Ancient Egypt_ Facts at Your Fingertips

HIEROGLYPHS | 149 Symbol Object Sounds like Numbers Mat P in “pet” The Egyptian counting system was Reed hut H in “hut” based on the number 10, with different symbols for 1, 10, 100, and so on. To represent the number 27, for example, two symbols for 10, and seven for one were placed together. Symbol Number Mouth R in “right” 1 Arm A in “may” Vulture A in “water” 10 100 Door bolt Z in “zebra” Tethering “Ch” in “chip” 1,000 rope 10,000 100,000 Folded “Ss” in “glass” cloth Pond “Sh” in “show” Basket K in “basket” 1,000,000

150 | ANCIENT EGYPT Glossary Faïence A glazed Lower Egypt The ceramic. In ancient northern part of Egypt. Adze A tool used to Cataract A strong rush of Egypt, it was used to Mastaba A type of cut and smooth wood. water around rocks that make jewelry and early Egyptian tomb, Amulet A lucky charm, blocks a river’s flow. small statues. made of Sun-dried worn or carried to ward There are five cataracts False door A symbolic mud bricks and stone. off evil. on the Nile River. Of gateway carved or It was rectangular, with Ancient Egypt The these, two are in Egypt. painted on tombs and low, sloping slides and period between 3100 Colossus A larger than coffins, through which a flat roof. and 30 bce, when Egypt life-sized statue, usually a dead person’s spirit Middle Kingdom was ruled by pharaohs. of a king. Colossi are was thought to pass. (2055–1650 bce) The Ankh The ancient often found outside First Intermediate Period second main period of Egyptian symbol for temples. (2160–2055 bce) A time calm in Egyptian history, life. Only gods and Crook A royal symbol of division and unrest when Egypt was united royalty could wear representing kingship. It in Egypt after the Old under one pharaoh. or carry it. was shaped as a hooked Kingdom broke down. Mortuary temple Artifact Any man- shepherd’s staff. Flail A tool to separate A building next to made object. Delta A triangular grain from plants. It was the pyramid or tomb of a Ba The Egyptian idea landform at the mouth used in ancient Egypt pharaoh. Since pharaohs of the human soul. The of a river, formed by as a symbol of the were believed to become Ba was thought to live the settling out of silt pharaoh’s authority. gods after death, these on after death. It was and sand. Hieroglyphics An ancient buildings were used as depicted as a bird with Demotic A script used Egyptian system of temples for their worship. a human head. in ancient Egypt, mainly writing in which pictures Mummy A dead body Canopic jars Four for legal documents. represented sounds, that has been preserved jars used to hold the Dynasty A series of objects, and ideas. from decay, either embalmed stomach, rulers from the same Ka The Egyptian idea of naturally or by liver, intestines, and family. There were 31 the life-force of a person. artificial means. lungs of a mummy. dynasties during the It was shown as two New Kingdom Capstone The history of ancient Egypt. raised hands. (1550–1069 bce) The topmost, finishing stone Duat The Egyptian Kohl Black eye make-up third main period of of a pyramid or wall. underworld. People made from galena. stability and achievement Cartouche An oval believed that the Lapis lazuli A bright in Egyptian history, when shape enclosing spirits of the dead blue semi-precious stone Egypt was united under a pharaoh’s name traveled through Duat from Afghanistan. It was one pharaoh. in hieroglyphs. before being reborn used in ancient Egyptian Nemes A headdress Casing An outer layer in the afterlife. jewelry and also in worn by an Egyptian of a building. It is made Embalming The other artifacts. pharaoh and often of smooth, fine stone. artificial preservation of Late Period (664–332 bce) found on representations a dead body using salts, The period of Egyptian of the king. perfumes, and ointments. history just before Nomen The name given conquest by Alexander. to a pharaoh when he or she was born.

