Human Body Encyclopedia

Smile lines Growing older With age, skin gets less stretchy Silver surfer and will not Today people smooth out when live longer than you relax your ever thanks to face. This is gives advances in you wrinkles. medicine. A Many cultures healthy diet, respect wrinkles exercise, and as signs of wisdom a young mind and experience. can make old age a happy time. Old age Papery skin, weak bones, stiff joints, and Middle age bad eyesight are common in old people. Organs and muscles are starting to get weaker. Skin on the face gets Most of the organs including the wrinkly, and hair starts to go grey. Women stop lungs and heart don’t work As you get older, your having babies. as well as they used to. hair contains less melanin – the substance that gives it its colour. Records prove that a French woman, Jeanne-Louise Calment, lived for 122 years. 105

Keeping healthy Proteins Meat, fish, eggs, What’s in food? beans, and nuts contain protein. People eat to get energy. Your body needs You need a variety protein to repair of foods to keep its cells. your body in peak Carbohydrates working Bread, cereal, condition. pasta, and sweet foods are mostly A balanced diet means carbohydrates. eating everything your You need them to body needs. give you energy. Fat Nuts and dairy foods, such as butter and cheese contain fat. You only need small amounts of fat. Takeaways and fizzy drinks are nice as a treat but no substitute for a good meal. Eat your greens Junk food Fast foods like hamburgers and Fresh fruit and vegetables are crammed chips contain unhealthy amounts with vitamins and minerals. Your body needs these to stay healthy. of fat and salt, and few vitamins. 106 What is a vegetarian?

Water You need about What’s in food? Your body is six glasses of Allergies two thirds liquid every day water, but but some of this If your body reacts you’re losing can come from badly to a certain food water all the your food. and makes you ill, you time. You could may be allergic to it. live for several weeks without Wheat isn’t good for some food but only people. They cannot eat for about 3 days normal bread. without water. Nuts can be dangerous – Sunshine food even in tiny quantities – if you have a nut allergy. You need vitamin Cows’ milk doesn’t suit D for strong bones. Food some people, but they can It is found in fish gives drink sheep or goats’ milk. and eggs, but Become your body can you an expert... produce it when energy. on chewing food, you get sunlight pages 86-87 on your skin. on making urine, pages 90-91 Fuel for your body An orange gives you enough energy to cycle for 5 minutes. A chocolate bar gives you enough energy to cycle for 45 minutes. The amount of energy you get from food is measured in calories. A person who does not eat meat. 107

Keeping healthy Sleep Adults need 24 about seven hours sleep. 18 6 When you sleep your body rests. 12 Your brain stops dealing with things in the outside world, and uses this time to sort out the events of the day. 24 How much sleep? 18 6 As we grow older we need less sleep. Young 12 adults need about eight hours, while over 60s A three year may need only six. old needs about 12 hours sleep. 24 18 6 12 A newborn baby can sleep for 20 hours a day. By six months, 15 hours is usually enough. Sleep patterns Awake Throughout the night, T e yellow dots show you move in and out of shallow and deep sleep 11 12 1 several times. As the hours pass, sleep gradually becomes lighter until you wake up. h Time for Shallow sleep 9 10 bed. Deep sleep 108 What is insomnia?

DreamingWhen Goo Sleep is .. . nyt Everyone dreams. When Nightmares you dream, your eyelids Nightmares are scary flicker. This is called dreams that can wake you up and make you roarpRiEdMey, eslmeeopv.ement,.possible! feel frightened or sad. you dream a During nightmares, people often think Everyone they are being chased dreams, but not or bullied. everyone remembers their What dreams mean dreams. The medical name for being unable to fall or stay asleep. People are fascinated by what dreams mean. We hing don’t know for sure but... Flying can mean that you feel powerful and free of problems. Being naked sometimes means you are afraid of being weak. Falling may mean you feel out of control or are scared of losing something. when you dream. Sleep walking 2345 During deep sleep, parts 6 of the brain stay awake. People may talk, or get up d morning! and walk around. They usually don’t remember they have done this. 109

