish in a broad tail fan Long pincers 12 R eef lobster Black Aesop shrimp 13 Stripe -leg spiny lobster “tiger” stripes Tiger prawn Paddles at end 15 Sculpture d slipper lobster of abdomen 14 Antarctic krill Regal slipper lobster Giant acorn barnacle Lobsters, shrimps, and prawns are crustaceans aquarium pets. The stripe-leg spiny lobster 13 has extra- with long bodies and lots of legs. The Norway lobster 10 long antennae that can make a creaky, clicking sound to scare lives in a burrow, and feeds at night on live animals and dead predators away. If it is cornered, it swims backwards at high remains. Blue-striped squat lobsters 11 are close relatives speed. Antarctic krill 14 live in the icy Southern Ocean, of crabs. Like other squat lobsters, they have 10 legs, but the in swarms that can stretch for kilometres in every direction. last leg pair is small, and tucked away under their tails. Reef These finger-sized crustaceans are a vital food for penguins, 78 lobsters 12 are brightly coloured, which makes them popular seals, and whales, including the blue whale, which can

Singapore bamboo shrim p SCALE rimp 16 Peacock mantis shrimp Legs specially designed Invertebrates ❯ Crustaceans for smashing prey opod Domed carapace can curl up 17 Giant deepsea is into a ball Common prawn Eyes spaced far apart on the head Common shrim Long, thick, 18 Ve spiny antennae terPink squat lobs p Natal spiny lobster rnal tadpole sh 19 Common marble shrimp swallow more than 4 tonnes of krill per day. The sculptured light is extremely faint in deep sea, this isopod has large 79 slipper lobster 15 has a rounded shape, and blends in antennae to help it feel its way around. Vernal tadpole against seabed sand. The peacock mantis shrimp 16 shrimps 18 from California breed in short-lived freshwater is a predator with a knockout punch. Using its front legs, it pools. The adult shrimp die when the pools dry up, but their smashes open snail shells and crabs, and can even shatter the eggs can survive for up to 10 years, hatching when it rains. glass of aquariums. The giant deepsea isopod 17 scavenges The common marble shrimp 19 is brown with green food on the sea floor, occasionally feeding on live prey. Since spots during the day, but turns red at night.

Jungle nymphInsects From beautiful butterflies to buzzing mosquitoes, insects are the most successful creatures on Earth. Their bodies have a hard outer casing and are divided into three sections: the head, thorax, and abdomen. Most adult insects have wings and many kinds can fly. Scientists believe there are still millions of new species left to discover. Wings ❯ Most insects have two pairs. One pair may be adapted into another form, such as a beetle’s wing-cases. This female jungle nymph cannot fly, but can shake its wings, producing a hissing sound to scare off attackers. Head ❯ The first section of the body carries the brain, sense organs, and mouth. Insects’ mouths are adapted to suit their diet. This jungle nymph chews leaves, while butterfly mouths are suited for drinking nectar from flowers.

Abdomen ❯ The last section of Animals the body contains the digestive Insects and reproductive organs. Features Thorax ❯ The middle •Have six section supports three jointed legs pairs of legs and two • Have pairs of wings. compound eyes • Mostly have wings • Mostly have a body divided into three sections • Have antennae to sense their surroundings Antennae ❯ These sense organs can pick up scents from the air, a bit like a human nose. Some insects also use them to feel their way around.

