Pirate (DK Eyewitness Books)

ROBINSON CRUSOE This most famous of all fictional castaways was the creation of English author Daniel Defoe (1660–1731). He based the story on the life of Alexander Selkirk, but gave Crusoe a “savage” companion, Friday. Crusoe€spent more than a quarter of a century on his island and lived more comfortably than any real castaway: “In this plentiful manner, I lived; neither could I be said to want anything but society.” A LONELY FATE In this imaginative painting by American illustrator Howard Pyle (1853–1911), a lonely pirate awaits death on the beach of a desert island. In fact, marooned pirates didn’t have time to brood on their fate. Most who survived stressed how busy they were finding food. SHIPWRECKED Gunpowder Pirates often took over a captured vessel, but Musket balls if the ship was unseaworthy, they could Powder horn easily find themselves shipwrecked on a IN SHORT SUPPLY deserted shore. The same fate befell pirate The gunpowder stored in this crews who became drunk, which was fairly powder horn would soon run out, and after that castaways had to be common, and neglected navigation. ingenious. One group of pirates marooned KINDNESS DOESN’T PAY in the Bahamas lived by “feeding upon berries English pirate Edward England (died 1720) fell out and shellfish [and] sometimes catching a with his crew while sailing off the coast of Africa. stingray... by the help of a sharpened stick.” Accused of being too kind to a prisoner, England and two others were marooned by their merciless comrades on the island of Mauritius. According to one account, the three escaped by building a boat and sailing to Madagascar, where England died soon after. 49

RÉNÉ DUGUAY-TROUIN The French corsairs The most well known of the French corsairs, The french knew st. malo as La Cité Corsaire, but to Duguay-Trouin (1673– 1736) was in command the€English, it was a “nest of wasps.” By any name, the of a 40-gun ship by the French€port of St. Malo in the 17th century was a town age of 21. In a career grown rich on the profits of privateering. For many local that spanned 23 years, he captured 16 people, privateering, or la course, was a family trade, battleships and 300 one in which son followed father to sea. The merchant vessels. French corsairs emerged in the 9th century when the merchant ships of Brittany armed themselves against the marauding Vikings. When the Viking threat ended during the 11th century, there was no shortage of targets, for France was€frequently at war. England was most often the victim of the wasps’ stings, and in 1693, the English built a disguised bomb ship to destroy the nest. However, their floating bomb exploded noisily in St.€Malo harbor with just one French casualty – a cat. The English fleet sailed away humiliated, and the corsairs continued well into the next century. PISTOLS OF A PRIVATEER Scratches indicate Robert Surcouf was famous not only the pistol was for his brilliance as a corsair but, well used also for his personal bravery. His handsome pistols were not just decoration – Surcouf once took on a dozen Prussian soldiers in a fight and won. Pistol butt cap in the shape of an€eagle Marble statue of Réné Surcouf’s own pair Surcouf’s name (just Duguay-Trouin, one of St. of flintlock pistols visible) is engraved on Malo’s most famous sons the trigger guard 50

HEROES OF THE HIGH SEAS DUNKIRK JEAN BART Renowned for their daring The hometown Jean Bart deeds, the French corsairs of Jean Bart, Dunkirk (in northern (1651–1702) were national heroes. They France) was hot property while he was a preyed upon were famous because they boy:€it was by turns Spanish, French, and ships in the were patriots fighting for English territory. Finally in French hands, the English France, but also port became a corsair base to rival St. Malo. Channel because privateering and the was profitable. North Sea. Many Brittany Famed for his families grew rich daring, on the proceeds, after€being and even the captured by the Bishop of St Malo English, he invested in la escaped€to France course. Ships and by€rowing 150 miles streets were in a small boat. named after the corsairs: this ROBERT SURCOUF romantic ship’s Born a century after figurehead portrays Duguay-Trouin, Robert Duguay-Trouin. Surcouf (1773–1827), left, practiced the corsair 17th-century trade far from his St. Malo ship’s figurehead home. His base was the French-owned island of Ramrod Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. From there he raided British merchant ships heading for Indian ports. Brass Capturing the kent barrel Surcouf’s most heroic feat was Missiles to€capture the British East Incendiary Indiaman Kent. This painting bombs shows Surcouf’s men boarding the huge 38-gun merchant ship from their much smaller ship, the€Confiance. One of the captured crew sneered that the French fought only for profit, whereas the English fought for honor, to which Surcouf replied, “That only proves that each of us fights to acquire something he does not possess.” Barrels of explosives AN INFERNAL DISASTER Barrels of THE CORSAIR CAPITAL This infernal machine, right, was sent against gunpowder The corsair promoters, or armateurs, of the island St. Malo the Malouins by the English as a lethal weapon. flourished. By the 18th century, when this view was drawn, Packed full of explosives, this 85-ft- (26-m-) long they had become so wealthy that even the French king bomb ship sat high in the water so that it could borrowed money from them to pay for his wars. sail close to St. Malo’s city wall. But on the night of the attack, the ship hit a rock, seawater moistened the gunpowder, and the bomb went off like a damp firecracker. 51

American privateers The american revolution (1775–83) showed off privateer power as few wars had done before. The tiny Continental (American) navy fought the British with just 34 ships. But more than 400 privateer ships attacked British merchant shipping, crippling trade. One 18th-century English writer complained, “All commerce with America is at an end...survey our docks; count there the gallant ships laid up and useless.” As in previous wars, those who lost ships to privateers dismissed them as “pirates.” The English victims used the word loosely, including even Continental navy officers, such as John Paul Jones. After independence, the U.S. needed to boost its naval strength with privateers just once more, when war with Britain broke out in 1812. But the speedy ships were never again as effective as in the days when they helped secure their nation’s freedom. Dashing naval hero Dashing raids on the coastal lands of Britain perhaps earned John Paul Jones the label of “pirate,” but his actions at sea were what made him well known at home. In his most famous battle, he maneuvered his vessel alongside a British warship and lashed the two together. British guns almost sank his ship, but Jones dismissed calls to surrender with the words: “I have not yet begun to fight!” Three hours later, the British gave in. Humble African prizes cargoes An Englishman writing from Ships captured Grenada in 1777 complained by privateers did bitterly that the American not always contain privateers had captured “some costly luxuries. thousand weight of gold dust.” Ordinary foods such as salt and rice Unarmed combat fed Revolutionary The largest colonial American port, Philadelphia equipped American troops – and Rice their loss starved the British foe. many plucky privateers. One of them, the brig Despatch, sailed unarmed from this port in 1776, hoping to capture Elephant teeth Salt guns from a British ship in the Atlantic! Amazingly, the American-bound exports lost to crew succeeded within a few days and sailed on to France. privateers in the Revolutionary War included a cargo of ivory. Insurance costs rose sixfold for ships sailing without protection. 52

Patriot’s bust Bluffing privateer Neither pirate nor privateer, John Paul Jonathan Haraden (1745–1803) Jones (1747–92) was in some ways a bit of both. Apprenticed on a once sailed alongside an merchant ship then mate on a English€ship, hoisted the slaver, he fled the Caribbean to bloody€flag, and demanded escape a murder charge. His surrender in five minutes. Then career in the Continental navy he stood watch with a lighted began in 1775, and Jones’s wick by a cannon and waited. daring deeds over the next The ship surrendered, but six years made him a Haraden was bluffing – the national hero. Political cannon was loaded with his rivalry later in life left him bitter and broken, and he only remaining shot. died in 1792. Topsail schooner American privateers who used specially built ships favored topsail schooners like the vessel shown here outside New Orleans harbor. These very fast, fairly small ships had two masts, the foremast shorter than the mainmast. Rigging a square sail at the top of the foremast boosted speed with a tail wind. Jean lafitte Privateer city Haitian-born pirate, privateer, With a natural harbor in Chesapeake Bay, slaver, and smuggler, Jean Lafitte Baltimore was a traditional shipbuilding (c.€1780–c. 1826) and his center. Some of the first privateering brother Pierre ran an vessels of the Revolutionary War – at first underworld gang that converted merchant ships, but later provided about one-tenth expressly built schooners – sailed from of the jobs in New Orleans this Maryland city. around 1807. Outlawed for smuggling slaves, Gulf attack The Lafittes’ pirate attacks were Lafitte earned a pardon by mainly on Spanish vessels in the Gulf of Mexico. They defending the city against claimed that these raids were attack in the legitimate privateering and held letters of marque to prove War of 1812. it. But they also took American prizes and secretly traded 53 slaves through their stronghold at Barataria Bay near New Orleans.

