Nature’s Deadliest Creatures Visual Encyclopedia

Dangerous defenders MOST-DEADLY DEFENDER Cape buffalo Poor eyesight, Some animals use weapons in defense. For sharp horns, and an instance, injuries caused by a porcupine’s spine aggressive temper might occasionally prove fatal for an attacker. can result in a But the deadliest defenders are those that use deadly charge. poisons or venoms or rely on their bulk and physical strength to fight back. Poison frog The skin of this Hippopotamus tiny frog contains A giant mouth enough poison to with enormous kill 10 grown men. canines can deliver a devastating bite. Cobra African savanna A bite from a elephant cobra can inject fast-acting venom Breeding males and that paralyzes mothers with calves muscles. will aggressively charge any attacker. Porcupine A threatened Musk ox Bombardier beetle porcupine charges A circle of musk ox— This beetle fires backward and can each facing outward a hot, stinging impale even a large with sharp horns— discharge of predator with its makes for a dangerous chemicals from long, pointed spines. group defense. the rear of its body. Gazelle LEAST-DEADLY DEFENDER A gazelle uses Reference speed to run from Surgeonfish an attacker but will Razor-sharp spines on either jab with its horns side of this fish’s tail can slash if cornered. the flesh of an attacker. 199

EXTINCT KILLERS Fossils of prehistoric creatures show that deadly dbThiesememcnomiegvteaehhgtreteaehldlaaaotsrvdegoeorefnsatr. weapons are nothing new. Long-extinct animals used jaws, teeth, and horns to kill or in self-defense. By studying fossils, scientists can sometimes work out how these weapons were used when the animals were alive. Prehistoric weapons Smilodon skull Hard skeletons fossilize much better than the softer parts of an animal’s body. This means that the remains of teeth and jaws are in a good-enough condition to give clear indications of the feeding habits of prehistoric animals. Tyrannosaurus rex tooth Megalodon tooth The Tyrannosaurus The Smilodon’s tooth was ridged canine teeth had to give it extra cutting edges along strength, and both front and back some could reach and were 11 in 11.8 in (30 cm) (28 cm) long. in length. Tyrannosaurus rex Smilodon Megalodon This giant among meat-eating The massive canines of this This shark may have grown dinosaurs had the biggest saber-toothed cat may four times bigger than teeth of any carnivore that have been used to deliver today’s great white shark— has ever lived. deadly stabbing bites. and have hunted whales. 200

PREHISTORIC BITES T-rex bite force Although there were The first backboned animals to evolve jaws some bigger carnivorous were predatory fish—and they became the dinosaurs, scientists most formidable predators of their day. Since estimate the Tyrannosaurus then, animals have evolved stronger jaws to rex had the strongest bite cut through tough food, including flesh and of any land animal known. bone. Scientists studying the skull structure of living and extinct animals can work out Compared to animals how jaws and their muscles produced alive today, the bite impressive bite forces. force of a T-rex—up to TYRANNOSAURUS 60,000 N—is off the chart. REX SALTWATER CROCODILE BULL SHARK SPOTTED HYENA LION GRAY WOLF HUMAN 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 FORCE OF BITE MEASURED IN NEWTONS shGarrekattowohtihteLike many other Ti The curved canines ger skullmeat-eaters, a greatof a tiger are the white’s teeth have longest of any Referencesawlike edges forliving cat. slicing through flesh. Great white shark Tiger Today this species of shark is a Modern-day tigers, the largest top predator in oceans around of the big cats, are top the world. predators on land. 201