Insects ❯ Dragonf lies and damself liesDragonf lies and damselflies SCALE 1 Common green darner Tetracanthagyna plagiata Large wings Illinois river cruiser for speedy flight 2 Southern hawker dragonf ly 3 All four wings Blue and 5 Az 4 Flame skimmer almost equal black markings in size Distinctive ure damsel Wingspan is larger stripes on on male Gdrreaegno-nefyleyd f ly than body length body Club-shaped end of abdomen Speeding through the air on transparent wings, use stealth and camouflage to catch their prey. The common dragonflies and damselflies chase insects for food. Dragonflies green darner 1 flies over streams in North America. Its are robust with rounded heads, whereas damselflies are more stiff wings stick out sideways when it rests. The southern slender with broader heads. Both have extra-large eyes for hawker dragonfly 2 , from Europe, breeds in small ponds. spotting anything that moves and can zoom sideways and It hunts away from water, and approaches people that come even backwards as they close in for a kill. Their young, known nearby. The Illinois river cruiser 3 patrols rocky streams 82 as nymphs, are also hunters. They grow up underwater, and and rivers, while the flame skimmer 4 prefers warm water,

Colourful markings to attract a mate Prince baskettail 6 Emperor dragonf ly Insects ❯ Dragonf lies and damselfliesBright colouring makes Wdhaitmes-lelef lgygedStalk-winged damselflyit easily recognizable Large eyes to spot prey Plains clubtail 7 Comet darner 8 Broad-bodied chasere 9 Banded demoisell 10 Grey petaltail Twin-spotted spiketail Male has scarlet abdomen sometimes hunting over hot springs. The azure damselfly 5 of its time on the wing. The broad-bodied chaser 8 rests 83 breeds in small ponds and streams. Like other damselflies, it on plant stems and rushes out to grab passing insects from its has a very slender body, with widely spaced eyes, and wings perch. The banded demoiselle 9 has a flitting, butterfly-like that fold back when it lands. The emperor dragonfly 6 is flight. The grey petaltail 10 hunts over swamps and often one of Europe’s largest insects, but it looks small compared stops to settle on trees. Its young are ferocious predators, to the giant comet darner 7 from North America. This crawling over the surface of swamps on damp nights and dragonfly can outpace an Olympic sprinter and spends much catching other insects in their fast-moving jaws.

STICK INSECT Masters of disguise, stick insects sit quietly on tree branches, looking exactly like dead twigs or green shoots so that predators don’t notice them. There are thought to be more than 3,000 species across the world, ranging from tiny leaf and twig shapes up to “branches” 55 cm (22 in) long. This stick insect from Madagascar resembles a thorny bramble shoot, a very unappetizing prospect for predators.

Size ❯ 2.5–55 cm (1–22 in) Weight ❯ Up to 65 grams (21⁄4 oz) Breeding ❯ Females lay live eggs on their own or by mating Habitat ❯ Rainforests and jungles. Distribution ❯ Tropical with males. The eggs hatch into nymphs, which moult several and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia and Australia, also times as they grow into adults. Lifespan ❯ From a few months Madagascar, South and Central America, and southern USA. to a few years. Predators ❯ Birds, small reptiles, and rodents. Some species also found in mainland Europe as well as the Defences include camouflage, sharp spines, flashing wings, British Isles. Diet ❯ Leaves of trees and shrubs and berries. hissing, or spraying bad-smelling or burning liquid.

Insects ❯ Crickets and grasshoppers Crickets and grasshoppers 1 Green milkweed locust Antennae longer than body Speckled bush-cricket Large eyes Pygmy locust Calliptamus italicus 2 Desert locust House cricket 3 Foaming grasshopper per Common macrotona grasshop With their powerful back legs, crickets and locust 2 holds the record for numbers. Some of its swarms grasshoppers are some of the best jumpers in the insect contain more than 30 billion insects, which is four times world. They are also some of the loudest, rubbing their the number of people on Earth. Most grasshoppers rely on legs or wings to make high-pitched sounds. Many live on camouflage for protection. The foaming grasshopper 3 , their own, but locusts are famous for migrating in enormous however, oozes poisonous froth from behind its head, while swarms. The African green milkweed locust 1 is one its day-glow colours warn that it is dangerous to eat. Adult 86 of the biggest of these insect travellers, while the desert grasshoppers usually have two pairs of wings, but some

