SST -3

Clirnale Food Being near the seacoast, Kolkata Rice and fish are the staPle food of the Benga1is. They are very fond of has a moderate climate. It is neither sweets. Sandeslr and rasgulla are very hot in summer, nor very cold two of their most popular sweets. in winter. It rains heavilY during the monsoon months of ]une to September, often leading to water logging in the city. Monsoon in Kolkata A typicalBengali meal o Feslivals Clothes Though all the festivals are celebrated The traditional dress for men in in Kolkata, the most important ones are Kali Puia and Durga Puia. Kolkata is the dhoti kurta or pyiama- kurta. However, many have changed over to shirts and trousers. Women mostly wear sari-blouse and salwar kameez. Many men in Kolkata now Durga Puja lpicture credit: Bijoy Chowdhury) wear shirts and trousers Women in sarees Culture The main language spoken in Kolkata is Bengali. The people here are fond of art and music. The most PoPuIar

games in Kolkata are football and is an important means of transport in the city. You can still see trams and cricket. double-decker buses in the city. The great poet I The airport in Kolkata is named after Rabindranath Netaii Subhash Chdndra Bose. Tagore, who wrote lndusiries our National Anthem, There are several industries in rry$.belonged to Kolkata. Kolkata. ]ute, textile, rice, fubber, He was the first Indian paper and chemical are some of the Rabindranath important industries. to get the Nobel Prize. Ibgore Tourist Ailractions Transporl In the heart of the city are Fort Kolkata's main railway stations William and the Victoria Memorial. The Birla Planetarium, Science City, are Howrah and Sealdah. Howrah Kalighat, Indian Botanic Garden, Station is located on the west bank Alipur Zoo, Rabindra Sarovar and of the river Hooghly. Howrah and Belur Math are some other places, Kolkata are twin cities. The Howrah which attract tourists to Kolkata. Bridge (Rabindra Setu) and the The National Library, the biggest Vidyasagar Setu connect the twin library in India, is in Kolkata. cities. . Kolkata was the first city in India to have an underground Xailway system called the Metro. The Metro Kolkata Metro

Did you know? The Howrah Bridge is a cantilever bridge with suPPorts onlY at the two ends. Victoria Memorial Belur Math Y'd I now know 1. Kolkata is the capital of West Bengal' 2345.... KKTKoohollelkkkaaamtttaaaaihhnhaaaslssanaaagnmmu'aoangdjodeer\"rsa'pgftoeo'orttce'nlcnimadlialnetrdeaK'iDlowlikaaamytaosynissdtBeHmeanrgcbaaollilu'erd' the Metro' $h Words to remember Ig:il;filTilI;:lffir:1'\"':[' and prants are srown ror scientiric studv tradition: a custom being followed for a very long time p# rxer cises A. Match the columns' 1. airPort a' Sandesh 2. bridge b' HooghlY 3. railway station c' Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose 4. river d' Howrah 5. sweet e' Rabindra Setu B. Answer the following questions' DWNeahsmcaretibctehlorttehheeespcldlaimcoeatshteeofomtfoeKunorilasknatdtianw'teoremset ninoKf oKlkoalktaa'ta usually wear? 1. 2. 3. 4. WWrhiatet aafreewthseenmteajnocr einsdaubsotruiettshfeoturanndsipnoKrotflakactiali?tiesinKolkata. 5. I

M ulti ple choi ce questions 1. Kolkata was earlier known as c. Kalighat c. Marathi a. Calcutta b. Kalikata c. Durga Puja c. ladoo 2. The people of Kolkata speak c. badminton a. Punjabi b. Bengali 3. The main festival of Kolkata is a. Holi b. Diwali 4. A popular sweet of Bengal is a. Rasgulla b. petha 5. Bengalis love to play a. tennis b. football HOIS: Think and Answer Why do you think Kolkata is the only city in lndia where trams run? Why do you thi;k this means of transport cannot be seen in Hyderabad or Bengaluru? (Hint: Kol- kata was the capital of the British in lndia for a long time.) Enrichment Activrties a Speak oul: Rabindranath Tagore wrote a number of poems and stories for children. Recite one of the poems, or read and then share one of the stories with your class. a Wrile right: Write a short story describing an incident that happened to your friend duringburga Puja. (Hint: He/she gets separated from his/her parents in the Puja crowd.) a Finrl oul: Find out about the other lndians who have received the Nobel Prize. a Arl arrfl nra{t work: Draw and colour a picture of goddess Durga; or create a model of Howrah Bridge; or draw a picture of Howrah station. Siluatiorral {fuirrkingi: lmagine you are in Kolkata. You meet Sourav Ganguly. What would you like to know from him? Role plrgr Ask your teacher to tell you the story or show you the film \"Kabulirirallah\" written by Tagore. Working in a group, and with the help of your teacheri write a small play on it. The play must have many characters. Act out the play with your classmates.