FORMIDABLE JUNK Pirates of the China Sea BARBER PIRATE The largest Chinese Hong Kong barber Chui pirate junks were The seas and channels of china and Southeast Apoo (died 1851) joined converted cargo vessels the€fleet of pirate chief armed with 10-15 guns. Asia were a pirate’s paradise. Small boats could hide Shap’n’gtzai (active in the They were formidable easily in the mangrove swamps along the coasts. 1840s) in 1845 and was soon fighting ships, and the Pirates were exploiting this characteristic by a.d. appointed his lieutenant. Chinese navy was 400, combining sea robbery with local warfare. unable to crush them, China and Japan often had to act together to as Admiral Tsuen suppress them. When Europeans set up empires Mow Sun complained in€the 16th and 17th centuries, the situation in 1809: “The pirates worsened. The early-17th-century pirate Ching- are too powerful, we Chi-ling led a fleet of 1,000 heavily armed vessels, cannot master them together with many slaves and bodyguards. by our arms....” The€Europeans acted against these Three masts powerful pirates and by the 1860s with four-sided had stamped them out. sails of bamboo matting THE END OF THE ROAD Captain and British navy gunboats destroyed Chui his family Apoo’s fleet in 1849 as part of a campaign had quarters at the stern against pirate chief Shap’n’gtzai. of the ship. Crew lived Strait of Malacca Mouth of Canton River in the was a hunting was pirate center from cramped ground for pirates the 1760s hold China South China Sea Borneo Sumatra Java THE SEAS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA Though large fleets sometimes dominated€piracy in eastern Asia, smaller groups of ships cruised over limited areas. PAY UP OR ELSE 19th-century Chinese pirates used to extort money from coastal villages. They threatened to destroy the town and enslave the occupants if the ransom was not paid. In this ransom note, pirates demand money in return for not attacking shipping. 54

PIRATE PENNANT The fleets of the China Sea pirates were divided into squadrons, each with their own flags – Ching Yih’s fleet had red, yellow, green, blue, black, and white flag groups – and flag carriers led the attack when the pirates boarded a ship. This elaborate flag depicts the mythical empress of heaven T’ien Hou, calmer of storms and protector of merchant ships. Though the pirates worshiped T’ien Hou, she was also sacred to those who opposed piracy Bats were a good- luck symbol – their name in Chinese, fu, is a pun on “good fortune” LAST STAND The British navy destroyed the most notorious Chinese pirate fleet in 1849. Anchored at the mouth of the Haiphong River in northern Vietnam, Shap’n’gtzai thought he was safe. But when the tide turned, it swung the pirate junks around so that their guns pointed at each other. The British ships were able to pick them off one by one. Naval surgeon Edward Cree captured the destruction of Shap’n’gtzai’s fleet in a vivid watercolor painting in his journal TWO-HANDED HACKER For hand-to-hand fighting, the traditional weapon of Chinese pirates was a long, heavy sword. Swung with both hands, the blade could even cut through metal armor. Japanese pirates preferred smaller swords: they fought with one in each hand and could defeat even the most skilled Chinese warrior. 55

Punishment “Dancing the hempen jig” was Wooden gallows the punishment for pirates caught were usually and convicted of their crimes. The specially built Head “hempen jig” was the dance of death for each of€a€pirate at the end of the hangman’s hemp execution displayed on a pike Hempen rope. Pirates joked about execution, rope but this bravado often vanished when they were faced with the gallows. However, for most THE HANGMAN’S NOOSE pirates, the everyday dangers of life at sea were more Hanging was a traditional of a hazard than the hangman. Relatively few were punishment for pirates. brought to justice, and even those found guilty were When€executed in England often pardoned. For privateers, capture meant only or€one of its colonies, pirates imprisonment, with the possibility of freedom were hanged at the low-tide through an exchange of prisoners. But many privateers mark to show that their feared prison; jails were disease-ridden places from crimes came under the which many never returned. jurisdiction of the Admiralty. Pirates’ last words were often recorded and published for the delight of the public. PRISON HULKS THE PRISONER PAYS Britain introduced these floating prisons in 1776. Moored in A solitary cell like this the estuary of the river Thames, hulks were first made from one€would have been naval ships that were no longer seaworthy. Later hulks considered luxury were specially built as floating jails. Conditions accommodations by a inside a prison hulk were damp and unhealthy, captive pirate. Prison cells and being consigned to one was the severest in the 17th and 18th punishment apart from the death sentence. centuries were crowded to the bursting point, and Extension to ship Laundry only those who could may have been the hung out afford to bribe the jailer prison ship’s to dry could hope to live in decent galley conditions. Prisoners paid for candles, food, and even Prisoners lived Ventilation for the right to get close to in the damp, through tiny the feeble fire that warmed stinking windows the dank dungeon. hold was poor THE PONTON Captured French corsairs dreaded English prison hulks, which they called pontons. One wrote in 1797, “For the last eight days we have been reduced to eating dogs, cats and rats...the only rations we€get consist of mouldy bread... rotten meat, and brackish water.” Soldier guards the prison hulk 56

THE END OF THE LINE Skull of an HANGING IN CHAINS Like many a pirate’s hanging, 18th-century The bodies of executed that of Stede Bonnet in 1718 murderer pirates were often hung was a public event. The people from a wooden frame of Charleston, South Carolina, called a gibbet to warn crowded the docks to get a others not to repeat their view. The once dashing crimes. The corpse was Major Bonnet had chained into an iron cage begged the to prevent relatives from Governor for a reprieve, but his taking it down and pleas were in vain. burying it. A condemned man was measured for Handcuffs his gibbet chains before NO ESCAPE his execution, and pirates Pirates were often put in chains to prevent attempts were said to fear this at escape. Before being even more than hanging. shipped to England, the unfortunate William Kidd Tight-fitting cage spent the winter of 1699 ensured that the secured in a Boston jail by bones stayed in manacles weighing more place once the flesh than 16 lb (7 kg). had rotted Early 19th-century Broad iron band ankle fetters enclosed the arms and chest Gibbet cage was made to measure by a blacksmith ABANDON HOPE, ALL YE WHO ENTER 18th-century A GRIM REMINDER William Kidd and other pirates walked through gibbet cage The hanging of William Kidd this grim gate into London’s infamous Newgate (p.€46)€in 1701 drew a large crowd Prison. Kidd was held in this foul, overcrowded 57 to London’s Execution Dock. After jail for an entire year. By the time of his trial, he the first rope snapped, Kidd was was in no fit state to defend himself. hanged in the second attempt. His corpse was chained to a post to be washed three times by the tide, according to Admiralty law. Kidd’s body was then covered in tar to make it last and hung in chains at Tilbury Point, where it served as a warning to all seamen sailing in or out of the Thames River.

