Geography_ A Visual Encyclopedia

Index A Belize 251 conservation 224–25 INDEX acids 64, 85, 221 Benin 277 continental climate 132–33, 136, 172 Afghanistan 287 Bhutan 288 continents 7, 31, 40, 228, 234–47 Africa 62, 131, 230, 240–41, 272–83 bioluminescence 192 coral reefs 194–97, 221, 245 air currents 7, 126–27, 132 biomes 159 core, Earth’s 15, 20, 22 air pollution 221, 222 birds 163, 165, 169, 182, Costa Rica 252 air travel 212, 213 countries 230–31, 248–95 Albania 268 185, 195, 199 craters 15, 17, 19, 28–29 algae 160, 161, 194, 196, 220 black smokers 49, 193 Croatia 269 Algeria 29, 275 block mountains 41 crust, Earth’s 15, 26–27 Amazon River 237, 256 Bolivia 137, 256, 258 crystals 54–59, 60, 61, 80 amber 73 Bora Bora 245 Cuba 253 ammonites 75 borders 230, 231 currents 114–15, 119, 133 ancient life 74–75 boreal zone 168 cyclones 139, 146 Andes Mountains 40, 228, 236, 256 Bosnia and Herzegovina 269 Cyprus 268 Andorra 267 Botswana 282 Czech Republic 270 Angel Falls, Venezuela 237 Brazil 62, 216, 236, 257 Angola 280 Brunei 291 D animals 155, 157, 160–99, 224–25 buildings 215, 243 Dead Sea, Jordan 107, 242 Antarctica 93, 129, 132, 186, 246–47 Bulgaria 106, 269 deciduous trees 164–67 anticyclones 139 Burkina Faso 277 decomposers 159 Antigua and Barbuda 255 Burma (Myanmar) 290 deltas 91 aquifers 101 burrowers 173, 185, 198 Denmark 262 Arctic 131, 184–85, 222, 234 Burundi 280 deserts 67, 101, 128, 132, 137, 176–81 Arctic Ocean 112, 186–87, 250 butterflies 157, 163, 183 diamonds 55, 275 Argentina 259 buttes 68–69, 235 dikes 61, 62 Armenia 285 dinosaurs 72, 73 ash clouds 43, 45, 67, 76 C disease 203, 220 Asia 172, 242–43, 284–91 cacti 176, 250 Djibouti 279 asteroids 10, 11 Cambodia 291 Dominica 254 Atacama Desert 89, 178, 256 Cameroon 278 Dominican Republic 254 Atlantic Ocean 32, 113, 250 Canada 29, 136, 168, 230, 231, 234–35, Dubai 243 atmosphere 7, 15, 124–25, 221, 222 dunes 67, 68, 70 atmospheric pressure 138 251 dust bowls 173 atolls 195, 244 canals 212, 215 dwarf planets 11 aurora 24–25, 261 canyons 66, 78–79, 111 Australasia 244, 292 Cape Verde 273 E Australia 28, 29, 136, 229, 244, 245, 292, Caribbean 250, 253–55 Earth 12, 14–15, 17, 20–25, 76 caves 58–59, 64, 102–05, 121 earthquakes 21, 33, 34–37 293 cells 154 East Timor 291 Austria 265 Central African Republic 279 ecosystems 158–59, 203, 225 autumn 165, 167 Central America 234–35, 250 Ecuador 44–45, 258 Azerbaijan 285 Chad 278 Egypt 67, 202, 217, 276 Chile 259 electricity 147, 210, 211 B China 35, 82, 137, 173, 217, 230, 232, elements 52 bacteria 155, 156, 159 El Salvador 251 Bahamas 253 242, 289 Bahrain 286 cities 203, 213, 214–19, 221,235, 236, 242 Baikal, Lake 32, 108 clay 66, 71 Bangladesh 288 cliffs 71, 121 Barbados 254 climate 128–29, 132–37, 159 basalt 26, 60, 61, 111 climate change 99, 222–23 batholiths 61, 62 clouds 15, 88, 140–43, 144 bays 121 coal 71, 203, 208, 209, 221 beaches 121, 198–99, 255 coasts 120–21, 133 bears 159, 187, 222, 251 cold deserts 129, 134–35, 137, 246 Beijing, China 217, 242 Colombia 258 Belarus 271 comets 10, 11 Belgium 263 Comoros 281 Congo 241, 278, 280 conifer trees 168