I t Hands on! Make a poster on the places of tourist interest in Kolkata. * t-,fr Skills and values Caring for the needy Mother Teresa is known the world over for her charity work. She started an organisation called the'Missionaries of Charity' in Kolkata, which provides a home for children who are homeless. Read more about her from the lnternet. You can do a good deed too. Do you know of any child or person who does not know how to read or write? You can help her or him to read and write. Spend some time each day in this task. I Footballis a popular sport in Kolkata. Kolkata is the only city in lndia which still has trams.

Chennai Mind opener t- I A huge wave had devastated parts ot I LookingAhead Chennai and the nearby areas in the 2004. What wus this waYe called? ln this lesson you will learn about the city of Chennoi: Chennai is the capital of Tamil . lts location and climate Nadu. It was earlier known as . The people, their clothes, food, Madras. It is located along the . festivals, language and culture south-eastern coast of India, lts industries, institutions,, ond facing the Bay of Bengal. It is a system of transport port city. Important offices of the -I Govemment of Tamil Nadu are Did you know? located here. The Goverpor, Chief Minister and other ministers live You have read in an earlier lesson about and work in the city. Municipal Corporations. Chennai has the oldest Municipal Corporation in lndia. Clirnale Chennai is hot and humid throughout the year. The sea breeze during the day, and the land breeze at night, give people some relief from the hot weather. Chennai gets rain mainly in the months of October to December.

Clothes ffi Fishermen in lungis Women in saree Since the weather is hot and humid, drawing kolam (photo people mostly wear cotton clothes Feslivals throughout the year. Woollen clothes credit Mc Kay Savage) are not needed here. A11 the important Indian festivals are The traditional dress of the men is the veshti and shirt. Women wear sarees celebrated in Chennai. The harvest and blouses. Girls wear pavadai and festival called Pongal is the most blouse. However, these days many of the women and girls in Chennai wear popular. It is celebrated for three salwar kameez or jeans and T-shirts. Most of the men wear trousers and days in ]anuary. Karthigai deepam is shirts. another important festival celebrated here. * Girlin pavadai @ and blouse A man in Pongal veshti and Language and culture shirt Most people in Chennai speak Tamil. Food English is commonly spoken too. The people of Tamil Nadu are proud of Rice is the staple food of the people. their traditional dance and music. Th\"y like to eat it with rasam, Bharatanatyam is a well-known sambhar, poriyal classical dance form of Tamil Nadu. and curd. Other flf'-B+ Carnatic music is the traditional popular dishes are -* music of the state. idli, dosa, vada nt ,\"!j' and upma. Kesali is a popular sweet dish. ldli, dosa and vada

Bharatanatyam The Marina Beach is the second longest beach in the world. AII kinds of sports are played in the coaches. Chennai has a well,known city. The people enjoy playing cricket, film industry. football, tennis and chess. Tourisl Aiiractions Dld you know? Several Indian and foreign tourists The famous chess player Vishwanathan Anand and AR Rahman, the music composer, visit Chennai every year.Some places are from Chennai. MS Subbulakshmi, the famous Carnatic singer, was also from of tourist interest in the city are Fort Chennai. St George, Marina Beach, Golden lnduslrg Beach, Chennai Museum, StThomas Church and the Snake Park. Chennai has important ihdustries like information technology (IT), cotton Chennai is a city of temples. You will find a temple in almost every textiles and leather. There is an oil street. The Kapaleeshwara Temple refinery too. It has factories, which in Mylapore is a famous landmark of make cycles, cars, trucks and railway Chennai. ;i.$ t il.i'i ' i il '. ;I i$ (mfiflidiffffidi Kapaleeshwara Temple Chennai Central, the railway station St Thomas Church

$. t now know 1. Chennai, earlier called Madras, is the capital of Tamil Nadu. 2. Chennai is a port on the south-eastern coast of lndia. 3. Chennai is hot and humid throughout the year. 4. Rice is the staple food of the people of Chennai. 5. Most people in Chennai speak Tami!. $ll Words to remember pavadai: long skirts generally worn by young girls kolam: a traditional decorative pattern made on the floor with rice powder V Exercises A. Fill in the blanks. _.'1. Chennai is the capital of 2. The staple food of the people of Chennai is 3. The sea which Chennai faces is the 4. Most people in Chennai speak 5. Chennai has a and climate. B. Name the following with reference to Chennai. 1. A beach : 2. The traditional music :' 3. A well-known dance form : 4. A church : 5. A fort : C. Answer the following questions. 1. What kind of clothes do people wear in Chennai? 2. Which is the most important festival celebrated in Chennai? 3. Name three important industries in Chennai. 4. List four dishes eaten by the people of Chennai. 5. Name three places of tourist interest in Chennai. HOISI,,,rilrir, Think and Answer ' Suppose your parents live in Chennai. ln the month of December, they suddenly come to know that they have to shift to Delhi. What kind of clothes will they need to buy immediately?

