DK Children’s Encyclopedia)_clone

Taste SEE ALSO ▸▸ Color pp.26–27 When we eat food, tiny bumps in our mouth sense if it ▸▸ Brain p.45 tastes sweet, sour, salty, savory, or bitter. The mouth ▸▸ Digestion p.79 sends information to our brain, which works out the ▸▸ Food p.106 flavors of what we are eating and drinking. ▸▸ Fruit and seeds Taste and smell p.115 ▸▸ Smell p.232 The sense of taste from the tongue and the sense of smell Sour from the nose work together to Lemons, limes, tell us how our food tastes. and grapefruit taste sour. A Bitter sour taste can Bitter-tasting also be a warning foods include that food has olives, coffee gone bad. beans, and cocoa beans. Salt Savory Salt is added to Savory flavors dishes to help them include soy to taste better. Our sauce and bodies need a small parmesan amount of salt to cheese. stay healthy, but too much salt is bad for us. The body regrows all of our taste buds Taste buds every two weeks. The little bumps in our tongue and Sweet mouth have tiny Foods such as honey and taste sensors in fruit taste sweet because of them called taste the natural sugar they contain. buds. We have around 10,000 taste buds. 249

Telephones SEE ALSO ▸▸ Codes pp.66–67 Telephones allow people to speak to each other from ▸▸ Communication anywhere in the world. They turn the sound of our voices into signals, which are sent through radio waves p.69 or cables to another phone. That phone then changes ▸▸ Computers p.71 the signals back into sound. ▸▸ Electricity p.87 ▸▸ Hearing p.127 ▸▸ Internet p.138 Where does your voice go? When you speak into a phone, the sound of your voice is turned into electrical signals. A network of telephone lines and cell towers let us speak to people over long distances. Cell tower Telephone lines These towers send and Phone lines carry phone receive signals between signals long distances by mobile phones and a holding the wires up telephone exchange. above the ground. For longer distances, cables can even go underwater. Mobile phones Telephone exchange Wired phones Mobile phones send and receive signals This place connects telephone calls Landline phones have a cable that as radio waves. They don’t work if they using computers. It sends incoming plugs into a wall. They send a are too far away from a cell tower. signals to the right phone. signal through a network of wires. Past and present 18:05 Smartphone Tuesday, 20 April The way that phones send and receive A smartphone is a signals has changed since they were first First telephone pocket computer invented. Early telephones sent sounds The telephone was invented in 1876 by that can be used short distances through pipes or tubes. Alexander Graham Bell, a Scottish music teacher. to make phone calls, From the 1800s, telephones sent electrical record videos, and signals through wires. Mobile phones use play games. radio waves to pick up signals. 250

Television SEE ALSO ▸▸ Communication Television lets people watch the news, documentaries, films, cartoons, and game shows p.69 without leaving the house. It is one of the world’s ▸▸ Factories p.97 most popular forms of entertainment. ▸▸ Hearing p.127 ▸▸ Radio p.203 Sounds and 2. Television satellite ▸▸ Satellites p.215 pictures are The recorded program is ▸▸ Sight p.226 recorded, using sent as signals to machines a video camera. in space, called satellites. 3. Broadcast tower The signals are then sent back These towers pick up satellite to many places on Earth. signals and send them out to areas nearby. This can 1. Filming Satellite dishes be done using special cables Television programs are send signals to or small satellite dishes. recorded using video and from Earth. cameras. When a program Televisions pick up is ready, the production the signals from company sends, or their nearest tower. transmits, it. 4. Television Sending signals John Logie Baird The signals are turned back into pictures and The pictures and sounds of a invented the first sounds using electricity. television program are sent, or television in 1926, We can then watch the transmitted, around the world as television program. signals. Televisions pick up the using cookie tins, signals and change them back hat boxes, bicycle into moving images. lights, and needles. Early television The picture on the screen is made up of The first television sets thousands of tiny were big boxes with small colored squares, screens. They showed called pixels. programs in black and white. By the 1950s, color televisions became more common in homes. Televisor (1930) 251

Temperature SEE ALSO ▸▸ Changing states p.57 Temperature is a measurement of how hot or cold ▸▸ Gases p.117 ▸▸ Human body something is. We measure temperature in degrees of p.130 Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). We can use a thermometer ▸▸ Liquids p.148 ▸▸ Measuring p.159 to measure the temperature of the air, liquids, ▸▸ Solids p.234 or the human body. °C °F 100 210 90 200 Thermometer Digital 190 A thermometer is an thermometer 80 180 instrument that measures 170 temperature. We read the temperature off it in degrees. 70 160 150 60 140 130 50 120 Water boils Body 40 110 temperature 30 100 When liquid water reaches a 20 90 temperature of 212°F (100°C), it boils and changes from a liquid 80 into a gas called water vapor. 70 60 Room temperature 10 50 We use the term “room temperature” to describe 40 Water freezes normal conditions. The 0 30 average temperature of When the temperature of the air a room is 68°F (20°C). -10 20 around us gets to 32°F (0°C), liquid 10 water freezes and becomes a solid Body called ice. temperature 0 -20 -10 A healthy body temperature is -30 -20 The red Lightning is about 98.6°F (37°C). -30 liquid goes Doctors can check up or down 53,540°F body temperature by -40 -40 to show the (29,727°C), putting an electric temperature. thermometer in our which makes it the mouth or ear. hottest natural thing on Earth. Thermometer 252

Theater SEE ALSO ▸▸ Ancient Greece People have acted out stories for thousands of years. These stories are plays, and the theater is the exciting p.18 place in which they are performed. Theater performers try to make you believe that the characters in a play are ▸▸ Books p.44 real, and that the events they show are actually happening. ▸▸ Buildings p.48 On stage ▸▸ Clothing pp.62–63 The area where plays are ▸▸ Film p.100 performed in a theater is called the stage. ▸▸ Music Many actors can be pp.176–177 on stage at the same time. Music, sounds, and lighting on stage make the play more exciting. British author Agatha Christie’s play The Mousetrap has been performed more than 25,000 times! Actor Costume Stage Prop The people in plays The clothing an actor wears The stage is usually in Props are things used in who pretend to be is called their costume. front of the audience. plays to make them more characters are lifelike, such as weapons. called actors. These Chinese Ancient plays Tragedy Puppets puppets cast mask shadows onto The first plays were Models controlled by strings a screen. written in ancient or rods are called puppets. Greece, around 700 bce. Comedy They are given voices by Greek playwrights mask performers and tell mainly wrote sad plays, stories on small stages. called tragedies, Puppet shows have and funny plays, been performed for at called comedies. least 3,000 years. Greek theater masks 253

Tides SEE ALSO ▸▸ Day and night Tides are daily changes in the level of the sea on the coast. They are mainly caused by the moon’s gravity, p.77 which is an invisible force that pulls on the Earth. When the water is high up the coast, it is called high tide, and ▸▸ Gravity p.125 when it falls it is low tide. ▸▸ Moon p.171 ▸▸ Oceans and seas p.187 ▸▸ Seashore p.220 ▸▸ Sun p.247 Low tide High tide When the pull of the moon is weak, water levels When the pull of the moon is strong, water levels fall and the tide goes out. rise and the tide comes in. The moon and tides A high tide happens Living between tides around the parts of Earth The moon pulls the Earth’s closest to the moon. The part of the coast that is covered up and oceans on the side facing it. then uncovered between the tides is called the This makes sea levels rise, Earth intertidal zone. Many living things are found creating a high tide. Because here. They have to be tough to cope with the Earth turns, tides rise Moon battering waves at high tide, and air and fall as parts of Earth and sunlight at low tide. turn toward and then away Low tide occurs from the moon. where the moon’s Mussels live on pull is at its weakest. rocks. They shut High tides happen their shells when on both sides of the the tide is out. Earth at the same time. 254

Time zones SEE ALSO ▸▸ Aircraft p.13 Clocks do not show the same time all over the world. ▸▸ Clocks p.61 If they did, it would be dark at noon and light at midnight ▸▸ Day and night in some places. To avoid this, the world is divided into 24 areas called time zones. There is a difference of one p.77 hour between time zones that are next to each other. ▸▸ Maps p.155 ▸▸ Sun p.247 ▸▸ World p.275 Times around the world ndon 12 noo Paris 1 p.m. Berlin 1 p.m Beijing 8 p. m. m. Time zones are based on the time in Greenwich, in London, which is known as Greenwich Mean . Time. The time in the zones to the west .m. ro 2 p.m. of Greenwich are earlier, and the times in the wn 2 p.m. zones to the east are later. Los Ang n Marra New York 7 a.m. neiro 9 a.m. Lo Moscow 3 p eles 4 a.m. kesh 12 noon Sydney 10 p. Russia is such a Cai big country Rio de Ja Cape To that it stretches The pointer’s Jet lag shadow shows across 11 time the time. Traveling quickly across several zones. time zones can confuse our bodies, which still think they are in the Sundials original time zone. This state, called jet lag, can cause tiredness, Before time zones were invented, headaches, and problems sleeping. people worked out the local time from the position of the sun in the sky using a sundial. The shadow cast by a pointer on the dial showed the time. 255

Touch SEE ALSO ▸▸ Body cells p.41 Touching is how we feel the world around us. When we ▸▸ Brain p.45 touch something, sensors in our skin send information ▸▸ Human body to our brain. We can tell if things are rough or smooth, hot or cold, and how much something pushes against us. p.130 ▸▸ Muscles p.173 Feeling things ▸▸ Skin p.229 ▸▸ Temperature There are tiny sensors in our skin called cells or neurons. These neurons collect p.252 information about what we touch and send electrical signals to the brain. Hot and cold We can detect if Hard and soft things are hot or We can feel how hard cold. If something things are by how much is too hot, our skin they push back against tells us to move our touch. away quickly. Blind people can Smooth read by touching a and rough series of tiny bumps We are able to feel on a page called very small bumps and differences braille. in texture. Pain Wet and dry We can tell the The neurons in difference between your skin can also wet, sticky, and dry detect damage. If things just by we cut or burn touching them. ourselves, the neurons send a message to our brain that we feel as pain. 256

Trade SEE ALSO ▸▸ Farming p.98 Trade is buying and selling. We trade raw materials, ▸▸ Governments like metal, to make things, as well as trading the things they are made into, like phones. Everything we eat, p.123 wear, and use is the result of trade. You can also buy ▸▸ Materials p.157 and sell services, which are jobs people do, such as ▸▸ Money p.169 computer coding. ▸▸ Transportation Vegetables, fruit, animals Aircraft carry Factories turn raw pp.258–259 for meat, and other products some products materials, such as ▸▸ Work p.274 are farmed to be sold. overseas quickly. iron and copper, into finished products, Products are sold such as computers. in stores and markets. Trucks transport things that are ready to be sold. At the port, containers Border controls Clothes Rice of goods are loaded check what goes onto ships to be in and out of sent abroad. the country. Imports Exports Computers Goods and raw materials coming into Furniture a country are known as imports. These Goods and raw materials that are often items that cannot be made are sent overseas are known Spice trade or grown in that country. as exports. Most exports go by boat. Some go by plane, One of the oldest trades train, or road. in the world is the spice trade. Cinnamon, turmeric, Pineapples Cocoa beans Cars and other spices are grown in Asia and used around Lemons and limes Bananas Steel the world to flavor food. When the trade began, International trade Coastguards spices were carried by make sure that land across Asia. Countries all over the world send goods to one ships make it to another. They can make money by charging the land safely. Cinnamon other country tax (money) for the right to sell its goods within their borders. 257