RECORD BREAKERS In the struggle to kill prey—or to stop DEADLIEST STINGS AND POISONS being preyed upon—animals have Some stings and poisons evolved plenty of record-breaking discomfort, but a few—if just inflict pain or qualities, from the deadliest of poisons can be fatal. left untreated— to the fastest speeds, that set them apart in the natural world. Venomous stings that are deadliest to humans: Jellyfish: Sea wasp Scorpion: Deathstalker Mollusk: Cone snail MUSCLES, JAWS, AND CLAWS Fish: Reef stonefish From the bite of a Siberian Poison that is deadliest to humans: taciangnaecrbotenoadtahd,eesasizdqeluyaecneodzmesbotrfienanangtitohn. Golden poison frog Largest living carnivore: Sperm whale Largest land carnivore: Polar bear Heaviest snake: Deathstalker Green anaconda Longest snake: RECORD-BREAKING TRAPS Reticulated python Cat with biggest canine teeth: Mbinlaotnowymbaounubimtbhlae-lsssiztceordefaogtrrecoeturspahspo,sawtlhosiolceaf tsfcipshihdpetroresybs.upWninhchawleesbs to trap their prey. Siberian tiger Bird with longest claws: Southern cassowary Green anaconda DEADLIEST VENOMOUS BITES The deadliest venoms harm the body by paralyzing muscles or causing internal bleeding, which can kill the victim. Blue-ringed octopus Humpback whale’s bubble net Most venomous snake: Inland taipan BBiiggggeesstt,tsrtarpo:nBguebsbtlsepnideterofwheubm: Dpabrawckinw’shbaalrek spider Most venomous spider: Sydney funnel-web spider (male) Most venomous mollusk: Blue-ringed octopus 202

DECEIVERS AND TRICKSTERS SKILLS, TACTICS, AND CUNNING Sometimes trickery is vbTahuretiemftayasntoeyfshotutphnreteerdrsaspt. oercsiaclasnkicllastcahrethuseefdasbtyesat wpirdeey, needed to catch prey. Many animals use disguises or lures to entice prey to come closer. Smartest spider: Cheetah Portia spider Best disguised shark: FFDSaahessaattrdeeplssiettesssattpnireinmilnseeatceclttrro:ivfcCiaashllielos:enhPt:oaeDchrkerag: gEriolnenecftlfryaiclceoenl Tasselled wobbegong Best disguised snake: Puff adder Smartest use of bait to catch fish: Heron Green heron DEADLY NUMBERS DISEASE AND DESTRUCTION abSnotritmehnafgolstrhtshionactniahuluminnbsteeinrcstpsi,mascpukrcsoh. vaess killing power— Sodotehmseterrosaycnianimugsahelasdbkeiivtlalatbsstyaastnipodrneeabvdeyinnthgwediiprisianeggagsoreue, stwshioilne— ants, and for bigger other species. Tropical American army ants Anopheles mosquito SLMDpaeoroasgttdteelasidegt sghstoyresectsinaisanlivggeirnorgauipsdwionafgrcmaar:nnAti:sviAoarnrmoguyisaannlattnhdormneatmmals: Deadliest transmitter of human disease: FMMMeooomssstattliidennavavnnaagsoseiipvvrheeoeuaslesnmslaypmkhaeoig:bsgBqiarrueoniswt:soCniavtnereeleatrosganedakmeammal: Hippopotamus 203