ffi muhiple choice questions 1. The old name for Chennai was a. Madurai b. Madras c. Mahabalipuram 2. Chennai gets rain mainly in the months of 3. a. June to August b. February to March c. October to December The harvest festival of Chennai is called a. Pongal b. Holi c. Bihu 4. A famous tourist attraction of Chennai is a. the Lotus Temple b. the Gateway of rndia c. the Kapaleeshwara Tempre w?t4 Enrichment Activities a $peak oul: speak for a few minutes on the topic ,My favourite city., a Art work: Draw and paint a picture of peopre having fun on a beach. a twhrisiiefersigtihvat:l.FMindakoeustumreoyreouabworuittePitoningaylofuror mo*tnhe*olnitoerr.net. write a paragraph about f;;;edodPraadrsonnisajccesenecird'tsf:Yo,twhortmoeuosrnwdkeaohenifincdcrhengtodrppoioaafuis,rnpetrdssiok.. efoEulBantcdhhaiaabrgolitrtauobntueaptnltoywlnaigrmllrsi,di,too.Ktru.ay.cophCiriapoorujeirid\"*c'i.tu,t .oKpnnaicctaethunarykfeo,sorMmnoeof, htoihtisfnetifahatemtacomluassasnicddaalnc- Hands on! apcsMhelde.avad)ke.,renrtaaepnalwadpcpsiocsepltaralua.nprgTdeeehrsteotcrieptlsriplieachpdttoueinwrd'cgehtssthoe,ecnbtahnbinteaesbai'co.ecifhtTyc.coulootmftihanckh(deetiofnafenmcraeoaiiknl,aetng-ttehfJ,,e'rpr'cdprurrlettr\".sosytuehotseumocfaotnhneaalspoeo_ * ,if, skilts and vatues Appreciating the arts/ art forms ,rril:PDle.oHrfaonTrmy :oafosyr homuourtlsepiacire'ncseccliaefosnrstiicyitaostumsracuvtsatihcssaomtr tadetaaenrsnc. ienT?egllHtohwemlow,nrgh-yth\"ay,voeyuoyeorniurjoinbyeJteeananrtnedianrg-nmitnehgmatito?srty; le @

Some More Cities Mind opener |I*king Ahead A city is a lorge and importont town. You ln this lesson you will learn about some more have read in the earlier lessons that Delhi, cities of lndia: hlumbai, Kolkata ond Chennai are four of . Bengdluru, the Garden City of Karnataka the major cities of lndia. Are these the . Hyderabad, the capital of Andhra onty cities in lndia? lf not, can you name sorne other cities in lndia? Prodesh and Telangano . Ahmedobod, the largest city of Gujorat . Jaipur, the Pink City of Rajasthan . Lucknow, City of the Nawobs . JGuwahoii, the biggest city of Assom You have just read about our four metros, or big cities, namely Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. At one time,India only had these four metros. But today, there are other cities some of which are bigger than these four metros. These cities were small towns a few decades ago. But since then there has been a sharp increase in their population. They have also developed better facilities, services and infrastructure. Let us read about some of them. Bengaluru Bengaluru is the capital of Karnataka. It was earlier known as Bangalore. It has grown rapidly to become the third largest city of India, larger even than Chennai and Kolkata. Bengaluru is known as the Garden City with its many trees and beautiful parks, such as Lal Bagh and Cubbon Park. Bengaluru enjoys a moderate climate throughout the year. The places of tourist interest include the Vidhan Soudha, Lal Bagh, the Government Museum and Tipu Sultan's Palace. Bengaluru is also called the Silicon Vatley of India, as it is the biggest Bengaluru: Greenery in the midst of buildings

LalBagh Botanicalpark Bangalore Karaga The Vidhan Soudha software development centre Hgderabad of India. The other industries in Hyderabad is an old city. The eutb Bengaluru include the atrcr aft,textile Shahi rulers founded it around 400 and electronic goods industry. years ago.Today it is the fourth most Bengaluru is famous for its silk saris, populated city of India. It is also the capital of Telangana and Andhra rosewood, and sandalwood items. Most of the people here speak Pradesh. It includes the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. The Kannada. Tamil, Urdu, Hindi and *iussaln Sagar Lake connects them. English are also spoken. Hyderabad has hot summers and The major festivals celebrated cool winters. It has grown into an are Dasara and Makar' Sankranti. important centre for the computer Bangalore Karaga is one of the oldest industry. It is famous for pearl jewellery, its textiles, especially festivals celebrated in Bengal;.rru. Ganesh Chaturthi, Eid and Christmas Pochampally sarees, and Hyderabadi biryani. are also celebrated. The Hussain Sagar Lake with the massive statue The Charminar of Buddha