SCALE Common black cricket Insects ❯ Crickets and grasshoppers Wellington tree weta 5 Mole cricket n C 4 ook Strait gia Shovel-like front legs, t weta developed for burrowing 6 Oak bush cricket Powerful jaws 7 African cave cricket Spines on back legs deter attackers Brown mountain grasshopper Common field grasshopper 8 Violet-winged gr asshopper crickets are wingless and cannot fly. The biggest of these underground burrows, feeding on worms, roots, and grasses. 87 include wetas from New Zealand. The Cook Strait giant Like real moles, it has massive front legs that work as shovels. weta 4 is almost as large as a mouse. If it is threatened, it The oak bush cricket 6 is a hunter, while the African raises its spiny back legs over its head, making it look ready cave cricket 7 feeds on almost anything, from bat droppings for a fight. Most crickets and grasshoppers feed on plants, but to carrion. The huge violet-winged grasshopper 8 some species are predators and scavengers. Some others even comes from South America. Measuring up to 12 cm (5 in) feed on their own kind. The mole cricket 5 spends its life in long, it is even bigger than some birds.

True bugs and treehoppers Insects ❯ True bugs and treehoppers rt-headed bug rer T ater scorpi 4 Spittle on bug horn bug 1 Toad bug W 2 Wa Nut-shaped head Comm 5 Peanut-headed bug Wa 3 Common Brightly green shield bug coloured ter measu hindwings on greencapsid Large eye spots g to keep away 6 Bed bu predators True bugs are a special group of insects that such as the wart-headed bug 2 , can be bigger than some butterflies. This bug has brightly coloured hindwings to live in fresh water as well as on land. They have sharp startle enemies that get too close. The green colour of the mouthparts for sucking up liquids. Some feed on plant sap, common green shield bug 3 helps it to blend in among while others eat blood or fluids from their partly digested leaves. Young spittle bugs 4 shelter inside nests of foam, prey. Sap-sucking bugs feed in the open, and often use which protect them from hungry birds. The peanut-headed camouflage to hide. The thorn bug 1 has an amazingly bug 5 , another tropical species, has large eye spots on its 88 realistic spike that looks just like a thorn. Tropical species,

Strong claws to overpower large prey wthorn shield bug Insects ❯ True bugs and treehoppers gr bug White-spotted assassin bu Ha 7 Comm on f lowe 8 Common pond skater f-footed bug 9 Giant water bug Lea e bug Fire bug 10 Himalayan cicada Euro Bir pean tortois ch bark bug SCALE hindwings to confuse predators. The bed bug 6 is a land. A strong swimmer, the giant water bug 9 is big 89 flightless parasite, which emerges after dark to suck human enough to prey on frogs and fish. It can even give humans a blood. Many predatory bugs ambush their prey. On land they painful bite. Most bugs are silent, but some make amazingly include the white-spotted assassin bug 7 and its many loud sounds. Male Himalayan cicadas 10 attract females relatives. In fresh water, predatory bugs are even more by making a deafening courtship song. Like other cicadas, common. Some, such as the common pond skater 8 , they sing when they are adult, but the rest of their lives is live on the water’s surface, attacking other insects that crash spent feeding on roots underground.

PRAYING MANTIS With strange angular features and triangular heads, praying mantises look almost like creatures from another planet. They are instantly recognizable by their long, folded front legs, held up together as if in prayer. These can lash out with astonishing speed to catch hold of live prey. Some species, such as this Thai boxer praying mantis, are brightly coloured, but most blend in with their surroundings.

Size ❯ 1.2–15 cm (1⁄2–6 in) Weight ❯ up to 10 g (1⁄3 oz) and other mantises. Females eat males after, or even during, Habitat ❯ Rainforests and jungles. Distribution ❯ Tropical mating. Breeding ❯ Females lay hundreds of eggs in an areas, especially Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia. Also egg case stuck to a plant or buried in the ground. Eggs South and Central America and the southern USA. Some hatch into nymphs. Lifespan ❯ 10–12 months. Predators ❯ species are also found in Europe, Central Asia, and Japan. Large birds, frogs, chameleons, snakes, bats, and monkeys. Diet ❯ Flying insects such as moths, grasshoppers, flies, Mantises protect themselves by camouflage.