The story of... Green travel Transportation The bicycle is one of the most environmentally friendly (green) Humans have been inventing new ways of moving forms of transportation, because it from one place to another for thousands of years. has no engine to release harmful At first, people used animals for transportation on gases into the air. Other forms of land. Later, the wheel was invented, then engines. People started crossing water using rafts and simple green travel include electric dugout canoes, while air travel began with hot-air cars and buses that run on balloons. We have even traveled into space! clean hydrogen gas. Horse and cart Cyclists and their passengers wear a helmet to keep their head protected if they fall. Animals Ancient boats were powered Animals were our first by people type of transportation other using oars. than walking. At first, people rode on them. In 3500 bce the wheel was invented, and carts and carriages were pulled by horses, oxen, and other animals. Model of a boat, from ancient Egypt Crossing water Turning the pedals makes The first boats were log boats, a bicycle’s carved out of tree trunks, and wheels go basic rafts made from reeds around. and sticks. People used them to travel around and also for fishing. 258

Model T Ford Air travel Cars for all A few decades after the first powered flight In 1908, the Model T Ford became the first car that was in 1903, aircraft were cheap enough for many people developed to take people to buy. More than 15 million were around the world faster built. Most cars at the time than ever before. Today, cost nearly $3,000, but the Model T Ford was the longest nonstop only $850. flight takes 17 hours and 27 minutes from There are more than New Zealand to Qatar. one billion Video camera Poster for Korean bikes on the records moving Air Lines planet. color images of the moon. Only three lunar rovers were built. They are all still on the surface of the moon. Moon buggy Lunar Rover The Lunar Roving Vehicle was designed to transport astronauts on the moon’s surface. Three of these battery- powered craft drove on the moon. They could transport two astronauts at speeds of up to 8 mph (13 kph). 259

Trains SEE ALSO ▸▸ Asia p.29 Trains are vehicles that move along tracks. The first trains ▸▸ Engines p.92 were powered by steam, but modern trains use diesel, ▸▸ Inventions electricity, or even magnets. They are a fast way for passengers to travel and for goods to be transported. pp.136–137 ▸▸ Magnets p.151 There are three Each train can ▸▸ Trade p.257 types of seating, carry more than ▸▸ Transportation the most luxurious 900 passengers being “Gran Class.” in 12 cars. pp.258–259 The driver uses levers Bullet train and computer screens to control the train. The Shinkansen is also known as a bullet train. It travels long distances between Japanese cities at speeds of up to 199 mph (320 kph). Shinkansen The nose is angled so the train can move faster through the air. The world’s Shinkansen trains longest train had operate on special high-speed tracks. eight engines and 682 cars! In the cab, coal is fed into a fire. This heats water in a boiler to create steam that powers the train. Aerolite, 1902 The large, powered wheel Underground is called the driving wheel. trains Steam engine Many cities have The earliest trains used steam for power. Water was underground trains known as subway, or heated by a coal fire in the engine. The first working metro, systems. train, Stephenson’s Rocket, was built in 1829. Avoiding the busy traffic above, these trains can quickly move people around a city. The Paris metro 260

Trees SEE ALSO ▸▸ Forests p.109 A tree is a plant with a woody stem called a trunk. Trees are found all over the world, except in ▸▸ Fruit and seeds Antarctica. The two main types of tree are p.115 deciduous and evergreen. ▸▸ Habitats p.126 Deciduous trees ▸▸ Materials p.157 These trees have leaves that die and drop off in the ▸▸ Photosynthesis autumn. In the spring, their p.191 leaves grow back again. ▸▸ Plants p.194 Leaves Leaves make the food a tree needs to grow. They come in all shapes and sizes depending on the type of tree. Bark The tree trunk is covered in bark, a rough covering that protects the tree. Oak tree Needles Tree rings Needles are leaves that are curled up into a tough You can tell how pointed shape. old a tree is by counting the rings Evergreen trees in its trunk. Each ring shows a year These trees keep their leaves all in the tree’s life. year round. They have flat, hard Sicilian fir leaves called needles or scales. 261

Turkish Empire SEE ALSO ▸▸ Africa p.12 For hundreds of years, the Ottoman Turks ruled one of ▸▸ Asia p.29 the largest empires the world has ever seen. It stretched ▸▸ Buildings p.48 from North Africa across the Middle East to the Indian ▸▸ Crafts p.75 Ocean. The Ottomans were Muslims, but they ▸▸ Europe p.94 ruled over many different people. ▸▸ Flags p.102 ▸▸ Religion p.208 Ottoman leader The famous Blue Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey, was In 1299, a Turkish leader, Osman I, completed in 1616. founded what was to become a new Turkish empire—the Ottoman Empire. The same family of sultans ruled this empire for 600 years. Osman I led the Turks from 1299 to 1323. Religious empire The Ottomans were Muslims, which means they followed the religion of Islam. They built grand buildings called mosques to pray in. Many of their mosques are still in use today. The capital of the Ottoman Empire was Constantinople, which is now known as Istanbul. Flower patterns The republic Flag of Turkey were often used to decorate Iznik pottery. The Ottoman Empire ended in 1922, and the Turkish art sultans were no longer in charge. The next year, The Turks made beautiful Turkey became a republic, pottery in the town of Iznik with its people voting to in northwest Turkey. They choose the leaders. also wove wool carpets and tapestries. 262

Universe SEE ALSO ▸▸ Atoms p.34 The universe is everything around us: matter, energy, and ▸▸ Big Bang p.37 space. This means the Earth, the solar system, the Milky ▸▸ Earth p.83 Way, and other galaxies are part of the universe. The ▸▸ Galaxies p.116 universe is very big and is always changing. ▸▸ Milky Way p.167 ▸▸ Solar system p.233 Where are we? Universe The universe is made The universe is so huge that it is up of billions of galaxies hard to understand. This diagram that cluster together, shows how Earth fits with the with huge empty spaces rest of the universe. between them. The universe has The Milky Way no center, and is The solar system orbits the center filled with galaxies in all of our home galaxy, which is directions—it goes known as the on forever. Milky Way. The solar system Scientists thought the The sun and its Milky Way was the only family of planets galaxy until the early are known as the 20th century. solar system. Dark matter The Earth Our planet is one Scientists think that dark matter is made of of eight planets particles smaller than atoms. Dark matter that move around is invisible to us, but we know it exists the sun. because its force of gravity pulls nearby space objects toward it. Earth was thought Visible to be the center of matter the universe until 20 the 16th century. percent City landscape Dark Our planet is home to 7 billion matter people living in towns, cities, 80 and the countryside. percent 263

Uranus SEE ALSO ▸▸ Atmosphere p.33 Uranus is the third largest planet in the ▸▸ Elements p.90 solar system, after Jupiter and Saturn. ▸▸ Gases p.117 It is the second farthest planet from the ▸▸ Mixtures p.168 sun. From Earth, Uranus looks like a ▸▸ Neptune p.183 very faint star. ▸▸ Solar system p.233 Ice giant The atmosphere of Uranus is mostly Uranus is an \"ice giant\"—it has made of hydrogen a rocky core that is surrounded and helium gas. It by a mixture of liquid ices. is very cold. Uranus has no solid surface. Rolling planet Most planets spin like tops on their axis, but Uranus spins on its side like a rolling ball. Its tilt was probably caused by a giant crash with another planet-sized body. Earth is slightly tilted and spins from west to east. Earth s Uranu Uranus is very tilted and spins from east to west. Few features Uranus is the The spacecraft Voyager 2 visited the coldest planet in Uranus system in 1986. Images sent back to Earth revealed 10 new moons and two the solar system, with new rings but few other features. temperatures as low as –371°F (–224°C). Voyager 2 Uranus has thin, dark rings that are hard to see. 264

Venus SEE ALSO ▸▸ Atmosphere p.33 Venus is a rocky planet that is only slightly smaller ▸▸ Earth p.83 than Earth. It is the second planet away from the sun, ▸▸ Gases p.117 and sits between Mercury and Earth. Venus spins very ▸▸ Mercury p.161 slowly and has the longest day of all the planets in ▸▸ Solar system p.233 the solar system. ▸▸ Temperature p.252 ▸▸ Volcanoes p.268 Harsh planet Venus has Venus’s rocky surface is extremely hot. thousands Temperatures can reach more than of volcanoes 878°F (470°C), which is hot enough on its surface. to melt metal. Maat Mons is the biggest volcano on Venus. It is 245 miles (395 km) wide. Atmosphere Sulphur gas in Much of Venus’s the clouds surface is covered Venus is surrounded by a makes Venus with solid rock that thick layer of poisonous gases. appear yellow. used to be liquid. This atmosphere makes it hard for scientists to see Sun Venus’s surface. Venus Transit of Venus Venus is closer to the sun than the Earth is. We sometimes see Venus moving in front of the sun. It looks like a small, dark disk moving across the bright Sun. This is called the transit of Venus. 265

Vertebrates SEE ALSO ▸▸ Amphibians p.15 Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone. ▸▸ Birds p.39 The skeleton is a frame that helps the body move ▸▸ Fish p.101 around. Mammals, amphibians, reptiles, fish, and ▸▸ Invertebrates p.139 birds are all vertebrates. ▸▸ Mammals p.154 ▸▸ Reptiles p.210 ▸▸ Skeleton p.228 The skull protects the The small, linked-up soft brain inside. bones in the back are called vertebrae. Mammals Having lots of little bones in All mammals have a the tail means similar skeleton. Only it can be moved mammals have a lower around easily. jawbone that is joined to the skull by a hinge. Strong bones in the legs let the tiger The ribcage holds jump a long way. the tiger’s lungs in place. Birds Tiger skeleton Most birds have light bones, to let them Frog Fins let the fish fly. Penguins have skeleton swim smoothly heavier bones so through water. they can dive Amphibians deep in the Fish skeleton water. Frogs and toads don’t have ribs. They have strong leg Fish Penguin bones for jumping. skeleton Only some fish have Bird skeletons The jaw have bony skeletons. Others, such are full of holes. extra bones. as sharks, have skeletons This helps them made from a bendy to be as light as substance called cartilage. possible. There are more Reptiles rib bones. Reptiles have more bones Lizard skeleton in their skeletons than other animals. This makes them very bendy. 266

Vikings SEE ALSO ▸▸ Crafts p.75 Starting in the year 800, people from Norway, Sweden, and ▸▸ Europe p.94 Denmark set out to travel long distances and explore the ▸▸ Explorers p.96 world. We call these people Vikings. At home they had been ▸▸ Myths and farmers and craftspeople. On their travels, Vikings traded with or sometimes stole from others. legends p.178 ▸▸ Oceans and seas Viking longship In 1004, p.187 Longships were fast ships Viking woman ▸▸ Ships p.224 Vikings used to travel across Gudrid the Atlantic Ocean and up Viking longhouse rivers in Europe. They were Thorbjarnardóttir powered by oars and a sail. Vikings built houses using wood. led a voyage The roofs were either wooden Some Viking warships or thatched (woven using straw had an animal head from Greenland or other soft materials). Inside carved on the front. to Canada. were several different rooms for the family, slaves, and animals. The square The mast could be sail was rolled taken down in a storm. Roof decorations helped up in shallow to identify the owner. waters. Straw or wool filled gaps in the planks. The strong keel was made from oak wood. Overlapping Ropes Helmets were planks made controlled worn by most a strong, the sail. Viking warriors. light ship. Shields Swords were Oars could protected expensive change the the crew weapons. direction of from the ship. spray. A belt pouch was a good place to keep coins. 267