Hyderabad has many places of tourist Ahmedabad interest. The Charminar, the Mecca Ahmedabad is the largest city of Masjid (one of the largest mosques Gujarat, though it is not its capital. It in the world), Salarjung Museum, is located along thebanks of the River the Qutb Shahi tombs, Birla Mandir Sabarmati. The Sabarmati Ashram built by Gandhiji, lies in this city. The and Hussain Sagar Lake with the city is famous for its textile industry. huge statue of Buddha in the middle, are a few of the tourist attractions. Hyderabad is also famous for its Bidri work. Hyderabadi biryani A vase in bidriwork Aerialview of Ahmedabad city The people of Hyderabad mostly Besides the Sabarmati Ashram, the other places of tourist interest are the speak Telugu, Urdu, .Hindi and Walled City, Akshardham Temple, English. The festivals celebrated Siddhi Bashir Mosque, Kankaria are Eid, Diwali, Christmas, Pongal, Lake and the Kite Museum. Navaratri and Thyagaraja festivdl. The main festivals celebrated are Uttarayan (the annual kite-flying GandhijiS Sabarmati Ashram $u:,! ,N,*, Doing the Raas Garba during Navaratri

festival), Navaratri, Diwali, Holi, Eid Did you know? and Christmas. The people perform Hawa Mahal, or the Palace of Wind, has Raas Garba during the nine duy 953 small windows called jharokhas. These windows allow the wind to blow through Navaratri celebrations. The people and keep the rooms cool. The top three floors of the palace are only one room wide. here speak Gujarati, Hindi and English. Jaipur observatory ]antar Mantar are the |aipur is the capital of Rajasthan. places of tourist interest in the city. ]aipuris commonlyknownas the pink People here mainly speak Rajasthani City because of its old palaces and buildings built with pink sandstone. and Hindi. English, Punjabi and . Maharaja lai Singh II founded the Sindhi are city nearly 300 years ago. It is one of also spoken. India's first planned cities. The main ]aipur is known for its handicrafts festivals made of marble, ivory, metal and celebrated stone. It is also known for tie-and- hereareTeej, The kite festival is celebrated dye cloth and jewellery made out of on Makar Sankranti Gangaur, precious and semi-preciousstones. Kite The City Palace, Hawa Mahal, Festival, Elephant Rambagh Palace and the remarkable Festival and the ]aipur Literature festival. Lucknow Popularly known as the City ot' Nawabs, Lucknow is the capital of Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow is situated on the banks of the River Gomti. It is a city full of history. Places of interest are Hawa Mahal

\\l ll r-{ A kurta in chikankari Atypical Lucknowi meal r',clr.i Did you know? The Bada lmambara Chikankari is the traditional embroidery of Lucknow. lt is delicate work done by hand. lt is done on a variety of materials like cotton, silk and chiffon. the Residency, Bada and Chota The people mainly speak Hindi and Urdu. English is also spoken. Imambaras, Rumi Darwaza, Clock Guwahali Tower and Shaheed Smarak. Situated along the banks of the River Diwali, Holi, Eid and Christmas are Brahmap utr a,Guwahati is the biggest the main festivals celebrated here. city of Assam. It is also the biggest Lucknow is famous for its food. Itis also city of north-eastern India. famous for its clothes embroidered Guwahati is famous for its bamboo in clrilsankari, fragrances called lttar, crafts and wickerwork. Shops here and handicrafts rrrln as pottery, specialise in Assam's famous golden coloured sllk (muga) and Assam tea. earthen toys, silver and gold foil work. The city of Guwahati on the banks of the Bamboo craft Brahmaputra River