The pirates defeated JUSTICE – OR REVENGE? The British Royal Navy After flourishing for 5,000 years, took€strong action against organized piracy and privateering Malaysian and Indonesian finally ended in the 19th century. At the turn of the century, privateers were still a pirates suspected of dangerous nuisance – yet the navies of damaging trade. This colorful big maritime powers no longer needed the help of privately owned warships. figurehead once decorated So€in 1856, most nations signed a the bow of HMS Harlequin, a treaty, the Declaration of Paris, naval sloop that sailed from banning letters of marque. Technology also helped to end Penang, Malaysia, in 1844 piracy. The 19th century was aiming to punish pirates the age of steam power, and from north Sumatra. The the navies of Britain and the U.S. built steamships that Harlequin and another sloop could sail anywhere, and steamer could not even on a windless day. Pirates in their sailing identify the pirates they ships relied on the were seeking, so the little wind and were fleet indiscriminately burned easily trapped by the steamers. By down riverside houses. 1850, only a HEAD OF A PIRATE few small Blackbeard’s head was suspended from bands of the end of the bowsprit of the Pearl. pirates were left. LAST-DITCH BATTLE As in life, Blackbeard was a legend in death: “He fought with great fury until he received five-and-twenty wounds, and five of them by shot.” Lieutenant Maynard, of the Royal Navy sloop Pearl, which captured the pirate, had Blackbeard’s head cut off and hung from the end of the bowsprit (the spar at the front of the ship). 58

STEAMING AGAINST THE PIRATES Police dog The first steamships had masts and sails, but they could When HMS Greyhound sighted also be propelled by paddle wheels. Pirates ignored the two ships to the east of Long smoking vessels when they first saw them, assuming Island, the crew could not have they were sailing ships on fire. Their nonchalance ended when the steamers sailed directly against the known just what dangerous wind (impossible in a sailing ship) to capture them. pirates they were tangling with. After an eight-hour battle, the Greyhound brought Edward Low (p. 30) and his crew to justice. In the summer of 1723, 26 of the pirates were€hanged. THE SWALLOW BOMBING BARBARY The Royal Navy’s Corsairs sailing from the ultimate “pirate buster” Barbary states (pp. 14–15) was a man-of-war, a renewed their attacks huge sailing fortress during the Napoleonic that could outgun Wars (1796–1815). When the most powerful peace returned, the U. S. pirate ship. The man- and the European powers of-war Swallow acted to crush the Barbary brought an end to the pirates for good. In 1816, career of notorious British and Dutch ships pirate Bartholomew bombarded the Algerian Roberts (p. 31) off the port of Algiers, forcing the West African coast in Bey (p. 14) to release 1722. Roberts prisoners and apologize foolishly sailed for the pirates’ actions. into a battle France occupied Algiers against the 14 years later. warship and was shot in CELEBRATING VICTORY the neck. Inscribed “Algiers bombarded€and its fleet destroyed and Christian slavery extinguished,” this gold medal celebrates the successful British and Dutch bombardment of€Algiers. View of the Swallow’s bows Due to naval With 50 cannon and a cutbacks, figurehead highly trained crew, has less elaborate the Swallow easily carving than on outgunned Roberts’s earlier ships Royal Fortune and its€ragged pirate band Imprisoned Roberts Side view of pirates€from was killed by the Swallow Roberts’s ship were grapeshot from held in manacles in one of these guns t he€hold 59

Pirates in literature Almost as soon as the world’s navies had made the oceans safe, people began to forget the pirates’ murderous ways. Many writers turned pirates from thieves into rascals or heroes. But books do not always paint a romantic picture of piracy. Some, such as Buccaneers of America, tell true pirate stories in blood-curdling detail. And in the most famous of all fictional tales, Treasure Island, the pirates are villains to be feared. Yet even this classic adventure BAD BIRD yarn revolves around the search for a “Pieces of eight!” buried hoard of gold. Like walking the Long John Silver’s parrot called out for the BYRONIC HERO plank, buried treasure is exciting and fictional pirate’s English poet Lord Byron (1788–1824) did colorful - but fiction nonetheless. favorite booty. much to create the myth of the romantic pirate. He wrote his famous poem The Corsair at a time when the pirate menace was only a few years in the past. Byron excuses the crimes of his hero with the rhyme “He knew himself a villain but he deem’d The rest no better than the thing he seem’d.” PIRATE WITH PARROT TRUE STORIES OF PIRATE VILLAINY When Scottish writer Robert Louis Alexander Exquemeling (1645–1707) provided one of the few eyewitness accounts of 17th-century Stevenson (1850–94) created Long John Silver, he invented a pirate who piracy. A Frenchman, he sailed with buccaneers in the Caribbean. His vivid descriptions of their cruelty, first published in Dutch in 1678, are still capable of making the reader feel physically sick. has influenced writers ever since. Silver quickly gains the treasureÂ

WALKING TO A WATERY GRAVE Pan and hook IN A TIGHT CORNER Boston stationer Charles Ellms published Peter Pan’s adversary, “One more step, Mr. Hands ... The Pirates’ Own Book in 1837. A mixture of Captain Hook, was in and€I’ll blow your brains out.” fiction “Blackbeard’s Mutinous buccaneer Israel Hands myth and “true” pirate stories, it quickly bosun,” and author ignored Jim Hawkins’s warning, became a bestseller. Ellms described the J. M. Barrie only to be sent plunging to his pirate punishment of “walking the plank,” (1860–1937) death by a blast from the boy’s but there is only one documented case of took some of flintlock. Robert Louis Stevenson this occurring, when pirates forced Dutch Hook’s borrowed the name for this sailors from the captured Vhan Fredericka to character fictional villain from Blackbeard’s from the real walk to their deaths in 1829. pirate Edward Teach real-life first mate. PIRATES ON THE PAGE (pp. 30–31). “His hair MYSTERY HISTORY Thousands of children saw was dressed in long A General History of the Robberies the play Peter Pan. But the curls which at a little and Murders of the Most Notorious book, first published as Peter distance looked like Pyrates was published in 1724. It and Wendy, charmed millions black candles.” describes the exploits of pirates more. Set on a magic island such as Blackbeard, Bartholomew and a pirate ship, the story Roberts, Mary Read, and Anne tells of the defeat of pirates Bonny within a few years of their by a boy who never grew up. capture or execution. The book inspired many later works of fiction, but the true identity of its author, Captain Charles Johnson, is a mystery. Peter and Hook fought for their lives on a slippery rock, but only Peter fought fairly 61

Pirates in film and theater THESPIAN PIRATE Swaggering on the screen or swooping across the stage, a pirate This 19th-century souvenir shows provided dramatists with a ready-made yet adaptable character. He an actor named Pitt playing the could play a black-hearted villain, a carefree adventurer, a romantic pirate Will Watch, with the standard hero, or a blameless outlaw. Theatrical pirates first trod the boards in 1612, but it pirate props. was The Successful Pirate a century later that really established the theme. Moviemakers were also quick to exploit the swashbuckling glamour of the pirate life. Screen portrayals of piracy began in the era of the silent films and they remain a box- office draw to this day. Puppet’s head is made of wood STAGE SUIT Neatly pressed stage costumes contrast vividly with the rags that real pirates wore. Most real pirates changed their clothes only when they raided a ship and stole a new set. NEVERLAND COMES Curved TO TINSELTOWN cutlass In Steven Spielberg’s remake of the Peter Pan PUPPET PARODY story Hook, Dustin The action and speed of Hoffman played the title role. buccaneering stories makes them a natural choice for puppet theaters. In a crude satire of pirate style, these two 19th-century glove puppets depict English and Spanish pirates. The simply dressed English pirate carries the short, curved cutlass; his dapper Spanish counterpart holds a rapier. English pirate puppet 62