GLOSSARY Filter-feeder An animal that feeds by straining Abdomen Carnivore tiny particles of food from water. The belly of an animal or—in An animal that feeds on Many filter-feeders rely on the case of an insect—the part meat. Carnivores include plankton for food. of the body at its rear end that wolves, hawks, and sharks. contains most of its vital organs. Fin Carrion A flat extension to the body of Amphibians The flesh of dead animals. an underwater animal used to A group of cold-blooded, help with control and steering backboned animals with Cooperative while swimming. moist skin. Frogs and toads Working together to achieve are amphibians. the same aim. Fossil The preserved remains or Antennae Crustaceans impressions of dead organisms Pairs of “feelers” attached A group of invertebrates found in rock. to the head of an invertebrate with many jointed legs and animal, used for sensing its often a shell. Crabs and Gland surroundings. The singular shrimp are crustaceans. A small bag of fluid in the body. is antenna. Venomous animals usually Deep sea produce their venoms in glands. Arthropods Deep, dark parts of the A group of invertebrates ocean, usually deeper than Habitat with jointed legs. Arthropods 5,905 ft (1,800 m). The place where an include insects, crustaceans, organism normally lives. spiders, scorpions, centipedes, Disease and millipedes. When the body doesn’t work Herbivore properly. Diseases are not caused An animal that eats plants. Bait directly by injury, but many— Animals such as sheep, cattle, Food which is used by an animal such as malaria—are spread by and deer are herbivores. in a way to attract prey. the bites of some kinds of animals. Ice floe A large lump of floating ice, usually drifting on the ocean. Bill Exoskeleton Insect The hard part of a bird’s mouth The tough armorlike outer “skin” A six-legged animal with a body used for feeding, preening, of some kinds of invertebrates. divided into three main regions: and sometimes as a weapon Insects, spiders, and crabs have head, thorax, and abdomen. Most in self-defense. an exoskeleton. insects have wings and can fly, but some—such as worker Camouflage Extinct ants—do not. A way an animal blends When none of a particular into its surroundings so species is alive today. Introduced animal as not to be detected by Extinct kinds of animals An animal that has been put predators or prey. lived in the past. into a habitat that is not its 204

natural home. Humans Paralyze Reptiles have introduced rats, foxes, When there is harm caused to A group of cold-blooded, and other kinds of animals to muscles so they can no longer air-breathing, backboned animals different parts of the world. work to make the body move. with scaly skin. Crocodiles, snakes, and lizards are reptiles. Invasive animal Parasite An animal that rapidly An organism that gets food, Shellfish increases in numbers in or some other benefit, by living Any underwater invertebrate a particular place, often on another organism called its animal with a shell, such as causing harm. host, and causes the host harm. a crab or a clam. Invertebrate Plankton Shoal An animal without a backbone, Tiny living organisms that float A group of fish, or other such as a snail or an insect. in open water, as they cannot underwater animals of the swim against the currents. same kind, that swim together. Larva A young stage of an animal Poison Siphon that looks very different from A substance that harms A tube for sucking in its adult form. A caterpillar is an organism if swallowed or pumping out water. the larva stage of a butterfly. or touched. The plural is larvae. Stinger Predator Sharp, stabbing weapon of an Mammal An animal that kills another animal used for injecting venom. A group of warm-blooded, animal (its prey) to feed air-breathing, backboned on it. Tentacle animals, usually covered with The very long grasping “arm” hair. Cats, hippopotamuses, Prey