Keeping healthy Doctors and dentists When you are ill you visit the doctor. First, the doctor examines you. Next, the doctor prescribes treatment or medicine to make you better. The examination The doctor asks you about your symptoms and then looks at and listens to different parts of your body. Say “ah” Ears, nose, and throat The doctor uses a stick Doctors use an otoscope to examine your to hold your tongue ears, nose, and throat. Swelling or itchiness down and look at may mean you have an infection. your tonsils. If your tonsils often get infected you may need an operation to remove them. It is your tonsils’ job Hear, hear to stop germs Doctors use an instrument getting down your throat. called a stethoscope to listen to your heartbeat What is a paediatrician? or to hear how well your lungs are working. 110

Doctors and dentists Tools of the trade Eye spy Doctors keep a few simple These funny Opticians test your instruments in their glasses help the sight and work out surgeries to help them optician find whether you need examine their patients. out exactly glasses. They test how well your each eye separately A stethoscope allows eyes work. because often one the doctor to listen to your can see better than heart or your breathing. the other. Your eyesight changes A rubber hammer is so you need to get banged against your knee your eyes tested to test your reflexes. every year. An ophthalmoscope has Open wide a bright light for looking at the back of your eyes. You can look after your teeth by brushing them, but you should Syringes are used to give still get them checked twice a people injections to stop year by a dentist. Hopefully, them getting some diseases. you won’t need any fillings. Medicine comes from a pharmacy. The doctor just gives you a prescription. Brace yourself Orthodontists are dentists who straighten out crooked teeth. They do this by fitting your mouth with braces to push your teeth gradually into the right position. A doctor who specializes in children’s illnesses. 111

Communication Body language You don’t just talk with words – you also use your hands, face, and body. The look on your face and the way you stand can say a lot about how you really feel. Personal space Only best friends and family can enter the People show how well they close intimate zone. know each other by how close they stand or how often they The intimate zone is touch. It’s rude to stand too where people who know close to a stranger but normal you well can stand to stand close to a best friend. while talking to you. The social zone is The personal where strangers stand zone is for people while talking to you. who know you but aren’t close, such as teachers. These girls are Copying copying each Good friends often mimic each other’s body other’s body language without realizing. They might walk in language. step, sit or stand in the same position, or copy each other’s hand movements. Who’s in charge? This boy’s One of the things people relaxed posture signal with their body is shows he feels whether they’re in charge very confident. or somebody else is in charge. Leaning forwards or looking relaxed are ways of appearing to be in charge. 112 How does a dog show it knows you’re in charge?

Open or closed? Body language When someone feels relaxed or friendly, they have an “open” Learning gestures posture, with arms and legs apart. If someone is nervous or awkward, You pick up a lot of your they have a “closed” posture, with body language from the arms and legs close to the body. people you grow up with. Your gestures and the way you sit, stand, and walk are probably similar to your friends and family. Boys often learn their gestures from older brothers, and girls pick up many of theirs from older sisters. Talking to animals Animals can’t understand speech but they often understand our Become body language. Dogs can sense an expert... who’s in charge from body language. They need to be on muscles and treated strictly or will movement, start to misbehave. pages 26-27 It lowers its body and tail and flattens its ears. 113

Communication Speak to the hands Use your hands Hands seem to have minds of their own. When people Most people move their hands as they speak, but talk, their hands move all what do their gestures over the place, even when mean? Some hand they’re on the phone! gestures mean the same thing all over Making a circle the world, but A finger touching a thumb others vary from means “OK” in North America, place to place. “worthless” in France, and “I want my change in coins” Thumbs up in Japan. In Turkey A raised thumb means “good” it can be rude. or “well done!” in North America. In Germany it means “one”, in Japan it means “five”, and in the Middle East and Africa it’s impolite. Palms together Shaking hands This is a sign of prayer Shaking hands is in Christian countries, a common greeting but in India it is used in many countries, as a greeting. Indians but there are slight place their hands differences. A firm together, make handshake is a sign a slight bow, of sincerity in Europe and say but is thought to be Namaste. aggressive in Asia. In some countries, In Sicily, this gesture women never shake combined with a karate hands with men. chopping movement means “I hate you so much”. 114 How does a diver say “shark” underwater?

