Answer book _ fast facts about our world ( PDFDrive )_clone

FAST FACT France IS the most visited country in the world. In 2007, France had 82 million visitors. ~ MONACO SWITZERLAND PRINCIPALITY OF MONACO SWISS CONFEDERATION AREA I SQ. MI. I POPULATION 33,000 I CAPITAL MONACO AREA 15,940 SQ. MI. I POPULATION 7,604,000 CAPITAL BERN (POP. 399 (POP. 33,000) I LITERACY 99% LIFE EXPECTANCY 80 CURRENCY 320,000) I LITERACY 99% I LIFE EXPECTANCY 81 I CURRENCY SWISS EURO I GDP PER CAPITA $30,000 I ECONOMY IND: TOURISM, FRANC I GDP PER CAPITA $40,900 I ECONOMY IND: MACHINERY, »z BANKING, CONSTRUCTION, SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRIAL & CHEMICALS, WATCHES, TEXTILES, PRECISION INSTRUMENTS. AGR: Vl CONSUMER PRODUCTS. AGR: NA. EXP: NA. GRAINS, FRUITS & VEGETABLES, MEAT. EXP: MACHINERY, CHEMICALS, METALS, WATCHES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. ~ Monaco occupies a mostly rocky strip of land on France's Mediterranean coast. An unparalleled luxury resort since The Alps in the south and east and the Jura Mountains in the m the mid-19th century, Monaco has a reputation that belies northwest delineate the Mittelland plateau in the center of its size. Millions visit each year for the beachfront hotels, Switzerland. A history of political stability and expertise in ;;D the yacht harbor, the Opera House, and the famous Monte technology and commerce explain a postindustrial econo- Carlo Casino. Wealthy residents benefit from no income my with one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. ooOJ tax. The House of Grimaldi has ruled since 1297, except Switzerland competes in global markets with exports that between 1793 and 1814. Tourism and gambling drive the make up almost half of the nation's economy; in a 200 I A economy, but Monaco is also a major banking center. referendum, however, the Swiss voted against joining the European Union. Civil defense measures and a strong militia m GERMANY back up the Swiss policy of permanent neutrality. Switzer- C land is firmly committed to world peace, and in 2002 be- FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY came a member of the United Nations. o;;D AREA 137,847 SQ. MI. POPULATION 82,330,000 CAPITAL BERLIN m\" (POP. 3,423,000) I LITERACY 99% I LIFE EXPECTANCY 79 I CURRENCY LANDLOCKED, MOUNTAINOUS Swiuerland boasts picture- EURO I GDP PER CAPITA $34,800 I ECONOMY IND: IRON, STEEL, postcard vistas, a rich intellectual heritage, and a lively economy. COAL, CEMENT, CHEMICALS, MACHINERY, VEHICLES, MACHINE TOOLS, ELECTRONICS. AGR: POTATOES, WHEAT, BARLEY, SUGAR BEETS, CATTLE. EXP: MACHINERY, VEHICLES, CHEMICALS, METALS & MANUFACTURING, FOODSTUFFS, TEXTILES. Germany's fertile northern plains stretch south from the North and Baltic Seas, changing to central highlands and then rising to the rugged Schwarzwald (Black Forest) in the southwest and the Alps in the far south. Some Ger- man industry is known internationally (Daimler, Siemens, and Volkswagen). On November 9, 1989, East Germans breached the Berlin Wall. A year later, on October 3, 1990, Germany was reborn. Rejoining the populations of East and West Germany after 45 years of separation by both the military and the Berlin Wall has been difficult. Eastern Ger- many's economy remains weak; the population is de- clining as young people go west for jobs. High taxes and wages also make economic growth difficult. MONACO ----------------------------------~~--~~~~--------------------------------- GERMANY SWITZERLAND

POLAND CZECH REPUBLIC REPUBLIC OF POLAND CZECH REPUBLIC 400 AREA 120,728 SQ. MI. l POPULATION 38,483,000 CAPITAL AREA 30,450 SQ. MI. POPULATION 10,212,000 1 CAPITAL PRAGUE WARSAW (POP. 1,724,000) 1 LITERACY 100% LIFE EXPECTANCY 76 o 1 CURRENCY ZLOTY 1 GDP PER CAPITA $17,300 1 ECONOMY IND: 1,160,000 LITERACY 99% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 77 1 CURRENCY MACHINE BUILDING, IRON & STEEL, COAL MINING, CHEMICALS, -c-r-:' SHIPBUILDING. AGR: POTATOES, FRUITS, VEGETABLES, WHEAT, CZECH KORUNA 1 GDP PER CAPITA $26, I 00 1 ECONOMY IND: POULTRY. EXP: MACHINERY & TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT, INTERME- METALLURGY, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, MOTOR VEHICLES, GLASS, o DIATE MANUFACTURED GOODS. ARMAMENTS. AGR: WHEAT, POTATOES, SUGAR BEETS, HOPS, PIGS. 5 EXP: MACHINERY & TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT, INTERMEDIATE MANUFACTURING, CHEMICALS, RAW MATERIALS, FUEL. w I Poland is the largest country in central Europe. Buffered by Within the Czech Republic, Bohemia is a plateau surrounded I- the Baltic Sea in the north and the Carpathian Mountains by mountains, while Moravia, to the east, is mostly hills and in the south, Poland enjoys no such natural protection to lowlands. With the end of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, l.L the east and west. In 1989 Solidarity swept Poland's first Czechs and Slovaks came together to create Czechoslova- free elections in more than 40 years and began moving the kia, although the two were separated during World War II. o U.S.S.R.'s largest, most populous satellite toward democ- Communists took charge of a reunited Czechoslovakia in racy and free enterprise. It was the first Eastern European 1948, only to be forced out in 1989. After its break with the V> country to overthrow communist rule. Poland joined NATO Slovak Republic, the Czech nation rapidly privatized state- W in 1999. It then developed a market-oriented economy and owned businesses. Although the political and financial crises joined the European Union in 2004. of 1997 eroded somewhat the country's stability and pros- cr: perity, the Czech Republic succeeded in becoming a NATO = AUSTRIA member in 1999 and a European Union member in 2004. I- Z REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIA LIECHTENSTEIN o::::J AREA 32,378 SQ. MI. l POPULATION 8,210,000 CAPITAL VIENNA PRINCIPALITY OF LIECHTENSTEIN (POP. 2,385,000) 1 LITERACY 98% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 80 1 CURRENCY U EURO 1 GDP PER CAPITA $39,200 1 ECONOMY IND: CONSTRUC- AREA 62 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 35,000 1 CAPITAL VADUZ (POP. 5,000) TION, MACHINERY, VEHICLES & PARTS, FOOD. AGR: GRAINS, 1 LITERACY 100% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 80 1 CURRENCY SWISS FRANC w POTATOES, SUGAR BEETS, WINE, DAIRY PRODUCTS, LUMBER. EXP: 1 GDP PER CAPITA $118,000 1 ECONOMY IND: ELECTRONICS, METAL Z MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, MOTOR VEHICLES & PARTS, PAPER, MANUFACTURING, DENTAL PRODUCTS, CERAMICS, PHARMACEU- METAL GOODS, CHEMICALS, IRON ORE, OIL, TIMBER. TICALS. AGR: WHEAT, BARLEY. CORN, POTATOES. LIVESTOCK. EXP: Z SMALL SPECIALTY MACHINERY, CONNECTORS FOR AUDIO & VIDEO, Bordering eight countries, Austria is mountainous in the PARTS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES, DENTAL PRODUCTS. cr: south and west. Fertile lowlands in the east are part of the w I- \"«- I U oOL o cO cr: w 5 «Vz> Danube River basin. Natural grandeur lures visitors to Tirol This tiny independent state lies between Switzerland and and the Hohe Tauern National Park-the largest protected Austria. The eastern part of the country contains the rug- natural area in Central Europe. Austria was accepted into ged foothills of the Rhatikon Mountains; the western the the European Union (EU) in 1995. Manufacturing, pow- Rhine River floodplains. Founded in 1719 as a part of the ered by hydroelectricity, drives the nation's export trade; Holy Roman Empire, Liechtenstein gained independence in Austria also profits from iron ore, oil, and timber. Aus- 1866. Because of liberal tax policies and banking laws, it tria is one of the most forested countries in Europe /~­ counts more companies than citizens. It contains no with almost half its territory covered in forest. university and one prison and employs one judge. LIECHTENSTEIN - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ \\ ' -----~------------------ POLAND AUSTRIA ' - - - - - - - f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - CZECH REPUBLIC

HUNGARY SLOVAKIA REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY SLOVAK REPUBLIC AREA 35,919 SQ. MI. . POPULATION 9,906,000 . CAPITAL BUDAPEST AREA 18,932 SQ. MI. • POPULATION 5,463,000 • CAPITAL BRATISLAVA 401 (POP 1,664,000) • LITERACY 99% • LIFE EXPECTANCY 73 . CURRENCY (POP 425,000) • LITERACY 100% . LIFE EXPECTANCY 75 • CURRENCY FORINT GOP PER CAPITA $19,800 . ECONOMY IND: MINING, SLOVAK KORUNA GOP PER CAPITA $21 ,900 ECONOMY IND: »z METALLURGY, CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, PROCESSED FOODS, METAL & METAL PRODUCTS, FOOD & BEVERAGES, ELECTRICITY, TEXTILES, CHEMICALS. AGR: WHEAT, CORN, SUNFLOWER SEED, GAS. AGR: GRAINS, POTATOES, SUGAR BEETS, HOPS, PIGS, FOREST Vl POTATOES, SUGAR BEETS, PIGS. EXP: MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, PRODUCTS. EXP: MACHINERY & TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT, OTHER MANUFACTURING, FOOD PRODUCTS, RAW MATERIALS. MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURED GOODS. ~ The Danube River flows north to south through the mid- A landlocked country in central Europe, Slovakia is mostly m dle of Hungary, splitting this landlocked central European mountainous except for southern lowlands along the Dan- country almost in half. Fertile plains lie east of the Danube, ube, where the capital, Bratislava, is found. This country's ;;D with hills to the west and north. In 1989, after decades of split from the more affluent, industrialized Czech Republic communist leadership, the government abolished censor- in 1993 was prompted by Slovak nationalism and grievances ooOJ ship, dismantled barriers along the Austrian border, and over rapid economic reforms instituted by the Czechoslo- called for privatization of industry, religious freedom, and vak government in Prague-reforms that left many Slovaks A free elections. Now a member of NATO, Hungary also without jobs. Slovakia's industrial economy is market ori- joined the European Union in 2004. Foreign investment ented. It joined NATO and the European Union in 2004. m and private companies are flourishing. However, Hungary C saw increased political tension and public protests in re- sponse to recent economic crises and the government's o;;D failure to acknowledge and avert the crises. m\" ROMANIA ROMANIA KOSOVO AREA 92,043 SQ. MI. POPULATION 22,215,000 • CAPITAL BUCHA- REST (POP 1,947,000) • LITERACY 97% • LIFE EXPECTANCY 72 • REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO CURRENCY LEU . GOP PER CAPITA $12,200 • ECONOMY IND: TEXTILES & FOOTWEAR, LIGHT MACHINERY & AUTO ASSEMBLY, AREA 4,203 SQ. MI. • POPULATION 1,804,838 . CAPITAL PRISTINA MINING, TIMBER. AGR: WHEAT, CORN, BARLEY, SUGAR BEETS, (POP. 560,000) • LITERACY 92% • CURRENCY EURO • GOP PER EGGS. EXP: TEXTILES & FOOTWEAR, METALS & METAL PRODUCTS, CAPITA $2,300 . ECONOMY IND: MINERAL MINING, CONSTRUC- MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, MINERALS & FUELS. TION MATERIALS, BASE METALS, LEATHER, MACHINERY, APPLI- ANCES. EXP: MINING AND PROCESSED METAL PRODUCTS, SCRAP Romania lies on the Black Sea coast of southeastern Europe. METALS, LEATHER PRODUCTS, MACHINERY, APPLIANCES. The Carpathian Mountains and the Transylvanian Alps divide the country into three physical and historical regions: Wal- This mountainous country encompasses the fertile val- lachia in the south, Moldavia in the northeast, and Transyl- leys of Kosovo and Metohija. Its population is almost 90 vania in the country's center. The majority of the people are percent Albanian. Major occupations include forestry, live- Romanian (90 percent), but the Hungarian minority, living in stock raising, the mining of lead and various other met- the Transylvanian basin, numbers some 1.7 million. Since the als, and farming. Since its settlement by the Slavs in the revolution in 1989, which resulted in the execution of Presi- seventh century, Kosovo has changed hands a number dent Ceausescu and his wife, subsequent governments have of times. After years of conflict with Serbian troops, Ko- been laboring under massive foreign debt. Significant public sovo declared independence in 2008. Although its in- and private corruption impede economic growth and undercut public trust in new democratic institutions. / -dependence is disputed by Serbia, it is recognized Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007. by many nations including the United States. HUNGARY - b - f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ROMANIA SLOVAKIA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - \\ - - - - - - ' ~~1=,...--'' + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - KOSOVO ~

BOSNIA & BULGARIA HERZEGOVINA REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 402 AREA 19,741 SQ. MI. Po.PULATlo.N 4,613,000 1 CAPITAL SARAJEVO. AREA 42,855 SQ. MI. Po.PULATlo.N 7,205,000 1 CAPITAL So.FIA (Po.P. 579,000) 1 LITERACY 97 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 79 1 CURRENCY (Po.P' 1,212,000) 1 LITERACY 98% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 73 1 CURRENCY o MARKA 1 GOP PER CAPITA $6,500 1 ECo.No.MY IND: STEEL, Co.AL, LEV 1 GOP PER CAPITA $12,900 1 ECo.No.MY IND: ELECTRICITY. GAS IRo.N o.RE, LEAD, ZINC, MANGANESE, BAUXITE, VEHICLE ASSEMBLY. & WATER, FOo.D, BEVERAGES, To.BACCo. AGR: VEGETABLES, FRUITS, -c-r-:' AGR: WHEAT, Co.RN, FRUITS, VEGETABLES, LlVESTo.CK. EXP: To.BACCo. LlVESTo.CK. EXP: CLo.THING, Fo.o.TWEAR, IRo.N & STEEL, METALS, CLo.THING, Wo.o.D PRo.DUCTS. MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT. o 5 In mountainous southeastern Europe, Bosnia's Muslims, Bulgaria, in southeastern Europe, is dominated by rugged or Bosniacs, trace their ancestry to Christian Slavs who mountains, except for the Danube lowland in the north that w converted to Islam under the Ottomans for tax and land- it shares with Romania. Rich farmland in the Danube Valley, I holding advantages. Yugoslavia recognized Bosniacs as a 80 miles of sandy beaches on the Black Sea, and mountain- I- separate people in 1969. Muslim Slavs and Roman Catho- ous terrain characterize one of Eastern Europe's least densely lic Croats voted in early 1992 for independence from populated nations. Most of the population is urban; about 83 LL Yugoslavia, which most Eastern Orthodox Serbs fiercely percent Orthodox Christians, and some 12 percent Muslim. opposed. In the ensuing 1992-95 civil war, some 250,000 o people died. The Dayton Peace Accords ended the war _The Rhodope Mountains, along the border with Greece, are and partitioned the country into a Muslim-Croat region V> and a Serbian region, now the Republic of Serbia. High home to many Muslims, including an ethnic Turkish minority. W unemployment and ethnic tensions continue. ..:.•.:...- CROATIA cr: REPUBLIC OF CROATIA I- Z SLOVENIA AREA 21 ,831 SQ. MI. Po.PULATlo.N 4,489.000 1 CAPITAL ZAGREB (Po.P' 688,000) 1 LITERACY 98% LIFE EXPECTANCY 75 CURRENCY o::::J REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA KUNA 1 GOP PERCAPITA$16,100 1 ECo.No.MY IND: CHEMICALS & PLASTICS, MACHINE To.o.LS, FABRICATED METAL, ELECTRo.NICS. U AREA 7,827 SQ. MI. Po.PULATlo.N 2,006,000 CAPITAL LJUBLJANA AGR: WHEAT, Co.RN, SUGAR BEETS, SUNFLo.WER SEED, LlVESTo.CK. EXP: TRANSPo.RT EQUIPMENT. TEXTILES, CHEMICALS. Fo.o.D- w (Po.P.256,OOO) LITERACY 100% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 77 1 CURRENCY STUFFS, FUELS. Z To.LAR 1 GOP PER CAPITA $29,500 1 ECo.No.MY IND: FERRo.US A crescent-shaped country in southeast Europe, Croatia Z METALLURGY & ALUMINUM PRo.DUCTS, LEAD & ZINC SMELTING, extends from the fertile plains of the Danube to the moun- ELECTRo.NICS, TRUCKS. AGR: Po.TATo.ES, Ho.PS, WHEAT, SUGAR tainous coast of the Adriatic Sea. In the Adriatic, Croatia cr: BEETS, CATTLE. EXP: MANUFACTURED Go.o.DS, MACHINERY & TRANSPo.RT EQUIPMENT, CHEMICALS, Fo.o.D. w I- (L « I U oOL o cO cr: w 5 «Vz> Slovenia, an Alpine-mountain state in southern Europe con- has 1,185 islands-many are major tourist areas. The sisting mainly of Roman Catholic Slovenes, joined the King- 1991-95 civil war between Croats and Serbs caused mas- dom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes-subsequently named sive damage to cities and industries. War halted the tourist YugoslaVia-in 1918. Slovenia proclaimed its independence trade and cut industrial output, including a lucrative ship- in June 1991, prompting a ten-day conflict that brought de- building business. Since the war, Croatia has progressed feat to the Serb-dominated Yugoslav Army. It is the most politically and economically; it is a candidate for European prosperous of the former Yugoslav republics. Its West- Union membership. Corruption among government ern outlook and economic stability won Slovenia / - officials and prosecution of war criminals are some of the concerns facing Croatians today. I..--?membership in both NATO and the EU in 2004. SLOVENIA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' \\ - - ' ' - - / \" \" Y - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - BULGARIA CROATIA L......-'-,c----I------------- BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA

SERBIA MONTENEGRO REPUBLIC OF SERBIA MONTENEGRO AREA 41 ,375 SQ. MI. I POPULATION 7,379,000 I CAPITAL BELGRADE AREA 8,715 SQ. MI. I POPULATION 672,000 I CAPITAL PODGORICA 403 (POP. 1,096,000) I LITERACY 96% I LIFE EXPECTANCY 74 CURRENCY (POP. 136,473) I LITERACY 96% LIFE EXPECTANCY 75 CURRENCY SERBIAN DINAR I GOP PER CAPITA $10,900 I ECONOMY IND: SUGAR, EURO I GOP PER CAPITA $9,700 I ECONOMY IND: STEELMAKING, »z AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY, ELECTRICAL & COMMUNICATION ALUMINUM, AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING, CONSUMER GOODS, U1 EQUIPMENT, PAPER & PULp, LEAD. AGR: WHEAT, MAIZE, SUGAR TOURISM. AGR: GRAINS, TOBACCO, POTATOES, CITRUS FRUITS, BEETS, SUNFLOWER, RASPBERRIES. EXP: MANUFACTURED GOODS, OLIVES. EXP: MINING & PROCESSED METAL PRODUCTS, SCRAP ~ FOOD & LIVE ANIMALS, MACHINERY & TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT. METALS, LEATHER PRODUCTS, MACHINERY, APPLIANCES. m Serbia is hidden within a number of mountain systems, its Montenegro is located in the Balkans in the southern Alps. slopes dragging northward toward the Danube and Sava Its name, \"Black Mountain,\" mostly likely refers to Mount ;;0 Rivers. Plains dominate the northern Vojvodina region, Lovcen, near the Adriatic Sea. Southwestern Montenegro while hills and mountains characterize central Serbia. Serbia consists of arid hills while the eastern districts contain siz- ooCP and Montenegro replaced Yugoslavia on the map in 2003, able forests and grassy uplands, providing much more fertile although the two countries split in 2006 to become two ground. Montenegro's coastal plain is quite narrow at only A individual independent states. Two years later, after talks one to four miles wide, disappearing completely in the north between the Serbs and Kosovars failed to produce results, as the mountain peaks suddenly rise. For the large part of m Kosovo formally seceded from Serbia. the 20th century Montenegro existed as a piece of Yugosla- C via. From 2003 to 2006 it functioned as an element of the ALBANIA federated union of Serbia and Montenegro. It gained full in- o;;0 dependence from Serbia in June 2006 and is now governed REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA by independent executive, legislative, and judicial branches. -0 AREA II, I00 SQ. MI. I POPULATION 3,639,000 I CAPITAL TIRANA m (POP. 367,000) I LITERACY 99% I LIFE EXPECTANCY 78 1 CURRENCY LEK I GOP PER CAPITA $6,000 ECONOMY IND: FOOD PROCESSING, MACEDONIA TEXTILES & CLOTHING, LUMBER, OIL. AGR: WHEAT, CORN, FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA POTATOES, VEGETABLES, MEAT. EXP: TEXTILES & FOOTWEAR, ASPHALT, METALS & METALLIC ORES, CRUDE OIL. AREA 9,928 SQ. MI. I POPULATION 2,067,000 CAPITAL SKOPJE Albania lies along the Adriatic Sea in southeastern Europe. (POP. 447,000) LITERACY 96 LIFE EXPECTANCY 75 CURRENCY The narrow coastal plain rises to mountains that reach 9,000 feet and cover most of the country. These moun- MACEDON IAN DENAR GOP PER CAPITA $9,000 I ECONOMY IND: tains are rich in mineral resources such as chrome, iron, nickel, and copper; however, mining requires investment COAL, METALLIC CHROMIUM, LEAD, ZINC, FERRONICKEL, TEXTILES. that Albania lacks. It is one of the poorest countries in AGR: RICE, TOBACCO, WHEAT, CORN, BEEF. EXP: FOOD, BEVERAGES, Europe. It suffered from more than 40 years of commu- TOBACCO, MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING, IRON & STEEL. nist rule, which ended in 1991. War in neighboring Kosovo brought 480,000 ethnic Albanian refugees into Albania in Macedonia is a landlocked and predominantly mountain- 1999, straining the country's resources. The largely agricul- ous country which proclaimed its independence from tural economy is growing thanks to remittances from Al- Yugoslavia in September 1991. The UN officially calls it banian workers abroad, most of whom live in Greece \"The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia\" because and Italy. Albania is actively pursuing membership Greece fears that using \"Macedonia\" might imply territo- in the European Union and joined NATO in 2009. rial ambitions toward the Greek region of Macedonia. The democratic government faced a 200 I rebellion launched by ethnic Albanians, 25 percent of the population. Negotiations led to making Albanian an official lan- guage and providing other minority rights. MONTENEGRO ----------------\\---~\"\"\"\"r_-_+_----------------- SERBIA ALBANIA MACEDONIA _/