The places of tourist interest are the Kamakhya Temple, Assam State Museum, Forest Museum, Srimanta Shankardev Kalakshetra and Guwahati planetarium. The important festivals are Rangoli Utsav, Durga puja, Diwali and the Ambubachi Mela held at the Kamakhya Temple. Bohag Bihu is one of the most widely celebrated festivals in Guwahati. Kamakhya Tempte, Guwahati People here mainly speak Assamese, Bengali and English. *6[k- , now know 2'1' Bengaluru is the capital of Karnataka. lt is called the silicon valley of lndia, as it is the biggest software development centre of lndia. 3' Ili\"J:ff1#:ffi:pital of Andhra Pradesh and retansana. rt is famous for its textires 4' 5' aGJLAnauhudicmpwkutaenerhdaoiaa.swtbtihaisiesdthtchiseaeptchilataeaprlgiltaoearsflgtRoecsfailtjUyacstiotttayhfraoNnPfo.rGralttdhuei-sjEashkraa.nstolt.tewlritsnnisflafnofmadrmioaituo.ssulptsfaioslfarofcarietmsGs,ocajuhensiwdkahfeoniljlirke,sarityrssi aaehbnmaadnbrdmrhoicaaidrntaiedfrAtiycss.r,hasrfatilskm. . 6' $.p Words to remember moderate; mild, neither too hot nor too cold populous: having a large population infrastructure: the basic facilities needed for a place to function efficiently bodies special building from where the stars, planets and other heaventy \"ot:i:1l\"tJ: a sandstone: a type of rock

t..=== W Exercises A. Complete the table in your notebook. Name of city Places of tourist !ndustry Festivals Languages interest spoken 1. Ahmedabad 2. Hvderabad 3. Bengaluru 4. Guwahati 5. Lucknow 6. Jaipur B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Bengaluru is also known as the ' City'. 2. The Charminar is in 3. Guwahati is located on the banks of the River 4. Maharaja Jai Singh ll, built the planned city of 5. The traditional embroidery of Lucknow is called C. Answer the following questions. 1. Why is Bengaluru known as the 'silicon Valley of lndia'? 2. What are the places of tourist interest in Hyderabad? 3. Write three sentences describing the city of Ahmedabad. 4. What is Lucknow fdmous for? 5. Which are the festivals celebrated in Guwahati? 5. Why is Jaipur called the'Pink City'? W multiple choice questions 1. The city that is known as the Silicon Valley of lndia is a. Bengaluru b. Chennai c' Hyderabad 2. The Sabarmati Ashram is in a. Lucknow b. Hyderabad c. Ahmedabad 3. Ahmedabad is located on the banks of the river a. Ganga b. Yamuna c. Sabarmati 4. Bohag Bihu is celebrated in a. Guwahati b. Chandigarh c. Bengaluru 5. Most of the people in Jaipur speak a. Kannada b. Rajasthani c. Assamese

y HOIS; Think and Answer . All the cities we discussed in this chapter have different kinds of climate. Some have a moderate climate (Bengaluru) while some have extreme summer and winter (Lucknow and Jaipur). Some enjoy heavy rain (Guwahati), while some have hardly any (Jaipur). Why do you think this is so? -'n' Enrichment Activities *\\* . Puzzle iirne: Prepare a Word Search with clues and ask your classmates to find the answers. You could give clues like these: a famous temple of Ahmedabad, a festival of Jaipur; a city known for its chikankari, etc. . $peak out: You have read about six cities in this chapter. Which of these cities would you like to live in? Tell your class why you would like to live there. . Wrile righi: Write a letter to your cousin telling her or him about the main attrac- tions of your city or town. . Projeci work: Working in groups, do a project on any place of interest in your state. Find out about its history, climate, art and culture, languages spoken, festivals celebrated, industries. Also paste relevant pictures. . Find oul: Find out the name of the dance that Lucknow is famous for. (Hint: Birju Maharaj is a famous exponent of this dance.) Hands on! lmagine you are a tourist guide. Out of the cities discussed in this chapter, which place would you like to take your tourists to? Make a presentation in class about what all you would show them and what all you would tell them about the place. V Life Skills and values U ndersta ndi ng d iversity 'lndia is a land of unity in diversity'. Do you agree? How would you explain this sen- tence? Have a discussion in class. Give examples to support your arguments.

Our Environment Mind opener |- Nome ten things thot you see around I Looking Ahead you. How many of these are living, ln this lesson you will learn obout: and how many are nan-living? What is . The meaning of the word 'environment' . Living and non-living things the difference between a living thing . Difference between needs and wants and o non-living thing? . Environmental pollution . Saving our environment from pollution and destruction -J The word 'environment' means to encircle or surround. So, everything that surrounds us forms our environment. Look around you. There are people, Our environment includes everything around plants, animals, buildings, cars, roads us-both the living and the non-living things and so many other things. Peop1e, (picture credit Todd Anthony) plants and animals are living things. Roads, buildings, cars, c[rairs and tables are non-living things. Both living and non-living things together make up our environment. Son,te DIFFERENcEs BETwEEN uvtNo AND NoN-uvtNG THTNGs Living things grow. I Non-living things do not grow. Living things can move. I Non-living things cannot move on their own. Living things need food. I Non-living things do not need food. Nalural and hurnan-rnade environrnenl Our natural environment includes all those things made by nature, like soil, water, air, plants and animals. Buildings, roads, cars, computers and clothes are part of the human-made environment. @