Volcanoes SEE ALSO ▸▸ Earth’s surface A volcano is a mountain or crater that forms when melted rock, called magma, breaks through the Earth’s surface. p.84 As soon as the magma breaks through, or erupts, from, a volcano, it is known as lava. Every year around the ▸▸ Earthquakes p.85 world, between 50 and 70 volcanoes erupt. ▸▸ Inside Earth p.135 ▸▸ Rock cycle p.213 ▸▸ Rocks and minerals p.214 Volcanic eruption Gas in the magma can Types of volcano make it blast high into Volcanoes erupt in different the sky, forming a lava Volcanoes come in all shapes ways. In some eruptions, lava fountain. and sizes. Some are small, gently flows out or spurts cone-shaped hills formed in like a fountain. In other About a single eruption. Others are eruptions, gas, giant mountains built up by ash, and rocks 80 percent many eruptions. explode out of of volcanic the volcano. eruptions take Small pieces of place under lava fall around the sea. the crater, forming a cone-shaped Lava flows are slow- Caldera mountain. moving rivers of melted The biggest volcanic eruptions rock that can bury or leave behind an enormous crater destroy everything known as a caldera. Some craters in their path. fill with water and become lakes. Cinder cone Built of fragments of cooled lava called cinders, cinder cones are the smallest and most common type of volcano. Stratovolcano This type of volcano is made up of layers of ash and lava from many eruptions. Stratovolcanoes are steep-sided and cone-shaped. 268

Volume SEE ALSO ▸▸ Ancient Greece In math, volume is the amount of space inside a shape. The volume of a shape is measured in p.18 ”cubed” units, such as cubic inches (in3) or cubic ▸▸ Human body centimeters (cm3). p.130 3-D shapes Cone ▸▸ Measuring p.159 Cones have a circular ▸▸ Numbers p.185 Three-dimensional (3-D) base and a curved ▸▸ Science p.217 shapes have length, width, ▸▸ Shapes p.222 and height. While 2-D shapes side that ends such as squares are flat, 3-D in a point. Cylinder shapes have volume. A cylinder has circular ends and a long middle section. Cuboid These shapes have six flat, rectangular sides of any size. Finding volume Sphere Cube A sphere is shaped Cubes have six The volume of any like a ball. If you equal-sized, object can be found cut it in half, the square sides. by putting it in water. sliced face would The volume of the be circular. water is measured first. The object is 50 50 added, then the water 45 is measured again. 40 45 35 Carefully measure 30 40 the volume of the 25 water. Then add 20 } 35 Eureka! your object. 15 30 10 An ancient Greek The amount mathematician called 5 Archimedes realized the water 25 that the amount of water he pushed out level changes when he got in the bath was the same volume as is the volume 20 his body. He shouted \"Eureka!,\" which means of the object. \"I have found it!\" 15 10 5 Archimedes in the bath 269

Water cycle SEE ALSO ▸▸ Clouds p.64 The Earth always has the same amount of water, but ▸▸ Water it is constantly moving between the oceans, rivers, underground reservoirs, ice caps, and the atmosphere. pp.120–121 This continuous movement is called the water cycle. ▸▸ Glaciers p.122 ▸▸ Lakes p.143 Moving water ▸▸ Oceans and seas The amount of water in p.187 the atmosphere, the ▸▸ Rivers p.211 oceans, and on land is always changing. When clouds contain enough water they produce rain, snow, or hail that falls down to Earth. Water in the atmosphere comes together in masses of tiny droplets to form clouds. Water evaporates from the sea Some rainwater and Rainwater and into the atmosphere. Plants snowmelt soak into snowmelt find their release water in a process the ground, forming way into rivers, which called transpiration. underground lakes eventually carry them known as aquifers. to the sea. Water of life Breaking Without water there the cycle would be no life on Earth. Even plants and Humans break the water animals that live in very cycle in several ways. We dry places, such as dam rivers, suck up water deserts, need some from underground, and water to stay alive. use water for washing and drinking. 270

Weather SEE ALSO ▸▸ Atmosphere p.33 The weather is what is happening in the atmosphere, or air ▸▸ Changing world and sky, outside. It could be sunny or cloudy, windy or calm, rainy or dry, or foggy or clear. In tropical parts of the world, pp.50–51 it is hot and sunny most of the time. Further north or ▸▸ Clouds p.64 south, the weather can be different every day. ▸▸ Seasons p.221 ▸▸ Storms p.246 ▸▸ Water cycle p.270 Sunny When there is bright sunshine, it is often warm with clear blue skies. Plants grow well in this kind of weather. If it is too hot and dry, however, they might die. Windy The wind is the movement of the air. Winds may be warm or cold, depending on the direction they blow in from. Very strong winds can damage buildings and blow down trees. Rainy Water droplets that fall from clouds are called rain. Plants need rain to grow, but too much rain can cause floods. When it is very cold, rain falls as snow. Foggy Fog and mist are made up of water droplets. They are clouds at ground level. Fogs are thicker than mists. People driving in fog need to be very careful as it is hard to see ahead. 271

The story of... Madrasa Students take ten billion trips every School In parts of the Islamic world, children go to a year on school A school is where children go to school known as a madrasa. buses in the United learn subjects, such as reading Here they learn more about and writing, that help them to their religion by studying States and Canada. understand the world. Going to school gives us the knowledge and the Quran. Extra flashing skills that help us to get a job. lights help children see that the school bus is coming. First schools Boys first started to go to school in ancient Greece, Rome, China, and India. Later, in Europe, church schools were set up. Girls were not always sent to school. A school in School buses have ancient extra mirrors to Rome help the driver spot children. Education for all Today, both boys and girls go to school from around the age of five. They learn math, reading, and writing. Older children study other subjects, too. 272

College Graduation Almost cap A college or university two million is where people over 18 can study a subject in children are great detail for three or home-schooled four years. They are awarded in the US. a degree when they graduate. Getting to school Degree certificate Many students walk to school, others are taken there in special school buses or by car or train. In the US, school buses are painted bright yellow. Home school Some children stay at home during the day and are given lessons by their parents. They get to study all the subjects they would learn at school. Children that live a long way from the nearest school join in lessons over the Internet. Victorian desktop blackboard Tools for school In the past, children wrote out their lessons using chalk on a small blackboard. Today, some schools use computers and tablets, although tests and homework usually have to be written out on paper. 273

Work SEE ALSO ▸▸ Farming p.98 Work provides people with money to pay for the things they need, such as food and somewhere to live. There are ▸▸ Inventions lots of different types of work you can do. Many jobs need pp.136–137 special skills that you must train for. Some people stay doing the same work all their lives. Others learn new skills ▸▸ Law p.145 and change jobs. ▸▸ Medicine p.160 ▸▸ Money p.169 ▸▸ School pp.272–273 Jobs Factory workers Pilot flying Farm workers Workers in factories produce a plane Farmers use land to grow and The type of work a person does is everything from washing sell crops like wheat. They called their job. Different jobs require machines to cars and phones. raise animals such as cows, different skills. People might work on Machines and computers help sheep, and chickens. a building site, in a hospital, or at them to do this work. a school. Truck driver Computer coder Office workers Teacher Construction workers Lawyer Some people work in Teachers help young Construction workers build new buildings called offices. people learn new buildings and repair old ones. They Help center They do different jobs skills and information build roads, dig ditches for pipes and often use computers, at school. and cables, and lay train tracks. phones, and books. Street sweeper Bus Scientists driver Scientists invent new products and medicines. They test Police everything from bridges to how healthy your blood is. Shop assistants Creative work Medical staff Market traders Shop workers sell Some people use their Doctors, nurses, and surgeons Many people sell things to people in imaginations to create in clinics and hospitals try to fruit, vegetables, stores, such as food, websites, design books cure you if you’re ill. Carers plants, flowers, and clothes, shoes, books, and posters, and make look after people who need household goods in and music. music and films. extra help. market stalls. 274

World SEE ALSO ▸▸ Changing world The Earth and everything that lives on it make up the world. We often show the world as a map. Just pp.50–51 over one-quarter of it is land, which is divided into seven huge areas, called continents. The rest of ▸▸ Climate change the world is covered in water, or oceans. p.60 ▸▸ Earth p.83 ▸▸ Earth’s surface p.84 ▸▸ Maps p.155 Where we live The world’s smallest The world’s biggest country country is Vatican is Russia. It stretches from We live on all of the world’s City. It is contained Eastern Europe across Asia seven continents. Apart from within the city of to the Pacific Ocean. Antarctica, the continents Rome, in Italy. are divided into areas called countries. Europe North America Asia Africa The world’s The world’s richest country biggest city is About the South America is Qatar in Tokyo, in Japan. world Western Asia. More than 36 The world’s million people Population: poorest country live there. 7.5 billion is the Central African Republic, Oceania in Africa. Highest point: Antarctica Mount Everest There are more City life Lowest point: Mariana Trench than 7.5 billion Half of all the people on people in the world, Earth live in cities. Many Biggest desert: live in one of the world’s Sahara Desert (hot) living in about 35 megacities, each of or Antarctica (cold) which has more than 200 countries. ten million people. Longest river: Nile 275 This nighttime photograph of the megacity Paris, in France, was taken from space.

World War l SEE ALSO ▸▸ Europe p.94 In 1914, war broke out in Europe and spread across the ▸▸ Factories p.97 world. In this war, planes and tanks were used for the first ▸▸ Flags p.102 time. The fighting lasted for four years and millions of ▸▸ Work p.274 soldiers were killed. Peace was declared in 1918. ▸▸ World p.275 ▸▸ World War II p.277 Trench warfare ▸▸ War pp.278–279 In Western Europe, the opposing armies Soldiers went defended the land they held by digging over the top of lines of deep trenches. Trenches the trench to protected the soldiers from enemy fire fight the enemy. but were dangerous and very dirty. Sand bags Barbed wire protected kept enemy against soldiers out. rifle fire. A bayonet on Women at war the end of a gun was used to With the men away fighting, stab the enemy. women worked in factories to make weapons and ammunition (bullets and shells). They also worked on farms. Heavy-duty Allies and Central boots were Powers worn. The warring countries formed Rats ran everywhere two groups, with the Allies in the trenches, fighting the Central Powers. spreading disease. Allies: Trenches were Britain France Italy very muddy and often filled Russia USA with water. Central Powers: Gas masks could be worn Germany Austria- Ottoman if the enemy attacked Hungary Empire using poisonous gas. 276

World War ll SEE ALSO ▸▸ Aircraft p.13 In 1939, Germany invaded Poland and a war broke out in ▸▸ Europe p.94 Europe. Fighting spread across the world, with massive ▸▸ Religion p.208 battles on land, at sea, and in the air. The war lasted six ▸▸ Ships p.224 years and was the most violent conflict in history, ▸▸ World p.275 with more than 60 million people killed. Peace was ▸▸ World War I p.276 restored in 1945. ▸▸ War pp.278–279 A single pilot sat in the cockpit. He also fired the guns. British fighter plane British Spitfire fighter aircraft brought down many German planes during the Battle of Britain in 1940. The turret rotated to point the main gun at the enemy. Kindertransport German tank Germany made thousands of Almost 10,000 mainly Jewish powerful, well-armed tanks to children who were threatened with attack both Western Europe persecution were brought to safety and the Soviet Union (Russia). in Britain from mainland Europe. This was called the Kindertransport, The ship was painted or “children’s transport.” in different colors to confuse the enemy. Allies and Axis Main Allies: Aircraft were kept on the US ship deck ready to The US Navy fought a series of fierce take off. battles in the Pacific Ocean against the Japanese Navy. The four main Allies Britain France USA Soviet faced the three Axis Axis: Japan Union nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan. Fighting between them took place in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Germany Italy 277