INDEX endangered species 224, 225 Great Wall of China 242 Krakatoa, Indonesia 38, 47 energy 158, 203 Greece 47, 214, 268 Kuril Trench 33 England 63, 70, 71, 164, 217, 263 greenhouse gases 222, 223 Kuwait 286 equator 128, 131 Greenland 93, 234, 250 Kyrgyzstan 287 Equatorial Guinea 278 Grenada 255 Eritrea 279 groundwater 89, 100–01 L erosion 64, 66–69, 82, 121 Guatemala 251 lagoons 195 Estonia 29, 262 Guinea 274 lakes 32, 100, 106–09, 160, 161 estuaries 91, 119 Guinea-Bissau 274 Laos 290 Ethiopia 279 Gulf Stream 133 Lapland 262 Eurasia 238, 243 Guyana 257 Las Vegas 235 Europe 133, 183, 233, 238–39, 260–71 gyres 115 latitude 228 Everest, Mount 242 Latvia 262 evolution 155 H lava 42, 43, 60, 61, 82 extinction 28, 99, 155 habitats 160–99, 225 Lebanon 285 hail 146 Lesotho 282 F Haiti 254 Liberia 275 factories 203, 210, 221 Hawaii 26, 42, 60 Libya 276 farming 173, 202, 204–07, 234 heath 170–71, 182 lichens 64 faults 27, 33, 36, 41, 77 Honduras 253 Liechtenstein 264 Fiji 113,295 hot spots 42 life 7, 89, 154–57 Finland 262 hot springs 48–49, 161 lightning 147, 154 fires 171, 174, 223 humus 84 limestone 64, 66, 71, 84, 102–05, 194 fish 160, 186, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196–97 Hungary 270 lithosphere 27, 30, 31 fjords 99, 239 hunter-gatherers 202 Lithuania 262 flooding 100, 129, 146, 151, 223 hurricanes 150–51 loam 85 flowers 163, 164, 171, 180–81,184, 254 hydrogen 53 London, England 217 fog 140, 141, 176 longitude 229 fold mountains 40, 83 I Los Angeles 137 food chain 158, 159, 160, 187 ice 54, 65, 67, 89 Luxembourg 264 forests 158, 162–69, 223, 245, 279 ice ages 98–99 fossil fuels 222, 223 icebergs 94–95, 112, 223 M fossils 70, 72–75, 77 Iceland 46, 261 Maasai Mara, Kenya 241 France 136, 217, 266 ice sheets 93, 132, 223, 246, 247 Macedonia 269 Fraser Island 229 igneous rocks 60–63, 81, 82 Madagascar 281 freshwater life 160–61 India 28, 133, 232, 288 magma 32, 40, 60, 81, 83 frogs 163, 252 Indian Ocean 113 magnetism 22–25 frost 54, 65 Indonesia 47, 110, 221, 291 Malawi 281 fumaroles 48 industry 203, 210–11 Malaysia 290 fungi 155, 156, 159, 165 insects 160, 161, 163, 165, 175, 182, 185 Maldives 288 invertebrates 157 Mali 275 G Iran 287 Malta 268 Gabon 278 Iraq 287 mangrove swamps 199 Gambia 274 Ireland 106, 263 mantle 20, 26, 30 gas 70, 124, 208 iron 20, 22, 208 maps 228–47 gemstones 55, 208 islands 113, 223, 228–29, 244 marble 81 geodes 55 Israel 285 Mariana Trench 33 geological timescale 76–77 Italy 36, 47, 217, 266 Mars 11, 12 Georgia 285 Ivory Coast 275 Marshall Islands 293 Germany 230, 265 Mauritania 273 geysers 49 J Mauritius 281 Ghana 277 Jamaica 253 Mercury 11, 12 glaciers 67, 92–97, 99, 239 Japan 39, 49, 203, 290 metals 53, 81, 208, 209 global warming 93, 222 jellyfish 191, 192 metamorphic rocks 80–81, 83 gneiss 80, 83 Jordan 107, 242, 285 meteorites 10, 11, 14, 20, 28 Gobi Desert 134–35, 137, 179 Jupiter 11, 13, 14, 99 meteors 125 gorges 91 Mexico 29, 58, 103, 252 Grand Canyon 77, 78–79 K microbes 64, 85, 158, 161 granite 26, 53, 61, 63, 82 Kazakhstan 287 Micronesia 293 grassland 172–75, 182, 234 Kenya 241, 280 migration 99, 113, 174, 241 gravity 14, 15, 16, 118 Kiribati 294 minerals 48, 53, 85, 107, 208 Great Barrier Reef 194 Korea 290 mining 208–09, 220