Beetles Sexton beetle 4 Hercules beetle Ts 1 Insects ❯ Beetles 3 Jewelled 2 Violin beetle frog beetle wo we nty-t ird pot ladyb 5 Seve n-spot la dybird Eupholus linnei Flat body squeezes into tight spaces Emus hirtus 6 Wal la ardinal beet C ce’s haneus demo acris candidip lelonghorn Crat n ennis Onym damibeetle Long, feathery osomus rod antennae P With around 400,000 species, beetles make up lays eggs in these remains, so her grubs have their own by far the largest group of insects. They start life as larvae, private food supply. The violin beetle 2 squeezes its flat also known as grubs. Adults usually have two pairs of wings. body under tree bark, where it feeds on other insects and Their front wings, called elytra, are specially hardened and snails. The grubs of the jewelled frog beetle 3 grow up fit over the hindwings like a case. Beetles eat a huge range inside plant stems. Beetles vary greatly in size. While the of different foods. The sexton beetle 1 buries the dead smallest could easily fit on the head of a pin, the biggest 92 bodies of small birds and rodents such as mice. The female kinds, such as the Hercules beetle 4 , can be more than

Jewel beetle Black oil beetle Massive Shiny shell Insects ❯ Beetles jaws to fight appears oily other males Gold beetle Scarlet lily be Thick-le tlegged flowe etlePol Stag beetl r beetle len bee Neptunides polychrous 7 e il Giraffe-necked weev Phosphorus jansoni 8 Great diving beetle Ant beetle SCALE 10 Click beetle 9 Goliath beetle 15 cm (6 in) long. The seven-spot ladybird 5 feeds on in ponds and streams, where it swims with back legs that 93 aphids, making it a useful ally for farmers and gardeners. work like a pair of oars. It eats tadpoles and even small fish. Wallace’s longhorn beetle 6 grubs bore into living trees, Measuring up to 10 cm (4 in) long, the goliath beetle 9 is while stag beetle 7 grubs live in rotting wood. They stay the heaviest insect in the world. Its grubs can weigh up to hidden for up to six years, before turning into adults. Adult 100 g (31⁄2 oz). Beneath the soil’s surface, click beetle 10 males fight with their antler-shaped jaws and the winner grubs, known as wireworms, chew their way through roots. gets a chance to mate. The great diving beetle 8 is found They can cause serious damage to crops.

Butterf lies and moths Insects ❯ Butterflies and moths Aust Garden tiger oth 1 Wal Adonis blue Diva m lich’s owl moth Male has feathery 2 Queen cracker Snout moth antennae Regent skippermoth e plume ralian m agpie Apollo 3 Blue triangle Blue th Oak eggar arops Madagascansunset moth 5 Hercules moth Whit moth Blue band on 4 upper side of each wing et Si x-spot burn Copperydysphania Cleopatra Unlike other insects, butterflies and moths are their wings when they fly as a way of marking their territory. covered with thousands of tiny scales, which create vivid Apollo 3 butterflies often live in cold climates on mountains, patterns. Butterflies are often brightly coloured, while moths but far more butterflies and moths come from warm parts are usually drab. Most moths, including Wallich’s owl of the world. Often mistaken for a butterfly, the beautiful moth 1 , fly by night and use their camouflaged markings Madagascan sunset moth 4 is a daytime flyer. The to hide during the day, but some fly by day and have eye- Hercules moth 5 is one of the largest species, measuring 94 catching wings. Male queen cracker 2 butterflies click up to 34 cm (13 in) across. From Papua New Guinea,