The story of... War Throughout history, people have fought each other for land, money, and power. They have fought to defend a religion or overthrow a ruler or a government. Wars are expensive and kill thousands of people. They can last for years. Many don’t agree with war, believing it is always wrong to kill people. Early warfare A full suit of armor weighed up Men fought the first wars armed with battle-axes, wooden clubs, to 90 lb (40 kg), knives, spears, and shields. They didn’t have uniforms, so it was which is about sometimes difficult for them to know if they were fighting their the same as 40 dictionaries. enemies or their friends. Horses wore armor to protect their head, neck, and sides. The Trojan War Knight on horseback ended when Greek soldiers tricked their way into the city of Troy, by hiding inside a wooden horse. Long wars Knights in armor War can last a long time. The Trojan In medieval Europe, knights rode into War lasted for ten years, while the battle on horseback, wearing suits of Greeks and Persians fought each other for 50 years in the 400s bce. The Hundred metal armor. The armor protected Years’ War between England and France them from arrows and spears, but lasted for 116 years, from 1337 to was heavy to wear and meant 1453, although fighting did not they couldn’t see very well. take place every day. 278

The Spanish War at sea Armada was made Many battles take place up of 130 ships that at sea. Sea battles can be carried 2,500 guns very dangerous as ships can and 30,000 soldiers quickly sink, killing everyone on board. If rival boats get and sailors. close together, soldiers can A painting of the Spanish scramble across onto Armada in 1588. an enemy ship. This flag was used by Civil wars The first official flag of the the rebel states during USA had 13 stars and 13 the Civil War. Most wars are fought stripes to represent each between countries, but wars of the colonies in 1777. can also break out between groups within a country—these are known as civil wars. The US fought a war against Britain to win its independence in 1783, and then fought a bitter civil war from 1861 to 1865. 1,200 bulletsA modern submachine gun can fire a minute, which is 20 every second. Gunpowder Cost of war War graves Gunpowder is an explosive Soldiers are killed or die of their material that was first invented wounds, and civilians caught up in the fighting can be killed by accident. in China in the 800s. It can be If a person refuses to fight in a war used in guns to propel bullets because they don’t believe in killing and shells very fast and over people, they are known as a long distances against conscientious objector. an enemy army. Prussian soldier 279

Writing SEE ALSO ▸▸ Storytelling Writing is putting the words we speak down on paper or on a screen. We do this using sets of characters, such as the pp.42–43 letters in an alphabet. Characters represent the different letters or words of a language. The many different ▸▸ Books p.44 languages in the world have different systems of writing. ▸▸ Bronze Age p.47 ▸▸ Codes pp.66–67 ▸▸ Language p.144 ▸▸ Philosophy p.189 Writing systems Cuneiform Have a Used in ancient Iraq, nice day Written characters can be this was one of the first joined together to form writing systems. Have a nice day words, or sometimes form Cuneiform means Have a nice day words on their own. Different “wedge-shaped.” Have a nice day systems are written left to right, right to left, or downward. Writing tools English The English alphabet has 26 The first words were letters. These letters are used carved into soft clay using a by many languages across hard reed or piece of wood. the world. Today we write with pencils, crayons, and pens. Chinese Brushes can be used to These characters are formed paint beautiful characters. of pictures that often show an object. A character forms one word or part of a word. Cyrillic This alphabet is used to write Russian and other Eastern European and Central Asian languages. Hindi The Hindi language of India is written in the beautiful Devanagari alphabet. It has 47 different letters. Calligraphy brush Some Chinese Emojis Fountain pen dictionaries list Emoji means “picture Pencil more than character” in Japanese. Emojis are used on mobile 40,000 phones and computers as a quick way to show characters! feelings or words. 280

Zoo SEE ALSO ▸▸ Animal families Zoos are home to animals from all over the world. Scientists work in zoos to learn about the animals, and p.21 how animals live in the wild. The oldest zoos have been ▸▸ Conservation around for hundreds of years. Millions of people visit zoos to see animals and learn more about them. p.72 ▸▸ Farming p.98 Natural spaces ▸▸ Pets pp.152–153 Zoos try to keep animals in ▸▸ Mammals p.154 spaces that are like where ▸▸ Work p.274 they would be in the wild. This is good for the animals and Zoo visit helps people learn about Here are some things these places. to bear in mind if you visit a zoo. Zoo people Don’t feed the animals Lots of different people Feeding animals food that work in zoos. Zookeepers is not part of their diet can look after the animals every make them sick. day; zoologists are scientists that study the animals; and vets keep the animals healthy. Conservation Don’t make loud noises Zoos protect animal Loud noises scare the animals, numbers in the wild and work to stop animals from so try not to shout. becoming extinct. For example, California zoos have set up breeding programs to save the endangered California condor. Bad zoos Listen to the zookeepers Not all zoos are good. Some The keepers know a lot. You can don’t look after their animals learn about animals by listening properly or keep them in the to them and reading the signs. right spaces. Good zoos are part of zoo organizations that make sure they keep animals safe and healthy. 281

Reference John Constable (1776–1837) English landscape painter known for his everyday countryside scenes. In this section you’ll find a useful His famous paintings include The Hay Wain and The Cornfield. collection of lists and diagrams packed Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863) French painter of the Romantic period, when art, writing, and music with helpful information. focused on emotions. He chose dramatic subjects, deliberately painting so that his individual brushstrokes could be seen. Artists Paul Cézanne (1839–1906) An artist is someone who creates art by painting, French painter, sometimes called the father of modern art. He mainly sculpting, or making. Even early humans made cave painted landscapes and still lifes (objects like flowers and fruits), building paintings. Many artists are famous for inventing new up his pictures with large blocks of color. styles of art and ways of painting. Claude Monet (1840–1926) Giotto (around 1266–1337) French landscape painter who invented the Impressionist style of art, Italian painter who started painting in a more lifelike way. His pictures which tried to paint the overall effect of a moment in time. mark the start of the Renaissance style of painting, which was more realistic than what had been before. Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) Dutch painter who developed a unique style featuring bright colors and Jan van Eyck (around 1390–1441) dramatic brushstrokes. He was not well known until after he died. The first great painter to develop the use of oil paints. He came from what is now Belgium. Edvard Munch (1863–1944) Norwegian painter who had a tragic childhood and painted many works Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) expressing fear and anxiety. His most famous painting is The Scream. Italian painter, inventor, and thinker who painted people with natural expressions. His most famous works are the Mona Lisa and the wall Qi Baishi (1864–1957) painting The Last Supper. Popular Chinese artist whose many works include a variety of subjects such as paintings of individual animals and plants. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564) Italian painter, sculptor, architect, and poet, often called simply Henri Matisse (1869–1954) ”Michelangelo.” His large religious paintings on the ceiling and walls of French painter. His brightly colored, usually cheerful works are the Sistine Chapel in Rome are among the most famous of all artworks. sometimes abstract, but usually he painted recognizable objects in a simplified style. Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio, 1483–1520) Italian painter of religious works and portraits. He used Leonardo’s and Abanindranath Tagore (1871–1951) Michelangelo’s techniques to make paintings that influenced art for Indian painter and author who helped develop Indian art that was less hundreds of years. dependent on British influence (Britain ruled India at the time). His uncle was the poet Rabindranath Tagore (see “Writers” list). Titian (around 1488–1576) Painter from Venice, Italy, whose works include mythological scenes and Pablo Picasso (1881–1973) realistic portraits of people, and are well known for their bright colors. Spanish artist, probably the most famous painter of the 20th century. He painted in a variety of modern art styles and helped invent Cubism, Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) which includes lots of geometric shapes such as squares and triangles. Artist and diplomat who lived in what is now Belgium. He was the most famous painter of the Baroque style, which came after the Renaissance Edward Hopper (1882–1967) and features dramatic situations and emotions. American painter of realistic scenes, often city streets or buildings, either deserted or with lonely-looking people in them. Claude Lorrain (around 1600–1682) French landscape painter who mainly worked in Italy. His landscapes Diego Rivera (1886–1957) often include ancient ruins, and inspired the fashion for landscape Mexican painter best known for his colorful, action-packed wall gardening, where people tried to make their land look like his paintings. paintings which often have a political message. Husband of Frida Kahlo. Rembrandt (Rembrandt van Rijn, 1606–1669) Mark Rothko (1903–1970) Dutch painter whose great skill as an artist helped him paint people’s American abstract artist whose work features rectangular blocks of emotions. Many of his best paintings are self-portraits. color painted without sharp edges. Francisco Goya (1746–1828) Salvador Dalí (1904–1989) Spanish artist who became official painter to the King of Spain, but Spanish painter and sculptor who belonged to the art movement called whose works also include nightmare scenes and paintings of the Surrealism, which created made-up subjects. His work features horrors of war. dreamlike impossible scenes, painted in a highly realistic way. Katsushika Hokusai (1760–1849) Frida Kahlo (1907–1954) Japanese artist who excelled in painting scenes from everyday life and Mexican painter known for her self-portraits. She had a complex life, landscapes. Many of his works feature the snow-capped Japanese affected by an accident and illness as a child. Wife of Diego Rivera. volcano, Mount Fuji. Jackson Pollock (1912–1956) J. M. W. Turner (1775–1851) American painter best known for his “action paintings”—abstract works English landscape painter whose works show his interests in travel, created by dribbling swirls of paint on a canvas. the sea, history, and literature. In his later paintings the scenes are sometimes almost completely hidden by mist, rain, or snow. Andy Warhol (1928–1987) American founder of Pop Art, which takes everyday images such as soup cans or celebrities’ faces and uses them as the basis for artworks. Antony Gormley (born 1950) British sculptor whose works include the huge outdoor winged figure the Angel of the North near Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. 282