Making a point Use your hands Pointing is one of the first hand gestures Pointing with an outstretched arm means that people learn, and something is far away. it means the same thing all over the world. Become Babies ask for things by an expert... pointing at them before they learn to speak. on the bones in your hands, page 20-21 These 26 signs stand for the letters of the alphabet in British sign language. Talking underwater Two fingers on the palm means the Divers can’t speak letter “n”. underwater so they use a kind of sign language Sign language instead. They have special signs for marine animals Deaf people communicate like sharks and turtles. without hearing by reading lips, using facial expressions, OK is shown by a or using sign language. Sign finger touching a language varies a lot from thumb, making a circle. country to country. Stay at this depth is 115 shown by waving a flat hand from side to side. Stop is shown by a clenched fist and a bent arm. By making a shark’s fin on the head with one hand.

Communication Express yourself Your face helps you communicate by showing how you feel. All over the world, people use the same facial expressions to show the six main emotions. 2Surprised When you’re surprised, Surprise makes your eyebrows shoot you gasp for breath up, your eyes open wide, because the hormone and your jaw drops. Some adrenaline makes your lungs work faster. people clap the side of their face or cover their mouth as well. 1Happy Grumpy or angry In a genuine smile, people sometimes the eyes crease and the cheeks rise. A smile means look red around the the same thing whether you eyes. live in the Sahara desert or Amazon rainforest. 3Angry An angry person’s eyebrows move down, their eyes narrow, and their mouth closes tightly. They might also glare without blinking. 116 How many facial expression are there?

Express yourself Baby face Babies communicate Become with their faces an expert... before they learn on how babies to talk. They smile, develop, frown, and show all pages 100-101 the main emotions. Babies learn to mirror their parents’ smiles 5Afraid from a very early age. Fear raises the eyelids, making the eyes look white. The mouth 4Sad opens wide in horror, and blood In an unhappy face, the mouth may drain from the face, droops, the inner ends of the eyebrows go up, making the skin pale. and wrinkles appear above the nose. 6Disgusted Powerful feelings Wrinkles across the nose of sadness also and narrow eyes are signs make people of disgust. The sight of disgust cry. in someone’s face can make you feel disgusted too. Babies can’t help crying when they’re sad, but older people may hide their tears. About 7000. 117

AmazingReference section facts about YOU! Skeleton Brain and nerves Breathing and bones Your brain is the Lungs take air into Without a body’s control centre. your body so that skeleton to hold Signals zoom to and life-giving oxygen can you up, you’d from the brain enter your blood. collapse on the along your nerves. ground like a Laid out, the inside of heap of jelly. Nerves carry signals your lungs is a third as at up to 400 kph big as a tennis court. Your smallest bone is the (250 mph). stapes in your ear, which Your brain is made of The fastest recorded is smaller than a rice grain. about 100 billion tiny sneeze reached 167 kph Weight for weight, bones cells called neurons. (104 mph). are stronger than steel The left side of your brain or concrete. controls the right side of In one day you breathe in A baby has more than your body and vice versa. enough air to ll 33,000 300 bones but adults drink cans. The human eye can see a have only 206. candle ame at night from Skin, nails and hair 1.6 km (1 mile) away. The tough, protective Muscles and When you’re bored, the surface of your body is movement pupils in your eyes get almost entirely dead. smaller. Muscles move your Every four years you body by pulling bones. Heart and blood shed your own body You use hundreds of weight in dead skin. them when you walk. Your heart pumps blood around your You have about 5 million Every hair in your body body. It works nonstop hairs, but only 100,000 has a tiny muscle that without getting tired. are on your head. can pull it upright. The thickest Your strongest muscle is Your smallest blood skin on your the masseter (jaw muscle), vessels are ten times body is on the which closes your mouth. thinner than a hair. soles of your You use more muscles Your body contains feet. enough blood vessels to when you frown than circle the world twice. when you smile. 118