PORTUGAL ANDORRA PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC PRINCIPALITY OF ANDORRA 404 AREA 35,655 SQ. MI. • POPULATION 10,708,000 . CAPITAL LISBON AREA 181 SQ. MI. • POPULATION 84,000 • CAPITAL ANDORRA LA (POP. 2,890,000) • LITERACY 93% • LIFE EXPECTANCY 78 CURRENCY VELLA (POP. 21,000) LITERACY 100% . LIFE EXPECTANCY 83 o EURO GDP PER CAPITA $22,000 . ECONOMY IND: TEXTILES & CURRENCY EURO GDP PER CAPITA $42,500 • ECONOMY IND: FOOTWEAR, WOOD PULP, PAPER, CORK, METALWORKING. AGR: TOURISM, CATTLE RAISING, TIMBER, BANKING. AGR: RYE, WHEAT, -c-r-:' GRAIN, POTATOES, OLIVES, GRAPES, SHEEP EXP: CLOTHING & FOOT- BARLEY, OATS, SHEEP. EXP: TOBACCO PRODUCTS, FURNITURE. WEAR, MACHINERY, CHEMICALS, CORK & PAPER PRODUCTS, HIDES. o Tiny Andorra sits almost hidden in the high Pyrenees be- 5 Portugal, with its long Atlantic coast, lies on the western tween France and Spain. A co-principality since the 13th coast of the Iberian Peninsula, making it the most west- century, mountainous Andorra has two princes as heads w erly country on the European mainland. The land consists of state: France's president and Spain's Bishop of La Seu I of highland forests in the north and rolling lowland in the d'Urgell (a historic town just south of Andorra). It adopted I- south. It tends to be wetter and cooler in the north. The a democratic constitution in 1993, creating a parliament and south can be hot and parched, and it is dotted with reser- limiting the power of the co-princes. The economy is based l.L voirs to conserve water. Most people live along the coast, on tax-free shopping, tourism, and international banking. with a third of the population living in the urban areas of o Lisbon and Porto. A coup in 1974 ended 42 years of dicta- D ITALY torship, and Portugal joined the European Union in 1986. V> W ITALIAN REPUBLIC cr: SPAIN AREA 116,345 SQ. MI. POPULATION 58,126,000 . CAPITAL ROME (POP 3,333,000) • LITERACY 98% • LIFE EXPECTANCY 80 CURRENCY EURO I- KINGDOM OF SPAIN • GDP PER CAPITA $31 ,000 ECONOMY IND: TOURISM, MACHIN- Z ERY, IRON & STEEL, CHEMICALS. AGR: FRUITS, VEGETABLES, GRAPES, AREA 195,363 SQ. MI. . POPULATION 40,525,000 CAPITAL MADRID (POP POTATOES, BEEF, FISH. EXP: ENGINEERING PRODUCTS, TEXTILES & o::::J 5,764,000) • LITERACY 98% • LIFE EXPECTANCY 80 . CURRENCY EURO CLOTHING, PRODUCTION MACHINERY, MOTOR VEHICLES, TRANS- GDP PER CAPITA $34,600 . ECONOMY IND: TEXTILES & APPAREL, FOOD PORT EQUIPMENT U & BEVERAGES, METALS & METAL MANUFACTURING, CHEMICALS. AGR: GRAIN, VEGETABLES, OLIVES, WINE GRAPES, BEEF, FISH. EXP: MACHINERY, Italy consists of a mountainous peninsula extending into the w MOTOR VEHICLES, FOODSTUFFS, OTHER CONSUMER GOODS. Mediterranean Sea; it includes the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, Z Z cr: w I- \"«- I U oOL o cO cr: w 5 «Vz> Spain occupies most of the Iberian Peninsula in southwest and about 70 other smaller islands. The Alps form Italy's Europe, and its territory includes the Balearic Islands in the border with France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia. Mediterranean and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic. Much Most of Italy has warm, dry summers and mild winters, with of the mainland is high plateau, with mountain ranges, in- northern Italy experiencing colder, wetter winters. Some cluding the Pyrenees, in the north. The plateau experiences notable active volcanoes-Vesuvius, Etna, and Stromboli- hot summers and cold winters; it is cooler and wetter to the are found here. Italy's economic strength is in the processing north. The Socialist Party under Felipe GonzaJez Marquez and manufacturing of goods, primarily in small and medium led Spain into the European Union in 1986. Unemployment size family-owned firms, although it has to import almost all has been a problem, but recent economic growth makes its raw materials and energy. A founding member of both the country's future outlook positive. The government NATO and the European Union, Italy boasts a superb has had to contend with Basque separatists, who /--~ transportation system, from airports to high-speed trains, which connects it to the rest of Europe. have at times resorted to violence. I PO~UGAL -----------------~ L~~~------------------- ITA~ SPAIN L--~'~------------------ANDDRAA

VATICAN CITY MALTA VATICAN CITY REPUBLIC OF MALTA AREA 0.4 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 826 1 LITERACY 100% AREA 196 SQ. MI. l POPULATION 405,000 1 CAPITAL VALLETTA 405 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 78 CURRENCY EURO GDP PER (POP. 7,137) LITERACY 93% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 79 1 CURRENCY CAPITA $25,500 1 ECONOMY IND: PRINTING, BANKING MALTESE LIRA 1 GDP PER CAPITA $24,200 1 ECONOMY IND: TOUR- »z AND FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES, PRODUCTION OF COINS, ISM, ELECTRONICS, SHIP BUILDING, CONSTRUCTION, FOOD & Vl MEDALS, POSTAGE STAMPS. BEVERAGES, PHARMACEUTICALS. AGR: VEGETABLES, FRUIT, GRAIN, FLOWERS, PORK, MILK, POULTRY, EGGS. EXP: MACHINERY. ~ Vatican City is a triangular territory on the west bank of the Tiber River and located within the city of Rome. From The island nation of Malta holds a strategic position, midway m this state, the pope ministers to a flock of more than a bil- between Europe and Africa. Sixteenth-century Crusaders lion Roman Catholics. The Lateran Treaty between Italy met Suleyman the Magnificent here; Malta withstood Axis ;:D and the Holy See created an independent Vatican City in bombs during World War II as well. Malta won indepen- 1929. The pope is elected by the College of Cardinals and dence from Britain in 1964 and joined the EU in 2004. ooOJ serves for life. The civil government of the Vatican is run by a lay governor and council appointed by the pope. SAN MARINO A m C o;:D m\" ~ GREECE REPUBLIC OF SAN MARINO HELLENIC REPUBLIC AREA 24 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 30,000 I CAPITAL SAN MARINO (POP. 5,000) 1 LITERACY 96% I LIFE EXPECTANCY 82 1 CURRENCY AREA 50,949 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 10,737,000 1 CAPITAL ATHENS EURO I GDP PER CAPITA $41,900 I ECONOMY IND: TOURISM, (POP. 3,256,000) 1 LITERACY 96% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 80 1 CURRENCY EURO 1 GDP PER CAPITA $32,000 1 ECONOMY IND: TOURISM, FOOD BANKING, TEXTILES, ELECTRONICS. AGR: WHEAT, GRAPES, CORN, & TOBACCO PROCESSING, TEXTILES, CHEMICALS. AGR: WHEAT, OLIVES, CATTLE. EXP: STONE, LIME, WOOD, CHESTNUTS, WINE. CORN, BARLEY, SUGAR BEETS, BEEF. EXP: FOOD & BEVERAGES, A medieval city-state and the world's oldest republic, San MANUFACTURED GOODS, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, CHEMICALS. Marino perches on a mountain in north-central Italy. It takes pride in its finely minted coins, ceremonial guard, Greece, on the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe, and postage stamps. Well-preserved castles and sweep- ing Adriatic vistas enchant 3.5 million visitors a year. is mostly dry and mountainous, with a large mainland and ~I I CYPRUS over 1,400 islands. The unique ecosystems of the Prespa Lakes region and the dense woodlands of the Rhodope Mountains have been set aside as international preserves. REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS Greece gained independence from Turkish rule in AREA 3,572 SQ. MI. POPULATION 797,000 I CAPITAL NICOSIA 1830. Scarred by Nazi occupation during World War II (POP. 205,000) 1 LITERACY 98% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 78 CURRENCY and an ensuing civil war, the nation endured seven years CYPRIOT POUND, TURKISH LIRA 1 GDP PER CAPITA $28,600 1 of military dictatorship from 1967 to 1974. This was followed by an elected government and new constitu- ECONOMY IND: FOOD, BEVERAGES, TEXTILES, CHEMICALS. AGR: tion. Greece's membership in the European Union has POTATOES, CITRUS, VEGETABLES, BARLEY. EXP: CITRUS, POTATOES, PHARMACEUTICALS, CEMENT, TEXTILES. helped stimulate industry, agriculture, and shipping, and The island of Cyprus was divided In 1974 when Turk- the country's maritime fleet is the largest in Europe. Re- ish troops invaded to stop plans for enosis (union) with cent economic growth has helped Greece somewhat Greece. The UN patrols the border. The northern overcome its position as one of the poorest of the / - Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is not recog- nized by the UN. The island joined the EU in 2004. EU countries in terms of per capita income. I SAN MARINO -----~ \\t~-~'.,:--,~~---------------- GREECE /(' ~ . CYPRUS VATICAN C I T Y - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' MALTA

ESTONIA LITHUANIA REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 406 AREA 17,462 SQ. MI. POPULATION 1,299,000 CAPITAL TALLINN AREA 25,212 SQ. MI. I POPULATION 3,555,000 1 CAPITAL VILNIUS (POP. 549,000) LITERACY 100% I LIFE EXPECTANCY 75 CURRENCY o (POP. 391,000) LITERACY 100% I LIFE EXPECTANCY 73 CUR- LlTAS I GDP PER CAPITA $17,700 I ECONOMY IND: METAL-CUTTING RENCY ESTONIAN KROON I GDP PER CAPITA $21 ,200 I ECONOMY -c-r-:' MACHINE TOOLS, ELECTRIC MOTORS, TELEVISION SETS, REFRIGERA- IND: ENGINEERING, ELECTRONICS, WOOD & WOOD PRODUCTS, TORS & FREEZERS. AGR: GRAIN, POTATOES, SUGAR BEETS, FLAX, o TEXTILES. AGR: POTATOES, VEGETABLES, LIVESTOCK & DAIRY BEEF, FISH. EXP: MINERAL PRODUCTS, TEXTILES & CLOTHING, 5 PRODUCTS, FISH. EXP: MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, WOOD & PAPER, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, CHEMICALS. TEXTILES, FOOD PRODUCTS, FURNITURE. w I Estonia, smallest in population of the former Soviet repub- Lithuania is in northern Europe, on the eastern shores of I- lics, is a low-lying land on the Baltic Sea with I ,500 lakes and the Baltic Sea. The landscape consists of gently rolling plains plenty of forests. Independence blossomed briefly between and extensive forests. Beginning its quest for independence l.L 1918 and 1940 after centuries of German, Swedish, and Rus- at about the same time as movements in the other Baltic re- sian rule. During World War II it was invaded first by Rus- publics of Estonia and Latvia, Lithuania quickly surged ahead. o sian troops, then Germans, and then Russians again, forcing In March 1990 democratically elected representatives voted Estonia into the Soviet Union in 1944. The country gained for independence, lost in 1940 with annexation by the Soviet V> independence, however, in 1991. As a stable democracy Union. Lithuania, embracing market reform since indepen- W with a market economy that grew at a rate of about 10 per- dence, joined both the European Union and NATO in 2004. cent in 2005 and 2006, Estonia looks west for trade and se- cr: curity. It became a member of the EU and NATO in 2004. BELARUS I- REPUBLIC OF BELARUS Z LATVIA AREA 80,153 5Q. MI. 1 POPULATION 9,649,000 1 CAPITAL MINSK o::::J REPUBLIC OF LATVIA (POP. 1,846,000) LITERACY 100% LIFE EXPECTANCY 71 1 CUR- U AREA 24,938 SQ. MI. POPULATION 2,232,000 1 CAPITAL RIGA (POP. RENCY BELARUSIAN RUBLE GDP PER CAPITA $1 1,800 I ECONOMY w Z 733,000) 1 LITERACY 100% LIFE EXPECTANCY 72 1 CURRENCY IND: METAL-CUTTING MACHINE TOOLS, TRACTORS, TRUCKS, EARTHMOVERS. AGR: GRAIN, POTATOES, VEGETABLES, SUGAR- Z LATVIAN LAT I GDP PER CAPITA $17,800 1 ECONOMY IND: BUSES, BEETS, BEEF. EXP: MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, MINERAL PRODUCTS, CHEMICALS, METALS, TEXTILES. cr: VANS, STREET & RAILROAD CARS, SYNTHETIC FIBERS. AGR: GRAIN, SUGAR BEETS, POTATOES, VEGETABLES, BEEF, FISH. EXP: WOOD & Belarus consists of flat lowlands separated by low hills and w WOOD PRODUCTS, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT, METALS, TEXTILES. uplands. Forests cover a third of this republic, and the Pinsk I- «0... I U oOL o cO cr: w 5 «Vz> Flat and forested, Latvia lies on the Baltic Sea in northern Marshes occupy much of the south. Since the 1986 nuclear Europe. Few former Soviet republics experienced a more disaster at Chernobyl, Belarusians continue to suffer from profound shift in character during their 50 years of domina- high incidences of cancer and birth defects, and about 25 tion than this Baltic country. From 1939 to 1989 the pro- percent of the land is considered uninhabitable. With inde- portion of ethnic Latvians in Latvia dropped from 73 to 52 pendence in 1991 came economic decline. The government percent, due to heavy Russian immigration and Latvian em- continues to stifle democracy and oppose privatization of igration. Since independence in 1991, Latvian ethnicity has state enterprises. Belarus remains heavily dependent on Rus- started to rebound, and Latvians now constitute 58 percent sia, especially for energy. Minsk is the administrative head- of the population-Russians are 30 percent. An indus- quarters for the Commonwealth of Independent States, trial country with trade ties to the West, Latvia / - and Belarus uses this organization to seek greater economic and political integration with Russia. Ijoined NATO and the European Union in 2004. LITHUANIA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - \\ - - - ''1'' ~-----,f----------------- ESTONIA BELARUS ~_'---+------------------ LATVIA

FAST FACT In 200 I, Moldova became the first former Soviet state to elect a Communist to power: Vladimir Voronln. UKRAINE RUSSIA UKRAIN E RUSSIAN FEDERATION AREA 233,090 SQ. MI. POPULATION 45,700,000 1 CAPITAL KIEV AREA 6,592,850 SQ. MI.I POPULATION 140,041,000 CAPITAL 407 (POP. 2,748,000) 1 LITERACY 99% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 68 1 CURRENCY »z HRYVNIA 1 GDP PER CAPITA $6,900 1 ECONOMY IND: COAL, ELECTRIC MOSCOW (POP. 10,495,000) LITERACY 99% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 66 POWER, FERROUS & NONFERROUS METALS, MACHINERY & TRANS- CURRENCY RUSSIAN RUBLE 1 GDP PER CAPITA $15,800 1 ECONOMY U1 PORT EQUIPMENT. AGR: GRAIN, SUGAR BEETS, SUNFLOWER SEED, IND: MINING & EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES, MACHINE BUILDING, BEEF. EXP: FERROUS & NONFERROUS METALS, FUEL & PETROLEUM SHIPBUILDING, ROAD & RAIL TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT, COM- ~ PRODUCTS, CHEMICALS, MACHINERY & TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT. MUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT. AGR: GRAIN, SUGAR BEETS, SUNFLOWER SEED, VEGETABLES, BEEF. EXP: PETROLEUM & PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, m The Carpathian Mountains rise in the west and the Crimean NATURAL GAS, WOOD & WOOD PRODUCTS, METALS, FUR. Mountains in the south, but the heartland of Ukraine is the ;;0 rich flat earth that stretches for I ,000 miles-the steppe. Stretching from Europe to Asia, Russia is the heartland of Ukraine also has huge deposits of coal and iron that feed the former Soviet Union. Today Russia is a democratic fed- ooCP heavy industry. In 1991, 90 percent of Ukrainians voted eration. The country has rich mineral and energy resources. for independence, in effect dissolving the Soviet Union. The mighty Volga, Europe's longest river, flows from north- A Now Ukraine faces ongoing border disputes with Russia. ern Russia into the Caspian Sea. Siberia encompasses more In 200 I the country destroyed its last Soviet-era nuclear than half the territory but is home to less than 20 percent m missile silo, and in 2002 it announced plans to join NATO. of the population. Siberian workers toil at prying natural gas, C Ukraine faced civil war in 2004, after opposition candidate oil, coal, gold, and diamonds from the frozen earth. Com- Viktor Yushchenko was poisoned and election results were modities such as fur and timber also earn coveted foreign o;;0 contested. Yushchenko was inaugurated in January 2005. currency. The Soviet Union dissolved after a failed coup in 1991 , yielding Russia and 14 independent republics. Russia -0 MOLDOVA seeks to maintain its economic influence on resources and to confront separatism at home. m REPUBLIC O F MOLDOVA AREA 13,050 SQ. MI. l POPULATION 4,321 ,000 1 CAPITAL CHISINAU (POP. 662,000) 1 LITERACY 99% 1 LI FE EXPECTANCY 71 1 CURRENCY MOLDOVAN LEU 1 GDP PER CAPITA $2,500 ECONOMY IND: FOOD PROCESSING, AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY, FOUNDRY EQUIPMENT, REFRIGERATORS & FREEZERS. AGR: VEGETABLES, FRUITS, WINE, GRAIN, BEEF. EXP: FOODSTUFFS, TEXTILES, MACHINERY. Landlocked Moldova consists of hilly grassland drained by the Prut and Dniester Rivers. Mainly agricultural, most of the land was in Romania before World War II. Soviets annexed Moldova in 1940; Russians and Ukrainians settled in the in- dustrial region east of the Dniester (Transdniestria). After Moldova gained independence in 1991, Transdnies- /~~ HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF CROSSES adorn c-if'tria seceded, making Tiraspol its capital. Moldova the Hill of Crosses: north of Siauliai, Lithuania, a Christian does not recognize Transdniestria's independence. ! pilgrimage destination. RUSSIA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - \\ - . . . - > \" '. / - y . . c : : . . - - J - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - UKRAINE MOLDOVA -



Australia IS the smallest, lowest, flattest, and-apart Tasmania lies off Australia's south- 409 eastern coast. To the east is New from Antarctica-driest continent on the planet. Off its Zealand, which is composed of the »z North and the South Islands. Moun- northeastern coast lies the Great Barrier Reef, the larg- tainous in comparison to Australia, Ul New Zealand receives considerably est coral reef in the world, with an area of 135,000 more rain, making its climate cooler ~ and more temperate. square miles. Other islands in the region are gen- m Oceania deSignates the central and erally considered part of the Australian continent. south Pacific regions, including Aus- ;;D tralia, New Zealand, and the islands Australia can be divided Australia's rivers often end in salt of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polyne- ooOJ into the Western Plateau, the lakes. Dry for much of each year, they sia- more than 10,000 in all. Polynesia Central Lowlands, and the become beds of salt and mud. The encompasses islands from New Zea- A Eastern Highlands. Central Eastern Highlands rise from central land in the southwest, to Easter Island Australia is relatively flat. A Australia toward a series of high pla- in the east, and Hawai'i in the north. c» third of the country is desert, teaus, the highest part around Mount Micronesia also includes many islands. a third scrub and steppe. Sand Kosciuszko. The Great Escarpment Ul dunes and stony deserts mark runs from northern Queensland to the the continent's great tableland . Victoria border in the south. -I »;;D r » Qo o n m»z »

AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND 410 AREA 2,969,906 SQ. MI. POPULATION 21,263,000 . CAPITAL AREA 104,454 SQ. MI. • POPULATION 4,213,000 • CAPITAL CANBERRA (POP. 373,000) • LITERACY 99% LIFE EXPECTANCY 82 WELLINGTON (POP. 343,000) LITERACY 99% . LIFE EXPECTANCY o • CURRENCY AUSTRALIAN DOLLAR . GDP PER CAPITA $38, I 00 80 . CURRENCY NEW ZEALAND DOLLAR . GDP PER CAPITA $27,900 . ECONOMY IND: FOOD PROCESSING, WOOD & PAPER -c-r-:' ECONOMY IND: MINING, INDUSTRIAL & TRANSPORTATION PRODUCTS, TEXTILES, MACHINERY. AGR: WHEAT, BARLEY, EQUIPMENT, FOOD PROCESSING, CHEMICALS, STEEL. AGR: WHEAT, POTATOES, PULSES, WOOL, FISH. EXP: DAIRY PRODUCTS, MEAT, o BARLEY, SUGARCANE, FRUITS, CATTLE. EXP: COAL, GOLD, MEAT, WOOD & WOOD PRODUCTS, FISH, CHEMICALS, WOOL. 5 WOOL, ALUMINA, IRON ORE. w An island continent, Australia combines a wide variety of New Zealand, known to the indigenous Maori as Aotearoa, I landscapes. Most people reside along the southeast coast be- is a fertile and mountainous island cluster in the southwest- I- cause winds from the southeast release rain there--Ieaving ern Pacific. Snowy peaks, fjord-scarred shores, and pastures the interior beyond the mountains arid or semiarid. Vegeta- dotted with sheep define this country. New Zealand, peopled l.L tion ranges from rain forests in the far north to steppes and mostly by descendants of British settlers, is a parliamentary deserts in the vast interior of the Outback. The Murray-Dar- democracy modeled on that of the United Kingdom. The in- o ling River Basin, covering about 14 percent of the continent, digenous Maori constitute about 8 percent of New Zealand- helps sustain wheat and wool industries. Like Canada, Aus- ers; recent immigrants-who come primarily from Samoa V> tralia is a federal parliamentary state and a member of the and Fiji-give Auckland one of the world's largest Polynesian W British Commonwealth. Since Capt. James Cook's landing populations. An area of economic growth is tourism: Almost on what he dubbed New South Wales in 1770, relationships 2.5 million international tourists visited New Zealand in 2007. cr: between Aboriginals and European settlers and their descen- dants have been marked by injustices and violence. Con- PAPUA NEW GUINEA I- temporary political concerns include restoring native land, Z improving the living conditions of rural Aboriginal children, INDEPENDENT STATE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA and addressing environmental concerns, especially drought. o::::J .. .*. ,. MICRONESIA AREA 178,703 SQ. MI. • POPULATION 6,057,000 CAPITAL PORT U MORESBY (POP. 275,000) LITERACY 57% . LIFE EXPECTANCY 66 . FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA CURRENCY KINA GDP PER CAPITA $2,900 . ECONOMY IND: COPRA w CRUSHING, PALM OIL PROCESSING, PLYWOOD PRODUCTION, Z AREA 271 SQ. MI. . POPULATION 107,000 . CAPITAL PALIKIR (POP. WOOD CHIP PRODUCTION. AGR: COFFEE, CACAO, COCONUTS, 7,000) • LITERACY 89% . LIFE EXPECTANCY 71 • CURRENCY US PALM KERNELS, POULTRY. EXP: OIL, GOLD, COPPER ORE, LOGS. Z DOLLAR . GDP PER CAPITA $2,200 ECONOMY IND: TOURISM, CONSTRUCTION, FISH PROCESSING, SPECIALIZED AQUACULTURE, Papua New Guinea is an island country in the western Pa- cr: CRAFT ITEMS FROM SHELL, WOOD & PEARLS. AGR: BLACK PEPPER, cific. An abundance of minerals and petroleum brightens TROPICAL FRUITS & VEGETABLES, COCONUTS, CASSAVA the outlook for this tropical nation, comprising eastern w (TAPIOCA), PIGS. EXP: FISH, GARMENTS, BANANAS, BLACK PEPPER. New Guinea and many small islands-including Bougainville I- and the Bismarck Archipelago. A patchwork of mountains, \"«- I U oOL o cO cr: w 5 «Vz> Micronesia consists of the Caroline Islands Archipelago. In jungles, and swamplands, the country is home to some 700 1899 Spain sold the islands to Germany. Japan later occu- Papuan and Melanesian tribes, each with its own language. pied the region and fortified the islands just before World Most of the inhabitants are subsistence farmers, although War II. In 1986 these 600 islands and atolls became self- some grow cash crops. More than 850 distinct indige- governing in free association with the United States. / - \" nous languages-more than 10 percent of all known I _.American aid is crucial to the islands' economy. languages on Earth-are found on this island. .11 -' : PAPUA NEW GUINEA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - V \"--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MICRONESIA AUSTRALIA ffl' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - NEW ZEALAND

FAST FACT The Great Barner Reef, a vast coral system lying off Australia's northeastern coast, IS considered the largest structure built by living creatures. It was formed and expanded as tiny manne animals deposited their skeletons. -- ..,*. SOLOMON ISLANDS FIJI ISLANDS 411 SOLOMON ISLANDS REPUBLIC OF THE Fiji ISLANDS »z AREA 10,954 SQ. MI. POPULATION 596,000 I CAPITAL HONIARA AREA 7,095 SQ. MI. POPULATION 945,000 I CAPITAL SUVA (POP. Vl (POP. 56,000) I LITERACY 62% I LIFE EXPECTANCY 74 CURRENCY 210,000) LITERACY 94% I LIFE EXPECTANCY 71 CURRENCY SOLOMON ISLANDS DOLLAR I GOP PER CAPITA $1 ,900 I ECONO- FIJIAN DOLLAR GOP PER CAPITA $3,900 I ECONOMY IND: ~ MY IND: FISH (TUNA), MINING, TIMBER. AGR: CACAO, COCONUTS, TOURISM, SUGAR, CLOTHING, COPRA. AGR: SUGARCANE, m PALM KERNELS, RICE, CATTLE, TIMBER, FISH. EXP: TIMBER, FISH, COCONUTS, CASSAVA (TAPIOCA), RICE, CATTLE, FISH. EXP: SUGAR, COPRA, PALM OIL GARMENTS, GOLD, TIMBER, FISH. ;;D Northeast of Australia in the South Pacific, the Solomon The Fiji Islands comprise 332 islands in the South Pacific, ooOJ Islands chain consists of six main islands that are volcanic, adorned with beaches, coral gardens, and rain forests. mountainous, and forested. Guadalcanal, known to many as Most people live on the largest island, Viti Levu, where the A the site of fierce battles between japan and the United States capital, Suva, is located. After 96 years as a British colony, during World War II, is the most populous island. About 95 Fiji gained independence in 1970. During British rule, inden- c» percent of the islanders are Melanesians, who speak some tured servants from India came to work in the sugarcane 120 indigenous languages. Ethnic tension between natives fields. Indo-Fijians, who currently constitute 37 percent of Vl of Guadalcanal and settlers from nearby Malaita Island esca- the population, are mostly Hindu, whereas the majority of lated into an armed conflict that lasted from 1998 until 2003, native Fijians are mostly Christian. Tensions between the --I when an Australian-led peacekeeping force restored order. communities caused two coups in 1987, one in 2000, and another in December 2007, after which Fiji's membership ,»;;D VANUATU in the Commonwealth of Nations was suspended. » REPUBLIC OF VANUATU Qo AREA 4,707 SQ. MI. I POPULATION 219,000 I CAPITAL PORT-VILA o (POP. 34,000) LITERACY 74% LIFE EXPECTANCY 64 n CURRENCY VATU I GOP PER CAPITA $4,600 I ECONOMY IND: m»z FOOD & FISH FREEZING, WOOD PROCESSING, MEAT CANNING. AGR: COPRA, COCONUTS, CACAO, COFFEE, FISH. EXP: COPRA, » BEEF, CACAO, TIMBER, KAVA. France and the United Kingdom jointly administered some 80 South Pacific islands known as the New Hebrides for 74 years until their independence in 1980. The country was renamed Vanuatu-\"Our Land Forever.\" During World War II the U.S. launched attacks from here against japa- nese troops in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea, in- spiring james Michener's Toles of the South Pacific. Tourism augments income from copra, tuna processing, meat . d f b i S th A . h d /-~ A HEADDRESS MADE of feathers and leaves, a necklace canning, an 1m er sa es. ou mencan ar - , _, ' \\ made of seashells, and colorful face paints ready this wom- woods have been introduced to expand forests. ~:: ', an for a tribal sing in Garoka, Papua, New Guinea. \\ ., :Lf...' \"\"'1 \"\" SOLOMON ISLANDS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - \\ - - - - - - - \" 1 L - J - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - FIJI ISLANDS VANUATU

HOME TO MORE THAN 200 species of coral, the National Park of American Samoa is the only U.S. national park below the Equator. Ten Samoan villages lease the land to the United States Park Service. t ;-; ; ; ; KIRIBATI REPUBLIC OF KIRIBATI 412 AREA313 SQ MI. l Po.PULATlo.N 113.000 1 CAPITAL TARAWA SAMOA (Po.P.42,000) LITERACY NA 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 63 1 CURRENCY o AUSTRALIAN Do.LLAR 1 GDP PER CAPITA $3,200 1 ECo.No.MY IND: INDEPENDENT STATE OF SAMOA FISHING, HANDICRAFTS. AGR: Co.PRA, TARO., BREADFRUIT, SWEET -c-r-:' Po.TATo.ES, FISH. EXP: Co.PRA, Co.Co.NUTS, SEAWEED, FISH. AREA 1,093 SQ. MI. 1 Po.PULATlo.N 220,000 CAPITAL APIA (Po.P' 40,000) 1 LITERACY 100% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 72 CURRENCY TALA 1 GDP o Scattered over nearly two million square miles, these 33 PER CAPITA $4,900 1 ECo.No.MY IND: Fo.o.D PRo.CESSING, BUILDING 5 islands were formerly the Gilberts of the British Gilbert MATERIALS, AUTO. PARTS. AGR: Co.Co.NUTS, BANANAS, TARO., YAMS. and Ellice Islands Colony and became the Republic of Kiri - EXP: FISH, Co.Co.NUT o.lL & CREAM, Co.PRA, TARO. w bati in 1979. The country relies on foreign financial aid, I particularly from the U.K. and Japan, in addition to rev- Western political institutions and Polynesian social struc- I- enues from fishing and copra. As its phosphate reserves ture combine in Samoa, whose location at the crossroads diminish, the island has been forced to rely on a reserve of South Pacific shipping lanes attracted European pow- LL trust. Remittances from citizens now working abroad aug- ers. Germany took over the western part of the Samoan ment the economy. archipelago in 1900. After World War I, New Zealand o administered the islands until they became independent in In 2008 Kiribati announced that it was doubling the V> size of its Phoenix Islands Protected Area. This is now W the world's largest protected marine area. These 164,200 square miles include eight coral atolls and are home to cr: I- Z o::::J U w Z Z cr: w I- (L « I U oOL more than 120 species of coral and 520 species of fish . 1962. Membership in the Commonwealth came in 1970. An enlarged airport brings growing numbers of tourists. o TONGA cO KINGDOM OF TONGA cr: AREA 289 SQ. MI. 1 Po.PULATlo.N 121 ,000 1 CAPITAL NUKU'ALo.FA w (Po.P. 35,000) 1 LITERACY 99% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 71 1 CURRENCY PA'ANGA 1 GDP PER CAPITA $4,600 ECo.No.MY IND: To.URISM, 5 TUVALU FISHING. AGR: SQUASH, Co.Co.NUTS, Co.PRA, BANANAS, FISH . EXP: SQUASH, FISH, VANILLA BEANS, Ro.o.T CRo.PS. «Vz> TUVALU AREA 10 SQ. MI. 1 Po.PULATlo.N 12,000 CAPITAL FUNAFUTI (Po.P. 6,000) LITERACY NA 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 69 1 CURRENCY AUS- TRALIAN Do.LLAR, TUVALUAN Do.LLAR 1 GDP PER CAPITA $1 ,600 ECo.No.MY IND: FISHING, To.URISM , Co.PRA. AGR: Co.Co.NUTS, FISH. EXP: Co.PRA, FISH. This cluster of South Pacific atolls, once a component of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony, achieved indepen- The ruler of this last remaining Polynesian kingdom in dence from Britain and joined the Commonwealth in the South Pacific traces his lineage back a thousand years. 1978. Agriculture is limited due to poor soils and lack of The 169 islands, 36 of them inhabited, were under British fresh water. Mainstays are fishing, sales of copra and post- protection for 70 years, until independence came in 1970. age stamps, and remittances from Tuvaluans working Compulsory primary education has created a high lit- L-~abroad. Revenue also comes from a trust fund cre- eracy rate. The economy relies on agriculture and, ated by the U.K. and Pacific-area sponsors. tI'-'-,.- .' ._.._,_. I--_.l' \\\\ increasingly, tourism and light industry. TUVALU - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- \\ -\\-'''1.. -t_.!...,.'...':r',l --.'.. ....:_\\1 \"'---,f -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~IRIBAT' TONGA L:. _: SAMOA

FAST FACT In 2000, Tuvalu negotiated a contract leasing Its domain name, .tv, for $50 million In royalties over 12 years. PALAU MARSHALL ISLANDS REPUBLIC OF PALAU REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS AREA 189 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 21,000 1 CAPITAL KOROR (POP. AREA 70 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 65,000 1 CAPITAL MAJURO (POP. 413 14,000) LITERACY 92% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 71 1 CURRENCY 25,000) 1 LITERACY 94% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 71 1 CURRENCY US US DOLLAR 1 GDP PER CAPITA $8, I 00 1 ECONOMY IND: TOUR- DOLLAR GDP PER CAPITA $2,500 1 ECONOMY IND: COPRA, »z ISM, CRAFT ITEMS, CONSTRUCTION, GARMENT MAKING. AGR: FISH, TOURISM, CRAFT ITEMS FROM SHELL, WOOD & PEARLS. AGR: COCONUTS, COPRA, CASSAVA (TAPIOCA), SWEET POTATOES. EXP: COCONUTS, TOMATOES, MELONS, TARO, PIGS. EXP: COPRA CAKE, Vl SHELLFISH, TUNA, COPRA, GARMENTS. COCONUT OIL, HANDICRAFTS, FISH. ~ Located in the western Pacific Ocean, Palau is an archi- Tropical islands in the western Pacific, the Marshall Islands pelago of more than 300 islands. It was a Japanese strong- form two parallel island groups, the Ratak and Ralik (Sun- m hold during World War II, and after that period, in 1947, rise and Sunset) Chains. These atolls, reefs, and islets in- the United Nations assigned the administration of these clude Kwajalein, a test range for U.S. missiles and home ;:D islands to the United States. The territory has thus been to the world's largest lagoon, and Enewetak, where the tied economically to the U.S., and it became an indepen- United States exploded the first hydrogen bomb in 1952. ooOJ dent nation in October 1994. Bikini Atoll is still uninhabitable because of past nuclear tests. In 1986 the former trust territory became self-gov- A About 70 percent of the population lives in the capi- erning in free association with the United States, which is tal city of Koror on the island of Koror. Tourism is the responsible for its defense and foreign affairs. More than c» country's main industry, with the rich marine environment 60 percent of the country's budget comes from U.S. aid. providing opportunities for snorkeling and scuba diving. Vl -I ,»;:D » Qo o n m»z » NAURU REPUBLIC OF NAURU AREA 8 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 14,000 1 CAPITAL YAREN (POP. 670) 1 LITERACY NA 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 64 1 CURRENCY AUSTRALIAN DOLLAR 1 GDP PER CAPITA $5,000 ECONOMY IND: PHOSPHATE MINING, OFFSHORE BANKING, COCONUT PRODUCTS. AGR: CO- CONUTS. EXP: PHOSPHATES. Nauru is a small oval-shaped island in the western Pacific. A CONCRETE DOME on Runit, one of the Marshall The interior phosphate plateau, representing 60 percent Islands, covers soil made radioactive by nuclear tests con - of the land area, has been extensively mined, leaving a ducted by the United States in the I940s and 1950s. jagged and pitted landscape. Germany annexed Nauru in 1888, and Australia took it over in 1914. After World War II it was a joint trust territory of Australia, Britain, and New Zealand until it became independent in 1968. Phosphate exports earned economic stability for the country, but deposits are severely depleted. • AAUU --------~~------------------------~~ ':--1----------------------------- MARSHALL ISUNDS _/ NAURU



From the world's largest island (Greenland) and the world's coastal waters pour a number of mighty 415 greatest concentration of fresh water (the Great Lakes) rivers, including the Saint Lawrence, Rio Grande, Yukon, and Mississippi. »z to such spectacular geographic features as the Grand Canyon and Niagara Falls, North America holds a wealth Three geologic features dominate Ul of superlatives. It is also home to Earth's largest and this landmass: the Canadian Shield, the tallest trees (the redwoods of California) and many of great Western Cordillera, and a colos- ~ sal flatland that embraces the Great its biggest animals (grizzly bears, moose, and bison). Plains, the Mississippi-Missouri River m basin, and most of the Great Lakes re- gion. Other major components include ;;D the Appalachian Mountains and the predominantly volcanic islands of the ooOJ Caribbean Sea. A The continent has an equally diverse biological heritage, but many plant and oz animal populations declined as the hu- man population grew and spread across ~ the continent. I » ~ m ;;D n» The continent is known as reaching from Greenland to Panama. well for dramatic extremes of Deeply indented with inlets and bays, climate-from 134°F record- North America has a remarkably long ed in Death Valley to -87\"F coastline. Surrounded by water- the logged on Greenland's wind- Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans, swept ice cap. the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea-the continent was isolated for North America encom- millions of years. Into North America's passes 9.45 million square miles,

~ UNITED STATES UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 416 WATER CASCADES 167 feet down Horseshoe Falls, the Canadian AREA 3,794,083 SQ. MI. I POPULATION 307,212,000 CAPITAL WASHINGTON, D.C. (POP. 4,464,000) I LITERACY 99% I LIFE EXPEC- o portion of Niagara Falls, on the Ontario-New York border. TANCY 78 CURRENCY US DOLLAR GDP PER CAPITA $47,000 -c-r-:' 1+1 CANADA ECONOMY IND: PETROLEUM, STEEL, MOTOR VEHICLES, AERO- SPACE, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, CHEMICALS, ELECTRONICS. AGR: o CANADA WHEAT, CORN, OTHER GRAINS, FRUITS, BEEF, FOREST PRODUCTS, 5 FISH. EXP: CAPITAL GOODS, AUTOMOBILES, INDUSTRIAL SUPPLIES & RAW MATERIALS, CONSUMER GOODS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. w I The continental United States can be divided into seven I- physiographic regions, from east to west: the Atlantic- Gulf Coastal Plain, the Appalachian Highlands, the Inte- l.L rior Plains, the Interior Highlands, the Rocky Mountain System, the Intermontane Region, and the Pacific Mountain o System. The country also has a broad range of climates, varying from the tropical rain forest of Hawaii to the sub- V> arctic and tundra climates of Alaska. W In 1776, after years of British rule, the 13 original colo- cr: nies declared independence. A federal republic was set up with a constitution in 1787. Since then, America's territory I- has rapidly expanded. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803, for Z example, practically doubled the land owned by the United States at the time. As a result, the number of states has o::::J also increased considerably, expanding to include 50 sepa- rate states. The year 1959 brought statehood to Alaska and U Hawaii, the last two territories to become states. w AREA 3,855, 101 SQ. MI. POPULATION 33,487,000 I CAPITAL AMERICAN SAMOA Z OTTAWA (POP. 1,182,000) I LITERACY 99% LIFE EXPECTANCY 81 I BAKER ISLAND Z GUAM CURRENCY CANADIAN DOLLAR GDP PER CAPITA $39,300 I cr: HOWLAND ISLAND w ECONOMY IND: TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT, CHEMICALS, JARVIS ISLAND «I- PROCESSED & UNPROCESSED MINERALS, FOOD PRODUCTS. AGR: JOHNSTON ATOLL 0... KINGMAN REEF I WHEAT, BARLEY, OILSEED, TOBACCO, DAIRY PRODUCTS, FOREST MIDWAY ISLANDS U PRODUCTS, FISH. EXP: MOTOR VEHICLES & PARTS, INDUSTRIAL NAVASSA ISLAND NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS MACHINERY, AIRCRAFT, TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT, PALMYRA ATOLL oOL CHEMICALS, TIMBER, CRUDE PETROLEUM. PUERTO RICO VIRGIN ISLANDS o cO WAKE ISLAND Canada reigns as the world's second largest country in cr: w area after Russia, A vast region of swamps, lakes, and rock, 5 «Vz> known as the Canadian Shield, radiates out from Hudson Bay, covering half of the country. Because of subarctic cli- mates in the Canadian Shield and the western mountains, an estimated 90 percent of Canadians live within I00 miles of the U.S. border. Officially bilingual, Canada is a multicultural society, most of the population being of British or French descent, while 2 percent are First Nations, or native, peoples, Other minorities include Italians, Germans, Ukrainians, and Chinese. Most Canadians live in four areas: southern Ontario, the Montreal region, Vancouver city and south- ern Vancouver Island, and the Calgary-Edmonton corri- dor. The economy has a large manufacturing base, and Athe 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) brought an economic boom, ; -. ' UNITED STATES -------------------------------\\----'-+- - r- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---CANADA

BELIZE H GUATEMALA BELIZE REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA AREA 8,867 SQ. MI. l POPULATION 308,000 1 CAPITAL BELMOPAN (POP. AREA 42,042 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 13,277,000 1 CAPITAL GUATE- 417 9,000) 1 LITERACY 77% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 68 1 CURRENCY BELIZEAN MALA CITY (POP. I, I 04,000) 1 LITERACY 69% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 70 DOLLAR 1 GOP PER CAPITA $8,600 1 ECONOMY IND: GARMENT »z PRODUCTION, FOOD PROCESSING, TOURISM, CONSTRUCTION. CURRENCY QUETZAL, US DOLLAR, OTHERS ALLOWED 1 GOP PER AGR: BANANAS, COCA, CITRUS, SUGAR, FISH, LUMBER. EXP: SUGAR, CAPITA $5,200 1 ECONOMY IND: SUGAR, TEXTILES & CLOTHING, U1 BANANAS, CITRUS, CLOTHING, FISH PRODUCTS. FURNITURE, CHEMICALS. AGR: SUGARCANE, CORN, BANANAS, COFFEE, CATTLE. EXP: COFFEE, SUGAR, BANANAS, FRUITS & ~ Belize lies along the Caribbean coast of Central America. VEGETABLES, CARDAMOM, MEAT. m English is the official language, but Spanish is widely spo- Guatemala is a heavily forested and mountainous nation with ;;0 ken. Peace and plentiful land attract refugees from troubled coasts on both the Pacific and the Caribbean. More than half ooCP neighboring countries. Tourists flock to see Maya ruins like of Guatemalans descended from the indigenous Maya peoples; A Altun Ha; wildlife such as jaguars, howler monkeys, and most live in the highlands and retain traditional dress, customs, oz toucans; and the Western Hemisphere's longest coral reef. and language. The rest of the population, known as Ladinos ~ (mostly of mixed Maya-Spanish ancestry), speak Spanish and I MEXICO wear Western clothing. Conflict between these two cultures led to warfare between guerrillas and the government lasting » UNITED MEXICAN STATES years and costing hundreds of thousands of lives. In Septem- ber 1996 the government and the guerrillas finally agreed on ~ m ;;0 »n AREA 758,449 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 111,212,000 1 CAPITAL MEXICO terms to end the 36-year-long civil war. The democratic gov- CITY (POP. 19,485,000) 1 LITERACY 91 % 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 76 ernment faces problems of crime, illiteracy, and poverty, but it CURRENCY MEXICAN PESO 1 GOP PER CAPITA $14,200 1 ECONOMY is making progress in moving the economy. IND: FOOD & BEVERAGES, TOBACCO, CHEMICALS, IRON & STEEL. AGR: CORN, WHEAT, SOYBEANS, RICE, BEEF, WOOD PRODUCTS. HONDURAS EXP: MANUFACTURED GOODS, OIL & OIL PRODUCTS, SILVER, FRUITS, VEGETABLES. REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS Mexico's coastal plains rise to a central plateau. Northern Mexico is desertlike, while the south is a mountainous jun- gle. Most Mexicans are of mixed Spanish and Indian descent, AREA 43,433 SQ. MI. POPULATION 7,793,000 1 CAPITAL TEGUCIGALPA but about 30 percent are Indian. The nation is blessed with (POP. 1,022,000) LITERACY 80% LIFE EXPECTANCY 69 CURRENCY abundant minerals, advanced technology, and a huge work- LEMPIRA 1 GOP PER CAPITA $4,400 1 ECONOMY IND: SUGAR, COFFEE, force. Tax reform, privatization of state-run industries, and TEXTILES, CLOTHING. AGR: BANANAS, COFFEE, CITRUS, BEEF, TIMBER, more-open trade policies have improved competitiveness SHRIMP. EXP: COFFEE, BANANAS, SHRIMp, LOBSTER, MEAT. and boosted exports. Education funding is increasing, and Honduras is mountainous and forested-although wide- authority is shifting from the federal to state governments spread slash-and-burn subsistence farming is destroying to improve accountability. Oil and gas provide a third of the many forests. The largely mestizo (Spanish-Indian) popula- government's revenue; agriculture remains an important tion speaks Spanish, with English common on the northern employer. Mexico's system of ejidos, communal farms, was re- coast and Bay Islands. Maya ruins at Copan help diversify the formed in the I 990s to promote private investment and large- economy with tourist revenue. Although agricultural prod- scale agriculture. The North American Free Trade Agreement ucts, mostly bananas and coffee, are plentiful, they have (NAFTA,1994) makes Mexico dependent on exports to failed to enliven the economy of this tenuous democ- the U.s., and a downturn in U.S. business results in / - - racy. The U.S.-dependent economy suffered in the 2008 financial crisis. little or no growth in the Mexican economy. I MEXICO , . , - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - BELIZE GUATEMALA ------------------\\--~\"\"\"\"::sif....to;rl----------------- HONDURAS