of an invertebrate, such as a and humans are mammals. An animal that is killed jellyfish, octopus, or squid. by a predator. Mimic Toxic To copy. Animals pretend Pride The effects of a harmful chemical to be animals or other A group of lions. substance, such as a poison objects to hide from danger, or a venom. to attract prey, or to scare Range away predators. The geographical area where Venom an animal lives in the wild. A substance that harms Mollusks the body when it is injected A group of invertebrates Raptor through a bite or a sting. with a soft body, sometimes A bird of prey, such as an held in a protective shell. eagle, a falcon, or an owl. Vertebrate Snails, clams, octopuses, An animal with a backbone, and squid are mollusks. Reef such as a fish or a mammal. A colony of ocean animals called Organism corals that form rocky growths Any living thing, including under the water. plants and animals. 205

INDEX cassowary, Southern 26, 202 electric eel 150, 203 caterpillars elephant, African 190–191, 199 A extinct killers 200–201 giant silkworm moth 69 African wild dog 141 monarch butterfly 194 F alligator snapping turtle 112 moth butterfly 104 anaconda, green 22, 202 puss moth 68 fire salamander 82 anglerfish, humpback 106–107 rattlebox moth 67 firefly, femme fatale lightning bug antlion larva 94–95 silkworm moth 69 ants catfish, striped eel 77 102 centipede, yellow-legged giant fireworm, bearded 59 African driver 133 40–41 flea, Oriental rat 173 army 124–125, 134, 203 cheetah 162, 203 flower urchin 75 bullet 74, 197 chimpanzee 164–165 fly bullhorn acacia 196 clam, disco 62 electric 174 cleanerfish, false 110 robber 45 Maricopa harvester 73, 197 clouded leopard 32 tsetse 172 Southern fire 196 coati, South American 138 fossa 135 arapaima 19 cobra fox, red 185 army ants 124–125, 134, 203 king 52–53, 199 frog, golden poison 83, 194, 199 arrow worm 39 spitting 153, 199 cone snail, purple 60–61, 202 G B coral snake 198 crab, Chinese mitten 169 Gaboon viper 47 barn owl 155 crocodile, saltwater 21, 201 gazelle 199 bats crocodile fish 111 ghost bat 160 cuttlefish, flamboyant 63 gila monster 46 ghost 160 cyanide millipede 64 gnat larva, glowing fungus 94–95 vampire 166–167, 182–183 goatfish, yellow-saddle 129 bear, polar 119, 202 D gray wolf 140, 201 bees great white shark 17, 201 honeybee 131, 197, 198 darter, red-veined 148–149, 203 sweat 196 deadly to humans 8 H beetles deathstalker scorpion 65, 202 bombardier 199 defenders 9, 198–199 Harris’s hawk 136–137 Spanish fly 66 disco clam 62 heron black mamba 49 dolphin, bottlenose 163 blue shark 126–127 domestic cat 184 black 117 blue-ringed octopus 8, 38, 202 dragonfly, red-veined darter green-backed 118, 203 bombardier beetle 199 hippopotamus 8, 186–187, 199, boomslang 50 148–149, 203 203 bottlenose dolphin 163 driver ants, African 133 honeybee, Western 131, 197, 198 brown rat 181 horned lizard, Texas 151 buffalo, Cape 189, 199 E hornets 195 bull shark 18, 201 Asian giant 132, 203 burrfish, web 78–79 eagles bald-faced 196 butterfly, Queen Alexandra’s golden 156–157 Humboldt squid 146–147 birdwing 70–71 harpy 29 humpback anglerfish 106–107 humpback whale 86–87, 97, 202 C eels hyena, spotted 139, 143, 201, 203 electric 150, 203 camel spider 16 giant moray 128 JKL cane toad 179, 203 cantil 114 electric ant 174 jellyfish, sea wasp 56–57, 58, Cape buffalo 189, 199 195, 202 206 killer whale (orca) 123 king cobra 52–53, 199 kingsnake 198 Komodo dragon 24–25 lancehead 152 larvae 94–95 leaf fish, South American 109