Moldova 270 Panama 253 roads 213 INDEX Monaco 214, 233, 265 Pangaea 31 rock cycle 82–83 Mongolia 73, 232, 289 Papua New Guinea 244, 293 rocks 26, 27, 50–85 monsoons 133 Paraguay 259 Romania 270 Montenegro 269 Paris, France 136, 217 Russia 132, 217, 230, 239, 242, 271 Monument Valley 235 peat 168, 170, 184 Rwanda 280 Moon 16–19, 118 penguins 133, 188–89, 246 moorland 144, 170–71 permafrost 101, 184 S Morocco 214, 273 Peru 137, 258 Sahara Desert 101, 178, 241, 272 Mozambique 281 Philippines 43, 47, 221, 291 St. Kitts and Nevis 254 mountains 40–41, 63, 65, 83,182–83 photosynthesis 125, 156, 158 St. Lucia 254 physical map 228–29 St. Vincent and Grenadines 254 N Pinatubo, Mount 43, 47 salt 54, 107, 110, 256 Namibia 100, 202, 272, 282 planets 10, 11, 12–13, 14 Samoa 294 Nauru 294 plankton 115, 159, 160, 186, 190, 192 San Andreas Fault 33 Nepal 288 plants 84, 125, 156, 158, 171, 176, 184 sand 56, 66, 67, 84, 85, 120 Neptune 11, 13 plates 30–33, 34, 76, 83 sand dunes 67, 68, 70, 272 Netherlands 215, 264 Pluto 11 sandstone 68, 70, 83 New York 216 plutons 61, 62 San Marino 266 New Zealand 49, 121, 244, 245, 295 Poland 270 São Paulo, Brazil 236 Nicaragua 253 polar regions 129, 131 São Tomé and Principé 278 Niger 276 political map 230–31 Saturn 11, 13 Nigeria 277 pollution 220–21 Saudi Arabia 286 Nile River 240 population 202–03, 232–33 savanna 131, 174–75 North America 172, 234–35, 250–55 Portugal 268 scavengers 175, 193, 199 North Pole 22, 132 prairies 172–73, 206, 234 schist 80, 83 northern forest 168–69 predators 161, 169, 175, 187, 193 Scotland 41, 170, 263 Northern Lights 24–25, 261 proteins 154, 158 scree slopes 65 Norway 131, 239, 261 pyroclastic flows 43, 47 scrub 171, 234 nuclear reactions 20, 30, 52 Qatar 286 sea levels 99, 223 nutrients 90, 158, 159, 160, 165, 171 quarrying 208 seas 110–11 quartz 53, 54, 56 seashores 198–99 O seasons 130–31, 164 ocean trenches 33 R seaweed 198 Oceania 244–45, 292–95 radiometric dating 77 sedimentary rock 27, 70–71, 76–79, 83 oceanic climate 132–33, 164 railroads 213, 242 seismic waves 21 oceans 15, 32, 88, 110–13, 186–95, 220, rain 15, 64, 85, 88, 128, 144–45, 151, 170, Senegal 273 Serbia 269 221 176 Seychelles 281 oil 70, 203, 209, 221 rainforest 126, 128, 137, 162–63, 164, 234, shale 70, 80, 83 Oman 286 sheep 173 orbital cycle 98 236, 241 shellfish 198 oxygen 124, 125, 155, 160 rainy season 174 shingle 66, 120 ozone layer 23, 124 recyclers 159, 175 shipping 212 Red Sea 32 Siberia 133, 168 PQ reptiles 177 Sierra Leone 275 Pacific Ocean 113, 284, 292 Richter scale 35 sills 61, 62 Pakistan 288 rift valleys 32, 41 silt 66 Palau 294 rifts 27, 30, 32 rivers 66, 89, 90–91, 102,119, 220

INDEX Singapore 214, 291 T V slate 80, 83 taiga 168–69 valleys 32, 89, 90–91, 99 Slovakia 270 Tajikistan 287 Vanuatu 295 Slovenia 265 Tanzania 281 Vatican City 230, 267 smog 221 temperate forest 164–67 Venezuela 258 snow 88, 145 temperate grassland 172–73 vents, deep-sea 49, 193 soil 27, 84–85 temperature 132, 133, 136, 137, 154, 182, Venus 11, 12 solar energy 128, 223 Vesuvius, Italy 47 Solar System 7, 10–11, 14 222 vertebrates 157 solar wind 23 Thailand 290 Victoria Falls 228 Solomon Islands 