=c EL SALVADOR CUBA REPUBLIC OF EL SALVADOR REPUBLIC OF CUBA 418 AREA 8, 124 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 7, 185,000 1 CAPITAL SAN SALVADOR AREA 42,803 SQ. MI. POPULATION 11,452,000 1 CAPITAL HAVANA (POP. 1,520,000) LITERACY 80% LIFE EXPECTANCY 72 CURRENCY (POP. 2,159,000) LITERACY 100% LIFE EXPECTANCY 77 1 CUR- o US DOLLAR 1 GDP PER CAPITA $6,200 1 ECONOMY IND: FOOD RENCY CUBAN PESO 1 GDP PER CAPITA $9,500 1 ECONOMY IND: PROCESSING, BEVERAGES, PETROLEUM, CHEMICALS. AGR: COFFEE, SUGAR, PETROLEUM, TOBACCO, CHEMICALS. AGR: SUGAR, TOBAC- -cr-:' SUGAR, CORN, RICE, SHRIMp, BEEF. EXP: OFFSHORE ASSEMBLY EX- CO, CITRUS, COFFEE, LIVESTOCK. EXP: SUGAR, NICKEL, TOBACCO, PORTS, COFFEE, SUGAR, SHRIMp, TEXTILES, CHEMICALS, ELECTRICITY. FISH, MEDICAL PRODUCTS. o 5 The smallest and most densely populated country in Cen- The Republic of Cuba comprises more than 4,000 islands and tral America, EI Salvador adjoins the Pacific in a narrow cays; the main island is the largest in the West Indies. By the w coastal plain, backed by a volcanic mountain chain and a fer- mid-1800s its sugar plantations were satisfying a third of world I tile plateau. About 90 percent of Salvadorans are mestizo; 9 demand. The economy crashed after Cuba was abandoned I- percent claim Spanish descent. The rich volcanic soils have by the former U.s.S.R. and Eastern European trading partners supported coffee plantations with a few rich landowners and in the early I990s, and food and energy were tightly rationed. l.L a subjugated peasant population. Economic inequality led Today, despite a trade embargo enforced by the U.S., Cuba's to the 1980-92 civil war; many Salvadorans, rich and poor, economy is improving. Cuba's natural beauty draws millions o fled to the United States. EI Salvador's democratic govern- of tourists, with many coming to see the thousands of plant ment has shown success in adding manufacturing jobs but and animal species that live nowhere else on Earth. In south- V> faces the challenges of poverty, crime, and natural disasters. eastern Cuba, the U.S. maintains a presence at Guantanamo W Bay; a 1934 treaty grants a perpetual lease, voided only by = NICARAGUA mutual consent or by U.S. abandonment of the naval base. cr: REPUBLIC OF NICARAGUA PANAMA I- Z AREA 50, 193 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 5,891,000 CAPITAL MANAGUA REPUBLIC OF PANAMA (POP. 944,000) LITERACY 68% LIFE EXPECTANCY 72 CURRENCY o::::J GOLD CORDOBA 1 GDP PER CAPITA $2,900 1 ECONOMY IND: FOOD AREA 29, 157 SQ. MI. l POPULATION 3,360,000 1 CAPITAL PANAMA CITY PROCESSING, CHEMICALS, MACHINERY & METAL PRODUCTS, TEX- (POP. 1,379,000) 1 LITERACY 92% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 77 1 CURRENCY U TILES. AGR: COFFEE, BANANAS, SUGARCANE, COTTON, BEEF, VEAL. EXP: COFFEE, SHRIMP & LOBSTER, COTTON, TOBACCO, BANANAS. BALBOA, US DOLLAR 1 GDP PER CAPITA $11 ,600 1 ECONOMY IND: w CONSTRUCTION, PETROLEUM REFINING, BREWING, CEMENT & OTHER Z CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. AGR: BANANAS, RICE, CORN, COFFEE, LIVESTOCK, SHRIMP. EXP: BANANAS, SHRIMp, SUGAR, COFFEE, CLOTHING. Z cr: w I- «0.. I U oOL o cO cr: w 5 «Vz> Natural disasters and the consequences of civil war have harassed this largest Central American country. Volcanoes and earthquakes along the Pacific coast are a constant threat, Panama is a narrow land bridge connecting North and South and hurricanes hit the low-lying Caribbean coast. With the America. The Panama Canal, built by the United States after Sandinistas' overthrow of Anastasio Somoza in 1979, end- Panama's independence from Colombia in 1903, joins the ing his family's 42-year dictatorship, Nicaragua came under Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In 1989 U.s. troops overthrew the control of a junta. Eight years of civil war between the Gen. Manuel Noriega, following his indictment for complic- Sandinista regime and the U.S.-funded rebels (con- ity in drug trafficking. Panama's first woman president, tras) ended in 1988. Peace brought democracy, / - Mireya Moscoso, was elected in 1999, the year ,,:::~::ec~ \"d m~ptio\" ,~ m,oc pmblem. ( ._L::;;:,._--.<-t_h_a_t_p_a_n_a_m_a_as_s_u_m_e_d_fu_I_I_c_o_n_tr_O_I_O_f_t_h_e_,\"\": : \" NICARAGUA ~~ PANAMA

419 »z Vl ~ m ;:D ooOJ A oz ~ I » ~ m ;:D n» RAINBOWS, THATCHED-ROOF COTTAGES, and new red shoes make for simple pleasures in Manicaragua, Cuba, in the Villa Clara Province, an ag- ricultural region in the center of the island. Known for its fine tobacco and distinctively flavorful coffee beans, Manicaragua presides over a fertile inland valley. BAHAMAS 8 COSTA RICA COMMONWEALTH OF THE BAHAMAS REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA AREA 5.382 SQ. MI. I POPULATION 309.000 I CAPITAL NASSAU AREA 19,730 SQ. MI. I POPULATION 4.254.000 I CAPITAL SAN JOSE (POP. (POP. 222,000) I LITERACY 96% LIFE EXPECTANCY 66 CURRENCY 1,374,000) LITERACY 95% LIFE EXPECTANCY 78 1 CURRENCY COSTA BAHAMIAN DOLLAR I GDP PER CAPITA $28,600 I ECONOMY IND: RICAN COLON I GDP PER CAPITA $11 ,600 I ECONOMY IND: MICRO- TOURISM, BANKING, E-COMMERCE, CEMENT, OIL REFINING & SHIp· PROCESSORS, FOOD PROCESSING, TEXTILES & CLOTHING, CON- PING. AGR: CITRUS, VEGETABLES, POULTRY. EXP: FISH & CRAWFISH, STRUCTION MATERIALS. AGR: COFFEE, PINEAPPLES, BANANAS, SUGAR, RUM, SALT, CHEMICALS, FRUIT & VEGETABLES. BEEF, TIMBER. EXP: COFFEE, BANANAS, SUGAR, PINEAPPLES, TEXTILES. The Bahamas, 700 islands and 2,400 cays, dot the Atlantic Costa Rica has coastlines on both the Caribbean Sea Ocean from Florida almost to Haiti. Only 30 of the islands and the Pacific Ocean. The country's tropical coastal are inhabited. When Columbus first set foot in the New plains rise to mountains, active volcanoes, and a temper- World on San Salvador in 1492, the Arawak Indians were ate central plateau where most people live. (San Jose, the only inhabitants there. Today, about 85 percent of Baha- the capital, is here.) Costa Rica enjoys continuing stabil- mians are of African heritage. New Providence, one of the ity after a century of almost uninterrupted democratic smallest of the major islands, is home to almost 70 percent government. Tourism, which has overtaken bananas as of the population. Tourism brings more than three billion Costa Rica's leading foreign exchange earner, bolsters dollars annually. International banking and investment the economy. A quarter of the land has protected status; the beauty of rain forest preserves draws i -\"management augment the economy, with more ~:::o b,\"klo. ;0<',\"'00< 'com 36 CO\"ot\"\". ( Cl;, \" L,.'_,-+_m_o_r_e_a_n_d_m_o_r_e_v_i_si_t_o_rs_._ _ _ _ _ _ _ BAHAMAS

SAINT KITTS & NEVIS = DOMINICAN REPUBLIC FEDERATION OF SAINT KITTS & NEVIS DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 420 AREA 104 SQ. MI. I Po.PULATlo.N 40,000 I CAPITAL BASSETERRE AREA 18,704 SQ. MI. I Po.PULATlo.N 9,650,000 I CAPITAL SANTO. (Po.P. 13,000) I LITERACY 98% I LIFE EXPECTANCY 73 I CURRENCY Do.MINGo. (Po.P' 2,298,000) I LITERACY 87% I LIFE EXPECTANCY 74 o EAST CARIBBEAN Do.LLAR I GOP PER CAPITA $19,700 I ECo.No.MY CURRENCY Do.MINICAN PESO. I GOP PER CAPITA $8,100 I ECo.No.MY -or': IND: SUGAR PRo.CESSING, To.URISM, Co.TTo.N, SALT. AGR: SUGAR- IND: To.URISM, SUGAR PRo.CESSING, FERRo.NICKEL & Go.LD MINING, CANE, RICE, YAMS, VEGETABLES, FISH. EXP: MACHINERY, Fo.o.D, TEXTILES. AGR: SUGARCANE, Co.FFEE, Co.TTo.N, CACAO., CATTLE. o ELECTRo.NICS, BEVERAGES, To.BACCo. EXP: FERRo.NICKEL, SUGAR, Go.LD, SILVER, Co.FFEE. ~ The twin islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis are both volca- Two-thirds of Hispaniola, the Dominican Republic is the nic, with sandy beaches and a warm, wet climate. Once second largest country, after Cuba, in the West Indies. This w mountainous land includes Pico Duarte-the highest point I in the Caribbean. Colonized in 1493 by Spaniards, it offered I- the first chartered university, hospital, cathedral, and mon- astery in the Americas. Santo Domingo, founded in 1496, ol.L is the oldest European settlement in the Western Hemi- sphere. The nation, independent since 1844, is a democ- Vl racy, economically dependent on agriculture and tourism. W known as the Gibraltar of the West Indies, the massive or: • .. - I- 17th-century fortress atop Brimstone Hill on St. Kitts oZ ANTIGUA & BARBUDA recalls colonial occupation. Independent of Britain since ::J ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA U 1983, the two-island nation is diversifying the economy AREA 171 SQ. MI. I Po.PULATlo.N 86,000 CAPITAL ST. Jo.HN'S away from sugar toward tourism, banking, and light man- (Po.P' 28,000) I LITERACY 86% I LIFE EXPECTANCY 75 I CURRENCY EAST CARIBBEAN Do.LLAR I GOP PER CAPITA $19,000 I ECo.No.MY w ufacturing. The island of Nevis has been pursuing the Z IND: To.URISM, Co.NSTRUCTlo.N, LIGHT MANUFACTURING. AGR: Co.TTo.N, FRUITS, VEGETABLES, BANANAS, LlVESTo.CK. Z constitutional process of secession since 1996. EXP: PETRo.LEUM PRo.DUCTS, MANUFACTURING, MACHINERY & TRANSPo.RT EQUIPMENT, Fo.o.D & LIVE ANIMALS. or: w l- «n... I _ _ _ _ _~ U o~ JAMAICA o Cfl or: JAMAICA w ~ AREA 4,244 SQ. MI. Po.PULATlo.N 2,826,000 I CAPITAL Vl z KINGSTo.N (Po.P. 575,000) I LITERACY 88% I LIFE « EXPECTANCY 74 I CURRENCY JAMAICAN Do.LLAR I GOP PER CAPITA $7,400 ECo.No.MY IND: To.URISM, BAUXITE, TEXTILES, Fo.o.D PRo.CESSING. AGR: SUGARCANE, BANANAS, Co.FFEE, CITRUS, Po.ULTRY. EXP: ALUMINA, BAUXITE, SUGAR, BANANAS, RUM. Columbus landed on this mountainous island just south of Antigua and Barbuda, small islands in the eastern Caribbe- Cuba in 1494, and the Spanish soon brought in slaves as the an, were colonized by the English in 1632. Sugar plantations native Taino Indians died out-today more than 90 percent ruled the economy, and African slaves were brought in as of the population is of African descent. The British seized laborers. Independent of Britain since 1981, this three- the island in 1655, granting independence in 1962. Tourism island nation remains within the Commonwealth. Antigua, is a steady, but reliance on unpredictably priced commodi- one of the first Caribbean islands to promote tourism, in ties, such as bauxite, causes uneven economic growth. the early I 960s, is the wealthiest. Barbuda seeks to The island is a major transit point for South Ameri- /-............ balance resort development with protection of Ican cocaine en route to the US and Europe its varied wildlife. Tiny Redonda is uninhabited. JAMAICA {y --'. . . - f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ANTIGUA & BARBUDA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ~__ SAINT KITTS & NEVIS

THE POOREST COUNTRY in the Western Hemisphere, still Haiti has a fruitful climate. Here workers harvest the yield from a massive tomato farm 421 established in Haiti by USAid, a U.S. governmental agency dedicated to supporting economic growth, global health, and humanitarian assistance worldwide. »z U1 ~ rn ;;0 ooCP A oz ~ I » ~ m ;;0 »n HAITI -II DOMINICA REPUBLIC OF HAITI COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA AREA 10,714 SQ. MI. I POPULATION 9,036,000 I CAPITAL PORT-AU- AREA 290 SQ. MI. I POPULATION 73,000 I CAPITAL ROSEAU (POP. PRINCE (POP. 2,209,000) I LITERACY S3% LIFE EXPECTANCY 61 27,000) LITERACY 94% LIFE EXPECTANCY 76 I CURRENCY EAST CURRENCY GOURDE GOP PER CAPITA $1,300 I ECONOMY IND: CARIBBEAN DOLLAR GOP PER CAPITA $9,900 I ECONOMY IND: SUGAR REFINING, FLOUR MILLING, TEXTILES, CEMENT. AGR: COFFEE, SOAP, COCONUT OIL, TOURISM, COPRA. AGR: BANANAS, CITRUS, MANGOES, ROOT CROPS. EXP: BANANAS, SOAP, BAY OIL, VEG- MANGOES, SUGARCANE, RICE, WOOD. EXP: MANUFACTURING, ETABLES, GRAPEFRUIT. COFFEE, OILS, COCOA. After a slave revolt against the French in 1804, Haiti (the Mountainous, densely forested, with waterfalls and exotic western third of Hispaniola) became the first Caribbean birds, much of Dominica is protected as national wilder- state to achieve independence and the first black republic ness. Volcanic activity provides boiling pools, geysers, and in the Americas, Mountainous with a tropical climate, it is black-sand beaches. Most Dominicans are descendants of the poorest country in the Americas due to decades of vi- African slaves brought in by colonial planters. Independent olence and instability. There is a huge income gap between from Britain since 1978, Dominica remains poor and de- the Creole-speaking black majority and the French-speak- pendent on banana exports. Governments, including that ing mulattos who, though only 5 percent of the population, of Mary Eugenia Charles, the first female prime minister control most of the wealth. As Haiti celebrated 200 years in the West Indies, have sought to broaden the economic of independence, a rebellion toppled the govern- base with tourism and light industry. Home to 3,000 ment in February 2004. A democratically elected / - Carib Indians, Dominica is the last bastion of this once populous Caribbean tribe. Ipresident and parliament took the helm in 2006. / Of Y - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - DOMINICA HAITI -------------------\\1---' _/

422 o -c-r-:' o 5 w I I- LL o V> W cr: I- Z o::::J U w Z Z cr: w I- BETWEEN BOW AND PEAK, a yawl sails by the Pitons, St. Lucia's signature pair of mountains. Two volcanic plugs shoot straight up out of the water, «(L reaching more than 2,000 feet above sea level. Hot sulfur springs bubble partway up their slopes. UNESCO has designated them a World Heritage Site. I U II ~•L~. J SAINT LUCIA oOL BARBADOS SAINT LUCIA o BARBADOS cO cr: AREA 238 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 160,000 1 CAPITAL CASTRIES (POP. 14,000) 1 LITERACY 90% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 76 CURRENCY EAST w AREA 166 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 285,000 1 CAPITAL BRIDGETOWN CARIBBEAN DOLLAR GDP PER CAPITA $11,300 1 ECONOMY IND: CLOTHING, ASSEMBLY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, BEVERAGES, 5 (POP. 140,000) 1 LITERACY 100% LIFE EXPECTANCY 74 1 CUR- V> RENCY BARBADIAN DOLLAR 1 GDP PER CAPITA $19,300 «z ECONOMY IND: TOURISM, SUGAR, LIGHT MANUFACTURING, COMPONENT ASSEMBLY FOR EXPORT. AGR: SUGARCANE, CORRUGATED CARDBOARD BOXES. AGR: BANANAS, COCONUTS, VEGETABLES, COTTON. EXP: SUGAR & MOLASSES, RUM, OTHER VEGETABLES, CITRUS. EXP: BANANAS, CLOTHING, CACAO, FOODS & BEVERAGES, CHEMICALS. VEGETABLES. Barbados is the most easterly of the Caribbean islands A tropical island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, Saint Lucia and first in line for seasonal hurricanes. The west coast gained independence from Britain in 1979, Tropical forests has white sandy beaches and calm water, but the east cloak a mountainous interiorflanked by twin volcanic peaks, coast faces the turbulent Atlantic. Settled by the British known as the Pitons. Carib Indians inhabited the island be- in 1627, it won independence in 1966 but retains a strong fore it was invaded by buccaneers in the 1500s, but none British flavor. With more than 1,705 people per square are found on the island today. Dutch, French, and British mile, Barbados is one of the world's most densely popu- all settled here. Oil trans-shipment via a U.S.-built terminal i----........lated nations. It has a stable democracy and a relatively and the export of manufactured goods supplement agriculture and tourism. The government is chal- prosperous economy, based largely on tourism and ~,~:::\"Th' ,rnp,fru;t on,;oot\" fmm 9,\"',do,. { 1 lenged by unemployment and drug-related crime. y - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - BARBADOS ~-

FAST FACT In 2004 HUrricane Ivan devastated Grenada, sweeping away 95 percent of the Island's infrastructure. TRINIDAD & TOBAGO SAINT VINCENT & THE GRENADINES REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO SAINT VINCENT & THE GRENADINES AREA 1,980 SQ. MI. POPULATION 1,230,000 . CAPITAL PORT·OF· SPAIN (POP. 55,000) • LITERACY 99% • LIFE EXPECTANCY 71 AREA 150 SQ. MI. . POPULATION 105.000 . CAPITAL KINGSTOWN 423 CURRENCY TRINIDAD & TOBAGO DOLLAR . GOP PER CAPITA (POP. 29,000) LITERACY 96% • LIFE EXPECTANCY 74 • CURRENCY $18,600 ECONOMY IND: PETROLEUM, CHEMICALS, TOURISM, EAST CARIBBEAN DOLLAR . GOP PER CAPITA $10,500 ECONOMY »z FOOD PROCESSING. AGR: CACAO, SUGARCANE, RICE, CITRUS, IND: FOOD PROCESSING, CEMENT, FURNITURE, CLOTHING, POULTRY. EXP: PETROLEUM & PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, CHEMICALS, STARCH. AGR: BANANAS. COCONUTS, SWEET POTATOES, SPICES, Vl STEEL PRODUCTS, FERTILIZER. CATTLE, FISH. EXP: BANANAS, DASHEEN (TARO), ARROWROOT STARCH, TENNIS RACKETS. ~ Trinidad and Tobago are the southernmost islands of the Caribbean chain. The Spanish were present on Trinidad This eastern Caribbean country consists of volcanic St. Vin- m from Columbus's arrival in 1498. The British took posses- cent island and the Grenadines, 32 smaller islands and cays. sion in 1802 and held power until 1962. While geographi- St. Vincent is hilly with rich volcanic soils, and its volcano, ;:D cally close, the islands are far apart in their tempo of life: Soufriere, last erupted in I979-the year of independence Steel-band music and a multiethnic population, including from Britain. Two hydroelectric plants help power St. Vin- ooOJ many of African and East Indian descent, give flamboy- cent's diversifying economy, dependent in part on exports ant Trinidad a fast beat; small farms and quiet resorts of bananas and arrowroot, which is valuable as a starch in A give scenic Tobago a slower rhythm. In addition to having carbonless copy paper. Tourism is of growing importance. reserves of oil and natural gas, Trinidad-which is more oz than 16 times as large as Tobago-contains Pitch Lake, a huge asphalt deposit. High priorities for the economy are ~ increased gas production, aggressive promotion of foreign investment, and industrial and agricultural diversification. I ST. GEORGE'S, GRENADA, flattened by Hurricane Ivan in 2004, » rebuilt quickly; the town hosted the 2007 Cricket World Cup. ~ m ;:D n» GRENADA GRENADA AREA 133 SQ. MI. • POPULATION 91,000 I CAPITAL ST. GEORGE'S (POP. 33,000) • LITERACY 96% LIFE EXPECTANCY 66 CURRENCY EAST CARIBBEAN DOLLAR . GOP PER CAPITA $13,400 ECONOMY IND: FOOD & BEVERAGES, TEXTILES, LIGHT ASSEMBLY OPERATIONS, TOURISM. AGR: BANANAS, CACAO, NUTMEG, MACE. EXP: BANANAS, CACAO, NUTMEG, FRUITS & VEGETABLES. Grenada, located in the southeastern Caribbean, is made up of the islands of Grenada, Carriacou, and Pe- tite Martinique. Most Grenadians are of African descent. Grenada, the largest and most populous of the islands, is popularly known as \"The Spice of the Caribbean.\" In the 20th century, nutmeg overtook sugar and cacao as the island's primary crop. Small farms replaced sugar plantations, slavery was abolished in 1833, and today the sweet smells of nutmeg and other spices waft on balmy breezes. Independence from Britain came in 1974; a military coup in 1983 brought a U.S.-Caribbean force that restored democracy. SAINT VINCENT & THE GRENADINES - - - - - - - - - - - 1 . - - - - / 1 > - . - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - GRENADA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO



With a base along the Caribbean coast and an apex at Cape world's longest mountain range. South 425 Horn, South America is shaped like an elongated triangle. America's hydrology is astounding: Embracing an area of nearly 6.9 million square miles, the con- Rainwater spilling off the Andes cre- »z tinent is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, ates the Amazon River, which sustains and the Caribbean Sea. Its only connection to North Amer- the world 's largest rain forest. Vl ica is the narrow Isthmus of Panama. In the south, the Drake Passage separates South America from Antarctica. The Amazon is not the world's ~ longest river, yet it carries more water than the next ten biggest rivers in the m world combined. In addition, spilling off a tabletop mountain in the north is An- ;;D gel Falls, the world 's highest cascade. ooOJ Among the other geographic oddi- ties of this continent are windswept A Patagonia and the super-dry Atacama Desert, which often goes without rain oVl for hundreds of years. The Pantanal region of southern Brazil is among the C Earth's great wetlands. -I I » 3: m ;;D n» Other than in the extreme Galapagos, the spectacular fjord coun- south, South America has try of southern Chile, and the untamed a regular coastline and rela- Maraj6 Island in the Amazon delta. tively few islands, although its offshore elements are distinc- The Andes mountains, the Ama- tive: frigid Tierra del Fuego, the zon Basin, and a wide southern plain battle-torn Falklands (Malvi- dominate the mainland. The Andes, nas), the biologically wondrous which run from northern Colombia to southern Chile and Argentina, are the

COLOMBIA VENEZUELA REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA 426 AREA 440,831 SQ. MI. POPULATION 45,644,000 CAPITAL BOGOTA AREA 352, 144 SQ. MI. POPULATION 26,815,000 CAPITAL CARACAS (POP. 8,320,000) 1 LITERACY 90% LIFE EXPECTANCY 73 CURRENCY o COLOMBIAN PESO 1 GDP PER CAPITA $8,900 1 ECONOMY IND: 3,098,000 1 LITERACY 93% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 74 1 CURRENCY BOLIVAR TEXTILES, FOOD PROCESSING, OIL, CLOTHING & FOOTWEAR. AGR: -c-r-:' COFFEE, CUT FLOWERS, BANANAS, RICE, FOREST PRODUCTS. EXP: 1 GDP PER CAPITA $13,500 1 ECONOMY IND: PETROLEUM , IRON ORE PETROLEUM, COFFEE, COAL, APPAREL, BANANAS, CUT FLOWERS. MINING, CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, FOOD PROCESSING. AGR: o CORN, SORGHUM, SUGARCANE, RICE, BEEF, FISH. EXP: PETROLEUM, 5 The only South American country with coastlines on both BAUXITE & ALUMINUM, STEEL, CHEMICALS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. the Caribbean and the Pacific shores, Colombia's terrain is w characterized by three mighty Andean cordilleras, which Venezuela contains an incredibly diverse physiographic I separate the western coastal lowlands from the eastern identity. Its topography can be divided three ways into the I- jungles. It contains both hot, wet rain forests and snow- lowland plains, the mountains, and the interior forested up- encrusted mountains. Most people live in the Andean inte- lands. Its landscape in general is even more variable, how- l.L rior, which is the cultivation center for coffee, Colombia's ever, containing islands and coastal plains, lowlands and major crop. The majority of Colombia's territory, how- highlands, hills, valleys, and mountain ranges. The popula- o ever, lies in the tropical lowlands to the east of the Andes. tion clusters primarily in the cities on the mountain range Savannas, or /lanos, fill northern Colombia, and are largely near the Caribbean coast. For the first half of the 20th cen- V> devoted to cattle grazing, while the southeastern rain for- tury, Venezuela was ruled by military strongmen who pro- W ests produce wood products. moted the oil industry. To this day, oil revenues represent roughly 90 percent of export earnings. Democratically cr: elected governments have held sway since 1959. I- GUYANA Z CO-OPERATIVE REPUBLIC OF GUYANA o::::J AREA 83,000 SQ. MI. l POPULATION 773,000 1 CAPITAL GEORGETOWN U (POP. 231,000) 1 LITERACY 99% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 67 1 CURRENCY GUYANESE DOLLAR 1 GDP PER CAPITA $3,900 1 ECONOMY IND: w BAUXITE, SUGAR, RICE MILLING, TIMBER, TEXTILES. AGR: SUGAR, RICE, Z WHEAT, VEGETABLE OILS, BEEF, SHRIMP. EXP: SUGAR, GOLD, BAUXITE/ ALUMINA, RICE, SHRIMP. Z cr: w I- «0... I U oOL SURINAME o cO cr: REPUBLIC OF SURINAME w 5V> AREA 63,037 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 481,000 1 CAPITAL PARAMARIBO z (POP. 253,000) LITERACY 90% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 90 CURRENCY « SURINAMESE GUILDER 1 GDP PER CAPITA $8,900 1 ECONOMY IND: BAUXITE & GOLD MINING , ALUMINA PRODUCTION, OIL, LUMBER- ING, FOOD PROCESSING. AGR: PADDY RICE, BANANAS, PALM KER- NELS, BEEF, FOREST PRODUCTS, SHRIMP. EXP: ALUMINA, CRUDE OIL, LUMBER, SHRIMP & FISH, RICE. Suriname is a small, but ethnically diverse, country along Tropical rain forest shrouds more than 80 percent of this South America's northern coast. Formerly known as Dutch former British colony on the north coast of South America. Guiana, Suriname gained independence in 1975. Most During 150 years of rule, Britain imported Africans and Surinamers-descendants of African slaves and Indian or East Indians as laborers, and Guyana forged close trade Indonesian servants brought over by the Dutch-live in the ties with the Caribbean. Since independence in 1966, the northern coastal plain. Access to the interior rain forest is Guyanese have supported a parliamentary system. Guy- limited. Bauxite mining and alumina exports dominate ana's high debt burden to foreign creditors and territo- trade; inexpensive power from the Afobaka hydro- ~-~ rial disputes with Suriname and Venezuela continue c~::' pl'\"t help' the emoomy. ~ to h'mpet the go,emmeot ~.~, VENEZUELA GUYANA

427 »z U1 ~ m ;;0 ooCP A FOR MORE THAN 2,000 YEARS, silver was the ruling commodity in the Peruvian Andes. As recently as 2007, in fact, Peru led the world in oU1 silver production. Often the precious metal is cast into brick-size bullions, fetching high prices on the world market. C -I I » 3: m ;;0 »() ECUADOR PERU REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR REPUBLIC OF PERU AREA 109,483 SQ. MI. I POPULATION 14,573,000 I CAPITAL QUITO AREA 496,224 SQ. MI. I POPULATION 29,547,000 I CAPITAL LIMA (POP 1,846,000) I LITERACY 91 % I LIFE EXPECTANCY 75 I CURRENCY (POP 8,375,000) I LITERACY 93% I LIFE EXPECTANCY 71 I CURRENCY US DOLLAR GDP PER CAPITA $7,500 I ECONOMY IND: PETROLEUM, NUEVO SOL I GDP PER CAPITA $8,400 I ECONOMY IND: MINING OF FOOD PROCESSING, TEXTILES, METAL WORK. AGR: BANANAS, METALS, PETROLEUM, FISHING, TEXTILES, CLOTHING. AGR: COFFEE, COFFEE, CACAO, RICE, CATTLE, BALSA WOOD, FISH. EXP: COTTON, SUGARCANE, RICE, POULTRY. EXP: FISH & FISH PRODUCTS, PETROLEUM, BANANAS, SHRIMp, COFFEE, CACAO. GOLD, COPPER, ZINC, CRUDE PETROLEUM & BY-PRODUCTS. Located along the Equator, Ecuador contains four distinct Peru lies on the Pacific coast just south of the Equator. The and contrasting regions. The Costa, or coastal plain, grows western seaboard is desert, making Lima an oasis. The enough bananas to make Ecuador the world's largest fruit Andean highlands occupy about a third of the country. To- exporter. The Sierra, or Andean uplands, offers produc- day Peru ranks among the world's top producers of silver, tive farmland. Oil from the Oriente, jungles east of the copper, lead, and zinc. Its petroleum industry is one of the Andes, enriches the economy. The Galapagos Islands to world's oldest, and its fisheries are among the world's rich- the west bring tourism revenue with their unique wildlife. est. Peru's recent history has seen it switch between periods The country is also divided ethnically. About 7 percent of of democracy and dictatorship. The desperate poverty of the population is of European descent, about a quarter be- the Indian population gave rise to the ruthless Maoist guer- long to indigenous cultures, and the rest are mostly of rilla organization Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path). mixed ethnicity. Regional and ethnic issues contrib- / - - The guerrillas were largely defeated, but problems Iute to political instability for Ecuador's democracy. with poverty and illegal coca production persist. ECUADOR---------------------------------~(~&?:2~f~--------~------------------------------------- PERU / _/

BOLIVIA CHILE REPUBLIC OF BOLIVIA REPUBLIC OF CHILE 428 AREA 424, 164 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 9,775,000 1 ADMINISTRATIVE AREA 291 ,930 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 16,602,000 1 CAPITAL SANTIAGO CAPITAL LA PAZ (POP. 1,642,000), CONSTITUTIONAL CAPITAL o SUCRE (POP. 212,000) 1 LITERACY 87% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 67 (POP. 5,879,000) 1 LITERACY 96% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 77 1 CURRENCY CURRENCY BOLIVIANO 1 GDP PER CAPITA $4,500 ECONOMY -c-r-:' IND: MINING, SMELTING, PETROLEUM, FOOD & BEVERAGES. AGR: CHILEAN PESO 1 GDP PER CAPITA $14,900 1 ECONOMY IND: SOYBEANS, COFFEE, COCA, COTTON, TIMBER. EXP: SOYBEANS, COPPER, OTHER MINERALS, FOODSTUFFS, FISH PROCESSING, IRON o NATURAL GAS, ZINC, GOLD, WOOD. & STEEL. AGR: WHEAT, CORN, GRAPES, BEANS, BEEF, FISH, TIMBER. 5 EXP: COPPER, FISH, FRUITS, PAPER & PULP, CHEMICALS. Bolivia is mountainous and landlocked. Many of Bolivia's w people are subsistence farmers on the Altiplano. Here La Paz Chile extends down the west coast of South America, I sprawls amid snowy peaks near Lake Titicaca. The waters wedged between the ocean and a mountain chain and strad- I- of the lake help warm the air. Otherwise La Paz, the world's dling a tectonically unstable region. Mountains cover 80 per- highest capital city, would not be inhabitable. Bolivia's Madidi cent of the land. Most Chileans are of European or mixed l.L National Park includes everything from Andean glaciers to European and indigenous ancestry-only about 5 percent rain forests, which helps Indians develop ecotourism. Large are indigenous (mostly Mapuche). After 16 years of dictator- o natural gas deposits and expansion of soybean cultivation help ship under Gen. Augusto Pinochet, democracy was restored the economy. But a historic boundary dispute with Chile and in 1989. Privatization of industries and increased agricultural V> cocaine from the Cochabamba area plague the government. exports have boosted the economy. The Chuquicamata and W Escondida copper mines rank as the world's largest. Tour- m BRAZIL ism is a major business; a popular attraction is Easter Island. cr: FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL ~ ARGENTINA I- Z AREA 3,300, 169 SQ. MI. l POPULATION 198,739,000 1 CAPITAL BRASiLIA ARGENTINE REPUBLIC (POP. 3,938,000) LITERACY 89% LIFE EXPECTANCY 72 CURRENCY o::::J REALI GDP PER CAPITA $10,100 ECONOMY IND: TEXTILES, SHOES, AREA 1,073,518 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 40,914,000 1 CAPITAL BUENOS CHEMICALS, CEMENT, LUMBER, IRON ORE. AGR: COFFEE, SOYBEANS, U WHEAT, RICE, BEEF. EXP: TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT, IRON ORE, AIRES (POP. 13,089,000) LITERACY 97% LIFE EXPECTANCY 77 1 SOYBEANS, FOOTWEAR, COFFEE. w CURRENCY ARGENTINE PESO GDP PER CAPITA $14,200 ECONOMY Z IND: FOOD PROCESSING, MOTOR VEHICLES, CONSUMER DURABLES, TEXTILES. AGR: SUNFLOWER SEEDS, LEMONS, SOYBEANS, LIVESTOCK. Z EXP: EDIBLE OILS, FUELS & ENERGY, CEREALS, FEED, MOTOR VEHICLES. cr: w I- \"«- I U oOL o cO cr: w 5 «Vz> Brazil contains nearly half of South America's area and Argentina's heartland is a broad grassy plain called the people. Over half of the population is of European origin; Pampas. The Andes-with Aconcagua, the highest peak almost as many are black or of mixed-race, a legacy of in the Western Hemisphere-mark Argentina's western the slave trade. Less than one percent are from indigenous edge. Gently rolling plains extend eastward toward the sea. groups. Southeastern Brazil includes Sao Paulo and Rio de Northeast Argentina features rain forests and the Iguazu Janeiro, the economic hub of Brazil. South of Sao Paulo Falls. South of the Pampas, dry and windswept Patagonia is a rich agricultural region. Northeastern Brazil stretch- stretches to the southernmost tip of South America with es from Maranhao in the north down to Bahia. Despite the world's southernmost city, Ushuaia. Since its days as past wealth, this is a poor, drought-prone region. How- a military dictatorship ended in the early I980s, much has ever, tourism has been growing, while the govern- been won: greater freedom of the press, tolerance of ment is making progress in conserving the tropical /-............. opposition, and increased foreign investment. Un- cruo foce\" \"d pm,e,\"og the iodigeoo\", people. ( ~ employmeo, howe~c, pl'g\"e, 'he ecooomy. BOLIVIA } - - - J - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - BRAZIL CHILE ~--I----------------- ARGENTINA

MICHELLE BACHELET I PRESIDENT OF CHILE After her father, a Chilean air force general, was arrested for resisting the military 429 coup led by Augusto Pinochet, Michelle Bachelet was also arrested and tortured be- fore her 1975 release into exile. She lived in Europe, active in socialism, until her »z return in 1979, when she finished her medical degree. Bachelet became involved in politics after Pinochet's ousting in 1990; four years later, she was named an adviser to U1 the minister for health. In 2000, Bachelet became health minister and two years later was appointed to lead the defense ministry. The 2005 Socialist presidential candidate, ~ Bachelet won the election after a runoff. Her campaign addressed women's rights, pension reform, and continuity in foreign affairs. She took office in March 2006. m \" I know exactly how it feels to be a refugee In a strange country. I know t \" ;;0 because I lived that-I also was a refugee. - MICHELLE BACHELET, 2008 ooCP •: A Pampas: From the Quechua for \"flat surface.\" Vast grassland plains, especially those in Argentina and elsewhere in South America. / Mestizo: From the Spanish for \"mixed.\" A person of mixed ancestry: in Central and South America. a person of combined Indian and European extraction. oU1 C -I I » 3: m ;;0 »() = PARAGUAY ~ URUGUAY REPUBLIC OF PARAGUAY ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY AREA 157,048 SQ. MI. POPULATION 6,996,000 1 CAPITAL AREA 68,037 SQ. MI. 1 POPULATION 3.494,000 CAPITAL MONTE· ASUNCION (POP. 2,030,000) 1 LITERACY 94% 1 LIFE EXPECTANCY 76 1 CURRENCY GUARANI 1 GOP PER CAPITA $4,200 1 ECONOMY VIDEO (POP. 1,504,000) 1 LITERACY 98% I LIFE EXPECTANCY 76 IND: SUGAR, CEMENT, TEXTILES, BEVERAGES. AGR: COTTON, SUGARCANE, SOYBEANS, CORN, BEEF, TIMBER. EXP: SOYBEANS, 1 CURRENCY URUGUAYAN PESO 1 GOP PER CAPITA $12,200 1 FEED, COTTON. MEAT. EDIBLE OILS. ECONOMY IND: FOOD PROCESSING, ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS. AGR: RICE, WHEAT. CORN. BARLEY, LIVESTOCK. FISH. EXP: MEAT. RICE, LEATHER PRODUCTS, WOOL, VEHICLES. Paraguay, landlocked in central South America, is divided by the Paraguay River into a hilly, forested east and a Situated below Brazil on the Atlantic coast of southeast- flat plain (known as the Chaco) in the west. The Chaco, ern South America, Uruguay consists mostly of low, roll- marshy near the river and turning to semidesert farther ing grasslands. Ranchers raise cattle and sheep on the west, contains 60 percent of the country but only 2 per- well-watered pastures. Uruguay has one of the highest cent of the people. Paraguayans are mostly a mixture of urbanization and literacy rates-as well as the lowest pov- Spanish and Guaranf Indian. Paraguay possesses plenty erty and population growth rates-in South America. Still, of electric power thanks to hydroelectric dams such as high unemployment leads many Uruguayans to emigrate Itaipu, the world's largest, built and operated jointly with to places like Spain for better job opportunities. Uru- Brazil. Democracy replaced dictatorship by 1993, but guay's economy remains dependent on agriculture. the government still faces problems with a poor ~- Economic diversification, including development ~~:'w'\" pop\"',,'o\" .ad \"pld defo~,,\"'o\". ( 'l,.;r_ _+-_O_f_h_y_d_rO_e_l_e_ct_r_ic_p_o_w_e_r'_h_a_s_s_p_re_a_d_o_p_ti~:~:UAY ~-

430 Boldface indicates illustrations Aldrin, Edwin E., Jr. 73 Antibiotics 339 x Alexander the Great 270, 275, 275 Anticyclones: definition 185 A Alfred the Great, King (Wessex) 279 Antidepressants 341 w Algeria 242, 362, 363 Antigua and Barbuda, West Indies 420 Abbasid dynasty 279 Algonquian Indians 297 Antioxidants: definition 145 o Aborigines 224, 306, 322, 326 Alhazen 336 Ants 151 z Abraham 236, 237 Ali (caliph) 279 Apes 178 Absolute zero 335 Alligators I61, 161 Aphrodisias (Site), Turkey 274 >L Abu ai -Abbas 279 Alph abets 230 Apollo missions 72, 72,73,73,74 Accretion: definition 81 Alpine tundra 210 Apoptosis: definition 339 oo Aconcagua, Mount, Argentina: elevation 98 Amazon Basin, South America I 16 Aquaculture 249, 249 Acquired Immune DefiCiency Syndrome Amazon River, South America I 17 Aquatic biomes 212~213; map of ecore- cD American Revolution 298, 299 (AIDS) 339; anti retrovi ral drugs 339 Amino acids 91 gions in distress 213 a: A.D.: definition 265 Amoebas 149 Aquifers: definition I I I Aerial photography 26, 27 Amphibians 130, 162, 162~ 163, 163 Arachnids 154~ I55 w Affinal: definition 223 Ancestor worship 273 Archaea 148~ 149 Afghanistan 250, 318, 385 Ancient civilizations: agriculture 266, 269; Archaean eon 94 ~ Africa 360~377; energy use 352; greatest Archimedean screw: definition 329 architecture 253; Asia 270, 270-273, Archimedes 328, 329 zV1 cities 371; human migration 220, 273,342; astronomy 68, 68,69, 69; Architecture, ancient 253 « 361; imperialism 304~305; intro- bUilding projects 253; Europe 16, Arctic Ocean 212 duction 361; Middle Ages 282~283; 274,274-277,276,277,324,326, Arctic regions: exploration and discov- satellite image 360-361; size 84; 330, 332, 338, 340; mathematics 323; threatened species 179 Middle East 264, 267~270, 274-275, ery 35; map 34; North Pole 34, 35; Aggregation: definition 81 temperature increases 193; tundra Aging 251 279,280 , 322~323,325,333,338; Agnese, Battista: map by 3 I 210~211 Agribusiness 248 navigation 38~39, 39 Agriculture 246~249; ancient 266; animal Andorra 404 Arctic terns I72 domestication 247; Asia 379; Andromeda (galaxy) 48, 48, 76 Argentina 428 beginnings 244-245 , 246; \"miracle Anesthetics 342 Aristotle 326 crops\" 249; modern 248~249 ; top Angiosperms 138, 138~ 139, 139, 142; Armadillos 170 crops 244; traditional 246 Armenia 380 AIDS see Acquired Immune DefiCiency definition 137 Armillary spheres 23, 23 Syndrome Angkor, Cambodia 284 Armstrong, Neil A. 73 Aiken, Howard 346 Angola 374; fertility rate 250; life expec- Art 238, 238--239; Prehistoric 238, 239 Ainu people 224 Arthropods 150 Air: environmental concerns 124-125 tancy 222 Aryans 270, 271 Air pollution 124 Animals: curiosities 170~ 171; domestica- Ashoka 270~271, 271 Air travel 253 Asia 378~393 ; agriculture 379; energy Aircraft: military uses 313 tion 247; superlatives 170 al Qaeda 318 Animism 233 use 352; human migration 220, Albania 403 Annan, Kofi 369, 369 379; imperialism 306~307; intro- Alcmaeon (Greek physician) 338 Annexation: definition 307 duction 379; Middle Ages 284~285; Antarctica and Antarctic regions: Antarctic satellite image 378-379; size 84; threatened species 179 Treaty 359; ice cap 35; ice sheet 120; Aspens 197 map 34; mountains 98; ozone hole 124, 125, 125; size 84; South Pole 34 FAST FACT Gerardus Mercator was the first to name North America on a map, in 1583.