CORSAIR CRAZY HIRSUTE HEADGEAR In the early 1950s pirate When an explosion blew him from his movies were very popular— nine films appeared between ship, one of Bartholomew Roberts’ 1950 and 1953. The Crimson (p. 31) crew ignored his injuries and Pirate, starring Burt Lancaster complained that he had “lost a good (1952) was one of the best. hat by it.” It was probably not as grand as this costume hat. SWASHBUCKLER’S SCARF Early pirate movies may have favored red and yellow props such as this sash because they showed up better than other colors on the primitive Technicolor film system. Burning ships were popular for the same reason. Spanish SHOW DOWN pirate Hollywood told the true story of puppet pirate Anne Bonny (p. 33) in Anne of the Indies (1951), but the temptation to dress up history was, as usual, too much to resist. The movie pitted Anne, played by American actress Jean Peters (born 1926) against her “former boss” Blackbeard—even though the two never actually met or sailed together. STICK UP Captain Blood was based on a book by Italian-born British writer Rafael Sabatini (1875–1950). This poster for the French version illustrates how the film industry transformed the pirate into a romantic hero. Rapier CARIBBEAN PIRATES Pirates of the Caribbean: The€Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) starred Johnny Depp as€Jack Sparrow. This rip- roaring€blockbuster and its sequels (Jack Sparrow fights again in Dead Man’s Chest, right) are proof of Hollywood’s continuing fascination with the excitement and glamour of pirate life. 63

Did you know? FASCINATING FACTS Bartholemew Roberts’s success may To careen means to turn a ship on have been due to the fact he was not its€side. Pirates did this because, a typical pirate. He was smart, only drank tea, unlike other sailors, they could not go into never swore, and observed the Sabbath! dry dock for repairs and removal of the In the 17th century, the East India barnacles that affected a ship’s speed and Company was so plagued by pirates mobility. So a ship was run aground in a that the British Admiralty granted the shallow bay, unloaded, and pulled onto company permission to catch and punish its€side for cleaning. It was then turned pirates itself. Punishments included over€so the other side could be done. hanging€at the yardarm, taking the prisoner€to be flogged by every ship at The buccaneers would do anything anchor, and branding a man’s forehead for money—they were known to with€the letter P. stretch their victims on racks to get them to tell where they had hidden their treasures. Jean Bart teaches his son a lesson A ship’s log book got its name from During a battle with a Dutch ship, the “log,” a plank tied to a rope and French corsair Jean Bart noticed his hurled overboard to measure a ship’s speed. 14-year-old son flinching at the sound of gunfire. Displeased by this cowardice, Bart Boarding a ship was very dangerous Blackbeard’s fate had his son tied to the mast, saying to his and, if already under fire, the first Relatively few pirates were hanged crew, “It is necessary that he should get pirate on board faced almost certain death. for€their crimes or met colorful, accustomed to this sort of music.” To encourage men to join boarding parties, gruesome ends. Blackbeard suffered Good maps and sea charts were the rule on many ships was that the first to 22€blows€before his head was chopped off rare and highly prized because board got first choice of any weapon and hung from the bowsprit as a warning. they were the key to power and wealth in plundered on top of his share of the haul. Most died from fighting, drowning, and new territories. When Bartholemew The chance to own a highly prestigious disease. On a long voyage, it was not Sharp captured a Spanish ship in 1681, weapon like a pistol was usually enough to uncommon for a captain to lose half his crew the crew tried to throw the book of sea persuade someone to chance his luck. to diseases such as typhoid, malaria, scurvy, charts overboard rather than hand it and dysentery. over. Sharp got hold of the book just in A boarding party Pirate ships rarely attacked a man-of- time, and it is said that the war because of its superior firepower, Spanish cried when they saw so a warship escorting a treasure ship would him take it. often set a trap. It would keep its distance, Rats have always waiting on the horizon until a pirate ship been a serious approached the treasure ship, then move in problem on board ship swiftly for the attack. for€all€sailors—including Blackbeard once fell in love with a pirates—and they were often pretty girl who turned him down for hunted to keep numbers another seaman. The girl gave the man a ring down. One Spanish galleon as a token of her love. As the story goes, reported killing more than Blackbeard later attacked the sailor’s ship 4,000 rats on a voyage from and, seeing the ring, cut off the man’s hand the Caribbean to Europe. and sent it to the girl in a silver box. At the sight of the hand and the ring, the poor girl fainted and later died of grief. 64

Questions and answers QIn pictures, pirates are often shown QWas a marlinspike a tool wearing earrings—is this right? or€a€weapon? AProbably not. Earrings for men were AA marlinspike was an essential tool for not fashionable during the golden age unraveling ropes. But to a mutinous of piracy. They began appearing in pictures crew, its sharp point made it a potential of pirates in the 1890s. weapon. This was because, to keep control of his ship, a captain locked up all weapons QDid pirates really like to keep until just before an attack. So a marlinspike parrots€as pets? might be the only likely object the crew could lay their hands on. AThere are no accounts of any well- QSurely a pirate stood a good chance known pirates having parrots as pets. of surviving being marooned? But there was a trade in exotic animals throughout the age of Pirate Henry Morgan loved to drink piracy. A colorful talking AMarooning was a terrible punishment bird would have been because it meant a slow death. Pirates QDo pirates really deserve their worth quite a bit of were usually marooned on islands where reputation as drunkards? money, and as pirates they stood little chance of surviving—a stole anything of value, rocky outcrop, a sandspit that was covered AIt is not surprising that pirates had a they probably took some by the tide, or a place with little vegetation. reputation for drunkenness—their parrots, too. The crew Even if a ship did spot a man, knowing of ration of alcohol was greater than that for would surely have been this pirate punishment, the crew was water. Supplies of water on board ship glad to have these unlikely to pick him up. The pistol given to were€limited and quickly went bad, so intelligent birds around a marooned man was most often used by sailors€preferred to drink bottled beer, rum, to provide a bit of the pirate to end his own misery. or grog (water mixed with rum to disguise the taste and help preserve it). The entertainment on long, buccaneers are even said to have drunk dull voyages. a€mixture of rum and gunpowder! QDid pirates ever steal possessions QWere there pirates with from one another? QAre there still pirates active in the wooden legs, like Long John oceans of the world today? Silver in the book Treasure Island? AThey almost certainly tried to, but there€were strict rules to stop this from AYes, piracy is still a problem today. The AYes, the successful 16th-century French happening. A pirate code states that any area worst affected is the South China privateer Francois le Clerc was known pirate caught stealing from another should Seas, but the waters off East Africa are as “Pied de Bois” because he had a wooden have his ears and nose slit and then be put dangerous, too. Merchant ships and luxury ashore somewhere he was sure to yachts are the most common targets, but in leg. However, peg-leg pirates were rare. encounter€hardship. 1992 pirates attacked an oil tanker. It has Sailing a ship is a job for the able-bodied. become such a problem that, in 1992, a If€a sailor of any sort lost a limb, Piracy Reporting Center was set up in Kuala it usually meant the end of his Lumpur, Malaysia. career at sea. One exception was Record Breakers the cook—a job traditionally Sahsippisravcaynrisuhles reserved for anyone who was€disabled. Cruelest pirate There are many contenders for this title, among them French buccaneer Francis L’Ollonais and English pirate Edward Low. Most successful pirate Welshman Bartholomew Roberts captured around 400 ships in his lifetime. Most useless pirate Pirate Edward England was marooned by his crew for showing too much mercy toward his€prisoners. Richest pirate haul This was possibly Henry Avery’s capture of the Gang-i-Sawai with a haul of $500,000. Each man got more than $3,000—the equivalent of which would be millions today. A newspaper report Most fearsome pirate on modern piracy Edward Teach, known as Blackbeard, terrified everybody—even his own crew—yet it is not clear that he killed anyone until the battle in which he died. He operated for just two years yet established a terrifying reputation. 65