GLOSSARY | 151 Obelisk A tall stone Praenomen A name Scarab An Egyptian dung Tomb A grave, column with a square taken by a pharaoh after beetle. It was seen as a monument, or building or rectangular base being crowned. It referred symbol of the rising Sun. where the body of a and sloping sides to the eternal kingship of Scribe An official dead person is laid rising to a pointed tip. the pharaohs. record-keeper who, to rest. Obelisks were erected Ptolemaic Period unlike most ordinary Upper Egypt The by pharaohs to celebrate (332 bce–30 bce ) The people, could read southern part of Egypt. their victories, or to final period of ancient and write. Scribes had a Uraeus A cobra-shaped honor someone. Egyptian history, when high status in society. carving associated with Obsidian A glassy Egypt was ruled by Greeks Second Intermediate the snake-headed rock formed from descended from the first Period (1650–1550 bce) goddess Wadjet. It was solidified lava, used Greek ruler, Ptolemy I. A time of division and thought to protect the for decoration and as a Pylon The entrance unrest in Egypt after the pharaoh by spitting fire mirror. Because obsidian wall of a temple. Middle Kingdom. Asian at his or her enemies. forms a very sharp edge Pyramid A massive invaders called the Valley of the Kings when it breaks, it was stone structure with a Hyksos controlled A valley on the western also used to make square base and four parts of Egypt. bank of the Nile River cutting tools. sloping sides, which Shemayat A title given near Thees. It contains Old Kingdom could be either straight to female musicians who the tombs of many (2686–2160 bce) The or stepped. In ancient played in temples. New Kingdom pharaohs. first major period of Egypt, pyramids were Soul house A miniature Wadjet eye achievement and built as tombs model house placed in A protective symbol stability in Egyptian for pharaohs. the tomb of its dead widely used in ancient history, when Egypt Pyramidion The owner for his or her Egypt. It represented was united under one capstone of a pyramid. use in the afterlife. the eye of the sky pharaoh and the great These are sometimes Sphinx A mythological god Horus and was pyramids were built. inscribed with the name creature with a lion’s also known as the Oracle A priest or and image of the owner. body and a human's eye of Horus. religious person who Pyramid texts Religious head. Statues of was believed to be able writings carved on the sphinxes were to communicate with walls inside a pyramid. sometimes given the the gods. These were a collection head of a ram. These Papyrus A type of paper of spells to help the dead were called criosphinxes. made from papyrus reeds. pharaoh reach the afterlife. Stela An upright stone Pectoral A piece of Relief A carved slab or pillar covered with jewelry that was worn or molded sculpture carvings or inscriptions. on the chest. that stands out from Third Intermediate Pharaoh The title its background. Period (1069–664 bce) given to the rulers of Sarcophagus A stone A time of instability when ancient Egypt. The word coffin that is either Egypt was divided after pharaoh means “great rectangular or human- the New Kingdom broke house,\" and originally shaped. The word means down, and was partly referred to the palace “flesh-eater” in Greek. ruled, at times, by Nubia. rather than the ruler.