FAST FACT Benjamin Franklin was first to record the course, speed, temperature, and depth of the Gulf Stream. Assyria 266,267 267; laws 267; mathematics 31,323 tion 195; desert and dry shrubland 431 Asterism: definition 47 Bachelet, Michelle 429,429 208-209; grassland and savanna Asteroid belt 61 , 61; definition 59 Bacteria 148,148-149,339 206-207; human impact 214-215; »z Asteroids 61 , 61,66- 67,67,95 Baghdad, Iraq 279, 280 introduction 194-195; mangroves Asthenosphere: definition 83 Bahamas, West Indies 419 204-205; maps 195, 215; Mediterra- Vl Astrolabes 25, 25 Bahrain 383 nean forests 202- 203; niche 203; rain Astronauts 73, 73,75, 75 Bald eagles 178, 178 forests 198- 199; temperate forests ~ Astronomy 68-71; ancient 68, 68, 69, Bangkok, Thailand 252 196-197; threatened ecoregions 215; Bangladesh 387; cyclones 189 tundra and ice cap 210-21 I m 69; modern 70-71 ; observato- Baobab trees 146 Biosphere 194 ries 69, 69,70, 70; space-based Barbados, West Indies 422 Birds 164, 164-165, 165; curiosities ;;D observatories 70, 71; time line 68; Barred spiral galaXies 49,49 170, 171, 171; endangered and worldviews 326- 327, 328 Barrier islands 103 threatened 164, 178, 178; extinc- ooOJ Atanasoff, John Vincent 346 Barter 255, 255 tions 177; identifying 165; migration Athens (Greek city-state) 274- 275 Bartok, Bela 241 , 241 172, 172, 173, 177; pollination A Atlantic Ocean 212 Barton, Otis I 13 141; research 132; songs 165; Atlas moth 152 Base number: definition 323 superlatives 170 z Atlases: definition 21; first modern 21 Base number system: definition 323 Bismarck, Otto von 300- 30 I Atmosphere 104, 104-105, 105, I I I B.C.: definition 265 Bivalves IS6 o Atmospheric pressure 107, 182 Beadle, George 344 Black, Joseph 334 Atolls 103, 103 Bears 197 Black bears 197 m Atomic bombs 3 15, 315 Beaufort, Sir Francis 107 Black Death 28 I, 285 Atomic weight: definition 91 Beaufort scale 106, 107 Black holes SO, 50- 51 X Atoms 330, 331, 334, 350- 351 , 35 I Bedouin 228 Blue-green algae 130 Augustus, Emperor (Roman Empire) Beebe, William I 13, I 13 B&O Railroad: electric plant 302 276- 277 Bees I5 I, I 5 I, I7 I Bohr, Niels 330, 334 Aurora borealis 109, 109 Beetles 171, 171 Bolivar, Simon 30 I, 30 I Australia 410; energy use 352; geogra- Behaim, Martin 22 Bolivia 428; musicians 240 phy 409; human migration 220; Beijing, China: population 214 Bolshevik Revolution 309 introduction 409; life expectancy Belarus 406 Bombardier beetle 171, I 71 222; satellite image 408-409; size Belgium 398 Boole, George 347 84; threatened species 179 Belize 417 Boolean algebra: definition 347 Australopithecines 218 Bell, Alexander Graham 332 Boreal forests 200, 200-20 I, 20 I Austria 400 Benin 372 Bosnia 308, 3 I8 Austria-Hungary 308-309 Bentley, Wilson A. 191 , 191 Bosnia and Herzegovina 402 Automobiles 3 I I Berlin Wall 316 Boston Massacre, Boston, Massachusetts Autumn: leaves 197, 197 Berners-Lee, Tim 348 298 Auxin: definition 139 Bernoulli, Daniel 329 Botswana 376 Avery, Oswald 344 Bernoulli's Principle 329, 329 Bowerbirds 171, 171 Aviation 253 Bhutan 388 Boxer Rebellion 306 Azerbaijan 380 Bhutto, Benazir 387, 387 Boyer, Herbert W. 345 Azimuth: definition 19 Bible 237 Boyle, Robert 334 Azimuthal map projection 19 , 19 Big bang theory 43,43 Brahe, Tycho 69, 69 Aztec 289, 296; map of empire 289 Biodiversity 174-179; extinctions 95, 174, Brain, human 340, 340 Branes 77, 77 B 176-177; human impact 215; map Brazil 428 175; threatened species 178-179 Bridges 332 Babbage, Charles 346, 347 Biomass: definition 20 I; energy 354 Bronze Age 265; tools 265 Babylonia: agriculture 344; astronomy 69, Biomes: aquatic 212- 213; boreal forests Bronzes 239 200-20 I; classification 194; defini- 69; Hanging Gardens 333; history

432 Brown, Michael E. 59, 59 Caste system 227, 271 Chivalry: definition 281 x Brunei 390 Castro, Fidel 316- 317, 317 Chocolate 145, 145 Bryophytes 136 C;:atal Huyuk, Turkey 264 Christianity 236- 237,237,277, 280, w Bubonic plague 281 ; protective clothing 281 Caterpillars 153 Buckyballs 90 Catherine the Great, Empress (Russia) 298 294-295 o Buddhism 234-235, 270, 271, 284; Cats, wild 203 Chromosphere: definition 55 z Cavendish, Henry 330, 334 Chrysalis: definition 153 temples 284 Churchill, Sir Winston 314, 315, 315, >L Buildings 253, 258, 332 Celts 277 Bulgaria 402 316,317 oo Burkina Faso 370, 371 Cenozoic era 94, 95 Circles 31 Burma 388 Central African Republic 366 Cirrus clouds 183 cD Burundi 250, 367 Cephalopods 156, 157, 157 Cities 214, 260- 261, 261 Bush (grasslands) 206- 207 Ceramics 239, 239 a: Bush, George W. 318 Ceres (dwarf planet) 53, 60 Civilizations see Ancient civilizations Butterflies 152, 152- 153, 153; largest Cerf, Vinton 348, 349, 349 w Cetaceans I 68 Cladistics: definition 133 170; migration 173, 173 Chadwick, james 315, 364 Clams 157 ~ Byzantine Empire 278, 280 Challenger (space shuttle) 74 Class systems 226- 227 Chamberlain, Neville 3 14 Classical: definition 295 zV1 c Chameleons 377 Cleopatra VII , Queen (Egypt) 276 « Champlain, Samuel de 297 Cliff dwellings 287 Caesar, julius, Dictator (Roman Empire) Chandra Gupta 271 Climate 192- 193; boreal forests 200; Chandragupta Maurya 270 276, 277, 271 Chang'an, China 285 deserts 208-209; extremes 192; Cahokia, Illinois 286- 287 Charlemagne 279 geographic influences 193; global Calcutta, India: population 214 Charles VII, King (France) 281 warming 124, 179, 193 , 211,214; Calderas 87, 87 Chavfn (site) , Peru 290 grasslands and savanna 206; map Calendars 324-325 Chemistry 334- 335 193 ; Mediterranean forests 202; California: fire suppression 203 ; geo- Chemosynthesis 213 rain forests 198; tundra 210 Climatic savanna: definition 207 thermal energy 355; Mediterranean Chiang Kai-shek 3 I I , 3 I I Clocks and clockmaking 324,324-325 climate 202, 203; wildfires 203 Clothing 242, 242- 243 Callisto Uovian satellite) 63, 63 Chickens 247 Clouds: types 183, 183 Cambium: definition 143 Coal 353, 353 Cambodia 284, 389 Chicxulub crater, Yucatan Peninsula, Cochones, Chile 209 Cameroon 373 Cockroaches 15 I ; fossil I 5 I Canada 416, 416; carbon dioxide emis- Mexico 95 Cocoon: definition 153 sions 122; colonization 297 Child labor 303 Coffee 140, 141 Cancer, Tropic of 36, 37 Chile 428; leaders 429,429; rainfall 209 Cohen, Stanley N. 345 Cann, Rebecca 361 Chimu culture 291 Cold -blooded : definition 161 China: ancestor worship 273; British Cold desert: definition 209 Cape Verde Islands, North Atlantic Cold War 3 16- 317 imperialism 306; deforestation Collared peccaries 209 Ocean 366 215; earthquakes 88; floods I 10; Capricorn, Tropic of 36,37 japanese invasion 3 12; leaders 3 I 6; Collins, Michael 73 Carat 322 Middle Ages 284- 285; navigation Carbon dioxide: emissions 122; and 292; revolution 31 I; writing system Collision (geology) 99, 99 230,230,285 Colombia 426 global warming 193; rain forest China, ancient 272-273, 273 Colonization: decolonization 3 16; legacy consumption 199 China, People's Republic of 392; agricul - Caribbean region: colonization 296 ture 246; carbon dioxide emissions 318; map of New World land claims Caribou 172 122; fish farms 249; leaders 317; 297; of New World 296-297 Carthage, Tunisia 276 McDonald's 318; suburbs 258; Colosseum, Rome, Italy 276 urbanization 261 Colossus of Rhodes, Rhodes, Greece 333 Cartography see Mapmaking Chitons 156 Columbia (space shuttle) 74 Columbus, Christopher 17, 292,293, 293 Caspian Sea I 18 FAST FACT The weight of the AntarctiC ice cap deforms Earth's shape.

FAST FACT Pilots often use gnomonic maps, which show great circles as straight lines. Combustion 334 Crick, Francis 344, 345 Democritus 330 433 Comets 66- 67, 67 Cro-Magnons 219 Dendrimer: definition 35 I Commerce 254- 257; definition 255; top Croatia 3 18, 402 Denmark 397 »z Crocodiles 160, 161, 161 food and beverage companies 254; Crusades 280, 280 Density gradient: definition I I 3 Vl trade agreements 3 19; world trade Crustaceans 155, 172 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): compo- today 256-257 Crystals: definition 93 ~ Comoro Islands, Indian Ocean 375 Csango people 224 nents 91 ; discovery 344; double Compasses 25, 25 Cuba 316- 317, 418, 419 helix structure 91, 344, 345; genetic m Complex volcanoes 87, 87 Cultivation: definition 247 markers 395; human genome 345; as Computers 346--349; circuit boards 348; Cultural hearths 225; map 225 necessity for life 91 ; recombinant 345; ;;D games 346, 347; Internet 348- 349; Culture 224; definition 225 use in Genographic Project 221 networks 348-349, 349; in surgery Cumulus clouds 183 Depression, economic 3 12, 3 13 ooOJ 343; time line 346 Cuneiform 265, 266, 322 Derived savanna: definition 207 Conditioned reflex: definition 341 Curiosities: animals 170- 171; plants Descartes, Rene 298 A Confucianism 284 Deserts 208, 208- 209, 209; see also 146- 147 z Confucius 273 Currency 255, 255 Tundra Cyanobacteria 130 o Congo, Democratic Republic of the 366; Cycads 137, 137 Diesel, Rudolf 303 ferti Iity rate 250 Cyclones 188--189; definition 185; map 189 Digitalis 145 m Cylindrical map projection 19, 19 Dimensions 77 Congo, Republic of the 366 Cyprus 405, 405 Dinosaurs 95, 164, 177, 177 X Conical map projection 19, 19 Cyrus II , King (Persia) 267 Diseases: bubonic plague 281; HIV/ AIDS Conifers 136, 141, 200, 200, 201 Cytoplasm: definition 149 Constantine, Emperor (Roman Empire) 277 Czech Republic 400 339; viruses 149, 149,338; see also Constantinople 278, 280 Czechoslovakia 3 10, 314 Constellations 46-47,47 Bacteria; Medicine and health Construction 253, 258, 332 D Continental drift 85 Djibouti 365 Continental islands 102 Dalai Lama 235 Continents 84, 84- 85, 85 Dalton, John 330, 334 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): compo- Convergent evolution: definition 203 Dams 119, 119 Cook, James 39, 39,307 Dandruff 135 nents 91 ; discovery 344; double- Copepods 213 Darfur (region), Sudan 364, 364 helix structure 91,344, 345; ge- Copernicus, Nicolaus: biography 327, Darius the Great 274-275 netic markers 395; human genome Dark Ages 278 345; as necessity for life 91 ; recom- 327; heliocentric theory 23, 52, Dark energy 76, 77 binant 345; use in Genographic 326, 327, 328 Dark matter 50-51 Project 221 Copper 264 Darwin, Charles 133 Dolphins 168 Corals and coral reefs 212 Date palms 207 Domestication: definition 265 Coriolis effect 107, 189 \"David\" (Michelangelo) 294 Dominica, West Indies 421 Corona, solar: definition 57 Dominican Republic 420 Cortes, Hernan 289, 296 Daylight saving time 33 Doppler effect: definition 327 Doppler radar 185, 185 Cosmic microwave background radia- De Klerk, F. W. 319 Dead reckoning: definition 39 Durer, Albrecht 22 tion 42, 43, 43 Deciduous plants 141, 141, 196, 197 Costa Rica 419 Deforestation I 23 Dynasty: definition 269 Cote d'ivoire 370 Delhi, India: population 214 Counting 322- 323; time line 322 Democracy: in ancient Greece 274, 275; E Countries: difference from nations and definition 275 Earth: asteroid impacts 67; atmosphere 104, 104-105, 105, I I I ; climate states 359 extremes 192; crust 81 , 81, 82; Craters: definition 65 deepest hole 83; distance from sun Cretaceous period 95 58; elements 90--91; environmental Crete (island), Greece: map 275 concerns 122- 127; eons 94-95, 95; facts 80; formation 80--81 ; forma- tion of life 91; inner core 81 , 81, 82;

434 interior 82-83; layers 81, 81, 82, Elephants 170, 207, 305, 305 Extinctions 95, 174, 176- 177; see also x 82; magnetic field 35; mantle 81, Elizabeth I, Queen (England) 295, 295 8 I, 82; outer core 8 I, 81, 82; place Elliptical galaxies 49,49 Threatened species w in universe 52; planetary features Embryonic stem cells 339 Extremophiles 170 60; poles 34--35; shape 84; size 31 Endangered and threatened species o Earthquakes 88- 89; deadliest 88; mea- Exxon Valdez (oil tanker) : oil spill 127 z suring 89 178- 179 Earthworms 96, 97 Endemic: definition 133 F >L East Germany 3 I6 Energy 352- 355; alternative tech- East Timor 390 Families 222, 222-223 oo Easter Island, South Pacific Ocean 286, 287 nologies 354-355; energy use by Faraday, Michael 303 Eastern Orthodoxy 280 continent 352 Farms see Agriculture cD Eclipses 56, 64, 65, 65 Engels, Friedrich 303 Fascism: definition 3 I I Economic depression: definition 3 13 Engineering 253, 258, 332- 333 Fashion 242- 243 a: Economics: commerce 254- 257; Great Faults and faulting 99,99 Depression 3 I2 England 397; see also Great Britain Feng shui: definition 259 w Ecoregions: aquatic 212- 213 ; boreal Ferdinand II , King (Spain) 292 forests 200- 20 I; classification ENIAC 346, 347 Fermentation: definition 149 ~ 194; definition 195; desert and dry Enlightenment 298 Fermi, Enrico 315 shrubland 208-209; grassland and Environmental concerns 122- 127 Ferns 136, 137, 137 zV1 savanna 206- 207; human impact Equator 36 Fertile Crescent 264 « 214- 215; introduction 194- 195; Equatorial Guinea 372 Fertility 250 mangroves 204- 205; maps 195, Equinoxes 37, 37 Fertilizers 97 215; Mediterranean forests Eratosthenes (geographer) 3 I Feudalism: definition 279 202- 203; niche 203; rain forests Erie Canal, New York I 19 Feynman, Richard P. 351 198-199; temperate forests Eriksson , Leif 293 Fictive kinship 225 196- 197; threatened ecoregions Eris (dwarf planet) 53,59,62 Fiji, South Pacific Ocean 41 I 215; tundra and ice cap 210- 21 I Eritrea 365 Finland 396 Ecuador 427 Erosion 99, 100, 100 Fires: early human control of 353; sacred Edaphic savanna: definition 207 Estonia 406 Edison, Thomas Alva 332 Estuaries 212 233; suppression 203; wildfires Egypt 304-305, 364 Ethanol 355 203,207,207 Egypt, ancient 268- 269; calendars 325; Ethiopia 365 Fisheries: bycatch 179 engineering 333 ; mathematics 322- Ethnicity 224, 224--227; map 225 Fishes 158, 158-159, 159, 212; breathing 323; medical science 338; pyramid Euclid 336 159, 159; endangered food fish 158; bUilding 333; pyramids 268, 269, Eukaryotes 130, 13 I fanming 249, 249; migration 172 332, 333; time line 268; vase 264 Euphotic: definition 213 Flagellated: definition 137 Einkorn 247 Europa Uovian satellite) 63, 63 Fleming, Alexander 135, 135 Einstein, Albert: atomic weapons research Europe: Cold War 3 16; energy use 352; Flight 253 3 15; biography 331, 331; gravity Floods: deadliest I 10 theories 327; optics 336, 337; relativ- Enlightenment 298; geography Florian, Antonio 22 ity theories 327, 328, 33 I; unity of 395; human migration 220, 395; Flowers 138, 138-139, 139, 142 space and time theories 327 imperialism 304-305; introduction Folktales 229 EI Nino I 13, I 13 395; Middle Ages 279, 281 , 292; Food 244, 244--245, 254 EI Salvador 418 North America land claims map Ford Motor Company 3 I I El'Brus, Mount, Russia: elevation 98 297; satellite image 394-395; size Foreign trade 256- 257 Electromagnetic waves 108 84; threatened species I79 Forests 196, 196- 203 ; boreal 200, 200- Electromagnetism 330 European Union (EU) 358; member 20 I; largest 196; Mediterranean Elements 90-91, 335 countries 397 202, 202- 203; rain forests 194, Everest, Mount, China- Nepal 98, I 18 198,198- 199, 199; temperate Everett, Kevin 343 196- 197, 197 Evergreen plants 141, 141 Fossils 93, 94, 176 Evolution 133, 203 Exoplanets 59 FAST FACT The first map of the moon was created In the 1600s.