Writers Charles Dickens (1812–1870) English author of many famous novels including Oliver Twist, David People have written things down for thousands of years. Copperfield, and A Tale of Two Cities. Writing can include books, poems, or plays. It can tell a story or record facts. Charlotte Brontë (1816–1855) English author of Jane Eyre and other novels. Her sisters Emily (1818– Homer (around 800 bce) 1848, author of Wuthering Heights) and Anne (1820–1849) are also Legendary blind author of the Greek epic poems the Iliad and the well-known writers. Odyssey, set at the time of the Trojan War. Charles Baudelaire (1821–1867) Sappho (around 630 bce) French poet whose subjects include city life and the unhappy side of Greek poet famous for her passionate love poetry. Only a small amount emotions. He was a big influence on later poets. of her work now survives. Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910) Qu Yuan (around 340–278 bce) Russian author of the famous novels Anna Karenina and War and Peace. Ancient Chinese poet and public servant. His most famous poem is called The Lament. Emily Dickinson (1830–1886) American poet whose deeply felt, personal poems only became well Virgil (70–19 bce) known after her death. Roman author of the epic poem the Aeneid, which tells the legendary story of the creation of the city of Rome. Lewis Carroll (1832–1898) English author and mathematician. His real name was Charles Lutwidge Imru’ al-Qais (around 500) Dodgson. He wrote the stories Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Arabian poet whose works are full of passionate feeling. He is Through the Looking-Glass. sometimes called the father of Arabic poetry. Mark Twain (1835–1910) Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) American author, whose real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. His Italian author of the Divine Comedy, a three-part epic poem describing many works include the novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The hell, heaven, and purgatory (a place in between heaven and hell). Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Geoffrey Chaucer (around 1343–1400) Oscar Wilde (1854–1900) English author of The Canterbury Tales, entertaining stories told in the Irish author whose works include the play The Importance of Being voice of different pilgrims (people traveling to a sacred place). Earnest and his only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray. Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616) Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941) Spanish writer whose comic book Don Quixote, about the adventures of Indian poet, novelist, composer, and thinker who wrote mainly in the a well-meaning but silly knight, is often described as Europe’s first novel. Bengali language. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. William Shakespeare (1564–1616) H. G. Wells (1866–1946) English playwright and poet whose many famous plays include Hamlet, English author and thinker. He wrote works of science fiction such as Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The Time Machine and The War of the Worlds. Molière (1622–1673) James Joyce (1882–1941) Famous French actor and author of funny comic plays. Molière was his Irish author of famous novels including Ulysses and Finnegans Wake. stage name, his real name was Jean-Baptiste Poquelin. Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694) English novelist whose works feature a style of writing called stream-of- Japanese poet, a master of the short type of Japanese poem called a consciousness where you read a person‘s thoughts as they think them. haiku, which contains just 17 syllables (single sounds in words). T. S. Eliot (1888–1965) Voltaire (1694–1778) American–English poet whose works include The Waste Land. His French writer and thinker, whose real name was François-Marie Arouet. humorous poems about cats became the inspiration for the musical Cats. He attacked old-fashioned ideas in his funny and controversial writings. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1948. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) German writer, poet, and thinker, whose wide-ranging works include American author whose books include A Farewell to Arms and For Whom Faust, a long drama finished just before his death. the Bell Tolls, both set in wartime. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. Robert Burns (1759–1796) Scotland’s national poet. He wrote or revised the words for hundreds of George Orwell (1903–1950) Scottish songs including Auld Lang Syne. English novelist and essay writer. He wrote the famous political novels Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. William Wordsworth (1770–1850) English poet who used nature as a source of inspiration. Gabriel García Márquez (1927–2014) Colombian author whose novels, originally written in Spanish, include Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832) One Hundred Years of Solitude and Love in the Time of Cholera. He won Scottish writer and poet. He was the first great historical novelist, with the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982. works including Ivanhoe, Old Mortality, and The Heart of Midlothian. Wole Soyinka (born 1934) Jane Austen (1775–1817) Nigerian playwright, poet, and novelist whose works often deal with English author whose funny and clever novels, including Emma and African political and social issues. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature Pride and Prejudice, are still popular today. in 1986. Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875) J. K. Rowling (born 1965) Danish writer best known for his children’s stories including The Ugly British author of the hugely successful Harry Potter series of books Duckling, The Little Mermaid, and The Snow Queen. about a young wizard. 283

Alphabets and Ancient Greek writing systems alpha beta gamma delta epsilon zeta eta theta An alphabet is a set of ksi marks that each means a chi sound. It is used to write down the words of a language. Ancient Greek iota kappa lambda mu nu omicron pi letters The ancient Greeks rho sigma tau upsilon phi psi omega used an alphabet with 24 letters. The Latin alphabet is based on it. Latin letters Latin (Roman) The Latin alphabet is still used today Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm in many European languages. Three Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz letters have been added since ancient times: J, U, and W. Arabic letters Arabic The Arabic alphabet has 28 letters. It reads from right to left and does not have separate capital letters. Some vowels have their own letters, but some are added to the consonants. Chinese characters Chinese (Mandarin) Chinese writing does not have an alphabet; woman man child head hand foot sun moon instead, symbols metal called characters represent whole words. More than one language is spoken in China. Mandarin is the most common. earth water fire tree mountain cloud dragon dog cat horse bird north south big small knife fork hot cold spring summer autumn winter 284

Scientists Charles Darwin (1809–1882) English biologist whose 1859 book On the Origin of Species argued that For thousands of years, scientists have made all sorts of new species can evolve from existing ones by natural selection. important inventions and discoveries. Today, they are still answering important questions about the universe. Ada Lovelace (1815–1852) English mathematician who put together the world’s first computer Aristotle (384–322 bce) program. She wrote it for a never-completed mechanical computer built Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist. His ideas on physics are out of by the inventor Charles Babbage. date but he was a good biologist, pointing out many facts about animals for the first time. Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) Austrian science teacher and monk. He carried out careful experiments Aristarchus of Samos (around 310–230 bce) on plants to show how features such as flower color and seed shape are Greek astronomer who first suggested that the Earth goes around the passed on to the next generation. sun, instead of the other way round, as was thought before. Copernicus came up with the same idea much later on. Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) French chemist who proved that tiny living things cause rotting and Zhang Heng (78–139 ce) decay. He also showed how people could be protected from diseases Chinese scientist and mathematician who invented a device that would by immunizing them. detect earthquakes up to 310 miles (500 km) away. Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907) Galen (around 129–200) Russian chemist who created the first periodic table of elements. He Greek doctor who studied the parts of the human body. Although many arranged the elements in increasing size of their atoms and whether of his ideas were later proved to be wrong, people treated his writings they have similar properties. on medicine very seriously for more than 1,300 years. Marie Curie (1867–1934) Alhazen (around 965–1039) Polish–French physicist. Along with her husband Pierre, she was one of Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. He was probably the the first people to research radioactivity, and discovered the radioactive best scientist of medieval times, writing a major work on the theory of elements radium and polonium. She won Nobel prizes in 1903 and 1911. light and vision. Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937) Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) New Zealand physicist who discovered that all atoms have a tiny central Polish astronomer who showed both that the Earth was not standing nucleus containing most of their mass (weight). He won the Nobel Prize still, but instead spinning on its axis once a day, and that it orbits the sun for Chemistry in 1908. once a year, instead of the sun orbiting the Earth. Albert Einstein (1879–1955) Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) German-born physicist best known for his theories of relativity, Italian physicist and astronomer. He was the first person to use a including that matter and energy can be turned into each other telescope in astronomy, discovering among other things that Jupiter (described by his famous equation E = MC2). He won the Nobel Prize had moons. for Physics in 1921. Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) Alfred Wegener (1880–1930) German astronomer who improved Copernicus’s theory that the Earth German weather scientist who suggested that the Earth’s continents and other planets moved around the sun, by showing that their orbits slowly move over time (continental drift). are ellipses (oval shapes), not circles. Neils Bohr (1885–1962) William Harvey (1578–1657) Danish physicist who added to Ernest Rutherford’s ideas to suggest that English doctor who discovered that the heart pumps blood around the electrons move around an atom in fixed orbits. He won the Nobel Prize body, pushing it outward through arteries and back through veins. for Physics in 1922. Isaac Newton (1642–1727) Dorothy Hodgkin (1910–1994) English physicist and mathematician who explained gravity for the first English chemist who worked out how to discover the shapes of time. In physics, he introduced his famous “three laws of motion,“ which complicated molecules in the body, such as penicillin and insulin. She explain how objects move and interact with each other. won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1964. Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) Alan Turing (1912–1954) Swedish biologist who introduced the idea of naming living things by English mathematician and founder of computer science. During World giving them a name in Latin, for example Homo sapiens for humans. War II he helped crack German military codes, and later he was involved with some of the first practical computers designed for general use. James Hutton (1726–1797) Scottish geologist whose work showed that the Earth’s rocks formed Francis Crick (1916–2004) and James Watson (born 1928) over a huge time period as a result of very slow changes. Crick (an English physicist) and Watson (an American biologist) co-discovered the spiral (double helix) shape of DNA in 1953. With a Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) third scientist, they won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1962. French chemist, often called the father of modern chemistry. He introduced the idea of a chemical element, and named the gas oxygen. Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958) English chemist who provided much of the evidence that Francis Crick Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) and James Watson used in discovering the spiral shape of DNA. Italian physicist who in 1800 invented the electric battery, which first allowed a steady electric current to be produced. The unit of electricity, Lynn Margulis (1938–2011) the volt, is named in his honor. American biologist who developed the theory that the complicated cells of animals and plants came from smaller bacteria-sized cells that started Michael Faraday (1791–1867) to live inside each other. English physicist and chemist. He showed that a moving magnet creates an electric current in a wire and invented the theory of electric and Stephen Hawking (born 1942) magnetic fields to explain his discoveries. English physicist who has helped us to understand black holes, the origin of the Universe, and the nature of time. 285

Tree of life Origins of life The tree of life shows how Plants Bacteria closely related different Fungi groups of living things are. You can follow the branches Animals to see, for example, that sharks evolved before Sponges amphibians. 10 million species are thought to live on the Earth. Jellyfish Vertebrates Starfish Mollusks Roundworms Sharks Jawless Earthworms Arthropods Amphibians fish Lizards and Bony fish snakes Crocodiles Tortoises and turtles Mammals Birds Dinosaurs 286

Multiplication Find the second number (2) on the top row and If you times two numbers follow the column down together you are multiplying to where it meets the row them. You can use this table to quickly work out the answer 1 2 3 for the first number. to multiplying any two numbers between 1 and 20. 11 2 3 When we multiply a To work out what 22 4 6 number by itself, we say 3 x 2 equals, find the it has been “squared.” first number (3) on By following down the the lefthand column. 3 3 6 9 column across from 3 and down from 2, you can see that 3 x 2 = 6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 6 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 7 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 8 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 9 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132 143 154 165 176 187 198 209 220 12 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240 13 13 26 39 52 65 78 91 104 117 130 143 156 169 182 195 208 221 234 247 260 14 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 182 196 210 224 238 252 266 280 15 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 16 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 256 272 288 304 320 17 17 34 51 68 85 102 119 136 153 170 187 204 221 238 255 272 289 306 323 340 18 18 36 54 72 90 108 126 144 162 180 198 216 234 252 270 288 306 324 342 360 19 19 38 57 76 95 114 133 152 171 190 209 228 247 266 285 304 323 342 361 380 20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 287

Flat shapes KEY Solid shapes Equal angles Flat, or 2-D, shapes have Right angle Solid, or 3-D, shapes have length and width but no depth. Equal sides depth as well as length Triangles have three straight Equal sides and width. sides, and quadrilaterals have four straight sides. Cube A cube has 12 Equilateral triangle Scalene triangle edges of equal All three sides and all three All three sides and all three length and six angles in an equilateral angles in a scalene triangle faces of equal size. triangle are equal. are different. Pyramid The right angle A pyramid can is always have a triangular opposite the base, as seen here, longest side. or a square base. A triangular-based Isosceles triangle Right-angled triangle pyramid has An isosceles triangle has two A right-angled triangle has four faces and sides of equal length and one right angle, but the other six edges. two angles of equal size. angles and sides vary. Cone Square Rectangle Cones have two All four sides in a square are A rectangle has two pairs of faces and only one of equal length and all four sides that are the same length edge. The point is angles are right angles. and four right angles. above the center of the circular base. Cylinder A cylinder has three faces and two edges. The two circular faces are opposite each other. Parallelogram Rhombus A parallelogram has two pairs All the sides in a rhombus are of sides that are equal length equal length and it has two and two pairs of angles that pairs of angles of equal size. are the same size. 288