152 | ANCIENT EGYPT artificial toe 134 Cleopatra VII 9, 37 Aswan 5, 105 Cleopatra’s Needle 71 Index Aten 76, 95 clothes and cloth 114, AB Small temple of 105 118–19, 147 Atum 77, 84–5 Colossi of Memnon 69 Abu Simbel 5, 99 axes 136 copper standard 107 Abusir 46–7, 50 Ay, tomb of 58 corn mummy 108 Abydos 5, 87 ba 80 cosmetic jars 140–1 acrobats 143 baboon statue 70 craftworkers 18, 114, 138 adzes 136 balls, painted 123 Criosphinx 70–1 aegis 106 barter 147 crocodile mummy 108–9 afterlife 41, 60, 80–1 basalt 45 crops 128 Ahmose I 8 Bastet 94 daily life 112–43, 146 Akhenaten 19, 30, 76, 145 Bent Pyramid 48, 144 Dakka, Temple of 100–1 alabaster sphinx of Berenice II 37 dancers 143 Bes 95 Darius I the Great 35 Memphis 69 Black Pyramid 51 Dashur 48–9, 51 Alexander the Great 9, 35 board games 114, 120–1 dates 117 alphabet 148–9 boats 132–3 deben 147 Amada, Temple of 103 bow drills 137 Deir el-Shelwit 104 Amasis 34–5 bracelet of Nimlot 138 demotic script 11 Amenemhat I 24 bread 116, 117 Dendera 104 Amenemhat II 25 building materials 44–5 Derr, Temple of 102 Amenemhat III 51 building tools 42–3, 136–7 Djed amulet 134 Djoser 20, 51 Pyramid of 144 CD doctors 134 Amenhotep II 30 dogs and jackals 122 calendar 147 dolls, wooden 123 tomb of 57 canopic chests 41 drills 137 Amenhotep III, tomb of 56 canopic jars 64–5, 81 Duamutef 65 Ammut 80, 81 canopic shrines 64–5 Duat 80 amulets 75, 81, 134–5 carpenters 114 Amun/Amun-Ra 76, 93 cartouches 17 EF ancient Egyptians 16–39 cat mummy 109 animal cults 79 cat, wooden 122 Early Dynastic Period 6 Ankhesenamun, Queen cattle 130–1 earrings 66, 139 chariots 12–13 Ennead 77, 84–5 16, 17, 67 chisels 137 eye makeup 140–1 Anubis 79, 80, 81, 86–7, clappers 125 falcons 8, 77, 107, 138 97 Apep 94–5 Apis Bull 79, 109 arrows 127 Arsinoe II 36 Arsinoe III 37 art 146

INDEX | 153 farmers and farming 6, 113, heart, weighing the 80–1 laborers 18, 43 114, 115, 128–31, 147 Heliopolis 4, 71, 77, Late Period 9 leather sandals 119 Fayum 49 84–5, 90–1 Libya 5, 7, 8, 9 feasts 142–3 Herakleopolis 7 limestone 45, 49 festivals 78, 79, 124, 147 hieroglyphs 11, 148–9 linen cloth 118 figs 117 history 6–9 Luxor temple 70, 101 First Intermediate Period 7 Hittites 12, 70 fishing 126–7, 132 hooks, fishing 127 MN flail and crook 18, 20 Hor-Aha 6 flood, Nile 128, 147 Horemheb 139 Ma’at 74, 75, 81, 89–91 food 116–17, 128, 142, 146 horse, painted toy 122 magic 134–5 funeral boats 133 Horus 6, 61, 73, 77, 87 makeup 114, 140–1 household utensils 113, 117 mastabas 42 GH houses 115, 116–17 Maya 32–3 hunting 112–13, 115, medals 13 games 120–3 medicine 134–5 Geb 77, 85 126–7, 146 Medjay 14–15 Gebelein mummies 145 Hyksos 8, 12 mehen 120 Gerf Hussein, Temple of 105 Meidum Pyramid 49, gilt shrines 67 IJ girdle, lucky 139 52–3, 144 Giza 68 ibis mummy case 108–9 Meketre 130 Imhotep 21, 42 Memphis 69 Pyramids of 4, 7, 44–5 Imseti 65 Memphis Triad 77, 82–3 glass earrings 139 instruments, musical 124–5 Menkaura 45 gods and goddesses 18, 75, Isis 75, 77, 86, 91 Iufaa 145 Pyramid of 45 76–9, 82–95 jewelry 138–9 Menna, tomb of 58 granaries 128 Mentuhotep I 7 Great Pyramid of Giza 42–3, KL Mentuhotep II 24 Middle Kingdom 7 44, 144 ka 80 mirrors 140 Great Sphinx 4, 7, 68, 72–3 Kamose 8 