Who’s who? It’s impossible to list here all the pirates, privateers, corsairs, and buccaneers who once sailed the oceans of the world, but below are profiles of some of the most notorious characters in this book, who were active in the golden age of piracy, between the 16th and 19th centuries. Edward England Chui Apoo Réné died 1851 Duguay-Trouin Henry Avery 1673–1736 1665–c. 1728 Chui Apoo led a pirate Duguay-Trouin was stronghold of around the son of a St. Malo English pirate Henry Avery was legendary for 600 vessels off the shipping family his brutal capture of the valuable Arab ships coast of Hong Kong. and joined the the Faleh Mohammed and the Gang-i-Sawai in In 1849 he was French Navy at age the Red Sea, in 1695. He was never caught cornered by a British 16. By the age of but died a pauper, not leaving enough to buy naval force, and his 21,€he commanded a Réné Duguay- a coffin. fleet was destroyed. 40-gun ship. He was Trouin Apoo escaped, but the most famous of the Barbarossa brothers was betrayed by his French corsairs and was so active 1500–1546 followers and successful he became an admiral in captured. the French Navy. Barbary corsairs Kheir-ed-din and Aruj Barbarossa were feared for their attacks on Chui Apoo Christian settlements and ships in the Mediterranean. Aruj was killed in battle, but Howell Davis Edward England Kheir-ed-din went on to establish the active 1719 active 1718–1720 Barbary States as a Mediterranean power. Welsh pirate Howell Davis operated off Edward England was an English pirate who Jean Bart Africa’s Guinea Coast. He is most famous for sailed for a time with Bartholomew Roberts. 1651–1702 his bold capture of two French ships by He had some success until his crew forcing the crew of the first ship to act as Frenchman Jean Bart was the leader of a pirates and fly a black flag. The second ship, marooned him with two others on band of privateers operating in the English believing it was surrounded by pirates, the island of Mauritius for being Channel and North Sea. In 1694, Bart was quickly surrendered. too humane to a prisoner. It honored by King Louis XIV of France for is said that they built a his achievements. boat and escaped to Madagascar. Charlotte de Berry Anne Bonny born 1636 John Paul Jones active 1720 Charlotte de Berry disguised herself as a John Paul American Anne Bonny fell into piracy man to join the English Navy with her Jones when she ran off with pirate captain Jack husband. She was later forced onto 1747–1792 Rackham. Disguised as a man, she helped a ship bound for Africa, and when him plunder ships in the Caribbean, the captain discovered her secret, John Paul Jones but they were captured, and he attacked her. De Berry took was born in Rackham went to the revenge by leading a mutiny and Scotland, but he gallows. Bonny turning the ship to piracy. She fled to America to escaped operated off the African coast, escape a murder the€death raiding ships carrying gold. charge. He joined penalty because the American Navy she was pregnant. Sir Francis Drake during the American c. 1540–1596 Revolution (1755–83) Ching Shih to fight against the 1807–1810 Sir Francis Drake was a British, and became Madame Ching Shih was British privateer and pirate, famous for his the widow of a Chinese whose success at plundering daring captures pirate captain but Spanish ships in the New turned out to be an World made both himself of British ships. even greater pirate leader and the English queen, than her husband. With Elizabeth I, very rich. He 1,800 armed junks and was the first Englishman to around 80,000 men circumnavigate the globe and and women, she had was knighted in 1581. He also total control over the became a popular naval hero coastal trade after his defeat of the Spanish around€China. Armada in 1588. He died of a Anne Bonny fever in Panama. 66

William Kidd Edward Teach, also known as Blackbeard c. 1645–1701 Henry Morgan Bartholomew Sharp William Kidd was an American businessman c. 1635–1688 c. 1650–1690 who was sent to the Indian Ocean to hunt pirates—but he was forced to raid vessels by Welshman Henry Morgan was a In 1680–82, English buccaneer his mutinous crew. Bad luck continued to buccaneer and privateer operating out of Bartholomew Sharp made an incredible follow Kidd, and on his return to America, he Port Royal in Jamaica. He was a great expedition along the west coast of South was arrested and sent to England to stand leader and became legendary for his America, around Cape Horn to the West trial for piracy. He was found guilty and brilliant and brutal raids on Spanish Indies, plundering Spanish colonies. He hanged. His body was displayed in public to colonies, for which he was knighted. was let off charges of piracy in exchange warn seamen of the high price pirates paid for a valuable book of charts that he had for their crimes. Jack Rackham stolen from the Spanish. active 1718–1720 Jean Lafitte Robert Surcouf c. 1780–c. 1826 The English pirate captain Jack Rackham 1773–1827 was also known as “Calico Jack” because he Jean Lafitte ran privateering and smuggling liked to wear colorful calico cotton clothes. From his base on the island of Mauritius in operations in the Gulf of Mexico from a He operated in the Caribbean but is the Indian Ocean, French corsair Robert base on Galveston Island, Texas. Although perhaps best-known as the husband of Surcouf plagued British merchant ships Lafitte was outlawed for trading in slaves pirate Anne Bonny. He was hanged for trading with India. and attacking vessels that were not covered piracy in Port Royal, Jamaica. by letters of marque, he was pardoned Edward Teach (Blackbeard) because of his brave defense of New Mary Read actIVe 1716–1718 Orleans against the British in 1812. 1690–1720 Better known as Blackbeard, Edward Teach William Kidd Mary Read dressed as man from operated in the Caribbean, terrifying childhood€to claim an inheritance and went everyone, even his crew, with his wild Francis L’Ollonais on to serve in both the army and navy. She appearance and violent ways. Finally, he was active c. 1660s joined the crew of pirate Jack Rackham, hunted down by the British Navy and killed, where she met fellow female pirate Anne fighting furiously to the very end. L’Ollonais was a French buccaneer notorious Bonny. The two women were said to for his cruelty. He is said to have cut open a have€fought more bravely than any of poor Spaniard with his cutlass, pulled out his the men. Like Bonny, she escaped victim’s heart, and gnawed on it, threatening hanging because she€was pregnant, the other prisoners that this would be their but€she died of an illness soon after. fate if they didn’t talk. Bartholomew Roberts Bartholomew Roberts and two of his ships Edward Low 1682–1722 active 1720s Dashing Welshman Bartholomew English pirate Edward Low was famous for Roberts was forced into piracy when his cruelty to both prisoners and his crew. his ship was seized by pirates, yet he His violence drove his men to mutiny, and went on to become one of the most they set him adrift in a rowboat with no successful pirates ever. He operated in provisions. Incredibly, Low was rescued by the Caribbean and off the Guinea another ship the following day. coast. He was killed in a battle with an English man-of-war. 67

St. Mary's Find out more Island An old map of Madagascar Piracy is a popular subject, and anywhere in the THE WRECK OF THE adventure galley world where pirates were active you will find In 1698, on St. Mary's Island off Madagascar, William Kidd information about them in local museums. Some of heard that he was wanted for piracy, set fire to his ship, the the€most exciting new information on this subject has Adventure Galley, and fled. Barry Clifford (below) found what come from salvage work on the wrecks of two pirate he believed to be the Adventure Galley in 2000. You can read ships, the Whydah and the Queen Anne’s Revenge. about his search in his book, Return to Treasure Island and the Information about the wrecks is given below, but the Search for Captain Kidd. most up-to-date details can be found on the projects' Web sites. Books, however, are still one of the best ways€to learn more about pirates. Good sources include original texts written by people who lived with pirates and also modern research. The treasure of the whydah THE EXPEDITION whydah SEA LAB AND LEARNING CENTER Diver Barry Clifford is seen here with some treasure from the More than 100,000 artifacts from the Whydah have been found, and pirate ship Whydah. In 1717, the Whydah was wrecked in a many are exhibited in the Expedition Whydah Center in Provincetown, storm off New England, killing her captain and 143 of the Massachusetts. Displays in the museum also tell the story of the crew. One of the two survivors told how the ship carried 180 discovery of the wreck. The Whydah is still being salvaged, and, in bags of gold and silver plundered from more than 50 ships. the€summer months, visitors can see new treasures being brought in Clifford found the wreck in 1984, after a search of 15 years. from the wreck and watch artifacts being conserved. Places to visit NORTH CAROLINA MARITIME MUSEUM, THE WRECK OF QUEEN ANNE'S REVENGE The barnacle-encrusted anchor Beaufort,€North Carolina In 1717, Blackbeard acquired a French is about 14 ft (4 m) long. See artifacts from Blackbeard's flagship, Queen merchant ship, La Concorde. He renamed it Anne's Revenge, exhibits about the history of Queen Anne's Revenge and returned to Yellow lines life at sea, and a display of wooden boats. North Carolina together with mark out a grid so NEW ENGLAND PIRATE MUSEUM, Salem, pirate Stede Bonnet in the the site can be mapped Massachusetts Adventure. It seems that An interactive museum with a guided tour of Blackbeard then ran the several pirate hangouts, including a colonial Revenge aground, tricked port, a pirate ship, and an 80-foot cave. Bonnet, and escaped on the PIRATES OF NASSAU MUSEUM, Nassau, Adventure with the treasure. Bahamas In 1996, a wreck was found A museum designed to clear up myths about at Beaufort Inlet, North pirates with tours of nearby pirate sites. Carolina. Items found so far EXPEDITION WHYDAH CENTER, include cannons, anchors, Provincetown, Massachusetts sections of the hull, and the See artifacts from the wreck of the Whydah and ship's bell, dated 1709. The evidence watch new items undergoing conservation. indicates that the wreck is that of the Queen Anne's Revenge, but there is as yet no conclusive proof. 68