a Natural environment Human-made environment Did you know? There are some living things, like yeast, that can live without air or sunlight. Yeast has been used for thousands of years to make bread and wine. Our Needs and Wanls Our wants are unending and f ar We need air to breath, water to exceed our needs. But from'where and how do we satisfy our wants? drink, food to eat, a house to live in and clothes to wear. Air, water, food We can do it only from our natural and shelter are our basic needs. We cannot stay alive without these. environment. But do we need a computer, a With the increasing population and these increasing wants, our natural television, a mobile or a car to stay resources are getting used up very alive? No, because these are not our needs. These are our wants, and we fast. Forests are being cut down can stay alive without them. to create more farmlands, hbusing colonies and factories. Trees are cut t H;1 F \",l*.t'' ** water food and shelter-the four basic needs of humans mj Television, computers, cars and mobiles are all wants that we can live without

down to make furniture and paper. clothes and computers, but waste Animals are killed for their fur, which from the factories producing these is used to make clothes. More cars goods is polluting our rivers and mean more petrol. seas. Farmers are polluting the soil Pollulion by using chemical fertilisers to grow Pollution happens when something more croPs. i harmful enters the environment and Gandhiji has said, 'This world spoils it. Things that do not decay,like plastics, pollute the environment. contains enough for everyone's needs, but not for everyone's greed.' So we need to control our wants and our greedy demands for MORE. Land pollution Saving our Environrnenl Our greed for more and more things We need to save our environment. But how can we do that? Here are is polluting the envifonment. We some ways we can adopt: want more cars; but smoke from cars We can stop wasting paper as is polluting the air. We want more wasting paper means - cutting down more and more trees. In fact, we should plant more trees. We can stop buying things, which are made by killing animals i-'m Smoke from cars polluting the air Waste polluting the A bird covered in oilfrom water an oilspill

r I illegally, like things made from . We can shut taps when not in use fur and ivory. to save water. o We can cycle or walk to nearby . We can refuse to use polythene places instead of taking a car or bags. Instead we can take a cloth a bus, to save on fuel and control bag every time we go shopping. air pollution. The World Envirdnment Day is . We can switch off lights and fans celebrated every year on 5 ]une. On when they are not needed to save this day, let us pledge to save the electricity. environment from pollution and destruction. Did you know? The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or the Clean lndia Mission was launched by the Government of lndia in 7OL4. The main aim of this campaign is to put an end to open defecation (the practice of people defecating in the open) in lndia through the construction of personal and public toilets. The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan also aims to ensure that the streets, roads, water bodies, railway stations and other public spaces in the cities and towns of lndia are kept clean. lt is the largest ever cleanliness drive launched in lndia. ?5 Words to remember pk t now know environment: evefihing in our surround- 1. Anything that surrounds us forms our t ings environment. needs: basic necessities or requirements for 2. Our natural environment includes all life those things made by nature, like soil, water, air, plants and animals. wants: a desire for something ' ,, 3. Our environment consists of living and pollute: make something dirty by adding non-living things. harmfu! substances 4. We can save our environment by grow- destruction: to damage something so badly that it no longer exists ing more trees, walking wherever possi- ble and using water carefully. ff Exercises A. Match the columns. 1. pollution a. paper 2. animals b. petrol 3. trees c. need 4. cars d. natural environment 5. air e. harming the environment

B. Answer the following questions. 1. What are the things that make up your environment? 2. List three of your needs and three of your wants. 3. Mention three differences between living and non-living things, Give examples. 4. What is pollution? Give three examples of pollution. 5. How can we take care of the environment? C. 'What do you need? What do you want? Mark'N'for what you think is a need, and 'W' for what You think is a want. Ltn lh# ?tqi'l aattdlr--l,j : so$p l fbiqr\"t. i\"m rla1 trh*alth ears !l ..l-,l \" ;1, flt :) hh,i-:89' diEhes ffiSl&'r Wffi & multiple choice questions 1. The environment consists of around us. a. living things b. non-living things c. living and non-living things 2. Farmers pollute the soil by using harmful a. fertilisers b. waste c. gases 3. For human beings, air is a a. want b. luxury c. need environment. 4. A building is part of the a. natural b. human-made living 5. We can save the environment bY a. using more plastic bags b. throwing away unused paper c. planting more trees