leopard seal 34 rattlebox moth caterpillar 67 squid leopards rattlesnake, sidewinder 113, 195 giant 12 record breakers 202–203 Humboldt 146–147 clouded 32 “Red Devil” (Humboldt squid) snow 120–121 starfish, crown-of-thorns 175 lion 8, 142–143, 201 146–147 stingray, blue-spotted ribbontail lionfish, red 178 ribbon worm, brown-lined 89 loris, slow 55 robber fly 45 76 stings 195, 196–197 M S stoat 161 stonefish, reef 80, 202 mantis, orchid 98–99, 103 salamander, fire 82 surgeonfish 199 margay 122 scorpion, deathstalker 65, 202 sweat bee 196 Maricopa harvester ant 73, 197 sea slug, California sea hare megalodon 200 T millipede, cyanide 64 60–61 mitten crab, Chinese 169 sea urchin, flower 75 taipan, inland 51, 202 monarch butterfly caterpillar 194 sea wasp jellyfish 58, 195, 202 tarantula hawk wasp 72, 197 moose 188 seal, leopard 34 Tasmanian devil 30 mosquito 8, 170, 203 secretarybird 27 tasselled wobbegong 105, 203 moth butterfly caterpillar 104 sharks 8 tentacled snake 116 musk ox 199 tick, Australian paralysis 171 blue 126–127 tiger, Siberian 10–11, 31, 201, 202 NO bull 18, 201 toad, cane 179, 203 great white 17, 201 tree snake, brown 180, 203 newt, rough-skinned 81 tasselled wobbegong 105, tsetse fly 8, 172 octopus tunicate, predatory 88 203 turtle, alligator snapping 112 blue-ringed 8, 38, 202 shrew, northern short-tailed 54 Tyrannosaurus rex 200–201 giant Pacific 13 shrike, great grey 159 orca (killer whale) 123 shrimp, peacock mantis 14–15 V orchid mantis 98–99, 103 Siberian tiger 10–11, 31, 201, 202 osprey 28 sidewinder rattlesnake 113, 195 vampire bat 166–167, 182–183 owl, barn 155 silkworm moth caterpillar, giant velvet worm, New Zealand 96 viper P 69 skua, brown 154 Gaboon 47 peacock mantis shrimp 14–15 skunk 198 saw-scaled 48 perch slow loris 55 viperfish 20 smilodon 200 Nile 177 snails W pirate 108 peregrine falcon 158, 203 purple cone 60–61, 202 warning colors and patterns 198 perentie 23 rosy wolfsnail 168 wasps piranha, red-bellied 126–127 snakehead 176 pitohui, hooded 84 snow leopard 120–121 common 197 platypus 85 Southern fire ant 196 red paper 197 poison frog, golden 83, 194, 199 Spanish fly 66 tarantula hawk 72, 197 poisons and venoms 194–195 sperm whale 35, 202 web burrfish 78–79 polar bear 119, 202 spiders whales porcupine 199 bolas 146–147 humpback 86–87, 97, 202 predators 9 brown recluse 43 killer (orca) 123 puff adder 115, 203 camel 16 sperm 35, 202 puss moth caterpillar 68 Darwin’s bark 91, 202 wolf, gray 140, 201 python, reticulated 202 flower crab 100 wolfsnail, rosy 168 ogre-faced 92–93 wolverine 33 QR portia 101, 203 worms redback 44 arrow 39 Queen Alexandra’s birdwing social 130 bearded fireworm 59 butterfly 70–71 Sydney funnel-web 42, 202 brown-lined ribbon 89 trapdoor 90 New Zealand velvet 96 rat, brown 181 spitting cobra 153, 199 rat flea, Oriental 173 207

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dorling Kindersley would like to thank Thomas Marent / Minden Pictures. 56-57 148-149 Getty Images: Tim Perceval. 150 Alamy the following: Charvi Arora, Bharti Bedi, iStockphoto.com: Ginosphotos. 58 Getty Images: Stock Photo: Prisma by Dukas Presseagentur and Neha Samuel for editorial assistance; Auscape. 59 Getty Images: Marka. 60-61 Getty GmbH. Avalon: Paulo de Oliveira (cra). 151 Getty Spencer Holbrook, Roshni Kapur, and Anjali Images: Norbert Wu / Minden Pictures (b). naturepl. Images: Danita Delimont. 