Time The clock face is divided The hands move down into 12 hours. There are on1t0h11e12rig1h2t and up on 11 12 11 12 1 We divide time into hours, 24 hours in a full day. 10 1 10 minutes, and seconds. A 2 9 clock or watch is used to The hour hand shows 84 tell what time of day it is. what hour of the day it is. 11 12 1 th9e left. We3 call this 9 3 10 2 765 dir8ection “4clockwise.” 8 4 93 11 12 1 765 765 10 9 11 12 1 11 12 111 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 111 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 111 12 1 84 2 8 410 102 10 2 2 10 E6a0911c00mh1213ihn192o1u0ut1er22is3s. div2 i1d0ed in1t0o2 10 2 765 39 39 9 131 12 3 3 7 59 48 9 1 2 hTohwe mmiannuytemhinanudte1ss1hion1wa21ns 1 11121 112 1 9 39 3 4 hour have pas1se0d. It1is0 10 2 2 68 8 4 8 4 10 longer than t9he hou9r ha9nd. 3 3 84 8 4 48 84 8 4 6 95 7 3 95 7 3 2 7 6 5 7 6 75 6 5 7 6 75 6 5 7 6 6 75 6 5 84 84 765 765 3 8 884 44 11 12 1 11 12 111 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 111 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 111 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 7 67 567 65 510 102 102 120 102 102 120 102 102 2 10 10 2 10 2 2 10 10 2 10 2 2 10 10 2 10 2 2 112 1 9 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 3 9 9 3 9 3 39 9 3 9 3 39 9 3 9 3 3 8 84 84 48 84 84 84 84 84 4 8 84 8 4 48 84 8 4 48 84 8 4 4 2 2 7 6 5 7 6 57 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 57 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 57 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 75 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 75 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 75 6 5 3 O3’clock Half past Minutes past Quarter past Quarter to Minutes to When the minute When the minute When the minute 4 W4hen the minute When the minute When the minute hand points to 3, we hand points to 9 we hand is on the left know it is quarter know it is quarter of the clock, we say 56 5 hand 1p1o12int1s1t1o12121 ,11 12 1 11h1a2n1d 1p1o1i2nt1s11to1261, 11 12 1 11h1a2n1d1i1s1o2n1the right past the hour. to the hour. how many minutes the 1t0ime is1e02xact1l0y2 120 we k10n2ow i1t0i2s half120 102 of th10e2 clock2, we say are to the hour. 9 93 9 3 93 93 9 3 93 93 9 3 3 the 8hour sh8 o4 wn 8 4 48 past8t4he h8ou4 r. 84 8 4 how8 m4 any m4 inutes by the7 h6ou5r 7ha6nd5. 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 7ar6e 5pa7st6 th5 e hour. The planets Planet Distance Width Orbit time Day Number name from the sun around length of moons There are eight planets in our the sun solar system, but they are all Mercury 36 million miles 3,032 miles 59 days 0 very different. Here you can (58 million km) (4,879 km) 88 days compare them—the days and hours given are equal to the time they take on Earth. Venus 67 million miles 7,521 miles 225 days 243 days 0 (108 million km) (12,104 km) Earth 93 million miles 7,926 miles 1 year 24 hours 1 (150 million km) (12,756 km) 243 Mars 142 million miles 4,220 miles 1 year 322 days 25 hours 2 (228 million km) (6,792 km) At least 67 Earth days in At least 62 a single day Jupiter 484 million miles 88,846 miles 11 years 315 days 10 hours At least 27 on Venus. (778 million km) (142,984 km) At least 14 Saturn 887 million miles 74,898 miles 29 years 163 days 11 hours (1,427 million (120,536 km) km) Uranus 1,784 million 31,763 miles 84 years 6 days 17 hours Neptune miles (51,118 km) (2,871 million 163 years 289 days 16 hours km) 30,775 miles (49,528 km) 2,795 million miles (4,498 million km) 289

US presidents Timeline of the Civil War The president is the head of state and head of government The Civil War was a major conflict in American history. for the United States of America. Alongside the name of It began when 11 southern states, unhappy that Abraham each president is the party (political group) that they Lincoln had been elected president and concerned he belong to. would outlaw slavery, seceded (broke away) from the Union. They created their own Confederate States of George Washington Federalist 1789–1797 America, also known as the Confederacy. The war between John Adams Federalist 1797–1801 the North and the South that followed lasted four years Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican 1801–1809 and caused the deaths of more than 600,000 soldiers. James Madison Democratic-Republican 1809–1817 When it ended in April 1865, the Union was restored, and James Monroe Democratic-Republican 1817–1825 more than four million slaves were freed. John Quincy Adams Independent 1825–1829 Andrew Jackson Democrat 1829–1837 1850 Martin Van Buren Democrat 1837–1841 Compromise of 1850: New states are allowed to decide for themselves William H. Harrison Whig 1841 • whether to be slave states or free states. John Tyler Democrat 1841–1845 James K. Polk Democrat 1845–1849 1857 Zachary Taylor Whig 1849–1850 • The Supreme Court rules that slaves are not US citizens and are not Millard Fillmore Whig 1850–1853 protected by the Constitution. Franklin Pierce Democrat 1853–1857 James Buchanan Democrat 1857–1861 October 1859 Abraham Lincoln Republican 1861–1865 ◽ John Brown and his men raid a military arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, Andrew Johnson Democrat 1865–1869 hoping to arm a slave uprising. Brown is caught and hanged. Ulysses S. Grant Republican 1869–1877 Rutherford B. Hayes Republican 1877–1881 November 1860 James A. Garfield Republican 1881 ◽ Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln wins the US presidential election, Chester A. Arthur Republican 1881–1885 but without any support from the southern states. Grover Cleveland Democrat 1885–1889 Benjamin Harrison Republican 1889–1893 December 20, 1860 Grover Cleveland Democrat 1893–1897 South Carolina secedes (breaks away) from the Union. William McKinley Republican 1897–1901 ◽ Theodore Roosevelt Republican 1901–1909 February 1861 William H. Taft Republican 1909–1913 Representatives from Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Woodrow Wilson Democrat 1913–1921 and South Carolina meet to form the Confederate States of America, Warren G. Harding Republican 1921–1923 • with Jefferson Davis as president. Later they are joined by Virginia, Calvin Coolidge Republican 1923–1929 Texas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Herbert Hoover Republican 1929–1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt Democrat 1933–1945 • April 12, 1861 Harry S. Truman Democrat 1945–1953 Confederate forces attack and capture Union-held Fort Sumter in South Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican 1953–1961 Carolina. The Civil War begins. John F. Kennedy Democrat 1961–1963 ◽ Lyndon B. Johnson Democrat 1963–1969 July 21, 1861 Richard Nixon Republican 1969–1974 First Battle of Bull Run (Virginia): Confederate victory. Gerald Ford Republican 1974–1977 Jimmy Carter Democrat 1977–1981 April 6–7, 1862 Ronald Reagan Republican 1981–1989 Battle of Shiloh (Tennessee): Union victory under Ulysses S. Grant, but George H. W. Bush Republican 1989–1993 with heavy losses. Bill Clinton Democrat 1993–2001 George W. Bush Republican 2001–2009 February 6, 1862 Barack Obama Democrat 2009–2017 Fall of Fort Henry (Tennessee): Union victory. Donald Trump Republican 2017– February 16, 1862 Assassinated ◽ Battle of Fort Donelson (Tennessee): Union victory. Died in office • March 9, 1862 Battle of the Monitor and the Virginia: Draw. April 25, 1862 Union forces take New Orleans. May 31–June 1, 1862 Battle of Seven Pines (Virginia): No clear winner. June 26–July 2, 1862 The Seven Days Battles (Virginia): Confederate victory. This is a hard-fought victory for the Confederates. August 29–30, 1862 Second Battle of Bull Run (Virginia): Confederate victory. September 17, 1862 Battle of Antietam/Sharpsburg (Maryland): No clear winner. 290

September 22, 1862 Major religions The Union’s Emancipation Proclamation declares all slaves in the rebelling Confederate areas to be free. Religion is a set of beliefs and ideas about a god or many gods. There are lots of different religions and they are December 13, 1862 practiced all over the world. Battle of Fredericksburg (Virginia): Confederate victory. Baha’i December 31, 1862–January 2, 1863 Founded in Iran in the 19th century, the Baha‘i religion seeks to achieve Battle of Stones River (Tennessee): No clear winner. peace and togetherness for all humankind. May 1–6, 1863 Buddhism Battle of Chancellorsville (Virginia): Confederate victory. Buddhism was developed around 500 bce by an Indian prince who later became called the Buddha (the “Enlightened One”). It teaches the need May 18–July 4, 1863 for a spiritual journey to free people from wants and pain. Siege of Vicksburg (Mississippi): Union victory. Cao Dai July 1–3, 1863 A modern religion founded in Vietnam in 1926 which believes in peace Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania): Union victory. This battle is a and non-violence. turning point in the war. Christianity September 19–20, 1863 A faith centered on the belief that Jesus Christ, who preached in Battle of Chickamauga (Georgia): Confederate victory. Palestine around 2,000 years ago, is the son of God and came down to Earth to rescue people from sin (doing wrong). November 19, 1863 Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address. This famous speech was given Confucianism at the dedication of a national cemetery for Union soldiers, close to the An ancient Chinese religious philosophy that began with the teachings site of the Battle of Gettysburg. of the philosopher Confucius, who lived around 500 bce. November 23–25, 1863 Hinduism Battle of Chattanooga (Tennessee): Union victory. An ancient Indian religion that includes a belief that every person goes through a cycle of life, death, and then rebirth in a future life. Hinduism May 5–6, 1864 features many different gods and goddesses. Battle of the Wilderness (Virginia): No clear winner. Islam May 8–12, 1864 Followers of the Islamic faith are called Muslims. They believe that Battle of Spotsylvania (Virginia): No clear winner. the true word of Allah (God) was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad around 607 ce and written down in the sacred text called the Quran. May 11, 1864 Battle of Yellow Tavern (Virginia): Union victory. Jainism Jainism is an ancient Indian religion that emphasizes non-violence toward June 3, 1864 people and animals. Battle of Cold Harbor (Virginia): Confederate victory. This is the last major Confederate victory. Judaism The religion of the Jewish people, Judaism also influenced the June 18, 1864 development of Christianity and Islam. Jews worship one God Siege of Petersburg (Virginia) begins: Union victory. and their sacred text is called the Torah. August 5, 1864 Shamanism Battle of Mobile Bay (Alabama): Union victory. A system of belief common in small traditional societies. Shamans are individuals who believe they have special access to the spirit world, September 2, 1864 often by going into a dream, which they use to help their community. Fall of Atlanta (Georgia): Union victory. Shinto November 8, 1864 The traditional religion of Japan, followers of Shinto believe that there Lincoln is reelected as US president. are spirits called kami everywhere in the world. November 15, 1864 Sikhism The Union’s Savannah Campaign, or the “March to the Sea,” begins. A faith that developed in northern India around 1500 and encourages tolerance between religions. Sikhs worship one God and Sikh men November 30, 1864 traditionally wear a turban to cover their hair, which they leave uncut. Battle of Franklin (Tennessee): Union victory. Taoism December 15–16, 1864 An ancient Chinese religion and philosophy that involves accepting, and Battle of Nashville (Tennessee): Union victory. following, the natural power of the Universe. February 1, 1864 Zoroastrianism The Thirteenth Amendment, outlawing slavery, is proposed. Zoroastrianism is an ancient religion of Persia (modern-day Iraq) that features the idea of an unending struggle between good and evil. It is April 2, 1864 only a small religion today. Fall of Petersburg and Richmond (Virginia): Union victory. April 9, 1864 Robert E. Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox, Virginia. This marks the effective end of the Civil War, although fighting continues for a few weeks afterward. December 1865 The Thirteenth Amendment is ratified (made law). Slavery is outlawed. 291