Fighting disease Digestive Amazing facts system Urinary system Germs are always trying to get inside you, but Digestion turns Urine gets rid of your body fights back. food into simple chemicals that your chemicals body doesn’t need. Lassa fever is a very that your dangerous disease. It kills body can You will make enough about a fifth of its victims. make into urine in your lifetime new cells or to fill 500 baths. Bacteria are so small use for fuel. that a thousand could Asparagus can turn your fit on the head of a pin. urine green. Blackberries can turn it red. The world’s most The food you eat in Reproduction common disease is a year weighs as the common cold. much as a car. The reproductive organs create new people from Cancer happens when You make enough spit tiny specks of matter. your own cells multiply in your lifetime to fill out of control. two swimming pools. When you recover from Your digestive glands The most babies born to an infectious disease, your start working as soon one mother is 69. Most were body becomes immune to it. as you smell or see food. twins, triplets, or quads. Your tongue senses five The first quintuplets tastes: salty, sweet, sour, known to have survived bitter, and savoury. infancy were born in 1934. The smell of poo comes Growth from a chemical called skatole. As you grow you slowly change into an adult, Each hair on your head but it takes a long time! grows for about 3 or 4 years and then falls out. The fastest-growing A new one grows in its part of a baby’s place. body is its head. A girl is about three- quarters of her adult height at 7 years old. A boy is about three- quarters of his adult height at 9 years old. 119

Reference section Through the ages The human body is so amazingly complicated that it’s taken doctors at least 4000 years to figure out how it works. Their discoveries have led to many new ways of curing illness. 460–377 BC 250 BC Egyptian doctors cut open corpses to find The Greek doctor out how the body works. Hippocrates is sometimes 100 BC Chinese doctors called the father discover that blood travels of medicine. He around the body in cycles. was one of the first people to 1290 Spectacles are realize that worn for the first time diseases have in Venice, Italy. natural causes and cures. 1350 Rats spread bubonic plague in Europe, killing a Before the time of quarter of the people. Hippocrates, many people thought that 1500 A Swiss pig farmer diseases were performs the first Caesarian punishments sent by section on a living person. the gods. 1596 The Italian scientist Galileo Galilei invents the thermometer. 1684 Dutch microscopist Antony van Leeuwenhoek discovers blood cells. 1770 The world’s first comfortable false teeth are used in France. 1796 English surgeon Edward Jenner discovers how to make vaccines. 1816 The stethoscope is used for the first time. 120 What life-saving antibiotic did Alexander Fleming discover?

Through the ages tTohfeaintIetdaholiiuas tnohwsocnwiesnittchiksetosLtvoaemzrzaaacnrhdo wSopvoarekrllsa.nzani 1818 James Blundell Modern carries out the first medicine blood transfusion. Doctors know 1852 Doctors use more about how bandages soaked in the body works plaster to make casts. than ever before, but there are still 1853 Scottish doctor some mysteries, Alexander Wood like why we invents the syringe. hiccup or how the brain works. 1895 Wilhelm Röntgen accidentally discovers how 121 to take X-rays of bones. 1928 An English scientist discovers antibiotics – drugs that kill bacteria. 1953 Scientists work out the structure of DNA, the chemical that carries genes. 1955 Doctors start using ultrasound scanners to see babies inside the womb. 1967 Surgeon Christiaan Barnard carries out the first heart transplant. 1971 Brain scanners come into use, allowing doctors to study living brains. 1978 Louise Joy Brown, the first test-tube baby, is born in England. Penicillin.

Reference section Glossary Artery A blood vessel that Enzyme A substance Hormone A chemical carries blood away from that speeds up a particular produced by one part of the your heart to the rest of chemical reaction in the body in order to change the your body. body. Digestive enzymes way a different part of the speed up the breakdown body works. Hormones are Bacteria Tiny one-cell of food molecules. made in glands and carried creatures found all by the blood. around us. Some are Epiglottis A trapdoor-like helpful, others cause tag of skin that stops food Joint A connection between diseases. going into your breathing two bones. tubes when you swallow. Blood vessel Any tube Mucus Slippery liquid on that carries blood through Oesophagus The tube the inside of your nose, your body. from your mouth that takes throat, and intestines. food to your stomach when Capillary The smallest you swallow. Nerves Threads of tissue type of blood vessel. Your that carry high-speed signals body contains thousands Genes Instructions that around the body. of miles of capillaries. control the way your body develops and works. Genes Nutrients The basic Cell The smallest living pass from parents to their chemicals that make up food. unit of your body. children. Your body uses nutrients for fuel, growth, and repair. Diaphragm A strong, flat Germs Tiny living things sheet of muscle under that can get into your body your lungs. You use it and cause illness. Bacteria when you breathe. and viruses are germs. Digestion The Gland A group of process that breaks specialized cells that make down food into tiny and release a particular pieces that your substance such as a body can absorb hormone or enzyme. and use. 122