UNSOLVED PIRATE MYSTERIES It is said that Blackbeard was once asked if anyone else THE TREASURE OF COCOS ISLAND knew where his treasure was and that he replied, \"Only Cocos Island, off Costa Rica, was the perfect place to hide treasure two people know where the treasure lies; the Devil and because it was so hard to find. Not only was the island obscured by myself, and he who lives the longest may claim it all.\" rain for nine months of the year, but it was inaccurately mapped and Pirates very rarely buried their treasure, and the few that strong winds and currents would drive sailors away from it. Three did left no information about how to find it. But this has hoards are said to be hidden there: a 17th-century pirate haul, the not stopped people from looking. There are still famous booty of pirate Benito Bonito, and a fantastic haul known as the treasures unaccounted for, and many tantalizing Treasure of Lima. But no fortunes have been made there yet. Even mysteries. Stirred by such stories, some people have German adventurer August Gissler, who spent 17 years on the island, spent many years looking for clues about pirates and left with just one doubloon. what might have become of their treasure. Kidd watches as his men bury his treasure on Gardiner's Island. BURIED TREASURE WHAT HAPPENED TO JEAN LAFITTE? William Kidd is one of the few pirates known to have In 1821, the authorities determined to shut buried treasure. In 1699, Kidd called in at an island down the highly profitable operations on just off New York and asked Lord Gardiner, who lived there, if he could leave some items in his trust. Galveston Island, Texas, of privateer and Gardiner agreed, but soon after Kidd was arrested. smuggler Jean Lafitte. Lafitte knew the game Kidd's treasure was recovered by the authorities. It was up and agreed to dismantle his included gold, silver, precious stones, jewels, sugar, organization. Naval officers watched as and silks. Many believed this was not all of his plunder from the Indian Ocean, but no one has ever Lafitte set fire to his headquarters, and the discovered what happened to the rest. next day, his ship was gone. Lafitte was never seen again. Was he killed, as some useful web sites stories suggest, or did he live on under an alias? What happened to the • T he official site of the Queen Anne's Revenge: fortune he was known to have www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/qar amassed? His friends claimed that he • E xpedition Whydah: had a mania for burying treasure. Although www.whydah.com there have been lots of stories, and even more treasure hunters, nothing has ever • A high-seas adventure, including games and pirate facts: been found. www.nationalgeographic.com/pirates ISLES OF SHOALS • Instructions for making your own pirate tools After Blackbeard's and€treasures: death, all that was www.piratemuseum.com/pirate.htm recovered was cotton, indigo, sugar, and • P irates!—pirate legends and true stories: cocoa—so what about www.piratesinfo.com/ his treasure? One story is that silver and pieces of eight were buried on Smuttynose, one of the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire, where Blackbeard spent his last months. In 1820 a man building a wall on the island dug up four bars of silver. Were these Blackbeard’s, and are there perhaps more on the island? 69

Glossary BARBARY COAST The North African coast Caulk To repair leaking gaps between the A flintlock pistol of the Mediterranean, where Islamic corsairs timbers of a ship by filling them with fiber and (also known as Barbary corsairs) raided sealing them with pitch (tar) FLINTLOCK PISTOL An early type of pistol. European trading ships CHAIN SHOT A weapon made up of two When the trigger is pulled, a piece of flint BARQUE The term for a large sailing ship metal balls chained together. It was used to strikes a metal plate to make a spark, which with several masts rigged with fore-and-aft destroy a ship’s rigging, masts, and sails. fires the gunpowder. sails (not square-rigged) Chart A map of land and sea used by FORECASTLE The raised deck at the front BECALMED When a sailing ship cannot sailors for navigation of€a ship. Often abbreviated to “fo’c’sle.” A move because there is no wind COLORS Another term for the flags carried raised deck at the back of a ship is called Bow The pointed front of a ship, also by a ship an€aftercastle. known€as the prow CORSAIR The term used to describe pirates GALLEON A large sailing ship with three or Bowsprit A long spar that projects out or privateers who operated in the more masts used between the 1500s and from the front of a ship Mediterranean. The term is also used to refer 1700s, both as a warship and for transporting to the ships sailed by such pirates. Spanish treasure CROW’S NEST A small platform high up on GALLEY A large ship powered by oars, which a mast, used as a lookout position were usually operated by galley slaves. Also CUTLASS A short sword with a broad blade, the term for a ship’s kitchen first used by buccaneers; a popular weapon for GALLOWS The wooden frame used for battles at sea because it did not get caught in hanging criminals the rigging GIBBET A wooden frame used for DOUBLOON A Spanish coin made of gold, displaying€the dead bodies of criminals as worth 16 pieces of eight a€warning to others GRAPPLING IRON A metal hook that is Raised forecastle Aftercastle thrown onto an enemy ship to pull it closer and make boarding it easier A buccaneer Crow’s nest HALYARD Nautical term for a rope used to BUCCANEER A pirate or Bowsprit hoist a sail or a flag privateer who attacked Bow HARDTACK Tough, dry Spanish ships and ship’s€biscuits, which made prosperous ports in the up€the main part of a West Indies and Central sailor’s€diet America in the 1600s HEAVE-TO To come to Careen To beach a ship a€halt and pull it onto its side so that the hull can be cleaned and repaired Hull Points for digging Galleon into the woodwork of an enemy ship EAST INDIAMAN A large English or Cat-o’-nine-tails Dutch€merchant vessel used to transport Grappling iron CAT-O’-NINE TAILS A whip valuable cargoes of porcelain, tea, silks, and used for punishing sailors, made spices in trade with Asia by unraveling a piece of rope to make nine separate strands. Knots on the end of the strands made the punishment even more painful. 70