The world ARCTIC OCEAN Land covers about a Alaska Greenland third of the Earth’s surface. The land is (UNITED STATES) (DENMARK) broken up into seven large blocks called ICELAND continents. The continents are divided AT L A N T I C into smaller areas called OCEAN countries. CANADA NORTH AMERICA UNITED STATES MEXIC BAH P E R U DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Hawaii O C U B A AMAS Western Sahara (UNITED STATES) HAITI Puerto Rico (UNITED STATES) (disputed) BELIZE JAMAICA ST KITTS & NEVIS PAC I F I C GUATEMALA HONDURAS ANTIGUA & BARBUDA CAPE SENEGAL OCEAN DOMINICA VERDE D ST LUCIA EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA GRENADA BARBADOS THE GAMBIA ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES Europe TRINIDAD & TOBAGO GUINEA-BISSAU This map shows Europe in COSTA RICA VENEZUELA SIERRA LEONE more detail, as there is not enough space to show all PANAMA GUYANA SURINAME the European countries on the main map. Galápagos Islands COLOMBIA French Guiana ICELAND (ECUADOR) (FRANCE) ECUADOR BRAZIL SOUTH AMERICA BOLIVIA PARA N O RWAY E GUAY SWEDEN A Faroe Islands FINLAN L URUG (DENMARK) IN UAY AT L A N T I C OCEAN I NT Falkland Islands (UNITED KINGDOM) ATLANTIC ESTONIA RUSSIAN H OCEAN GE IRELAND LATVIA FEDERATION C PORTUGAL AR UNITED DENMARK Kaliningrad LITHUANIA (RUSS. FED.) KINGDOM BELARUS NETHERLANDS POLAND GERMANY BELGIUM CZECH UKRAINE REPUBLIC LUXEMBOURG FRANCE E U R O P E SLOVAKIA AUSTRIA HUNGARY MOLDOVA LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND SLOVENIA SERBIA ALBANIA SAN ROMANIA AMARINOCROATIA IT MONACO BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA KOSOVO ANDORRA LMONTENEGRO VATICAN Y BULGARIA SPAIN CITY MACEDONIA GREECE TURKEY Gibraltar MALTA (UNITED KINGDOM) AFRICA 292

Svalbard ARCTIC OCEAN (NORWAY) YFINLAND A W N O RUSSIAN FEDERATION R S W EDEN ESTONIA ASIA UNITED DENMARK KINGDOM LATVIA LITHUANIA IRELAND POLAND BELARUS GERMANY FRANCE EUROPE UKRAINE K A Z A K H S TA N MONGOLIA ROMANIA I TA BULGARIA GEORGIA TURKUMZEBNEISKTISATNAN A AZERBAIJAN N C H I N AI R A NL Y SPAIN ARMENIA KYRGYZSTAN NORTH KOREA OROCCO GREECE T U R K E Y TAJIKISTAN NISTAN SOUTH ALGERIA TUNISIA CYPRUSSYRIA KOREA P PAC I F I C OCEAN LEBANON AN I R A Q AFGHA J A ISRAEL AN JORD BHUTAN PAKIST MAURITANIA M L I B YA EGYPT BAHRAIN KUWAIT N E PA L QATAR L IAFRICA SAUDI U.A.E. INDIA BANGLADESH TAIWAN ARABIA MYANMAR BENIN AN (BURMA) L A V A NIGER D OM THAILANDI S U DA N ERITRE Y E M E N E A T O N S M BURKINA H A A PHILIPPINES FASO MALAWI GUI CAMEROON DJIBOUTI M TOGO NIGERIA OC CENTRAL SOUTH NDA SRI LANKA PALAU MICRONESIA MARSHALL GHANA AFRICAN SUDAN MALIA ISLANDS NEA REPUBLIC ETHIOPIA IVORY MALDIVES CAMBODIA COAST BRUNEI LIBERIA EQUATORIAL SO M A L AY S I A K GUINEA SEYCHELLES SINGAPORE IRIB GABON G UGA KENYA NAURU SÃO TOMÉ C DEMOCRATIC RWANDA INDO SOLOMON TUVALU & PRÍNCIPE N REPUBLIC BURUNDI ISLANDS O OF THE CONGO NESIA AT TANZANIA EAST TIMOR PAPUA I NEW GUINEA ANGOLA COMOROS IA SAMOA M OZAM B I Q U E ZAMB MADAGASCAR INDIAN FIJI NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE VANUATU BOTSWANA MAURITIUS OCEAN TONGA AUSTRALIA New Caledonia (FRANCE) SWAZILAND AUSTRALASIA LESOTHO SOUTH & OCEANIA AFRICA NEW ZEALAND SOUTHERN OCEAN A N TA R C T I C A 293

Glossary burrow cold-blooded Hole or tunnel dug in the ground Animal with a body temperature abstract atmosphere by an animal, to live in that goes up and down to match Art that does not copy real life Layer of gas that surrounds the surrounding air or water exactly, but may only look a bit like a planet calendar temperature an object, or represent a feeling Breakdown of the year into atom days and months; used to work colony adaptation Smallest part of an element out the date Large group of animals that Way in which an animal or a plant that can take part in a chemical live together becomes better-suited to its reaction camouflage habitat Colors or patterns that help comet attract something appear to blend in Object made of dust and ice that algebra When two things pull with its environment orbits around the sun, developing Type of math that uses letters to toward each other a tail as it gets close to the sun stand for numbers or amounts carnivore avalanche Animal that eats only meat competition amphibians Sudden movement of a large Contest between two or more Cold-blooded vertebrates that amount of snow or rock down cartilage people, groups, or living things start life in water before moving a mountainside Tough but flexible material where one is trying to win a prize between land and water when found in animals that, among or resource fully grown axis other things, makes up the Imaginary line that passes human nose and ears, and the computers ancestor through the center of a planet skeletons of sharks Machines that can perform Ancient relative or star, around which it rotates difficult tasks by following catapult programs ancient bacteria Ancient war machine used to Very old Tiny organisms that live hurl rocks over long distances condensation everywhere on Earth, such as When a gas cools and becomes antenna inside food, soil, or even in CE liquid. Often seen as droplets One of two feelers found on an the human body Common Era, or all the years of water that form on cold insect‘s head with which they can after year 0 surfaces, such as windows sense their surroundings BCE Before Common Era, or all the chemical conductor appliance years before year 0 Substance used in, or made by, Substance that allows heat Machine used for a certain job a reaction between particles or electricity to pass through that is usually electrical, such as beliefs such as atoms it easily a toaster Set of views that people hold about the world, life, and the chemistry coniferous tree aqueduct afterlife Study of chemicals and their Type of evergreen tree, usually Channel or bridge built to reactions. Someone who studies with needlelike leaves carry water biology chemistry is called a chemist Study of living things and their conquer architect relationship with their habitat. chrysalis Act of one country taking over Person who plans and Someone who studies biology is Hard casing, often camouflaged, another country designs buildings called a biologist that a caterpillar wraps itself in during metamorphosis conservation armor birds Trying to stop a plant or animal Hard covering that Warm-blooded vertebrates with circuit from becoming extinct provides protection a beak and feathers that can Loop that an electric current usually fly. They lay hard-shelled travels around consumer army eggs to produce young Animal that eats a producer or Organized group of soldiers circulation other consumers black hole Path that blood travels around artificial Object in space with such a the body, out from the heart continent Object that is made by humans strong force of gravity that through arteries and back to the One of seven large areas of land and is not found naturally nothing can escape it, not heart through veins into which the world is divided: even light Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, asteroid citizen North America, Oceania, and Small, rocky object that orbits boil Someone who lives in a certain South America the sun When a liquid is heated to a city or country is a citizen of temperature at which it bubbles that place coral asteroid belt and turns into a gas or vapor Hard outer skeleton of tiny sea Area of the solar system between civil war animals, which can build up into Mars and Jupiter containing a large boundary War between people who large coral reefs number of asteroids The point where one area ends belong to the same country and another begins. core astronaut civilization Center part of a planet, star, Someone who is trained to travel breed Society where people have built or moon and work in a spacecraft Variety of a pet or farmed a complex city or country animal; for example, a pug is country astronomy a breed of dog climate Area of Earth that is governed Study of space Weather that is usual for an area by the same leaders and has over a long period of time the same flag code court Written commands, or language, Place where it is decided if used in a computer program someone has broken the law 294

crater eclipse exoskeleton fungi Bowl-shaped dent on the surface When an object in space Hard outer casing of animals Group of living things, including of a planet or other body in space, passes into the shadow such as arthropods that do not mushrooms and molds, that break caused by a collision with a rock of another object have an inside skeleton down dead plants and animals to make their food crime election experiment Activity that is against the law Event where people vote to Test to see how something galaxy decide who will be part of works Huge group of stars, gas, and crop the government dust held together by gravity Group of plants that are grown explorer as food electricity Someone who travels to gas Type of energy that can be unmapped places to find State of matter with no fixed crust used to power appliances such out what is there shape, such as air, that fills any Outer layer of a planet as lights. It is also found space it is in naturally as lightning extinction culture When all of a particular animal or generation Way of life and beliefs of the element plant species dies out and there Group of living things that are of people of a region or country One of 118 chemical substances are none left in the world a similar age, and usually related; that are made of the same type for example, brothers and sisters deciduous tree of atom, such as gold, oxygen, factory are one generation and their Type of tree that loses all its and helium. The elements are Building where products are parents are another leaves at the same time during arranged on the periodic table made the winter or the dry season genetics emperor fertilize Study of the genes in DNA that decomposer Ruler of an empire Process by which cells from a cause characteristics like hair Living thing, often a fungus, that male and female join to create color to be passed from one breaks down dead matter to empire offspring, such as male plant generation to the next. Someone create nutrients Large area with different pollen and a female plant ovum who studies genetics is called a peoples, ruled by a single joining to create a seed geneticist deforestation government or person Destruction of forests fins geometry endangered Flattened limbs found on Type of math that deals with democracy When an animal or plant species animals that live in water that solids, surfaces, lines, angles, System of government where is in danger of becoming extinct help them swim and space people outside the government have a say in how the country is energy fish germs run, usually by voting Source of power such as Cold-blooded vertebrates that Tiny life forms, such as bacteria electrical energy or heat energy live underwater and have scales or viruses, that cause disease desert Dry region that gets 10 in (25 cm) environment flexible gills or less of rainfall in a year. Deserts Surroundings in which Bendy Organs of fish and some can be hot or cold something lives amphibians that allow them float to breathe underwater dictator equality Stay at the surface of a Ruler with total power Equal rights for all people liquid, rather than sinking glacier Huge, thick sheet of ice moving dinosaur equator forage very slowly, either down the side Group of reptiles, often very big, Imaginary line around the Searching for food in the wild of a mountain or over land. that lived millions of years ago center of the Earth that is an Glaciers help to shape and equal distance from the North force form the landscape diplomat and South poles Push or pull that causes things Person from one country who to start moving, move faster, government travels to another to make sure erosion change direction, slow down, Group of people who run the two countries have a good Gradual wearing away of rocks or stop moving a country relationship due to water and weather foreign grasslands direction eruption Something or someone from Open land covered in grass and Way in which an object is When lava, ash, rock, or gas a different country or place sometimes a few small bushes traveling, such as up or down, or shoots or flows out of a volcano right or left fossil gravity ethical Remains of a dead dinosaur, Invisible force that pulls objects disability Something that is done the right other animal, or plant, which has toward each other Something that makes certain way, with thought as to how it been preserved in rock over time activities difficult or impossible will affect others habitat for a person to do fossil fuels Natural home environment evaporation Fuels made from animals and of an animal or plant disease When a liquid is heated and plants that died millions of years Condition that makes a person ill, turns into a gas or vapor ago, such as coal and oil hardware often caused by germs Physical parts of a computer, evolution friction such as the keyboard and screen drought Process where living things Force created when two Period when there is little or no change, over many generations, surfaces rub or slide against hatch rainfall to become new species each other Process by which an animal breaks out of an egg earthquake exoplanet fuel Shaking of the Earth’s surface Planet that orbits a star other Substance that is burned to hemisphere caused by moving tectonic plates than the sun create heat or power Top or bottom half of the Earth or volcanic activity 295