Glossary Organ A group of tissues Reflex A reaction that Urine Waste liquid that that form a body part is out of your control, passes out of you when you designed for a specific job. like breathing or blinking go to the toilet. Urine is made Your stomach is an organ. when something gets near of water and chemicals your your eyes. body doesn’t need. Oxygen One of the gases in the air. You need to Saliva The liquid in Vaccination A substance breathe in oxygen to live. your mouth. Saliva helps that is swallowed or injected you taste, swallow, and to protect your body from Proteins Vital nutrients digest food. disease. that help your body build new cells. Food such as System A group of organs Vein A blood vessel that meat, eggs, fish, and cheese that work together. Your carries blood towards your are rich in proteins. mouth, stomach, and heart. intestines make up your Receptor A type of nerve digestive system. Vertebra One of the bones cell that detects a change that link together to form outside or inside the body, Tissue A group of cells your backbone, or spine. helping to create one of the that look and act the same. senses. Touch receptors in Muscle is a type of tissue. X-rays Invisible rays that the skin, for example, help pass through objects. X-ray create the sense of touch. Umbilical cord The tube photographs show the inside joining a baby to its mother’s of your body. body while it is still inside her. 123

Reference section Index AAdam’s apple, 64 blood groups, 53 copying, 112 adolescence, 103 blood sugar level, 59 coughing, 32, 67 adrenaline, 59 blood system, 10, 48–51, 120 cranium, 14, 15 adults, 104–105 blood vessels, 10, 15, 48–49 crying, 39, 65, 100 air 60–63, 64 body heat, 29, 69, 72 cuts, 56–57, 75 allergies, 80–81, 107 body language, 112–113 alveoli, 61 bone marrow, 18, 54 Ddefences, 76–77 anaesthetic, 33 bones, 9, 18–19, 104, 118 dentists, 111 animals, 5, 13, 42, 44, 71, diabetes, 59 see also skeleton diaphragm, 60, 67 104, 113 braille, 35 digestion, 11, 77, 82–89, ankles, 13, 23 brain, 15, 25, 30–33, 47, antibodies, 78, 79 119 aorta, 48, 50 100, 118 disease, 53, 74–75, 119, arm muscles, 226 and senses, 34, 37, 40, arteries, 10, 48–49 120 asthma, 80, 81 42–43, 45 dizziness, 47 brain stem, 30 DNA, 7, 8, 121 Bbabies, 53, 65, 79, 100–101 breathing, 11, 33, 60–67, doctors, 110–11, 120 bones, 20 double-jointed, 23 communication, 100, 117 91, 118 dreaming, 109 muscles, 27 bruises, 57 dust mites, 68, 80 newborn, 61, 97, 100, 108 backbone, 13, 16–17, 21, 104 Ccalcium, 18, 19, 59 Ears, 12, 14, 20, 76 bacteria, 75, 76, 77, 85 camels, 93 balance, 46 balance, 30, 46–47 capillaries, 48, 49 hearing, 44–45 baldness, 73 carbohydrates, 106 wiggling, 25 ball and socket joints, 22 carbon dioxide, 60, 62 eggs, 94, 98 bladder, 33, 92–93 cartilage, 14, 17, 20–21 elbows, 23 blind spot, 42, 43 cells, 8–9, 94–95 enamel, 85 blinking, 25, 32, 33, 39 cerebellum, 30 energy, 11, 59, 62, 107 blisters, 57 cerebrum, 30 enzymes, 82, 83, 86, 87 blood, 52–53, 118 chemicals, 5 epiglottis 67 children, 100–102 exercise, 7, 19, 28–29 clotting, 53, 55, 56–57 chimpanzees, 5, 15 eyebrows, 39 colour, 5, 49 coccyx, 16, 17 eyelashes, 75 blood banks, 53 colds, 37, 74 eyelids, 39 blood cells, 52–55, 120 colour blindness, 41 eyes, 6, 7, 38–41, 55, 111 red, 9, 18 colour vision, 40 white, 78, 79 communication, 97, 100, sockets, 14, 39 112–117 contact lenses, 41 124