Purple emperor n drago Insects ❯ Butterflies and moths 6 Queen Alexandra’s birdwing ntail H Small postma h Gree Hornet colouring deters predators ornet mot 7 Monarch butterf ly Tiger pierid Clara’s satin moth Big greasy butter f ly Guava skipper 8 Indian leaf butterf ly n 9 Silk moth False eyes Polyphemus moth frighten attackers Narrow tail moon moth mimics leaf stalk Small copper itillary Duke o 10 American Rajah Brooke’s birdwing Long hindwing tail f Burgundy fr Queen Alexandra’s birdwing 6 is the world’s biggest butterflies 8 are easy to spot with their wings open, but 95 butterfly with a wingspan of up to 31 cm (12 in). It flies high look just like dead leaves with them closed. Silk moths 9 up, and in the past collectors used shotguns to knock it out of have been bred in captivity for thousands of years. Silk is the trees. The North American monarch butterfly 7 is the made by unwinding the cocoons that shelter their caterpillars. greatest traveller, flying 4,500 km (2,800 miles) from Mexico The American moon moth 10 lives for less than a week as as far north as Canada to breed. When winter comes, it flies an adult. Like many other moths, it only eats as a caterpillar. all the way back again to escape the cold. Indian leaf Adults do not have working mouths.

11 Pur ple mort bleu rf ly Blue night butte S SCALE Insects ❯ Butterflies and moths White admir ilver-spotted ghost moth 12 Acacia carpenter moth al Bent-wing ghost moth Large emerald 13 Tiger swallowtail Drinkermoth mer’s mes Narrow tail Cairns birdwingoth on hindwing eneCra Ilia underwing Elep 14 Zebra swallow tail hant hawk m 15 Swallowtail 16 Scarce swallowtail California dog-face Black-veined white Butterflies and moths live their lives in four The tiger swallowtail 13 from North America lays its stages: egg, caterpillar, pupa, and adult. The caterpillar eggs on many kinds of plants, but the zebra swallowtail 14 stage is the main feeding period, and butterflies and moths always picks out pawpaw trees. The swallowtail 15 and are often very choosy about their food. The purple mort scarce swallowtail 16 have caterpillars with inflatable bleu 11 , from Central and South America, grows up on coloured “horns”. The horns suddenly appear if the caterpillar bamboo leaves, while in Australia caterpillars of the acacia is touched, and they have a repulsive smell that helps to keep 96 carpenter moth 12 bore their way into wattle or acacia trees. predators away. The common morpho 17 , from Central

rown hairstrea Pine-tree lappk Buf f-tip 17 Common morpho r Lappet moth Metallic blue th 18 Atlas moth Insects ❯ Butterflies and moths B upperwings O le Transparent Argent and sab “windows” on all four wings 19 Verdant sphinx Long, oval-shaped forewings 20 Owl butte Small white range-barred sulphu rfly 21 Giant Agrippa et Spanish festoon Forewings much Sonoran blue longer than hindwings False eyes on hindwings Red patches on forewings scare off predators Schulze’s agrias Orange tip Giant leopard mo and South America, has striking, bright blue wings. The streamlined abdomens help these moths to attain top speeds 97 butterfly was once collected for use in jewellery because of more than 35 kph (22 mph). The owl butterfly 20 gets its blue colour does not fade even after it has died. The huge its name from the huge eyespots on its hindwings. They Atlas moth 18 , found in Southeast Asia, has the largest wing give it a scary “face”, making birds think twice before risking area of any butterfly or moth. At over 400 cm2 (62 sq in), it is an attack. The giant Agrippa 21 has the biggest wingspan the size of a dinner plate. The verdant sphinx 19 and its of any insect. The largest giant Agrippa moth on record relatives are some of the fastest fliers. Narrow wings and measured 36 cm (14 in) from tip to tip.

SLUG MOTH CATERPILLAR Butterflies and moths begin life as wingless larvae called caterpillars. Some of these are hard to spot but others, such as this slug moth caterpillar from Papua New Guinea, are brightly coloured and bizarrely shaped. You might expect such a colourful creature to develop into an equally striking adult, but fully developed slug moths are often dull in colour.