Jolly Roger MALOUINE The term used to RATLINES Crossed ropes on the HISPANIOLA The former name of the island describe a person (or ship) from shrouds€(the ropes which run from the that is today made up of Haiti and the St.€Malo in France side€of€the ship to the mast) that form a Dominican Republic MAN-OF-WAR A large rope€ladder enabling sailors to climb to the Hulks Naval ships used as floating jails for naval€warship top€of the mast keeping prisoners MARLINSPIKE A pointed tool RIGGING The arrangement of ropes that JANISSARY A professional Muslim soldier. used€for unraveling rope in order support a ship’s sails and mast Barbary corsairs used Janissaries to attack to€splice it Schooner A small, fast sailing ship with Christian ships. Maroon To leave someone to his two or sometimes three masts. The fore (front) JOLLY ROGER The common term for the or her fate on a remote island—a mast is shorter than the mainmast. pirate flag common pirate punishment Scurvy A disease, with symptoms JUNK A wooden sailing ship commonly used MIDDLE PASSAGE The middle stage of a including€bleeding gums and sores, caused by in the Far East and China slave ship’s journey, when it traveled from the lack of vitamin C, which is found in fresh KEEL The bottom or flat underneath part of Africa to the Caribbean with a cargo of slaves fruit and vegetables a€ship or boat to be exchanged for goods Sloop A small, light single-masted KETCH A small, two-masted ship MUTINY To refuse to obey an officer’s orders, sailing€ship or boat or to lead a revolt on board ship SPANISH MAIN The name for the area of New world In the 16th and 17th South and Central America once ruled by the Rigging centuries, a term used to describe the Spanish. The term later came to include the continents of North and South America, called islands and waters of the Caribbean. Long bowsprit “new” because they were only discovered by Splice To weave two rope ends together in Europeans after 1492 order to join them PIECES OF EIGHT Silver pesos SQUARE-RIGGED Term for a (Spanish coins) that were ship€carrying square sails set at worth eight reales right angles to the mast (another early Stern The back end Spanish coin) of€a€ship Waggoner A pirate term for a book of sea€charts Silver pieces of eight Yard Nautical term for€the wooden pole to which the top of a sail is attached; also known as the€yardarm. Stern A map dating from 1681, showing the coastline around Panama Ketch LATITUDE Position north or south of PIRATE A general term A waggoner the€equator, measured according to a for any person involved system€of€lines drawn on a map parallel in robbery at sea, with€the equator including buccaneers, LETTER OF MARQUE A license or corsairs, and privateers certificate issued by a monarch or a POWDER Common government authorizing the bearer to term for gunpowder attack€enemy ships PRESS GANG A group LOG BOOK The book in which details of people who rounded up of€the€ship’s voyage are recorded likely men and forced them LONGBOAT The long wooden ships used by to join a ship’s crew Vikings, powered by sail and oars PRIVATEER A person who is LONGITUDE Position east or west in the legally entitled by letter of world, measured according to a system of lines marque to attack enemy ships; drawn on a map from north to south also the term used to describe the ships such people used 71