F face, 6, 14, 15, 27, 64 hayfever, 81 Index expressions, 27, 116–117 head lice, 73 faeces, 89, 91 hearing, 11, 44–45 125 family, 7, 23, 113 heart, 10, 24, 29, 50–51, 118 fat, 9, 106 height, 7, 21, 104 feet, 11, 12, 13 hiccups, 67 fertilization, 94, 98 hinge joints, 22, 23 fingerprints, 9, 70, 99 Hippocrates, 120 fingertips, 34, 35, 70–71 hips, 22, 23 fixed joints, 22 hormones, 11, 58–59 flexibility, 28, 29 hunger, 33 follicle mites, 75 foetus, 96–97 food, 29, 106–107 food allergies, 81, 107 friends, 102, 112, 113 fungi, 75 Ggenes, 6–7, 98 Iimmune germs, 11, 52, 55, 74–79, system, 11, 119 78–79, 80 glands, 58, 77, 87 incubators, 61 glasses, 41, 111, 120 insulin, 59 goose pimples, 73 intestines, 11, 24, 75, 77, grazes, 57 grip, 34 88–89 growth, 58, 100–104, 119 iris, 38, 39 itching, 33, 71 Hhaemoglobin, 54 hair, 11, 72–73, 105, 118 JKjaws, 12, body hair, 5, 97, 73, 14–15, 22 103 joints, 11, 21, colour, 6, 73 22–23, 70 follicles, 35, 72–73 keratin, 68, 71, 72 hands, 5, 27, 70 kidneys, 10, 48, 91 knees, 22, 32 bones, 12, 13, 20–22 gestures, 114–115

Reference section Llanguage, 101, 102 nightmares, 109 plasma, 52 learning, 31, 100, 102 nose, 14, 37, 60, 67 plasters, 57 leeches, 57 nucleus, 8 platelets, 52–53, 55, 56 legs, 11, 24, 29 pollen, 81 lens, 40, 41 Ooesophagus, 87 pores, 69 life expectancy, 104 old age, 104, 105 potty training, 93 ligaments, 23, 27 optic nerve, 40, 42 pregnancy, 96–97 lips, 14, 35, 36 opticians, 111 proteins, 29, 106 liver, 48 organs, 10, 11, 48, 105 puberty, 64, 103 lungs, 48, 60–61, 76, 118 orthodontists, 111 pulse, 51 lymph system, 79 oxygen, 49, 54, 60–63, 67 pupils, 38, 39, 40, 55 Mmacrophages, 78 Ppain, 33, 34 Rreflexes, 32, 87, 111 melanin, 39, 69, 73 pelvis, 12, 17 reproduction, 11, 94–95, memory, 31 peristalsis, 88 119 mosquitos, 75 personal space, 112 retina 40, 41 motion sickness, 47 pins and needles, 33 ribs, 12, 16, 17 mouth, 11, 60, 76, 82 pituitary gland, 58 ringworm, 75 movement, 11, 12, 30, 118 pivot joints, 23 robots, 5 plaque, 85 detecting, 46 joints, 22–23 muscles, 24–25 spine, 16, 17 mucus, 67, 76, 77, 89 multiple births, 99 muscles, 11, 24–29, 47, 100, 118 largest, 25 longest, 24 number of, 24 myofibrils, 26 Nnails, 11, 70–71, 118 neck, 12, 16, 23 nephrons, 91 nerves, 9, 11, 32–33, 118 126