FAST FACT Dark matter makes up at least 7S percent of the universe's mass. Foxglove 145 Gautama, Siddhartha 234, 235, 270 Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, 435 France 398; Cold War 3 16; colonization Gell-Mann, Murray 33 I Gems: measurement 322 California 332 »z of North America 297; imperialism Gender 226, 227 305, 307; invasion of Russia (1812) Gene therapy: definition 345 Gorbachev, Mikhail 317 Vl 30 I; mathematics 323 ; national- Genetic engineering 345 Gouges, Olympe de 30 I ism 300; Reign of Terror 299,30 I; Genetics 344-345, 395 GPS (Global positioning system) 29, 38, ~ revolution 299, 299; World War I Genghis Khan 285, 285 308, 308- 309; World War I peace Genographic Project 221 248 m talks 310; World War II 314-315 Genome 167,219,221,345 Grand Canyon, Arizona 100, I 17 Franco, Francisco 3 12 Geocentric: definition 23 Grand Unified Theory 330 ;;D Franklin, Benjamin 33 Geographic societies I8 Grasslands 206- 207 Franklin, Rosalind 345, 345 Geography 16- 17; Africa 361 ; Asia Gravity 104 ooOJ Franz Ferdinand, Archduke (Austria- Gray jays 20 I Hungary) 308 379; Australia and Oceania 409; Great apes 178 A Frederick the Great, King (Prussia) 298 definition 17; Europe 395; map Great Britain: imperialism 304- 305, Freshwater habitats 212 showing influence on climate 193; z Freud, Sigmund 341, 341 milestones 16; North America 415; 306, 307; in India 31 I; industrial Frogs 162-163; poisonous 163, 163 scope 17; South America 425 revolution 302, 303; invasion of o Front (weather): definition 183 Geomagnetism 35 Iraq 318; map of empire 305; Fuel cells 354, 3S5 George III, King (Great Britain) 298 tornadoes 187; World War I m FUji, Mount, Honshu, japan 86, 87 Georgia, Republic of 380 308- 309; World War I peace talks FUjita Scale 187 Geothermal energy 354, 355, 355 310; World War II 314- 315; see X Fuller, R. Buckminster 335 Germany 399; air force 313, 313; car- Fullerenes 90, 335, 335 bon dioxide emissions 122; Great also United Kingdom Fungi 134, 134-135 Depression 312; imperialism 307; nationalism 300- 30 I; Spanish Civil Great circle 31 , 36 G War 313; World War I 308- 309; Great Depression 312 World War I peace talks 310; Great Lakes and region, Canada-U.s. 193 Gabon 373 World War 11313, 314-315 Great Pyramid, Giza, Egypt 268 Gagarin, Yuri 72, 73 , 73 Germany, East 3 16 Great Wall of China, China 272, 273 Gaius Octavius 276 Ghana 371 Greece 300, 405 Galapagos Islands, South Pacific Ocean Ghana, Kingdom of 282 Greece, ancient 274, 274- 275; Giant clams 156, 157 133, 133 Gibber: definition 209 democracy 274, 275; geographic Galaxies 42, 48-49; shapes 49,49; spiral Gila monsters 209 knowledge 16; map 275; medical Giza, Egypt: pyramids 268,268,269,333 science 338, 340; mythology 326; 49,49,80 Glaciers 101, 10 I, I 18, 120, 121, 121 physics 330; time line 274 Galen (physician) 338 Glareanus, Henricus 22 Greenhouse effect 125, 125 Galilei, Galileo 63, 326, 328, 330 Global positioning system (GPS) 29, 38, Greenhouse gases 124, 125, 193 Galle, johann Gottfried 52 248 Greenland Ice Sheet I20, 120 Galvani, Luigi 340 Global warming: impact on biomes 214; Greenwich Mean Time 33, 325 Gama, Vasco da 292 indicators 193; and industrial revolu- Gambia 368 tion 124; and permafrost 21 I; and Gregory XIII, Pope 325, 325 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand 3 I I, 31 I threatened species 179 Ganesha: effigies 235 Globalization 245, 245,318- 319,358 Grenada, West Indies 423,423 Ganges River, India-Pakistan 234 Globe Theatre, London, England 295 Guatemala 417 Ganymede Uovian satellite) 63, 63 Globes 22- 23; superlatives 22, 22 \"Guernica\" (Picasso) 313 Garbage 123, 123 Gnomon 325 Guinea 368 Gastric bypass surgery 343 Gobar (cow dung) 355, 355 Guinea-Bissau 368; fertility rate 250 Gastropods 156 Gulf Stream I 14 Gauls 277 Gupta dynasty 271 Gutenberg, Beno 83 Gutenberg, johannes 295 Gutenberg discontinuity 83 Guyana 426 Gymnosperms 136, 142 Gyre: definition I 13

436 H 299; World War I 308,308-309; Hydroelectric power 353, 353 x World War 11314, 314-315,315 Hydrologic cycle I I I, I I I Hadean period 94 Hitler, Adolf 312, 313, 313, 314, 315 Hypothermia, therapeutic 343 w Hadley, George 209 Hittites 267, 269 Hadley cells 209 HIV/ AIDS 339; antiretroviral drugs 339 IBM computers 347 o Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey 278, 278 Ho Chi Minh 316 Ibn Battuta 23, 23 z Hail 190 Holes: deepest 83 Haiti, West Indies 421 , 421; religious Holi (Hindu festival) 250 Ice 120- 121; see also Glaciers >L Holiocenosis: definition 195 practices 233, 237 Holography 337 Ice caps 120, 210- 2 I I, 21 I oo Halley's Comet 67 Hominids 218, 221 Ice sheets 120, 120 Halophytic: definition 20S Ice storms 190- 191 cD Hammurabi (Sumerian ruler) 267 Homo 218- 219,220 Icebergs 121, 121 Hammurabi, Code of267, 267, 342 Homo erectus 2 I8 Iceland 396; life expectancy 222 a: Han dynasty 273 Homo sapiens 133 Igneus rocks 93, 93 Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Babylon, Imhotep 332 w Hondius, Jodocus 292 Immigration 250--25 I Iraq 333 Honduras 417 Imperialism 304- 307 ~ Hannibal (Carthaginian general) 276 Honeybees 151, 15 I Inca 291, 296; Machu Picchu, Peru 289, 290 Harappa, Pakistan 270 Hong Kong, China 392 India 386; British imperialism 306, 31 I; zV1 Harappan civilization 270 Hoover Dam, Arizona-Nevada I 19 « Harvey, William 338 Horseshoe crabs ISS, 155 carbon dioxide emissions 122; Hawaii: annexation by United States Houses 258, 258- 259 caste system 227, 271; Middle Ages Hoyle, Fred 43 284; Muslims at prayer 232; popu- 307, 307; formation 103, 103; Hubble, Edwin Powell 71, 71,76, 327 lation 251 ; wedding 227; World volcanoes 87 Hubble Space Telescope 71; images 42 Hawking, Stephen 51, 51 Human Genome Project (HGP) 345 War I 309; see also Hinduism Heat islands: definition 215 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 339 Heisenberg, Werner 330 Human sacrifice: Inca 291; Maya 289 India, ancient 270-271 ; figurine 270; Heliocentric: definition 23 Humanists 294 medicine 342; time line 270 Hemispheres (of Earth) 36 Humans: classes 226-227; compared to Hennig, Willi 132 Indian Ocean 212 Henry, Joseph 184 other primates 167; DNA219, 221; Indonesia 391; water pollution 126 Henry the Navigator, Prince (Portugal) 292 ethnicities 224-225; evolution 218- Indus River Valley, Asia 270, 284; map 271 Henry VIII, King (England) 295 219; families 222, 222- 223; footprint Industrial Revolution 302, 302- 303, 303; Henson , Matthew A. 35 map 215; gender 226; impact on Herschel, William 52 biomes 214-215; life expectancies energy sources 353; time line 302 Hieroglyphs 230, 23 I, 231 222; migration 219; origins 218-219; Infrared spectra: definition 71 Hinduism 234, 234- 235; ancient India personal names 225; races 226-227 Insects 150, 150- 154, 171 , 171,336 271; caste system 227; deities 235, Humidity 182 International Astronomical Union 47, 235; festivals 250; Middle Ages Hummingbirds 141, 172 284; mythology 326; wedding 227 Humus: definition 97 52,58 Hipparchus (astronomer) 31 Hundred Years' War 281 International Date line 33 Hippocrates 338 Hungary 316, 40 I International Space Station (ISS) 74, 74 History: ancient 264, 266-277; Cold War Hunter, John 342 International trade 256-257 316-317; globalization 318- 319; Hurricane Katrina (2005) 189, 189; International Union for Conservation of Great Depression 312; imperial- storm su rge 188 ism 304-307; industrial revolution Hurricanes 106, 188- 189 Nature (IUCN) 176, 178 302- 303; major periods 264; Middle Hussein, Saddam 318 Internet 348- 349 Ages 264, 278-293; modern 264, Huygens, Christiaan 336 Intertropical convergence zone: defini - 292- 319; nationalism 300--30 I; New Hybrids: definition 249 World 296-297; revolutions 298- Hydraulics 329 tion 199 Invasive species 174, 175 Inventors and inventions 302- 303, 332 10 Uovian satellite) 63,63 Iran 386; earthquakes 88 Iraq 318, 382 FAST FACT The dwarf planet Ens IS named for the Greek goddess of warfare and Strife.

FAST FACT The sun accounts for 99 percent of the matter In our solar system. Ireland , Republic of 397 58; moons 52, 63 , 63, 64 extinctions 229; map 23 I; most- 437 Iron Age 265; tools 265 justinian, Emperor (Byzantine Empire) 278 widely spoken 228; number of 228; Iron Curtain: definition 317 Swahili 283; writing 230- 231 , 285 »z Iroquois Confederacy 297 K Laos 388 Irrigation, ancient 266, 269 Laparoscopy 343 Vl Isabella, Queen (Spain) 292 K-T boundary event 95 Larvae: definition 15 I Islam 232,236- 237, 237; beginnings Kahn, Robert 348, 349, 349 Lasers 337, 337, 342, 343, 351 ~ [kana] (writing system) 285 Latinas 223 279; Middle Ages 282, 284; Shiite Kauri trees 197 Latitude 30, 3 I, 36 m 279; spread 279, 280; Sunni 279; Kazakhstan 384 Latvia 406 Kelvin: definition 57 Lava 93 ;;D see also Muslims Kelvin, Lord 335 Lavender 144 Kennedy, john F. 316, 317 Lavoisier, Antoine 330, 334 ooOJ Islands 102- 103 Kenya 369,369 League of Nations 310 Israel 381, 381; Cold War 317; life Kepler, johannes 328 Leakey, Louis S. B. 219 A Khmers 284 Leakey, Mary D. 219, 219 expectancy 222; Passover 236 Khrushchev, Nikita 316- 317, 317 Leakey, Meave 219 z Italy 404; earthquakes 88; Renaissance Kilimanjaro, Mount, Tanzania 121; eleva- Leakey, Richard E. 219 Leakey family 219 o 295; World War I 308; World War tion 98 Leap years 33 I peace talks 310; World War II 31 S Kinship 223 , 225 Leaves 143, 143, 197, 197 m Itaquai River, Brazil I 16 Kiribati, South Pacific Ocean 412 Lebanon 381 Ivory 305, 305 Kirkwood gaps 61 Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van 338 X Ivory-billed woodpeckers 177, 177 Koch , Robert 338 Legends 229 Ivory Coast 370 Kodaly, Zolran 241 Leith, Emmett Norman 337 Kombai people 259 Lenin, Vladimir lIyich 309 , 3 10 J Komodo dragons I61 Lesotho 377 Koppen, Wladimir 193, 193 Levi-Strauss, Claude 341, 341 jacquard, joseph-Marie 346 Koran 237 liberia 370; fertility rate 250 jamaica, West Indies 420 Korea: Cold War 316; Middle Ages 285 libya 362 james Webb Space Telescope 71 Korea, North 316, 393 lichens 134-135, 135 jamestown, Virginia 296, 297 Korea, South 316, 393 liechtenstein 400 jantar Mantar, jaipur, India 69,69 Kosciuszko, Mount, Australia: elevation 98 Life: beginnings on Earth 91 ; classification japan 393, 393; carbon dioxide emissions Kosovo 401 132, 133; dependence on ocean 213; Kuiper belt 59,63,63 earliest forms I30; extraterrestrial 76 122; earthquakes 88; imperialism Kuwait 382 life expectancy 222 306, 306; invasion of China 312; life Kwon Kun 2S light 108-109; optics 336- 337; refrac- expectancy 222; loss of colonies after Kyrgyzstan 385, 385 tion 109, 109 World War II 316; Middle Ages 285; light-year 44, 45 Middle Ages literature 285; World L lightning 182, 182, 183 , 187; map 187 War I 309; World War II 314-315; lindbergh, Charles A. 310 writing system 285 La Nina 113, 113 linnaeus, Carolus 132, 133, 133 jefferson, Thomas 299 Lahars (volcanic mudflows): definition 87 lister, joseph 338, 342 jericho, West Bank 264,265 lithification: definition 93 jerusalem: food vendors 254 Lakes I 18, I 18- 119; see also Aquatic lithosphere: definition 83 jesus 236, 237 lithuania 406, 407 jewelry 243, 243 biomes lizards I61 , 209 jews: Holocaust 3 14; Orthodox 236; Landfills 123, 123 Lobotomy 341 Landforms 98- 103 Locke, john 298, 299 persecution 313; see also judaism Landsat (satellites) 29; images 28 Landslides 98 joan of Arc 281 , 281 Languages 228- 231; definition 229; jordan 382 judaism 236,236- 237, 277; see also jews jung, Carl 341, 341 jungles 199 jupiter (planet) 62, 62; distance from sun

438 Locks 119, 119 Mao Zedong 316, 317, 317 McCarty, Maclyn 344 x Loess: definition 101 Mapmaking 18- 21; dividing lines 30- 37; McDonald's 245, 318 London, England 303 McKinley, Mount, Alaska: elevation 98 w Long, Crawford Williamson 342 glossary 25, 27; history 20-21 ; McLean, Malcolm 257, 257 Long-period comet: definition 67 instruments 25, 25; Middle Ages Mead, Margaret 223 , 223 o Longitude 30, 31; Prime Meridian, 292; modern era 26- 29; projec- Measurement 322- 323 z tions 19,21; propaganda maps 25; Mecca, Saudi Arabia 279, 283 Greenwich, England 30 time line 20, 24 Mechanics 328 >L Los Angeles, California: smog 124 Maps: 15th-century Venetian 18; ancient Medicine and health 338-345; bubonic Louis XIV, King (France) 298, 299 Crete and Greece 275; ancient oo Louis XVI, King (France) 298, 299 Middle East 267; aquatic ecoregions plague 281; genetics 344- 345; Lovelace, Augusta Ada 347, 347 in distress 213; Aztec empire 289; health care costs 338; history 338; cD \"Lucy\" (australopithecine) 218 biodiversity 175; British Empire 305; medicinal plants 144, 144- 145, Lunar eclipses 64, 65, 65 colors 30; cyclones 189; dashboard 145; mind brain 340-341; a: Luther, Martin 295 16; early cultural hearths 225; human nanotechnology applications 351 ; Luvale people 229 footprint 215; human migration 221 ; penicillin discovery 135; surgery w Luxembourg 398 Indus Valley, India-Pakistan 271 ; 342- 343 ; viruses 149, 149,338 influence of geography on climate in Mediterranean forests 202, 202- 203 ~ M North America 193; language families Meiji, Emperor Uapan) 306 231 ; lightning flashes 187; lights of the M EMS (micro-electro-mechanical zV1 Macedon (ancient kingdom) 275 world 26; Magellan's circumnavigation systems) 350, 351 « Macedonia 403 31; Mercator's (1585) 21; New York Mendel, Gregor 344 Machu Picchu, Peru 289, 290 subway system 24; North America Mendeleyev, Dmitry 91 , 335 MacLeod, Colin M. 344 land claims 297; ocean floor I 12; Mental illnesses 341 Madagascar 361, 376, 377; biodiversity 175 Ring of Fire 87; Russian Civil War Mercalli intensity scale 89 Magellan, Ferdinand 292; map of circum- 25; threatened ecoregions 215; time Mercantilism: definition 257 zones 32; United States 30 I ; world Mercator, Gerardus 20, 21 , 292; map 21 navigation route 3 I biomes 195 Mercator map projection 19, 19, 21 Magic and magicians 233 Marconi, Guglielmo 303 Mercury (planet) 60; distance from sun Magma: definition 87 Marine mammals 168-169 58; moons 52; phase changes 61 Magnetic compass 25, 25 Mark Antony 276 Meridian: definition 25 Malawi 374, 375 Mars (planet) 60; distance from sun 58; Mesoamerica 288- 289 Malaysia 390, 391 exploration 75, 75; moons 52 Mesolithic period 265 Maldives Republic, Indian Ocean 386 Marshall Islands, North Pacific Ocean Mesopotamia 266-267,322 Mali 363; fertility rate 250 413,413 Mesosphere 83, 105 Mali Empire 282,283; statuettes 283 Marsupials 166, 167, 167 Mesozoic era 94, 95 Malta 405 Marx, Karl 303 Messier, Charles Joseph 48 Malthus, Thomas 25 I , 25 I Mass: definition 49 Metallurgy: definition 265 Mammals 166- 169; longest gestation Massachusetts: colonization 297 Metamorphic rocks 93, 93 Materials: engineering 333 Metamorphosis: definition 15 I 166, 166, 167; migration 172; sea Mathematics 322-323 Metazoans I 30 mammals I 68- 169 Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii, 70, 70 Meteorites 67 Manatees 168 Mauritania 363 Meteors 66- 67 Manaus, Brazil 261 Mauritius (island), Indian Ocean 376 Meteroids 67 Manchus 306 Mausoleum, Halicarnassus, Asia Minor 333 Metric system 323 Mandarin Chinese 228, 23 I Maxwell, James Clerk 330, 336 Mexico 288- 289,301,417 Mandela, Nelson 319, 319 Maya 288; ball game 289; beliefs 233; Mexico City, Mexico: population 214 Mangal: definition 205 mythology 326; pottery 239; stone Michelangelo: \"David\" 294 Mangroves 204, 204- 205, 205 disk 289 Microbes 148- 149 Mansa Musa, Emperor (Mali) 282, 283, McAuliffe, Christa 74 Microclimate: definition 193 283 Manufacturing: definition 257 FAST FACT The New Horizon spacecraft will fly by Pluto In 20 I 5 after a nine-year Journey.

FAST FACT Earth's core IS about the size of the planet Mars. Microgravity: definition 75 Monopoly: definition 255 Navajo Indians 244 439 Micronesia 41 0 Monotheism 236- 237 Navigation 38- 39; ancient 38- 39, 39; in Mid-Ocean Ridge System I 12 Monotremes 166, 167, 167 »z Middle Ages 278- 293; Africa 282- 283; Monsoons: definition 269 animal migration 173; Middle Ages Montenegro 403 292- 293; modern history 292- 293; Vl Asia 284- 285; Europe 281; Meso- Moon 64, 64, 65, 65; exploration 72, 73 time line 292; tools 38, 39, 293; america 288-289; Middle East 280; Moons 52, 63 , 63, 64- 65 use of maps 21 ~ music 241 ; navigation 292- 293; Morocco 362 Navstar satellites 29, 29 North America 286- 287; Oceania Morton, William Thomas 342 Nasca people 29 I m 286- 287; South America 290- 291; Moses 279 Nazis 312 time lines 278, 284, 286, 292 Mosses 20 I , 20 I Neanderthals 220, 221 ;;D Middle East: ancient 267; Cold War 3 17; Moths 152-153, 153, 170 Motion: Newton's laws 328, 329 Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous ooOJ European control 3 I 0; human mi- Mound builders 286- 287 Mountains: formation 98; highest 98; im- (NEAR) 61 A gration 220; imperialism 304-305; map of ancient Middle East 267; pact on climate 192; and weather Near East see Middle East z Middle Ages 279 , 280; recent his- 183, 183 tory 318; World War I 309 Mozambique 375; life expectancy 222 Nebulae 45 o Middle Kingdom (Egypt) 268 Neolithic Age 265; definition 221 Midway Islands, North Pacific Ocean 103 MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococ- Nepal 388 m Migrations, animal 172- 173 Neptune (planet) 62; distance from sun Migrations, human 220-221 ; Africa cus aureus) 339 X 219,361; Asia 379; Australia 409; Mud lobsters 205 58; moons 52, 64 Europe 395; map 221; North Mudskippers 205, 205 Netherlands 305, 398 America 415; Oceania 409; South Muhammad (prophet) 236, 237, 279, 279 Neurons 341 America 425 Mumbai, India: population 214 Neutron stars 44, 45 Milankovitch theory: definition 193 Mummies 269, 269 New Kingdom (Egypt) 268 Milky Way 48,49,49,76 Music and musicians 240, 240- 241, 241 New Mexico 297 Minerals 92- 93 Muslims 25, 237; see also Islam New World 296-297 Mussolini , Benito 310, 314, 315 New York, New York: bank runs 312; Mississippi River and Valley, U.s.: Land - Myanmar 388 Mycorhizae: definition 197 population 214; subway system sat image 28 Myths 229 map 24 Mississippian cultures 286-287; marble New Zealand 410 N Newton (unit of force): definition 329 figures 287 Newton, Isaac: alchemy 334; laws Mitochondrial Eve 219, 361 Names: personal 225 326-327, 328, 329, 330; mechan- Moche culture 290- 291; artifacts 289 Namibia 376 ics 328; optics 336; principles 72; Mohenjo Daro, Pakistan 270; figurine 270 Nanoparticle: definition 351 scientific method 298 Moho discontinuity 83 Nanotechnology 350-351 Nicaragua 418 Mohorovicic, Andrija 83 Napoleon I, Emperor (France) 300, 300, Niche biomes: definition 203 Moldova 407 Nicholas II, Tsar (Russia) 309; with fam- Molecules 90 301 ily 309 Mollusks 156, 156- 157, 157 Niger 364; fertility rate 250 Mollweide map projection 19, 19 Nation: difference from state and Nigeria 372 Moment magnitude scale 89 Nile River and Valley, Africa 268- 269 Monaco 399 country 359 Nimbostratus clouds 183 Monarch butterflies: migration 173, 173 National Socialist Party 3 12 Nintendo Wii 346, 347 Money 255, 255 Nationalism 300-30 I Nomads: houses 259, 259 Mongolia 392; ger 259; people 224 Native Americans: mythology 326 Non-native species I 74, 175 Mongols 285 Native elements: definition 91 Nor'easters (storms) 187 Moniz, Antonio Egas 341 Natural gas 353 North America 414-423; colonization Monkey puzzle trees 203 Nauru, South Pacific Ocean 41 3 296- 297; colonization map 297; Monkeys 199,205 Nautiluses 157, 157 energy use 352; geography 415; human migration 220, 415; intro-

440 duction 415; Middle Ages 286-287; Ozone 105, 125 Peter the Hermit 280 prehistory 286- 287; satellite image Ozone layer 105, 124, 125 Petroleum products 353 x 414-415; size 84; threatened spe- Phanerozoic eon 94 cies 179; youth 224 p Pharaohs 269 w North Atlantic Treaty Organization Pharos (lighthouse), Alexandria, Egypt 333 (NATO) 316 Pachacuti (Inca ruler) 289 Phenols: definition I 71 o North Korea 316, 393 Pacific Ocean 212 Phenotype: definition 227 z North Pole 34, 35; map 34 Padaung people 243 Pheromones: definition 175 Northern lights 109, 109 Pahoehoe lava 93 Philip II, King (Spain) 295 >L Norway 396; Lapp family 222 Paintings 238, 238 Philippines, Republic of the 391 Nova Scotia, Canada: tides I 15 Pakistan 386; earthquakes 88; leaders Phoenix (Mars lander) 75, 75 oo Nuclear energy 353 Photogrammetry: definition 27 Nuclear weapons 3 15, 315 387,387; Middle Ages 284 Photography: aerial 26, 27; of snow- cD Palau, Republic of, North Atlantic Ocean o flakes 191 a: 413 Photosphere: definition 55 Obesity 245 Paleolithic Age 265 Photosynthesis 13 I, 13 I, 143 w Observatories, astronomical 69, 69, 70, Paleozoic era 94 Phototropism 139 Pampas 206- 207 Photovoltaic: definition 355 ~ 70,71 Panama 418 Physical science 328- 337; chemistry Ocean floors I 12; map I I 2; mapping Panch Pokhri (lake), Nepal I 18 zV1 Pandemics: definition 281 334-335; engineering 253 , 258, « 26, 27 Pangaea (supercontinent) 85, 85 332- 333 ; optics 336- 337; physics Oceania 408-413; energy use 352; ge- Paper bags I 23 326-327,330-331 Papua New Guinea 41 0, 41 I; Kombai Physics 326- 327, 330- 331 ography 409; imperialism 306- 307; Phytoplankton 13 I introduction 409; Middle Ages people 259 Piaget, Jean 341 , 34 I 286- 287; prehistory 286- 287; sat- Paracelsus (Swiss physician) 338 Picasso, Pablo 313; paintings by 238, 238 ellite image 408-409; threatened Paraguay 429 Pictographs 230, 230 species 179 Parasitic plants 147, 147 Pilgrimages: to Mecca 283 Oceans I 12- 115 ; average depth 213; Pare, Ambroise 342 Pingo: definition 21 I currents I 14; facts 212; importance Parmenides 330 Pirates 297 to life 213; islands 102; oil spills Particle beam fusion accelerator 330 Pizarro, Francisco 296 127, 127; pollution 127; tides I 15, Pascal, Blaise 329 Placenta: definition 167 Pasteur, Louis 149, 149,338, 342 Placentals 166 I 15; waves I 14, I 14; see a/sa Patriarch: definition 279 Plague 281 Pauli, Wolfgang 330 Plains 206- 207 Aquatic biomes Pauli exclusion principle 330 Planets 53, 58--63; classification 53, 59; Octopuses 156, 157 Pauling, linus 334 definition 52, 53, 58; discovery 52; Oil spills 127, 127 Pavlov's dog 341 distances from sun 58; gas giants 58, Old Kingdom (Egypt) 269 Payette, Julie 75, 75 62- 63; hot Jupiters 59; outer 62- 63; Olmec culture 288; stone head 288 Peary, Robert E. 35, 35 super-Earths 59; terrestrial 58, 60--61 Oman 384 Peccaries 209 Plankton I 69, 213 Oneida Indians: mythology 326 Penicillin 135 Plants 136, 136--147; carnivorous 147, Opium 306 Periodic table of elements 90, 91, 335, 335 147; curiosities 146--147; evolution Optics 336- 337 Permafrost 21 I, 21 I 136, 137; extremes 146; flowering Orchids 199 Perry, Matthew Calbraith: warships 306 138,138--139,139,142; medicinal Organic gardening 97,97 Pershing, John J. 309, 309 144, 144-145, 145; parasitic 147, Ortelius, Abraham 21 Persian Empire 267, 270, 274- 275; time 147; photosynthesis 131, 131, 143; pollination 138, 139, 140, 141, 141, Otters 168, 169, 169 line 274 147, 151; shrubs 140, 140--141; trees Ottoman Empire 304-305 Peru 427, 427; earthqu akes 88; Middle Ottoman Turks 280, 309 Outsourcing 257 Ages 290; prehistory 290 Owen, Robert 303 FAST FACT Portugal proVides at least half the world's supply of cork.