Index Caribbean Sea, 20, 22, 30– execution, 56–57 jerry iron, 44 p Saxons, 12 31, 38–39, 42, 64, 66, 67 Exquemeling, Alexander, jewels, 31, 36–37 schooner, 53, 71 AB Cartagena, 23 61 Johnson, Charles, 29, 41, Pan, Peter, 61, 62 scurvy, 43, 64, 71 cat-o’-nine tails, 40–41, 70 extortion, 54 42, 47, 61 Paris, Declaration of, 58 Selkirk, Alexander, 48 Aegean Sea, 8–9 cauldron, 43 Jolly Roger, 34–35, 71 patches, 28 Sennacherib (king of Alexander the Great, 9 caulking, 44, 70 FG Jones, John Paul, 52–53, pepper, 47 Assyria), 9 Algiers, 14–15, 59 Cavendish, Thomas, 23 66, 68 pharmacy, 16 Sextus Pompeius, 11 America, privateers of, chain gang, 39 fetters, 39 Julius Caesar, 10 Philadelphia, 52 Shap’n’gtzai, 54–55 52–53 chain-shot, 28, 70 figureheads, 51 junks, 54, 71 Phillips, John, 48 Shapur (king of Persia), 11 amphorae, 11 charts, 24, 27, 64, 70 films, 6, 62–63 ketch, 30, 71 Phoenicians, 8 Sharp, Bartholomew, 26, antipiracy measures, Chesapeake Bay, 53 flags, 34–35, 41, 55 Kidd, William, 46, 57, 66, physician, 40 40, 64, 67 58–59 China Seas, 33, 54–55 flintlock, 28, 33, 70 68, 69 picaroons, 38 silver hoard, 9 Assyrians, 8 Ching Shih, 33, 66 flogging, 39, 41 knights, 16–17 pieces of eight, 22, 36, 44, Silver, Long John, 60 astrolabe, 24 Ching Yih, 54–55 Flynn, Errol, 63 71 slaves, 10, 15, 38 Avery, Henry, 34, 37, 47, Ching-Chi-ling, 54 food, 42–43 LM Pirates of the Caribbean, 63 sloop, 30, 58, 71 65, 66 Chui Apoo, 54, 66 forecastle, 20, 29, 70 pistol, 28, 37, 48, 50, 64, 65 snuff, 37 ax, 12, 29, 33 coffee, 47 France, 19, 22, 50–51 Lafitte, Jean, 53, 66, 69 pitch ladle, 44 Spanish Main, 20–21, 22, Aztecs, 20–21 Columbus, Christopher, galleons, 6, 20, 23, 64, 70 Lancaster, Burt, 63 Pizarro, Francisco, 21 26, 46, 71 backstaff, 25 20 galleys, 8–9, 14–15, 16, 70 Lepanto, battle of, 16 plantations, 39 speaking trumpet, 19 Baltimore, 53 compass, 25 gallows, 56, 70 literature, 60–61 plate, 43 spices, 47 Barbarossa brothers, 14, Continental Navy, 52 gambling, 45 L’Ollonais, Francis, 26, 27, plats, 27 Spielberg, Stephen, 62 66 contract, 41 Genoa, 14 65, 67 porcelain, 47 steamships, 58–59 Barbary Coast, 7, 14–17, corbita, 10 George III (king of longboats, Viking, 13, 71 Port Royal, Jamaica, 45, 66 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 59, 70 corsairs, 6–7, 14–17, 29, England), 18 Louis XIV (king of powder horn, 49, 71 6, 60–61 barques, 23, 70 50–51, 56, 64, 66, 67, 70 gibbets, 57, 70 France),€19, 66 prisons, 56–57 sugar, 31, 38, 69 Barrie, J. M., 61 Cortés, Hernán, 21 globe, 20, 24 Low, Edward, 30, 59, 65, 67 privateers, 6, 18–19, 52–53, sundial, 25 Bart, Jean, 51, 64, 66 Cotoner, Nicolas, 17 gold, 22, 36, 46, 68, 69 Madagascar, 46–47, 49, 65, 66, 71; in New World, Surcouf, Robert, 50–51, 67 Bartholomew the cross-staff, 24–25 grain ship, 10 66, 68 22–23, 26 surgery, 40 Portuguese, 27 Crusoe, Robinson, 49 grappling iron, 7, 70 Malta, 16–17 punishment, 56–57, 64, 65 swords, 12, 14–15, 55 battle ax, 12, 29 cutlass, 27, 28–29, 32 Greece, 8–9 manillas, 38 puppets, 62 beer, 43, 65 grenade, 29 man-of-war, 59, 64, 67, 71 Pyle, Howard, 7, 49 TVW biscuits, 42, 43 D gunboats, 54 maps, 24, 60, 64 Blackbeard, 6, 29, 30–31, gunpowder, 49, 65 marooning, 48–49, 65, 71 R tankard, 45 35, 45, 58, 61, 63, 64, 65, dagger, 29, 36 marque, letters of, 18 tea, 47 67, 68, 69 Davis, Howell, 6, 66 HI medal, 59 Rackham, Jack, 32–33, 66, Teach, Edward, see boarding, 23, 29, 64 de Berry, Charlotte, 33, 66 medicine chest, 37 67 Blackbeard bomb ship, 51 Defoe, Daniel, 49 hanging, 56–57, 59 money chest, 36 Raleigh, Walter, 18 telescope,€19,€25 Bonnet, Stede, 57, 68 Delos, 10 Haraden, Jonathan, 53 Moody, Christopher, 35 ramming iron, 44 Tew, Thomas, 34, 36, 47 Bonny, Anne, 32, 35, 63, 66 desert islands, 48–49 Hawkins, Jim, 60–61 Morgan, Henry, 6, 26–27, rats, 41, 64 topsail schooner, 53 books, 60–61 Díaz, Bernal, 22 Hawkins, John, 23, 38 42, 66 Read, Mary, 32, 35, 61, 67 Treasure Island, 60–61, 65 booty, 9, 21, 36–37 Dionysus, 9 Henry III (king of morions, 17 red ensign, 41 treasure maps, 60 bowl, 8 dividers, 24–25 England), 18 musket, 28, 48, 68 repairs, 40, 44 treasure ships, 22, 36–37, bowsprit, 30, 64, 70 doubloons, 22, 36, 70, 71 Hispaniola, 20, 26–27, 38, musketoon, 28 Revolutionary War, 52, 66 64 Braziliano, Rock, 27 Drake, Francis, 18, 22, 66, 68 71 Ringrose, Basil, 26, 42 trireme, 10–11 buccaneers, 6–7, 26–27, drum, 22 Hook, Captain, 61, 62 NO Robert, Bartholomew, 6, turtle (as food), 42 30, 42, 45, 60, 64, 70 Duguay-Trouin, René, Incas, 20–21 31, 35, 39, 47, 59, 63, 64, Venice, 14 buried treasure, 36 7,€19, 50, 66 Indian Ocean, 36, 46, 51, Napoleonic Wars, 59 65, 66, 67 Verrazano, Giovanni de, Byron, Lord, 60 Dunkirk, 5 66 navigation, 24 Rogers, Woodes, 31 22 iron collar, 38 New Orleans, 53, 66 Rome, ancient, 10–11 Vikings, 12–13, 50 C E ivory, 42 New Providence, 31, 35 Virginia, 18 Newgate Prison (London), S waggoners, 24, 71 caltrops, 29 East Indiamen, 6, 19, 46, JK 57 whip, 41 cannibals, 42 47, 51, 70 “nimcha” sword, 14–15 sails, 40 Whydah (pirate ship), 41, cannon, 7, 23, 28–29 Elizabeth I (queen of James I (king of England), Ocracoke inlet, 31, 45 St. John, Order of, 16–17 68, 69 Captain Blood, 63 England), 18–19, 66 26 Octavian, 11 St. Malo, 50–51, 66 women pirates, 23–33, 44 careening, 44–45, 64, 70 Elms, Charles, 7, 61 Janissaries, 14–15, 71 Old Calabar River, 45 salt, 52 England, Edward, 49, 65, 66 Japan, pirates of, 55 Ottoman Empire, 14, 16– Santo Domingo, 23 Eustace the Monk, 12 17 Acknowledgments / National Maritime Museum 38c; London / Range / Bettman: 22tr, 53cr, 52br. New€York: Private Collection 7b, 46; Victoria & Reproduced with the kind permission of Albert Museum, London 6t. © The British The Trustees of the Ulster Museum: 29ca. Museum: 7t, 9t, 10b, 10t, 12. The Master Rye Town Hall: 34. Treasure World: 38. and€Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Courtesy of the Trustees of the Victoria The publisher would like to thank: Nigel Ritchie, Susan St Louis, and BulentYusef Cambridge: 12cb. Corbis: 68cr. Delaware and€Albert Museum / J. Stevenson: 63l. The staff of the National Maritime Museum, for help with the clip-art; Neville Graham, Art€Museum: 49tl. Mary Evans Picture Whydah Management Company: 41c, 42cl. London, in particular David Spence, Rose Horridge, Joanne Little, and Sue Library: 6b, 7tr, 8bl, 9b, 12c, 13bra, 15tlb, 18tr, World’s Edge Picture Library: 22tl, 49cl. Christopher Gray, and Peter Robinson; the Nicholson for help with the wall chart. 20, 20tr, 22, 26tr, 27t, 28, 33b, 35tlb, 35c, 36, 36c, Zentralbibliothek Zurich: 13tl. staff€of the Museum of London, in particular Additional photography by Peter Anderson 37tr, 39br, 39tl, 43cb, 47cr, 51tc, 54tr, 54trb, 56cl, Jacket credits: Front: Richard T. Nowitz/ Gavin Morgan and Cheryl Thorogood; (12al, ar, cl; 13ar, b), Michele Byam (49cl), John 60bl. Kevin Fleming Photography: 9tl. John Corbis, b; National Maritime Museum, the€staff€of the Musée de Saint-Malo; Judith Chase (28cl cr; 31br; 32cl; 33bc; 36bl; 37al, cl, Frost Historical Newspapers: 65bl. Ronald London, UK, tcl, tc; Museum of London, UK, Fox at Wilberforce House, Hull City Museums bl; 43ar, c, cr, bl, br; 45al, tr, c, br; 48bl; 62al; Grant Archive: 6tlb, 62bl, 63c, 63tl, 63cr. tcr. Back: Mary Evans Picture Library: back br, and Art Galleries; Caroline Townend at the 63ar), Stephen Dodd (8br; 9cr; 10cl; 11al, cr, Sonia Halliday Photographs: 9trb. Robert back tr. Museum of the Order of St. John, London; br), Charles Howson (9ar; 22cl; 36ar), Colin Harding Picture Library: 19b. The Kobal Maps: Eugene Fleury (10cr, 14ar, 20cl, 38cl, Elizabeth Sandford at Claydon House, Keates (46bl; 52cr), Dave King (61ar), Nick Collection/Walt Disney Pictures: 63br. 46cl, 54cr). Buckinghamshire; David Pawsey, Mayor Nicholls (8c; 9b; 10br; 11cl), Richard Platt Library of Congress: 26c, 42br. Mansell Wall chart picture credits: DK Images: 95th Beckwith, Councillor Palmer, and Town Clerk (34al), Peter Robinson (16cl; 17; 20–21c), Collection: 40trb, 40bl. Michael Holford: Rifles and Re-enactment Living History Unit Scammell at Rye Town Hall; Admirals Original James Stephenson (62–63c), Michel Zabé front cover tl; 44tl. Musée de la Marine, 1cra; British Museum 1bc; Musée de Saint- Flag Loft Ltd., Chatham; Costume consultant (21ac) Paris:€19trb, 51b, rb. Museum of London: Malo, France 1ca, 1fcra, 1ftr; Museum of the Martine Cooper; French consultant Dan 27c,€35t, 40, 56cra, 57bl. The National Order of St John, London 1cr; National Lallier;€Classical consultant Dr. Philip de Maritime Museum, London: 1cb, 1cla, 1fcr, Souza; Brigadier G. H. Cree for his kind Picture credits Maritime Museum: 6tl, 14bl; 14cr, 16, 16c, 1tc; 1fclb (Mary Read) permission to let us reproduce illustrations a=above, b=below, c=center, 18b, 18t, 19t, 22bl, 23, 23tl, 24cl, 25br, 25t, 29, All other images © Dorling Kindersley from the Journal of Edward Cree; David l=left,€r=right,€t=top 29tl, 29tr, 29cl, 30, 31tr, 32tl, 32bl, 32cl, 33br, For€further information see: Pickering, Helena Spiteri, and Phil Wilkinson 33rc, 33cb, 33t, 42b, 44bla, 44t, 45tc, 45bc, 47, www.dkimages.com for editorial help; Sophy D’Angelo, Ivan 51tr, 54tr, 54trb, 58trb, 59c, 58br. Finnegan, Andrew Nash, Kati Poynor, Aude Ancient Art and Architecture Collection: The National Portrait Gallery, London: 60tl. Van Ryn, Sharon Spencer, Susan St. Louis, 7trb,€9tl, 16tl. Art Archive: 21cr, 21br, 22br, Peter Newark’s Historical Pictures: 15 br, and€Vicky Wharton for design help; 29tl, 39bl. Bridgeman Art Library, London: Claire€Bowers, Sunita Gahir, Joanne Little, 18cr; /British Museum 18cl; / Christies, London 22cl, 53br. Richard Platt: 34tl. Public Record 53trb; / National Portrait Gallery 18cl, 18cr; Office: Crown copyright material 31t. 72