Greek script 11 Karnak temple complex 5, cases 67 Greeks 9 cult 107 grooming 140–1 70–1, 100 models, in tombs 116, 126, Hapi 64 Khafra 22 128, 129, 132–3 harpoons 126 monuments 40–1, 68–73 harps 124–5 Pyramid of 45, 144 mortuary temples 77, 102–3 Hathor 74, 75, 90 Khepri 61, 90 mouse, toy 121 Khnum 74, 75 mummies 80–1, 108–9, 145 Temple of (Abu Simbel) 99 Khufu 21, 44, 63 music 114, 124–5, 143 Temple of (Dendera) 104 knot of Isis 75 mythology 76–7 Hatshepsut 26, 145 kohl tubes 141 names and titles 19 Mortuary temple of 102–3 Kom Ombo temple 92, 100–1 headrest 66

154 | ANCIENT EGYPT Neferirkara, Pyramid of Ptah 77, 82 Saqqara 47, 50–1 46–7, 144 Ptolemaic Period 9 sarcophagi 63 Ptolemy I 9, 36 scribes 10, 17, 18, 21, 58 Nefertari, Queen 33, 99 Ptolemy II 36 seated colossus of tomb of 59, 60–1 Ptolemy III 36 pyramidions 71 Ramesses II 70 Nefertiti, Queen 19, 31 pyramids 41, 44–53 Second Intermediate Nefertum 77, 83 Nephthys 77, 85 building of 42–3 Period 8 New Kingdom 8 tallest 144 Sekhmet 77, 82 Nile River 4–5, 113, 128, Seneb 19 QR Senenmut 27 132, 147 senet 121 Nimlot 138 Qebehsenuef 64 Sennefer 30 nobles 17, 18, 19, 20–1, queens 19 Ra/Ra-Horakhty 76, 77, tomb of 58–9 27, 30, 32–3 Senusret I 25 tombs of 58–9, 130 78, 91 Nubia 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14–15 rafts 126 Pyramid of 144 numbers 149 Ramesses II 8, 32–3, 99 Senusret III 25 Nut 77, 85 Nyuserra 22–3 mummy 145 Pyramid of 144 Ramesseum 38–9 Seqenenra Taa 8, 26–7, 145 OP seated colossus of 70 Seshat 92 tomb of sons of 55 Seth 77, 86 offerings 78 Ramesses IV, tomb of 55 Seti I, tomb of 57, 145 Old Kingdom 7, 42 Ramesses V, tomb of 56 Sheshonq II 34 oracles 79 Ramesses VI, tomb of 56 Shu 77, 84 Osiris 61, 77, 79, 87, 108, 109 Ramesses VII, tomb of 54 sickles 115, 129 oxen 129 Ramesseum 38–9 singers 124, 125, 143 Paiduf 64, 65 Red Pyramid 48–9, 144 sistrum 124 papyrus 10 regalia 20, 28–9 situla 107 pectorals 8, 67, 138 religion 74–111 skiffs, fishing 132 pendants 66–7 Reneferef 23 Sneferu 48–9, 144 Persian Empire 9 ring of Horemheb 139 Sobek 92 Peshedu, tomb of 59 rituals 78–9, 99 social pyramid 18 pharaohs 17, 18–39, 77 Romans 9 society 17, 18 Philae, Temple of 104–5, Rosetta Stone 11 solar boats 63 royals 18–39 soldiers 12–15, 146 110–11 souls 80 pigments 140–1, 146 S sphinx 68–71 prayer stelae 134 spindles 118 Pre-dynastic Period 6 sacred artifacts 106–9 stelae 135 priests 17, 18, 23, 75, Sahura, Pyramid of 46–7 Step Pyramid 42, 50–1, 144 sailing boats 133 Sun temple of Niuserre 98 78–9, 81, 99 sandals, leather 119 Sun disks 74, 75, 77, 106 pschent 6, 20 Sun gods 76 Psusennes I 34

INDEX | 155 T tomb robbers 62 Userkaf 22 tomb treasures 41, 62–7 Pyramid of 50 Taweret 94 tombs 41, 54–61 Tefnut 77, 84 tools 42–3, 114, 136–7 Valley of the Kings 41, 54–7 temples 75, 98–105 toys 120–3 Valley of the Queens 54, 59 terra-cotta bottles 113 trade 147 villas 115, 146 Teti, Pyramid of 47 treasures, tomb 41, 62–7 Tetisheri, Queen 26 Tutankhamun 12–13, 16, 17, W Thebes 7, 41, 54–9, 69, 93 Third Intermediate 32, 115, 126 Wadi es-Sebua, mummy 145 Temple of 103 Period 8–9 sarcophagus 18–19 Thoth 70, 92–3 tomb 56–7, 62, 64–7 Wadjet 28, 91 thrones 62 wands, amuletic 135 throwing sticks 127 UV warfare 12–15, 146 throwsticks 121 weapons 13, 127 Thutmose II 145 Unas, Pyramid of 50 wigs 118 Thutmose III 8, 12, 19, 27, Underworld 41, 80–1, 97 wine jars 117 Upper and Lower Egypt 6, winnowing fans 129 63, 103 women and girls 146 Thutmose IV 72, 73 7, 19 wooden toys 121–3 tomb paintings 112, 113 uraei 20, 28–9 writing 10–11, 148–9 Acknowledgments Dorling Kindersley would like to thank: Gijn / AWL Images (tc). 