- HOfS: Think and Answer What do you think would happen if all the plants on the Earth started to die? Would it affect us? After all, we could always live by eating animals! S, fnri chment Activities . Write right: Write a story on the topic 'The day the tap ran dry\" $peak out: Have a debate or discussion on Gandhiji's saying, 'The world contains enough for everyone's needs but not for everyone's greed'' a Arl work: Make a card like the one shown here. a Project: Working in groups, make a poster or collage PROIECI OU on the topic 'saving the Environment'. Think of a ENVIRONMENT catchy slogan and write it on the poster. Hands on! 1. Spread a layer of petroleum jelly on a sheet of white paper and hang it outside your house. Observe the sheet after a week. What do you find? Share your observations in class, and explain them' 2. Adopt a tree in your neighbourhood. Give it a name. Look after the tree by giving it water every day. $ Life skills ond values I Developing environmental sensitivity Shiela is careful not to waste water. She . takes only as much water as she needs to drink . uses a bucket for her bath and not the shower . calls a plumber if any tap is leaking in the house and gets it repaired . turns off the tap while brushing her teeth What do you do to save water and electricity? Tell your classmates.

m Early Humans lGrcns Ahead .ln this lesson you will learn about: The shelter, clothing, food and toots of Early Humans J . The discovery of fire . The beginning of forming . The domestication of animals . lnvention of the wheel It is believed that early humans lived in jungles. They spent most of their time looking for food. They did not know farming. So they roamed in the jungle for food. They ate wild fruits and roots, and hunted small animals. They hit animals with stones to kill them, and then ate their raw flesh. Early humans ate wild fruits and nuts They wore the skin of animals $helter and Clothing Early humans lived in natural caves or under large trees to protect themselves from the Sun, wind and rain. They. covered themselves with the skins of animals or leaves of trees. Slowly, early humans realised that it was easier to dig out roots and hunt animals if they had sharp pieces of stone that could be used as too1s.

Tools Early humans wanted to make Early humans searched for stones fire themselves, and use it to their advantage. Th\"y discovered that with sharp edges and used these for digging and for killing animals. They rubbing two stones or two bamboo made tools from animal horns and sticks together cotrld make fire. This great discovery is said to have bones. They also used sharp wooden sticks as tools. changed the life of the human race. No Early humans learnt to tie a sharp wonder, many people still worship stone to a wooden stick and used fire. it like a spear to kill wild animals The Beginning of Farrning without going near them. Early humans kept moving from Earlg Hurnans Discover Fire place to place in search of food. They Early humans must have seen natural soon found that whenever they threw fires breaking out in the jungle. the seeds of the fruits they ate, new plants grew from them. They noticed At first, they were afraid of fire. Then that when these plants became big, fruits grew on them. Early liumans they must have realised that fire had discovered farming. They now helped to keep away wild animals knew that they could plant seeds and the cold. They also discovered and grow their food, rather than go that fire made the flesh of animals searching for it from place to place. tastier and easier to eat. They could They could now settle down in one keep the fire burning by adding dry leaves and twigs to it. place. 1\\ il*i,ryru' '\"\\ Discovery of fire 'r., ' ' li, Making tools out of stone Fire kept away the animals (Picture credit Doug L Hoffman) @

Settling in villages Early humans must have learnt that the plants needed water and fertile soil to grow weIl. Such places were mostly near rivers. So they started settling down in small villages near rivers. Tarning of anirnals rn the besinnins:ily,::fns carried their After settling down in villages, early They had to carry the animals that humans also started taming animals. they kilIed. They also had to carry They learnt that some animals such wood used for making fire and for as horses, donkeys, cows, bullocks or dogs could be tamed more easily constructing houses. than others. They used these animals for ploughing their farmlands. They also got food such as milk and meat from these animals. Then they started using animals to plough Then they started using animals to carry the land their load How Transporl Developed The animals that they had tamed Early humans still had to walk long were used for carrying loads. This distances and carry heavy loads. made the work of transporting loads a little easier. Experts believe that someone, someday, must have noticed logs of wood floating in the river. An idea must have struck! A number of straight logs were tied together to make a raft. This helped early humans

to travel and also carry heavy loads by river. -t A log rolling down a slope A raft So they fitted small pieces of tree trunks below their carts. Th\" cart But travelling and transporting heavy could now move easily on uneven loads by land was still difficult and ground. Thus, the wheel was slow. At first, they made carts that invented. Land travel now became could be pulled along the ground. easier and faster. It was now possible They were called sledges. The people to transport heavy stones to build pushed and pulled the sledges better houses. themselves. They also used animals to pull the sledges. But sledges could The invention of the wheel is move only on smooth grounds. considered to be a landmark in the history of humankind. I lnvention of The Wheel A stone wheel Wheels of a horse'cart Sometime later, early humans must have seen round logs of wood rolling. down a hiII. They realised that round things could move much more easily on land.