152 Markus Oulehla. 153 Sachar for design assistance; Vishal Bhatia, com: Visuals Unlimited (t). 62 SuperStock: Fred FLPA: Jelger Herder, Buiten-beeld. 154 naturepl. Jaypal Singh Chauhan, Satish Gaur, Nityanand Bavendam / Minden Pictures. 63 Todd Aki / https:// com: Sylvain Cordier. 155 naturepl.com: Guy Kumar, and Anurag Trivedi for technical www.flickr.com/photos/90966819@N00/albums: Edwardes. 156-157 Alamy Stock Photo: Nature assistance; Deepak Negi, Nishwan Rasool, and (cra). Getty Images: Brandi Mueller. 64 iStockphoto. Picture Library. 158 Mike Jackson. 159 Rudi Surya Sankash Sarangi for picture research com: Captainsecret. 65 Getty Images: Stephen Petitjean. 160 Getty Images: Auscape. 161 Getty assistance; Hazel Beynon for proofreading; Osman. 66 Ozgur Kerem Bulur / https://www. Images: Henny Brandsma / Buiten-beeld / Minden and Margaret McCormack for the index. flickr.com/photos/70091193@N06/. 67 Michael A. Pictures. 162 Getty Images: Stumayhew. 163 Getty Picture Credits Cruz. 68 Ardea: Scott Camazine / Science Source. Images: Jeff Rotman. 164-165 Getty Images: Suzi The publisher would like to thank the following 69 Getty Images: George Grall. 70-71 stevebloom. Eszterhas / Minden Pictures. 166-167 Getty for their kind permission to reproduce their com: Franðois Gilson. 71 Alamy Stock Photo: Images: Gunter Ziesler. 168 Alamy Stock Photo: photographs: Hemis (cr). 72 Getty Images: Mark Moffett / Minden Photo Resource Hawaii. 169 Alamy Stock Photo: (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; Pictures. 73 naturepl.com: Martin Dohrn. 74 Frank Hecker. 170 Alamy Stock Photo: Roger Eritja l-left; r-right; t-top) Science Photo Library: Francesco Tomasinelli. (cl); Geoff du Feu. 171 Jan Anderson https://www. 75 Getty Images: Jonathan Bird. 76 123RF.com: flickr.com/photos/40132175@N06/: (cr). Science 2 Getty Images: Roger de la Harpe (l). 3 Alamy Aquafun. 77 Getty Images: Franco Banfi (tr); Chris Photo Library: B. G. Thomson. 172 Science Photo Stock Photo: Nature Picture Library (c). 4 Newbert / Minden Pictures. 78-79 Getty Images: Library: Martin Dohrn. 173 Science Photo Library: Dreamstime.com: Sergey Uryadnikov (tl). Getty Eco / UIG. 80 Alamy Stock Photo: Hemis. 81 FLPA: John Burbidge. 174 Science Photo Library: Alex Images: Ian Waldie / Staf (tr). naturepl.com: Visuals Gerry Ellis. 82 naturepl.com: Sylvain Cordier. 83 Wild / Visuals Unlimited, Inc.. 175 Getty Images: Unlimited (br). 5 iStockphoto.com: Ginosphotos (tl). Getty Images: Thomas Marent / Minden Pictures. Sirachai Arunrugstichai. 176 Getty Images: Nick Robert Harding Picture Library: Christian Valle (tr). 84 FLPA: Daniel Heuclin. 85 Getty Images: Minden Garbutt / Nature Picture Library; Joel Sartore, 6 Alamy Stock Photo: Ernie Janes (bl). FLPA: Pictures (clb). naturepl.com: Dave Watts. 86-87 National Geographic Photo Ark (cra). 177 Science Thomas Marent (tl); Mark Moffett (tr). naturepl.com: Robert Harding Picture Library: Christian Valle. Photo Library: Mark Smith. 178 SeaPics.com: David Will Burrard-Lucas (br). 7 FLPA: Anup Shah / Minden 88 Getty Images: Norbert Wu / Minden Pictures. B. Fleetham. 179 iStockphoto.com: Reptiles4all. Pictures (tl). Getty Images: Ingo Arndt / Minden 89 Ilan lubitz underwater photographer. Diving 180 Getty Images: Ch’ien Lee / Minden Pictures. Pictures (bl); Gunter Ziesler (tr). 8 Alamy Stock since 1956. Lives in the Philippines. 