Ssaliva, 36, 76, 86 snoring, 65 Index scabs, 57 sounds, 44, 64–65 scanners, 4, 96, 121 speaking, 30, 65, 101, 102 toes, 35 sclera, 38 sperm, 94 tongue, 7, 25, 36, 86 senses, 11, 30, 34–45 spinal cord, 15, 16, 32 tonsils, 79, 110 sex hormones, 59 spine, 13, 16–17, 21, 104 touch, 11, 34–35 shivering, 29 stamina, 28, 29 trees, 62 sight, 11, 38–43, 111 stethoscope, 110, 111, 120 twins, 98–99 sign language, 115 stitch, 27 skeletal muscles, 24, 26 stomach, 24, 77, 82, 87 Uuniqueness, 6–7, 95 skeleton, 11, 12–13, 118 strength, 7, 28, 29 urethra, 90, 92 skin, 9, 11, 68–69, 118 sun, 69, 107 urine, 90, 91, 92–93 swallowing, 67, 87 urinary system, 11, 90–93, 119 allergies, 81 sweat, 35, 69, 91 uterus, 95, 96–97, 98 colour, 6, 69 sense of touch, 34–35 Ttail bone, 13 Vvaccines, 79, 120 wrinkly, 69, 105 taste, 36–37 valves, 51 skull, 12, 14–15, 22, 31 tears, 39, 76 veins, 10, 48–49, 51 sleep, 27, 32, 59, 100, 108–109 teeth, 5, 14, 18, 84–85, 120 vena cava, 48, 50 sleep-walking, 109 verrucas, 74 smell, 36–37 brushing, 85, 100, 111 vertebrae, 13, 16–17, 104 smiling, 25, 27, 100, 116 temperature, 78 vertebrates, 13 sneezing, 66 tendons, 27 viruses, 74 thigh bone, 13 vitamins, 107 thinking, 11, 30 vocal cords, 64, 67 threadworms, 75 voice box, 64 thumbs, 23 tinea (ringworm), 75 Wwalking, 33, 101 tissues, 9, 10 water, 5, 63, 90–91, 107 skin’s defences, 68, 69 windpipe, 60–61, 64 womb, 95, 96–97, 98 wrinkles, 69, 105 wrists, 12, 23 XYX-rays, 4, 19, 21, 121 yawning, 67 127