FAST FACT Earthquakes exceeding 8 on the Richter scale occur on average every five years. 142,142- 143,143,197, 197 Pyroclastic flow: definition 87 Ring of Fire: map 87 441 Plastic bags 123 Plate tectonics: continent formation 84, Pythagoras 326 Rites of passage 223, 223 »z Rivers 116, 116- 117, 117; dams 119, 85; definition 85; and earthquakes Q Vl 88; island formation 103; mountain I 19; see also Aquatic biomes building 98 Qatar 383 ~ Pleiades star cluster 46 Qin Shi Huangdi (Emperor) , China 273 Robespierre, Maximilien 299 Pluto (dwarf planet) 58,59,62 Quantum mechanics 328, 330 Robinson map projection 19, 19 m Poland 310, 314, 316, 400 Robots: surgical 343 Polar bears 179, 179 Quarks 331 Rocks 92- 93; formation 93; types 93 , ;;D Pollen 138, 147 Quartzite 93 Pollination 138, 139, 141, 141, 151 93 ooOJ Pollution: air 124; water 126, 127, 127 Quebec, Canada: founding 297 Roman Catholicism 295 Polynesians 287 A Population 250- 251, 260 R Romania 40 I ; Csango people 224 Portugal 404; imperialism 305; naviga- Rome, ancient 276-277; artwork 277; z tion 292 Races, human 226- 227 Pottery 239, 239 Radar 185, 185 calendars 324; Colosseum 276; o Powell, John Wesley I 17, I 17 Rafflesia 139 engineering 332; population 276; Power 352- 355; altemative technologies Ragweed 147 time line 276 m 354-355; energy use by continent 352 Rain 185, 190 Romer, Ole 336 Prairies 206- 207 Rain forests 194, 198, 198- 199, 199 Romulus and Remus 277 X Precambrian era 94 Rainbows 108, 108, 109 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 312, 315 , 315 Ramon y C ajal, Santiago 340 Roseate spoonbills 205 Prehistoric cultures: Oceania and North Ramses II, Pharaoh (Egypt) 269, 269 Rosetta Stone 23 I , 231 Recombinant DNA 345 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 298 America 286-287; South America Redwoods 137 Russia 122, 407; see also Union of Soviet 290- 291 Reformation 294-295 Priestley, Joseph 105 , 105, 334 Refraction 109, 109 Socialist Republics Primates 167, 167; threatened species 178 Reguibat people 242 Russia (Pre-Revolution): invasion by Prime Meridian, Greenwich, England 30, Religions and religiOUS groups 232- 237; 30,325 France (1812) 30 I; revolution 309; Prisms 109 animism 233; Buddhism 234- 235, World War I 308- 309; World Proboscis monkeys 205 270, 271 , 284; Christianity War I peace talks 3 10 Prokaryotes I 30; definition I 3 I 236-237, 237,277,280,294-295; Rutherford, Ernest 315, 330 Pronghorns 207 Hinduism 227, 227, 234, 234-235, Rwanda 367, 367; genocide 318 Propaganda maps 25 235,250,271,284,326; Islam 25, Proterozoic eon 94 232,236- 237,237,279 , 280, 282, s Protestant Reformation 294-295 284; Judaism 236, 236- 237, 277, Protestantism 295 313, 314; Middle Ages in Asia 284; Sacrifices: Inca 291; Maya 289 Protists 148- 149 monotheism 236-237; time line Sahara, Africa 282, 362 Psychology 340- 341 232; worldwide affiliations 233 St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies 420 Pteridophytes 142 Remote sensing 26 St. Lucia, West Indies 422, 422 Ptolemy, Claudius 17, 19,23, 326 Remus and Romulus 277 Pueblan Indians 287, 287, 297 Renaissance 294-295 , 340 St. Vincent and the Grenadines, West Punic Wars 276 Reparations: definition 31 I Pupa: definition 15 I Reptiles 160, 160-161 Indies 423 Puritanism: definition 295 Restriction enzyme: definition 345 Saladin 280 Puritans 297 Retrograde motion: definition 65 Salamanders 162, 163 Puszta 206- 207 Revolutions 298- 299 Salmon 159, 159, 172 Pyramids: Egypt 268, 268,269,333 Rice growing 247, 247, 264, 379 Sami 222 Richter scale 89 Samoa, South Pacific Ocean 41 2, 4 I 2 San Andreas Fault, California 88 San Marino 405 Sand dunes 101, 101 Sandstone 93 Sanskrit 270 Sao Paulo, Brazil: population 214

Sao Tome and Principe 372 Skinner, B. F. 341 , 341 leaders 310; purges 312; World Saprophyte: definition 13S Skyscrapers 391; tallest 258 War II 314- 315; see also Russia Saqarrah , Egypt: Step Pyramid 332 Slave trade: abolition 305; Middle Ages 283 Space exploration 72-75; international Satellites 29, 29, 72; first artificial 72; use Slovakia 40 I collaboration 74; milestones 72; in mapmaking 28- 29 Slovenia 402 tragedies 74 Saturn (planet) 52, 62; distance from sun Smalley, Richard 335, 335 Space-time 77; definition 43 442 58; moons 52 Smeaton, John 332 Spain 404; cave art 239 ; colonization of Saudi Arabia 382 Smith, Adam 298 New World 296- 297; life expec- x Smith, Hamilton O. 345 tancy 222 Savannas 206- 207 Smith, Maryn 53 w Smithsonian Institution, Washington, Spanish Civil War 3 12, 313 oz Scales, musical 241 Sparta (Greek city-state) 274- 275 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): >L image 336 D.C. 184 Spectrograph: definition 71 Smog 124 Spiders 154, 154-155, 209 oo Science: worldviews 326- 327 Snakes 160, 161, 199; locomotion 161; Spiderwebs 155, 155 Spinal cord injury 343 cD Scorpions 154 longest 170; major families 160 Spiral galaXies 49,49 Snell, Willebrord 336 Spodosol: definition 20 I a: Sea levels: rise 126 Snow 190, 190- 19 I, 191 Spreading (geology) 99, 99 Snowshoe hares 20 I w ~ Sea otters 168, 169, 169 zV1 Sea turtles: migration 173 « Seals 168 Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Sociobiology: definition 175 Sputnik I (satellite) 72 (SETI) 76 Sociosphere: definition 195 Squid 156, 157, 157 Seasons 37, 37; autumn leaves 143, Sockeye salmon 159, 159 Sri Lanka 387 143, 197, 197 Soil 96, 96-97, 97 Stahl, George Ernst 334 Sedimentary rocks 93, 93 Solar eclipses 56, 65 , 65 Stalin, Joseph 310,312, 314,315 Seismology: activity measurement 88, Solar energy 354,354 Stamp Act 298 337; seismic waves 83 , 83,88,89 Solar flares 56, 57,57 Star clusters 49, 49 Senegal 368 Solar system 52- 67 Starburst galaxies 49, 49 Serbia 308- 309, 318, 403 Solar wind 57, 57 Stars 44--45; brightest 44; constellations Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 333 Solomon Islands, South Pacific Ocean 41 I 46--47; death 45; formation 44, 45; Sextants 25, 25, 38 Solstices 37, 37 size 45,45 Seychelles (islands) , Indian Ocean 373 Somalia 365, 365 ; fertility rate 250 State: difference from nation and coun- Shakespeare, William 295 Somma volcanoes 87, 87 try 359 Shamanism 232-233 Sonar: use in ocean floor mapping 27 Steady state theory: definition 43 Shang dynasty 272 Song dynasty 284- 285 Stem cells 339 Shantytowns 261 , 261 Songhai people 282 Step Pyramid, Saqarrah, Egypt 332 Shearwaters I73 Sooty shearwaters 173 Steppes 206- 207 Shelter 258- 259 South Africa 377; leaders 319 Stock markets 312, 323 Shield volcanoes 87, 87 South America 424-429; colonization Stone Age 265; tools 265 Shiism 279 296; energy use 352; geography Stonehenge (site), Salisbury Plain, Shopping: choice of bags 123 425; human migration 220; intro- England 68 Short-period comet: definition 67 duction 425; Middle Ages 290- 291 ; Storms 186-191; see also Hurricanes; Ice Shrubland, dry 208- 209 prehistory 290-291; revolutions storms; Snow Shrubs 140, 140- 141 30 I; satellite image 424-425; size Storytelling 228, 229, 229 Siberia (region), Russia: boreal forests 84; threatened species 179; time Stranglers: definition 199 20 I; human migration 220 line 290 Stratosphere 105 Sierra Leone 370; life expectancy 222 South Korea 316, 393 Stratovolcanoes 87, 87 Silk 243 South Pole 34; map 34 Stratus clouds 183 Silkworms 243 Soviet Union: assistance to China 3 I I; String theory 77, 33 I Singapore 39 I breakup 317; Cold War 3 16- 317; Subclimax: definition 215 Singularity 43 earthquakes 88; formation 3 10; Subduction 99, 99 FAST FACT The exposed rocks of the Canadian Shield at Hudson Bay are 3.5 billion years old.

FAST FACT If the Arabian and African plates continue to pull apart, the Red Sea will become an ocean. Subduction zone: definition 85 island formation 103; mountain Tropics 36, 36; cities 37; rain forests 443 Subsistence farming: definition 247 building 98 198- 199 Subtropics 36 Telescopes 25, 25; space-based 71 »z Sudan 364, 364 Tellurometer: definition 25 Troposphere 105 Temperature: and weather 182 Tsunamis 89, 89 Vl SUleyman the Magnificent, Sultan (Otto- Temple of Artemis, Turkey 333, 333 Tughril Beg, Sultan (Baghdad) 280 Termites 207 Tundra 210- 21 I ~ man Empire) 304 Terrorism 3 18, 3 19 Tunisia 363 Sumatra (island), Indonesia: earthquakes 88 Tertiary period 95 Turing, Alan 347 m Sumerian civilization 266- 267; calendar Textiles 242; time line 242 Turing machine: definition 347 Thailand 252, 390 Turkey 380 ;;D 324; cuneiform 322; medical sci - Thebes, Egypt 268 Turkmenistan 384 ence 340; mosaic 266 Theodolite: definition 25 Turks 280, 309 ooOJ Sun 54-57; cross-section 55; energy Thermodynamics: definition 333 Turtles 173, 177 108; facts 54; nuclear fusion 54, 55; Thermosphere 105 Tusk shells 156 A sunrise 54 Threatened species 178- 179 Tuvalu, South Pacific Ocean 412 Sun Yat-sen 31 I Thunderstorms 186, 186, 187 Typhoons I 88- 189 z Sunflowers 197 Tibetan Buddhism 235 Sunnism 279 Tidal estuaries 21 2 u o Sunspots 55, 55 Tidal waves 89 Sunya: definition 323 Tides I 15 , I 15 Uganda 367 m Superconductivity: definition 335 Timbuktu, Mali 282, 283 Ukraine 407 Supercontinents 85, 85 Time and time keeping 324- 325 Uncertainty principle 330 X Supernovae 45, 77 Time zones 32-33, 325; map 32 Surgery 342,342- 343, 343 Timor-Leste 390 Underwater exploration I I 3 Suriname 426 Tipi: definition 259 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Surveying 24, 26 Togo 371 Swahili language 283 Tokyo, Japan: population 214 assistance to China 3 I I; breakup Swahili people 282- 283 Toltec 288- 289 Swamps 204, 204-205, 205 Tonga Islands, South Pacific Ocean 412 317; Cold War 316- 317; earth- Swaziland 377; life expectancy 222 Tornadoes 186; deadliest 186; formation quakes 88; formation 3 10; leaders Sweden 396; life expectancy 222 186-187; intensity measurement 310; purges 312; World War II Switzerland 399, 399; life expectancy 222 187; what to do in a tornado 187, 314- 315; see alsa Russia Symbiosis 153, 153 187 Unisphere 22 Synoptic forecasting: definition 185 Trade 254- 257; definition 255; top United Arab Emirates 383 Syria 381 food and beverage companies 254; United Kingdom 397; see alsa Great Systems engineering: definition 333 trade agreements 3 19; world trade today 256- 257 Britain T Transpiration: definition I I I United Nations 316, 358, 359 Taiga: definition 20 I United States 416; carbon dioxide emis- Taino Indians 293 Transportation 252- 253 Taiwan 392 Trap-jaw ants 15 I sions 122; Cold War 316-317; Tajikistan 385 Trash 123 , 123 commonwealths territories 416; Tambora, Sumbawa, Indonesia 87 Treaty of Versailles 310 fuel imports 257; geothermal energy Tang dynasty 284,285 Trees 142, 142-143; ancient 143; au- 355; imperialism 307; invasion of Tanzania 373 Iraq 318; map 30 I ; meat consump- Tarantulas 155 tumn leaves 143, 143, 197, 197 tion 249; tornadoes 186; World Tatum, Edward 344 Tribute: definition 269 War I 309; World War I peace talks Taxonomy 132 Trilobites 130 310; World War 11314-315 Tectonics: continent formation 84, 85; Trimetrogon Method: definition 27 Trinidad and Tobago , West Indies 423 Universal Time: definition 33 definition 85; and earthquakes 88; Universe: death 76; expansion 76- 77; formation 43; time line 42 Uranus (planet) 62; distance from sun 58; moons 52 Urban II , Pope 280

Urbanization: industrial revolution 303 Watches and watchmaking: quartz Work (physical science concept) 329 Uruguay 429 crystal 325 World War I 308, 308- 309; aviation Ussher, James 80 Water I 10- 121; cycle I I I, III, 313; peace talks 310; time line 308 Uzbekistan 384 185, 185; as energy source 353; World War 11313, 314, 314- 315, 315 environmental concerns 126- 127; World Wide Web 348- 349 444 v global supply I26; ice 120- 121; World 's fairs: Unisphere 22 lakes I 18- 119; oceans I 12- 115; Worldviews: mythology 326; scientific x Van Allen belts: definition 35 pollution 126, 127, 127; rivers 116, I 16- 117, 117; as a solvent 326- 327 w Van der Grinten map projection 19, 19 I I I; as transportation routes 253; Wormholes 51, 5 I oz Vanuatu, South Pacific Ocean 41 I waste treatment 122; see also Wright, Orville 253, 313 Vasco da Gama 292 Wright, Wilbur 27, 253, 313 >L Vascular plants 136, 139; see also Shrubs; Aquatic biomes Writing 230- 231; early systems 267 oo Trees Waterfalls I I0 x cD Vegetation profile: definition 197 Waterwheels 352 X rays: human brain 340 Xeric deserts 208 a: Veldt 206- 207 Watson, James D. 344, 345 Xerxes, Emperor (Persian Empire) 275 w ~ Venezuela 426 Watt, James 302, 332 zV1 Venus (planet) 60; distance from sun 58; Waves: formation I 14, I 14 « moons 52; phase changes 61 Weather 182- 185; balloons 184, 184; Venus flytraps 147, 147 EI Nino and La Nina I 13 ; extremes Xia dynasty 272 Vercingetorix (Gaul) 277 182; impact of topography 183, Versailles, France 299, 310 183; predictions 184-185; see also y Vertebrates: definition 161 Storms Vespucci, Amerigo 292 Weathering 99, 100 Y chromosome Adam 219 Vestigial: definition 169 Weddell seals 168 Yellow River, China 272 Victoria, Queen (Great Britain) 307 Wegener, Alfred 85, 85 Yellowstone National Park, U.S.: geo- Video games 346, 347 Wells: deepest 83,83 thermal features 87 Vietnam 316, 389, 389 Whales 166,169,169,172 Yeltsin, Boris 317 Vikings 279, 293 White dwarf: definition 77 Yemen 383 Villard de Honnecourt 332 White-faced monkeys 199 Young, Thomas 336 Vinson Massif, Antarctica: elevation 98 Wildebeests: migration 172, 173, 173 Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico: asteroid Virginia: colonization 297 Wildfires 203, 207, 207 impact 95 Virtual reality 347 Wilkins, Maurice 345 Yucca 153, 153,203 Viruses 149, 149,338 Wilkinson Microwave Anistropy Probe 326 Yucca moths 153, 153 Vogel, Caspar 23 Wilson, Edward O. 175, 175 Yuchi Indians 229 Volcanoes 86- 87, 99, 99; crater lakes Wilson, Woodrow 309,310 Yugoslavia: breakup 318; formation 3 10 I 18, I 18; deadliest 86; island Wind erosion 100, 101, 101 formation 103; types 87 Wind power 352, 354, 354 z Volta, Alessandro 355 Windmills 352, 354 Voodoo 233 Winds 106, 106-107; EI Nino and La Zambia 374; life expectancy 222; Luvale Vostok 173 Nina I 13, 113; global patterns people 229 Voyager I (spacecraft) 62 107; local patterns 107; measure- Zebra fish 159 Voyager 2 (spacecraft) 63 ment 106, 107; as power source Zebra mussels 174 352,354,354; and weather 182 Zeus (statue) 333 w Winkle Tripel map projection 19, 19 Zheng He 292 Wolf spiders 209 Zhou dynasty 273 Wadi: definition 209 Wollemi pine tree 143, 143 Zimbabwe 374 Wang Ching Wei 311 Wollstonecraft, Mary 227,30 I Zimbabwe, Kingdom of 283 Warm -blooded: definition 165 Women: caloric intake 245; corsets 243; Zodiac 46, 47 Warsaw Pact 316 rights 227, 30 I Zoroastrianism 233 FAST FACT Shakespeare used 3 I.534 different words In his writings.

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Blair/NationaIGeographicStock.com; 405, Jonathan Blair; CORBIS; 334, Edison National Historic Site; 335 (UP), Scott Rothstein/Shut- 407, Martin Gray/NationaIGeographicStock.com; 41 I, Jodi Cobb; 412, Randy OJ terstock; 335 (CTR), Hando ut /Reuters/CORBIS; 335 (LO), Gunnar Kullen- Olson; 413, 416, James P. Blair; 419, David Alan Harvey; 421, Steve W inter/ berg/T he Stock Connection/Getty Images; 336, David Scharf/Getty Images; NationaIGeographicStock.com; 422, Winfield I. Parks, Jr. ; 423, David Alan C 337 (LO), Roger Ressmeyer/Getty Images; 337 (UP), © Encyclopaedia Britan- Harvey; 427, Gordon Gahan; 429, Peter Kramer/Getty Im ages. o-I ;;D Vl CONTRIBUTORS CATHERINE HERBERT HOWELL CHAPTERS 1,2,3 & 4 / STEPHEN G. HYSLOP CHAPTER 7 / An anthropologist by training and formerly a National Geographic Stephen G. Hyslop is the author of Eyewitness to the Civil War, Bound staff member, Catherine Herbert Howell is the author of Flora Mira- (or Santa Fe, and, with Patricia S. Daniels, Almanac o( World History. For- bilis: How Plants Have Shaped World Knowledge, Health, Wealth & Beauty. She has contributed to dozens of other National Geographic merly an editor at Time-Life Books, he has contributed to many other books, including many children's books on science and nature. She volumes on American and world history, and his articles have appeared lives in Arlington, Virginia. in American History, World War II, and the History Channel magazine. KATHRYN THORNTON FOREWORD / HOWARD SCHNEIDER CHAPTERS 5 & 8 / Kathryn Thornton was a NASA astronaut from 1985 to 1996. She flew Howard Schneider is a journalist with the Washington Post currently four missions, including the first Hubble Space Telescope service mission, reporting from Jerusalem, Israel. He has also served as economics and logged 975 hours in space including 21 extravehicular hours. She is a editor and chief of the paper's bureau in Cairo, Egypt, and has writ- professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the University of ten on fitness and physiology for the paper's Health section. Virginia in Charlottesville. PATRICIA S. DANIELS CHAPTER 6 / JAN NIJMAN CONSULTING GEOGRAPHER / Patricia S. Daniels is a freelance writer specializing in history, science, and Jan Nijman is professor of geography and regional studies and director geography. Most recently she contributed to the National Geographic of the urban studies program at the University of Miami. He specializes Society's New Solar System, Body: The Complete Human; and 1000 Events in issues of global urbanization and does fieldwork in Mumbai, India; That Shaped the World. Accra, Ghana; Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Miami, Florida.

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