90 Alamy 181 Getty Images: Derek Middleton / FLPA / Minden Photo: imageBROKER (ca). Dreamstime.com: Stock Photo: Blickwinkel. 91 Alamy Stock Photo: Pictures. 182-183 Getty Images: Samuel Betkowski. Photomyeye (cra). Getty Images: Mark Moffett / Andrew Mackay. 92-93 Alamy Stock Photo: 183 Getty Images: Johner Images (tr). 184 Getty Minden Pictures (cla). 9 Alamy Stock Photo: Genevieve Vallee. 93 Science Photo Library: B.G. Images: Ambre Haller. 185 Getty Images: Sergey Blickwinkel (clb); Geoff du Feu (bc). Getty Images: Thomson (tr). 94-95 Ardea: James H. Robinson / Gorshkov / Minden Pictures. 186-187 Getty Images: Ch’ien Lee / Minden Pictures (crb); Frank Pali (cla); Science Sour (t). SuperStock: Michael & Patricia Nick Garbutt. 188 Alaskaphotographics.com: Mametrahardi (cl); Stephen Osman (cr); Stumayhew Fogden / Minden Pictures (b). 95 Alamy Stock Patrick J Endres. 189 FLPA: Sean Crane. 190-191 (bl). naturepl.com: Jurgen Freund (ca); Rod Williams Photo: Marcel Strelow (bc). 96 Getty Images: Piotr Getty Images: Barcroft Media. 192-193 Getty (cb). 10-11 Dreamstime.com: Sergey Uryadnikov. Naskrecki / Minden Pictures (br). naturepl.com: Images: Theo Allofs / Minden Pictures. 194 Getty 13 naturepl.com: David Fleetham. 14-15 FLPA: Brent Stephenson. 97 Alamy Stock Photo: Design Images: Ingo Arndt / Minden Pictures (bl); Thomas ImageBroker. 14 Getty Images: Tim Laman (bl). 16 Pics Inc. SeaPics.com: Masakazu Ushioda (cr). 98-99 Marent / Minden Pictures (cr). 195 Getty Images: Getty Images: Piotr Naskrecki / Minden Pictures. FLPA: Thomas Marent. 100 Alamy Stock Photo: John Cancalosi (cla); Joe McDonald (ca); Bianca 17 Dreamstime.com: Leopoldo Palomba (clb); Arco Images GmbH; Arto Hakola (bl). 101 Getty Lavies (cra). 196 Alamy Stock Photo: Grant Heilman Photomyeye. 18 Getty Images: Jim Abernethy (cra); Images: Mark Moffett / Minden Pictures. 102 Alamy Photography (bc). Getty Images: Carol Alexander Safonov. 19 iStockphoto.com: Kurga. 20 Stock Photo: B. Mete Uz. 103 FLPA: Thomas Marent Farneti-Foster (br); Joel Sartore (ca); Buddy Mays Alamy Stock Photo: Nature Picture Library. 21 / Minden Pictures. 104 Dorling Kindersley: Frank (cra). 197 Alamy Stock Photo: Nature Picture Getty Images: Mike Parry / Minden Pictures. 22 © Greenaway / Natural History Museum, London (cr). Library (cla); Survivalphotos (br). Getty Images: Alejandro Arteaga. Tropical Herping.. 23 FLPA: Getty Images: Darlyne A. Murawski. 105 Getty Don Johnston (bc); Robert Oelman (cra); Susan Yva Momatiuk & John Eastcott / Minden Pictures (tr). Images: Ullstein bild. 106-107 Science Photo Walker (bl). naturepl.com: Martin Dohrn (ca). 198 iStockphoto.com: CraigRJD. 24-25 Getty Images: Library: Dante Fenolio. 108 Alamy Stock Photo: 123RF.com: Matthew Ragen (c). Dreamstime.com: Michael Dunning. 24 Alamy Stock Photo: Mike Blickwinkel. 109 Getty Images: Oliver Lucanus / NiS Geoffrey Kuchera (cl); Jason Ondreicka (bl). Getty Lane (clb). 26 Dreamstime.com: Nikolay / Minden Pictures. 110 Getty Images: Ullstein Bild. Images: Michael & Patricia Fogden / Minden Pictures Grachev. naturepl.com: Jurgen Freund (cra). 27 naturepl.com: Georgette Douwma (cra). 111 Getty (clb). 199 Dorling Kindersley: Linda Pitkin (crb/ Depositphotos Inc: [email protected]. Images: Mark Webster (cra). iStockphoto.com: surgeonfish). Dreamstime.com: Martin Maritz (clb); 28 Getty Images: Andy Rouse. 29 Getty Images: Cinoby. 112 Alamy Stock Photo: Ryan M. Bolton. Seanjeeves (crb). Getty Images: Art Wolfe (cr); David Tipling. 