Discoverg of rnetal rocks. These metals could be used The early humans discovered that to make better tools. Using these metals, such as copper and iron, metal tools humans could now clear could be produced by melting some forests to get land for growing crops. S. t now know 1. lt is believed that early humans lived in caves and under large trees. 2. They used sharp stones and wooden sticks as weapons. 3. The discovery of fire is said to have changed the lives of the early humans. 4. Early humans started settling down in villages after they began farming. 5. They tamed animals for carrying loads, ploughing and for food. 6. The invention of the wheel further changed the lives of humankind. iiip Words to remember weapons: things used to attack or defend tame: make easy to control plough: a tool, usually drawn by animals, used to turn the soil discover: to find or learn about something for the first time invent: to make something that did not exist before ff Exercises A. Fill in the blanks. 1. Early humans spent most of their time looking for 2. Rubbing two stones together can make 3. Early humans needed tools to dig out and hunt 4. Early humans made using sticks and sharp stones. B. Complete the table. Early humans Humans today Clothes Shelter Tools Food

f C, Match the columns. 1. sledge a. fertile soil 2. raft b. metal 3. iron c. cart without wheels 4. river banks d. water transport D, Write T for true and F for false sentences 1. Early humans first settled in villages near rivers. 2. A sledge can move easily over uneven land. 3. We get metal by melting wood. 4. All wheels are round. E. Circle all the: 1. Means of transport that have wheels: scoote[ ship, tractor, aeroplane, steame[ train, sledge, submarine, rocket, boat, he]i- copter, rickshaw, cycle 2. Animals that early humans tamed: tigen cow, giraffe, buffalo, horse, lion, goat, zebra, dog, bullock, donkey, parrot, monkey F. Answer the following questions. 1. What did the early humans eat in the beginning? 2. Where did early humans live and what kind of clothes did they wear? 3. How did early humans make fire? 4. How was fire useful to ttre early humans? 5. Which discovery made it possible for humans to settle down in one place? 6. Why did early humans settle near rivers? 7. How was the first sledge made?., 8. How did early humans get the idea of the wheel? & mrltiple choice questions 1. Early humans lived in a. caves and trees b. houses c. out in the open 2. The earliest tools used by humans were made of a. stone b. iron c. steel 3. Early humans learnt to make fire by a. rubbing two stones together b. using a match box a ! c. using fires caused by lightning

4. The first villages came up a. beside rivers b. on mountains c. in dense forests 5. carts without wheels thatrcan be pulled along the ground are called a. rafts b. sledges c. ploughs W HOIS; Think and Answer 'tui, a Early humans did not use money. How do you think they got all the things needed? they Enrichment Activities a Speak out: Suppose metals like iron and copperi had not been discovered at all! rn what ways do you think your life would have been different? Discuss with your classmates. wriie right: Visit a museum to get a glimpse of the life of early humans. write a report on thl visit and share it with your classmates. Art work: Early humans were great artists. They drew the most beautiful pictures in caves. one on the lnternet. Draw similar pictures is shown here. Search for more such pictures in your scarpbook. a w Hands on! Ask your teacher to show you how fire can be made by striking two stones. V Life Skiils and Values Developing awareness and scientific temper ' Working in groups, and a curse'. make a poster to show through pictures 'Fire is both a blessing ' -ls there anything discovered or invented by you or anyone you know? Talk about it You should have a curious mind. Arways queition [hingr.

New II GettingAhead in Social Studies <tu Glass 3

New GettingAhead Glass E in Social Studaes New GettingAheod in sociot studies is a series of 8 books from the primary to the middle school level. This is an enriched and updated version of the popular GettingAhead in Sociol Studies series. Moin Feotures: illustrations and accurate up-to-date maps ODriIeGnt !BTlaAcktSwan to think FliD,IBook d [l 3eni,nrtion, introduced g @ 3$::'.\",:,\"'*. Presentations ! Glossary I Teachers' I uil lnteractive E Tasks ResourceS A variety of enrichment activities such as speak out, write Right, |ffi1 Picture ? !Sf *o,*no,, puzzle Time, Art Work, Role Play, Project Work, Model Making, Field Trip, lfJ Galleries I Find out, Let,s Debate, and Making and Analysing Graphs are included Life skills and Values help students develop'!kills needed for everyday life; they also teach and reinforce values Hands on! present interesting and easy-to-do activies for students lnternet links provide interesting sites for students to learn more smart Books for Teachers that come equipped with a range of teaching aids Teachers' Resource Pack with Lesson Plans, Answer Key, Question Bank, Worksheets and Graphic Organisers Orient BlackSwan ( 350.00 rsBN978-93-s287-1 69-8 Cover Design: 'frinity Designcrs & Typtsctters uxffiil[illuil[ll