9 Corbis: Ocean (bc). Leemage / Universal Images Group (tl). 24 Alamy Lorrie Mack for proofreading and Helen Peters Getty Images: DEA / G. Dagli Orti (cra). 10 Images: Peter Horree (cra); Getty Images: for indexing. Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Leemage / Universal Images Group (l). 25 Alamy Museum (cb, bl). 10–11 Getty Images: DEA Images: Art Media / The Print Collector (cr); The publisher would like to thank the following Picture Library (c). 11 Getty Images: DEA Picture Hans Steen / dieKleinert (bc). Getty Images: for their kind permission to reproduce Library (tc, c, ca). 12 Jürgen Liepe: (c). 12–13 their photographs: Getty Images: DEA / G. Dagli Orti / De Agostini 12th Dynasty Egyptian / The Bridgeman Art Picture Library (br). 13 Dorling Kindersley: The Library (l). 26 Corbis: Blaine Harrington III / (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; Egyptian Museum, Cairo (cra). Getty Images: l-left; r-right; t-top) Trustees of the British Museum (tl, tl / Short Sword). Jürgen Liepe: (tr). 14–15 Getty Images: Dea Picture Library / De Agostini Picture Library 1 Corbis: Sandro Vannini (cl). 2–3 Getty Images: DEA / A. Jemolo / De Agostini Picture Library. 16 (c). 26–27 Getty Images: Patrick Landmann (bc). Ian McKinnell / Taxi (c). 3 Getty Images: J. D. Getty Images: Robert Harding. 18–19 Corbis: 27 Corbis: Charles and Josette Lenars (tl). Getty Dallet / age fotostock (br). 4 Getty Images: DEA / Sandro Vannini (bc). 19 Alamy Images: Egyptian, Images: DEA / G. Dagli Orti / De Agostini Picture A. Dagli Orti (tc); Grant Faint / Digital Vision (bc). Library (br). 28–29 Getty Images: Dea / A. Dagli 4–5 Getty Images: Michael Schmeling. 5 Alamy 5th Dynasty (c.2494–2345 BC) / The Art Gallery Orti / De Agostini. 30 The Art Archive: Gianni Images: Wildviews / Charles Tomalin (bl). Getty Collection (br). Getty Images: Andreas Rentz (tr). Dagli Orti / Musée du Louvre Paris (cb). Getty Images: Stephen Studd / Photographer’s Choice 20 Alamy Images: Interfoto / Personalities (cl). Images: DEA / G. Dagli Orti / De Agostini Picture RF (cb). 6 Corbis: Gianni Dagli Orti (bl). Dorling Corbis: Alfredo Dagli Orti / The Art Archive (bc); Library (tl, br). 31 Getty Images: Sean Gallup. 32 Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Museum Roger Wood (bl). Getty Images: DEA / A. Dagli Getty Images: Hisham Ibrahim / Photographer’s (cl). 6–7 Getty Images: DEA / A. Vergani (bc). 7 Orti / De Agostini (tl). 21 Getty Images: Egyptian / Choice (tc). 32–33 Alamy Images: Peter Horree Alamy Images: The Print Collector (tl). Corbis: The Bridgeman Art Library (l). Jürgen Liepe: (br). (tc). Getty Images: DEA / A. Jemolo / De Werner Forman (tr). 8 Getty Images: Egyptian 22 Corbis: Alfredo Dagli Orti / The Art Archive (l). Agostini Picture Library (bc). 33 The Art Archive: 19th Dynasty / The Bridgeman Art Library (bc). Getty Images: DEA / S. Vannini / De Agostini Jacqueline Hyde / British Museum (br). 34 Jürgen Liepe: (cl). 8–9 Getty Images: Niels van Picture Library (tr). 22–23 Alamy Images: Corbis: Roger Wood (tc). Getty Images: DEA / INTERFOTO / Fine Arts (bc). 23 Alamy Images: Ian M Butterfield (Egypt) (br). Getty Images: A. Dagli Orti / De Agostini Picture Library (cl). 34–35 Corbis: Araldo de Luca (bc). 35 Corbis:

156 | ANCIENT EGYPT Araldo de Luca (bc); Gianni Dagli Orti (tr). (bl). Corbis: Gianni Dagli Orti (cr). 78–79 Dorling (bc). 117 Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of 36 Alamy Images: Peter Horree (cl). Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Museum the British Museum (br, tl, tc). 118 The The Bridgeman Art Library: Hermitage, St. (c). 79 Getty Images: DEA / G. Dagli Orti / De Trustees of the British Museum: Petersburg, Russia (tr). Corbis: Sandro Vannini Agostini (cr); Egyptian / The Bridgeman Art (tc, c, bc). 119 Corbis: Sandro Vannini. (bc). Getty Images: Leemage / Universal Images Library (bc). 80 Corbis: Alfredo Dagli Orti / The 120 Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of Group (clb). 37 Corbis: Heritage Images (bl); Art Archive (cl). 80–81 Getty Images: Leemage / the British Museum (br). 121 The Trustees Sandro Vannini (tc). Dorling Kindersley: Rough Universal Images Group (b). 82 Corbis: Gianni of the British Museum: (c). Dorling Guides (r). 38–39 Corbis: Richard T. Nowitz. 40 Dagli Orti (br). 83 Corbis: Gianni Dagli Orti (l). Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Dreamstime.com: Sergii Figurnyi. 41 Corbis: Getty Images: DEA / G. Dagli Orti (br). 84 The Museum (b); The Manchester Museum, Werner Forman / Werner Forman Archive (bc). 42 Bridgeman Art Library: Brooklyn Museum of University of Manchester (tr). 122 Dorling Alamy Images: Mike P. Shepherd (cl). Dorling Art, New York, USA (tl). Getty Images: S. Vannini / Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Museum De Agostini (br). 84–85 The Art Archive: Musée Museum (tr). Getty Images: DEA / G. Dagli (cr). Getty Images: DEA / W. Buss / De Agostini du Louvre Paris / Gianni Dagli Orti (c). 85 Orti (bc). 122–123 Dorling Kindersley: The Picture Library (bl). 42–43 Getty Images: DEA / Bridgeman Images: De Agostini Picture Library / Trustees of the British Museum (bc). 123 G. Dagli Orti / De Agostini (ca). 45 Dorling S. Vannini (br). 86 Corbis: Gianni Dagli Orti (tl). Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of the Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Museum Getty Images: DEA / G. Dagli Orti (br). 86–87 British Museum (tl, c). 124 Dorling (tr, tc, tl). Getty Images: DEA / A. Vergani (br); Getty Images: Egyptian / The Bridgeman Art Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Evan Reinheimer / Flickr (cl). 46–47 Corbis: Library (tc). 87 Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees Museum (bc). 124–125 Dorling Kindersley: Werner Forman (t). Getty Images: Reinhard of the British Museum (r). Getty Images: P. The Trustees of the British Museum (bc). 125 Dirscherl / WaterFrame (b). 47 Alamy Images: Eoche / StockImage (bl). 88–89 Corbis: Sandro Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of the Collection Dagli Orti / The Art Archive (br). 48 Vannini. 90 Corbis: Sandro Vannini (br). 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