30 Getty Images: Danita Delimont. 113 Ardea: Kenneth W Fink. 114 naturepl.com: Rod Nick Garbutt (cla); Thomas Marent / Visuals 31 Getty Images: Frank Pali. 32 Getty Images: Williams. 115 SuperStock: NaturePL. 116 Alamy Unlimted, Inc. (cra); Paul Nicklen (cl); Paul Souders Tom Brakefield (crb). Francisco Herrera / www. Stock Photo: Eng Wah Teo. 117 123RF.com: Dave (bl). iStockphoto.com: CarGe (tr); Takeo1775 (ca). flickr.com/photos/39273888@N00/. 33 Getty Montreuil (bl). Alamy Stock Photo: Ernie Janes. 200 Dorling Kindersley: Colin Keates / Natural Images: Manfred Delpho (crb). Paul Sangeorzan. 118 FLPA: Alan Murphy, BIA (clb); Donald M. Jones / History Museum, London (c); Harry Taylor / Natural 34 Bruce Fryxell: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ Minden Pictures. 119 naturepl.com: T.J. RICH. History Museum, London (cl, crb). Dreamstime.com: bfryxell/albums (tr). Getty Images: Sylvain Cordier. 120-121 naturepl.com: Andy Rouse. 122 naturepl. Sofia Santos / Chastity (bl). 201 Dorling Kindersley: 35 Getty Images: Franco Banfi. 36-37 Getty com: Shattil & Rozinski. 123 Getty Images: Theo Harry Taylor / Natural History Museum, London (clb); Images: Ian Waldie / Staf. 38 Alamy Stock Photo: Allofs (clb); Martin Ruegner. 124-125 FLPA: Mark Jerry Young (cla). Dreamstime.com: Andrea Crisante imageBROKER. 39 Science Photo Library: Steve Moffett. 126-127 Getty Images: Adek Berry / (tr); Iakov Filimonov (cra); Leopoldo Palomba (bl). Gschmeissner. 40-41 Getty Images: Joel Sartore, Stringer (b). OceanwideImages.com: C & M Fallows Getty Images: Jim Abernethy (ca). 202 Alamy Stock National Geographic Photo Ark. 42 Alamy Stock (t). 127 Getty Images: Reinhard Dirscherl (br). 128 Photo: imageBROKER (bc). © Alejandro Arteaga. Photo: Ken Griffiths. 43 Science Photo Library: Getty Images: Borut Furlan. 129 iStockphoto.com: Tropical Herping.: (cl). Getty Images: Stephen Robert Noonan. 44 Getty Images: Ian Waldie / Staff. Mark_Doh. 130 Virginia Settepani / http://www. Osman (cra). Robert Harding Picture Library: 45 Getty Images: Mametrahardi. 46 Getty Images: spiderlab.dk. 131 iStockphoto.com: TacioPhilip. Christian Valle (br). 203 Alamy Stock Photo: Roger Matthijs Kuijpers; Oliver Lucanus / NiS / Minden 132 Getty Images: Alastair Macewen. 133 Getty Eritja (br). FLPA: Donald M. Jones / Minden Pictures Pictures (cra). 47 Alamy Stock Photo: Matthijs Images: Ch’ien Lee / Minden Pictures. 134 naturepl. (tl). Getty Images: Andy Rouse (tr). naturepl.com: Kuijpers (cl). naturepl.com: Visuals Unlimited. com: Konrad Wothe. 135 Getty Images: Tambako Konrad Wothe (bl) 48 Bhavya Joshi - www.bhavyajoshi.com / the Jaguar. 136-137 Getty Images: Mallardg500. All other images © Dorling Kindersley https://500px.com/bhavya: . 49 Dan Rosenberg: 138 Alamy Stock Photo: Octavio Campos Salles (cr). For further information see: www.dkimages.com (cra). Günter Leitenbauer www.leitenbauer.net. 50 Getty Images: Tambako the Jaguar. 139 naturepl. Getty Images: Roger de la Harpe. 51 Alamy Stock com: Will Burrard-Lucas. 140 Dreamstime.com: Photo: Ken Griffiths. 52-53 iStockphoto.com: Glenn Nagel (br). Getty Images: PHOTO 24. 141 13672071. 53 iStockphoto.com: Denis_Prof (tc). Dreamstime.com: John Platt (br). naturepl.com: 54 FLPA: Chris & Tilde Stuart. 55 Getty Images: Tony Heald. 142-143 Getty Images: Gallo Images. 144-145 FLPA: Anup Shah / Minden Pictures. 146-147 Paul Bertner - www.rainforests. smugmug.com: (b). SeaPics.com: Andy Murch (t).