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Whitaker (bc). 98 Getty Images: (c). 98-99 Alamy Publiphoto Diffusion (bl); Victor de Schwanberg 64 Science Photo Library: Hank Morgan (cra). 65 Images: Big Cheese Photo (b). 99 Alamy Images: (cl heart), (cl kidney). 11 Alamy Images: Ablestock Bubbles: Ian West (cl); Corbis: Don Mason (tl), Paul Robert Llewellyn (tr); Corbis: Brooks Kraft (br). (bl), Comstock Images (button 5); Pictor (t), A. Souders (br); Getty Images: Stephanie Rausser 101 Corbis: Strauss/Curtis (tl). 102 Corbis: O'Brien RubberBall Productions (c), (button 2). 13 DK (ca). 66 Science Photo Library: Damien Lovegrove Productions (cl). 103 Corbis: Larry Williams (r); Rex Images: Oxford University Museum (ca); Science (l), Matt Meadows, Peter Arnold Inc. (tr), Proff. Features: Phanie Agency/PHN (tl). 104 Corbis: Pete Photo Library: Pascal Goetgheluck (bl). 14 Science Motta, Correr & Nottola/University \"La Sapienza\", Saloutos cl. 104-105 Science Photo Library: Alfred Photo Library: Sovereign ISM (bl). 15 Science Rome (cr). 68 Alamy Images: Phoebe Dunn (cra); Pasieka bl; Blustone (b). 105 Corbis: Roy Morsch (tr); Photo Library: D. Roberts (bl), Michael Donne, Science Photo Library: Andrew Syred (crb), Getty Images: Yann Layma (tl). 107 Corbis: University of Manchester (br). 18 Science Photo (br); VVG (c). 69 Alamy Images: Pixland (tl). Norbert Schaefer (cl). 109 Science Photo Library: Library: Andrew Syred (br), CNRI (cr), VVG (bl). ImageState/Pictor: (bl). 70 Science Photo Library: Oscar Burnell (br); Zefa Visual Media: Robert 19 Alamy Images: Medical-on-line (cla); Science VVG (bc). 71 Science Photo Library: Andrew Karpa/Masterfile (tc). 110 ImageState/Pictor: (tl), Photo Library: (cr), Department of Clinical Syred (ca); Lauren Shear (bc); Getty Images: Daniel (cr). 111 Science Photo Library: Adam Hart-Davis Radiology, Salisbury District Hospital (tc), VVG J. Cox (tr). 72 Science Photo Library: VVG (ca). (tc), Michael Donne (br), Pascal Goetgheluck (clb). (crb). 20 Alamy Images: Superstock (b); Science 73 Science Photo Library: Alex Bartel (tr), Martin 113 Corbis: Ariel Skelley (cl); Getty Images: Erin Photo Library: VVG (cr). 20-21 Science Photo Dohrn (c), VVG (br), (background). 74 DK Images: Patrice O'Brien (r). 114 Getty Images: Ian Sanderson Library: (t). 23 Science Photo Library: Mehua AMNH (tr blue), (tr green); Science Photo Library: (tr). 117 Corbis: Mark Tuschman (c); Getty Images: Kulyk (cl); Getty Images: David Roth (crb). 24 Dr. Jeremy Burgess (br); Getty Images: Suzanne Tim Flach (tl). 118 Science Photo Library: Astrid & Science Photo Library: Astrid & Hans-Frieder ann Nick Geary (bl). 75 DK Images: AMNH (button Hanns-Frieder Michler (button 1). 119 DK Images: Michler (cla), Prof. P. Motta/Dept. of 1); Photolibrary.com: OSF (tr); Science Photo Judith Miller/Elms Letsers (button 1); Science Photo Anatomy/University \"La Sapienza\" (bl), Victor de Library: Dr. Kari Lounatamaa (cla), Eye of Science Library: Dr. Tony Brain (button 2). 120 DK Images: Schwanberg (clb), VVG (cl). 25 Corbis: Kevin R. (br), John Hadfield (cb). 76 Science Photo Library: British Museum (button 1), Judith Miller/TW conroy Morris (r). 26 Corbis: (l). 27 Corbis: Tom & Dee Ann Biophoto Associates (cl), Custom Medical Stock (button 9). 121 Corbis: Larry Williams (button 4), McCarthy (clb). 28 Corbis: Ed Bock (tr), Thierry Photo (tc), Prof P.Motta/Dept of Anatomy/University, Michael Pole (r); Science Photo Library: (button 4), Orban/Sygma (cl); 28-29 Getty Images: Mike Timo. \"La Sapienza\", Rome (br). 77 Science Photo Edelmann (button 7), Victor de Schwanberg (button 29 Science Photo Library: Keith, Custom Medical Library: CNRI (bc), Professoers P.M. Motta, K.R. 8). 125 Alamy Images: RubberBall Productions. Stock Photo (tl). 30 Getty Images: BodyOnline (c). Porter & P.M. Andrews (ca). 78 DK Images: AMNH 126-127 Alamy Images: Aflo Foto Agency 31 Corbis: Bryan F. Peterson (crb), Warren Morgan (tr); Science Photo Library: Biology Media (br). (bl); Colour Vision Store: (crbb); Science Photo 79 Science Photo Library: BSIP Estiot (tr); Getty All other images © Dorling Kindersley Library: Dr. Goran Bredberg (crb), Mehau Kulyk Images: Chris Harvey (cl), Steven Peters (tl). 80 www.dkimages.com (cra), Nancy Kedersha (tr), Omikron (cr). 32 Corbis: Corbis: Paul A. Souders (cl); Science Photo Jim Craigmyle (tl); Science Photo Library: Nancy Library: Andrew Syred (button 4), Dr. Jeremy Acknowledgements Kedersha (br). 33 Corbis: Christine Osborne (tr); Burgess (button 1), K.H. Kjeldsen (b). 81 Corbis: Science Photo Library: Michael Donne (tl). 34-35 Lester V. Bergman (cla); Getty Image: Digital Vision Dorling Kindersley would like Corbis: Norbert Schaefer (c), 35 Science Photo (br); Science Photo Library: Dr. Jeremy Burgess (tr), to thank: Elinor Greenwood, Lorrie Library: Joe Bator (cb). 36 ImageState/Pictor: Dr. P. Marazzi (cr), Mark Clarke (bc). 83 Science StockImage (cl); Science Photo Library: Omikron Photo Library: BSIP, Cavallini James (crb), David Mack, and Fleur Star for editorial (br). 37 Science Photo Library: CNRI (br); Getty assistance, Dorian Spencer Davies Images: Ross Whitaker (tl). 38 Science Photo The end for additional illustration, Mary Library: Gusto (bl). 40 Corbis: Lee White Sandberg for additional (background). 41 Alamy Images: design assistance, Julia BananaStock (br); 41 Corbis: Lee White Harris-Voss for picture (ca), (c); Colour Vision Store: (tr); research, and Chris 41 Science Photo Library: David Bernstein for compiling Becker (cl). 42 DK Images: Natural the index. History Museum (button 5); Science Photo Library: Mehau Kulyk (l). 44 Getty Images: Ross Whitaker (br). 46 Corbis: Tom Stewart (r). 47 128