herbivore landfill manuscript mineral Animal that eats only plants Place where garbage is buried Handwritten book, poem, or Natural substance that grows in in the ground other document crystals, such as salt. Minerals can herd be polished to make gemstones. Group of animals, particularly landslide mate All rocks are made from minerals hoofed mammals Sudden movement of a large When a male and female animal amount of earth down a hill or produce young together mixture hibernation mountainside Combination of more than Period of inactivity that material one type of thing some animals go through latitude Substance that can be used to in the winter Horizontal line around the Earth make or build things. It can be monument that tells you how far up or down natural or made by humans Statue put up to remember holy the globe a place is a person or event Something or somewhere mathematics sacred to a religion lava Study of numbers and moon Hot, melted rock on the equations. Someone who Object made of rock, or rock hurricane Earth’s surface studies mathematics is called and ice that orbits a planet or Violent storm with extremely a mathematician an asteroid strong winds that can cause a light great deal of damage Type of energy that allows matter navigation humans and other animals to Stuff that all things are made of Way of finding a path from one identical see, and plants to make food place to another Two or more people or things melt that look exactly the same light year When a solid is heated Nobel Prize Distance traveled by light in a and becomes a liquid Special prize given to people for imports year, equal to about 5.9 trillion different subjects in both science Goods or services bought from miles (9.5 trillion km) memory and the arts, once a year another country Ability to remember things liquid that have happened, or where novel incubation State of matter that flows and computers store their Story book Keeping an egg warm until it takes the shape of any container information hatches it is in, such as water nucleus merchant Central part of an atom or cell instruction longitude Person whose job is buying Command that tells something Vertical line around the Earth and selling things, often from nutrients or someone what to do that tells you how far east or a foreign country Food or substance that gives west around the globe a place is a living thing the energy or insulator metamorphosis chemicals that it needs to live, Substance that does not allow lungs Process by which some grow, and move heat or electricity to pass easily Breathing organs found inside animals transform themselves through it the body of vertebrates into a different form from omnivore youth to adulthood Animal that eats both plants interact luxury and meat When two or more things Expensive activity or item that is meteor communicate or do something not neccessary but wanted Streak of light caused by a orbit that affects the other meteoroid burning up as it Path an object takes when machine enters Earth’s atmosphere, traveling around another object Internet Something that is powered by sometimes called a “falling star” when pulled by its gravity Network that links computers energy and carries out a task across the world meteorite orchestra magma Rock from space that lands on Group of muscians and their invertebrate Hot, melted rock below the a planet or moon’s surface instruments playing together Animal that does not have Earth’s surface a backbone microscope organ magnetic field Instrument that magnifies Body part that has a certain job; jewel Area of magnetism things and is used to look at for example, the heart, which A precious gemstone that surrounding a magnet or tiny objects pumps blood has been cut and polished a planet, star, or galaxy microscopic organism joint magnetism Very small and only able to Living thing Place in the body where two Invisible force that is created by be seen with a microscope bones meet, such as the knee magnets, which pull certain particle or elbow metals toward them migration Extremely small part of a Regular movement of animals solid, liquid, or gas king magnify over long distances, often to Man who rules a country Make something appear feed or breed periodic table larger than it is Set arrangement of elements knowledge Milky Way into a grid Understanding of a topic mammals Galaxy we live in Warm-blooded vertebrates that persecution laboratory have skin covered in hair and mine Bad treatment of people because Place where scientific feed their young milk Place where naturally occurring of their beliefs experiments are done resources such as coal, iron, mantle copper, or gold, and gemstones philosophy lake Thick layer of hot rock between such as diamonds and rubies are Study of how we live, such as Large body of water the core and the crust of a dug out of the ground whether things are wrong or right. surrounded by land planet or moon Someone who studies philosophy is called a philosopher 296

photosynthesis reptiles solidify transmit Process that green plants use Cold-blooded vertebrates with When a liquid cools and Pass something, such as to make food from sunlight scaly skin that usually reproduce becomes a solid information, between two places by laying eggs physics solution tropical Study of the universe and forces. republic Mixture that is created Area or climate with hot Someone who studies physics is State ruled by elected when a solid dissolves in a temperatures called a physicist officials instead of a royal liquid and disappears family or emperor tsunami planet sound Giant wave created by an Large, round object that robot Form of energy that is produced earthquake or a volcanic eruption orbits a star Machine that is programmed by when objects vibrate, or shake a computer to do different tasks turbine poisonous space Wheel or rotor that is turned Substance that may be deadly rock Place beyond Earth’s to make power if touched or eaten Naturally occuring solid made atmosphere from different minerals, such universe pollen as granite. Rocks make up the spacecraft All space and everything in it Powder that comes from surface of planets and moons Vehicle that travels in space flowering plants and is used venomous in pollination rover species Substance that may be deadly if Robot used to explore Specific type of an animal or injected by an animal or plant, pollination the surface of a rocky planet plant that can mate and produce through a sting or fangs Transfer of pollen from one plant or moon young together to another so those plants can vertebrate reproduce reaction spectrum Animal that has a backbone Effect when two chemicals Range of something; for pollution cause a change in each other example, the range of vibrate Harmful substances in the air, colors in a rainbow Moving back and forth small soil, or water reflect amounts very quickly When light or sound stalactite power source bounces off a surface Piece of rock that hangs down volcano Energy that is used to make a from the roof of a cave and looks Opening in the Earth’s crust, machine work, such as electricity repel like an icicle usually in the shape of a When two objects push mountain, out of which lava, ash, predator away from each other stalagmite rock, and gas erupt, sometimes Animal that hunts other Piece of rock that points explosively living animals for food reproduce upward, slowly growing Have young from the floor of a cave voyage prehistoric A journey, often over water Time before written history reservoir star Large store of something, Huge, hot sphere of gas in space warm-blooded prey usually water that releases energy from its Animal that keeps a constant Animal that is hunted for food core and gives off heat and light body temperature satellite primate Any object that goes around sustainable weight Type of mammal, which a planet, usually a moon or a Able to be supported for a long Amount of the force of gravity includes monkeys and humans human-made machine time that acts on an object, making it feel heavy. The more mass prison scavenger tame something has, the larger the Building where people who Animal that feeds on the Animal that is used to people, force of gravity on the object, have broken the law are locked leftover meat of another such as a pet dog or cat and the heavier it feels up as a punishment animal that has already died technology wildlife probe shadow Using scientific knowledge to Animals found in a certain area Unmanned spacecraft designed Area of darkness formed create machinery and devices, to study objects in space and send when light rays are blocked such as computers womb information back to Earth by a solid object Organ in which baby tectonic plate animals develop producer shield Large, slow-moving piece Living thing such as a plant that Object that protects something of the Earth’s crust worship makes its own food and is eaten from damage or attack Praying to a god or gods by animals telescope society Instrument used to look at X-ray program Organized group of people distant objects Radiation used to create shadows Set of instructions a computer with a shared culture of bones and other organs in the follows to complete a task temperature body. Images on an X-ray photo software Measure of how hot or cold can reveal internal damage and queen Programs and instructions things are disease Woman who rules a country that are used by a computer temple young recycle solar system Home for a god or gods and a Babies, or not very old Use something old to make The sun and all the objects that place for worshipping them something new orbit it, including the planets zoo traditional Place where wild animals are renewable solid When something has been done kept, so people can see and Type of energy that will not run State of matter that in the same way for a long time study them out, such as solar power holds its shape 297

Index animals continued Babylonians 145, 155 buoyancy 227 habitats 126 backbones 266 Burj Khalifa 48 Pages numbers in bold refer to hibernation 129 bacteria 38, 56, 165, 218, 225 buses, school 272–273 main entries. homes 23, 55 Baird, John Logie 251 butterflies 134, 163, 166 insects 134 balanced forces 108 3-D printing 91, 245 invertebrates 139 ball game (Maya) 154, 240 Cc 3-D shapes 222, 269, 288 mammals 154 ball sports 241 metamorphosis 163 ballet 76 cactuses 78 Aa migration 166 balloons 117 caecilians 15 mythical creatures 178 banks 169 calcium 90 aboriginal people 186 pets 54, 152–153 bark 261 calderas 268 acid 225 reptiles 210 the Bastille 113 Callisto 141 actors 253 stories 42 bats 55, 129 camels 78 adults 146 tree of life 286 batteries 59, 71 cameras 190 aerials 203 vertebrates 266 beading 75 camouflage 54 Africa 12, 180 zoology 38 bears 129 carbohydrates 106 Age of Exploration 96, 180–181 zoos 281 beavers 23 carbon 195 air 117 beetles 134 carbon atoms 34 air pollution 198 animation 100 beryllium 199 carbon cycle 49 aircraft 13, 33 Anning, Mary 219 bicycles 36, 162, 258–259 carbon dioxide 49, 60, 117, 191 Antarctica 24, 197 Big Bang 37 carnivores 107, 154 air transportation 259 antibiotics 137, 218 big cats 54 carriages 258 engines 92 ants 21, 78, 134 biology 38, 217 cars 52, 92, 97, 259 solar-powered 181 apes 170 birds 22, 39, 78, 266 cartilage 266 World War II 277 apples 115 carts 258 algebra 185 aqueducts 20 display 26 cash machines 150 allergies 105 Arabic 144, 284 eggs 86 Cassini-Huygens spacecraft 216 alligators 210 arachnids 139 flightless 186 castles 53, 244 alphabets 280, 284 Archimedes 269 migration 166 caterpillars 163 aluminum 90 architecture 245 nests 23 cats 54, 152, 153 Amazon rain forest 204, 236 Arctic 25, 197, 245 birds of prey 39 cave dwellings 244 American West 14 Aristotle 218 black holes 40 cave paintings 28, 243 ammonites 95, 202 art 28, 131, 179, 209, 243, 262 Blackbeard 193 caves 55 amphibians 15, 22, 86, 266 arteries 128 blind people 256 cells 56 Amundsen, Roald 24 artists 282 blood 128, 149 ancient civilizations Asia 29 blood cells 41, 225 human 41 ancient China 16 assembly lines 97 blood vessels 229 cell phones see mobile phones ancient Egypt 18 asteroids 30, 164, 200 Blue Mosque 262 Central Powers 276 ancient Greece 18 astronauts 31, 83, 171, 237 blue supergiant stars 242 ceratopsians 80 ancient India 19 astronomy 19, 32, 73, 167, board games 240 cereal crops 98 ancient Rome 20 boats see ships Charon 196 Aztecs 35 218–219 body systems 130 cheetahs 154 Incas 132 athletics 239 Bollywood 76 chemical engineering 91 Maya 158 atmosphere bones 82, 127, 228, 266 chemistry 58, 217 Native Americans 179 books 43, 44, 201 chess 240 Andes 51, 172, 236 Earth 33, 49, 50, 83, 164, 270 botany 38 children 133, 146, 277 Andromeda galaxy 167 planets 183, 264, 265 Brachiosaurus 80 chimpanzees 170 angles 222 atoms 34, 37, 58, 90, 192 braille 256 China 29, 42, 102, 188, animals auroras 33, 247 brain 45, 99, 127, 148, 231, amphibians 15 autumn 221 279, 280 animal families 21 avalanches 93 232, 256 ancient 16, 178, 272 animal groups 22 axes 136, 243 brass instruments 188 Chinese New Year 206–207 birds 39 axolotls 15 breathing 130, 149 chloroplast 56 cells 56 Aztecs 35 bridges 46 Christianity 208 colors 26 broadcasting 251 Christmas 206 conservation 72, 281 Bb bronchi 149 chrysalises 163 evolution 95 bronchioles 149 cinder cones 268 farming 98 babies Bronze Age 47 circles 222 fish 101 animals 21, 154 bubbles 117 circuits 59 food chains 107 human 146 Buddhism 208 circulation 128, 130 budgies 153 cities 275 buildings 48 civil engineering 91 bullet train 260 civil wars 279 classical music 176 298