294 thunderstorms 147 Vietnam 206–07, 284, 290 solstices 131 tides 118–19 volcanic islands 33, 38, 42, 47, 195, 244 Somalia 280 Togo 277 volcanic rocks 61 Sonoran Desert 179, 180–81, 250 Tonga 294 volcanoes 7, 26, 27, 31, 42–47, 63, 110 South Africa 62, 209, 283 tornadoes 148–49 South America 129, 228, 236–37, 256–59 trade 212, 214, 224 WYZ South Pole 22, 136, 246 Trans-Siberian Railway 242 Wales 80, 263 Southern Ocean 113, 129, 186–87 transportation 212–13 waste 220 Spain 268 trees 158, 162, 164–67, 168 water 7, 12, 66, 154, 162, 174, 86–121 spring (season) 164, 184, 186 trilobites 74 water cycle 88–89 springs 48–49, 101, 161 Trinidad and Tobago 255 waterfalls 89, 228, 237 Sri Lanka 289 tropical grassland 174–75 water pollution 220 stars 52 tropics 128, 131 water table 100, 106 steppes 98, 172–73 tsunamis 35, 38–39, 47 water vapor 88, 110, 140 storm surges 151 tundra 101, 184–85, 234 waves 114–17, 120, 198 storms 129, 141, 146–47 Tunisia 276 weather 125, 128, 138–39 subduction zones 33, 80, 81, 83 Turkey 48, 269 weather fronts 139 Sudan 137, 230, 279 Turkmenistan 287 weathering 64–65, 82, 84, 85 Sumatra 39 Tuvalu 294 wells 100 summer 164, 168 West Indies 47, 253–55 Sun 10, 11, 52, 124, 126, 128 U whales 187, 191, 224 sunlight 65, 128, 131, 158 Uganda 280 wind 67, 68, 127, 129, 138, 145, 129, Surinam 257 Ukraine 271 swamp 100, 106, 184, 199, 241 United Arab Emirates 286 150–51 Swaziland 282 United Kingdom 217, 221, 263 wine 239 Sweden 261 United States 28, 62, 68–69, 78–79, 137, winter 164, 165, 168 Switzerland 265 Yemen 286 Sydney, Australia 136, 244 216, 231, 234–35, 250, 251 Zambia 280 Syria 285 Uranus 11, 13 Zimbabwe 282 Uruguay 259 Uzbekistan 287

Acknowledgments Smithsonian Enterprises: The publisher would like to thank the Dreamstime.com: Dmitry Pichugin (c). Dreamstime.com: Alexey Stiop (cr). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Product Development Manager following for their kind permission to 48 Dreamstime.com: Huub Keulers (bl); 96-97 Dreamstime.com: Leonid Spektor Kealy Wilson; Licensing Manager reproduce their photographs: Minyun Zhou (br). 49 Dreamstime.com: (bc). 97 Dreamstime.com: Hugoht (tl); Ellen Nanney; Director of Licensing Paul Whitton (cr). NOAA (tc). 51 Stephen Bures (cr). 98 Corbis: Bettmann Brigid Ferraro; Senior Vice President (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; Dreamstime.com: Richard Semik (cl); (bl). 99 Corbis: Patrick Bennett (cl). Carol LeBlanc f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Underwatermaui (c). 52 Dreamstime. Dreamstime.com: Eti Swinford (tr); com: Vasilyev (bl). Fotolia: Tatesh (tl, tl); Pseudolongino (br). 100-101 The publisher would like to thank 2-3 Dreamstime.com: Jiří Hruška (c). 4 Tatesh (tl, tl). 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Fotolia: Leonid Ikan ASTER Science Team (tr). 216 Kindersley: Thomas Marent (cr). 281 150 NASA: NASA GSFC (t). 151 Corbis: (bl). 185 Dreamstime.com: Mirceax (cr); Dreamstime.com: Ken Cole (b); Steve Dorling Kindersley: Thomas Marent (br). Marcos Delgado (bl). Getty Images: Ian Yaroslava Polosina (br); Pictureguy66 (cl). Allen (cr). 217 Dreamstime.com: Mikael 284 Dorling Kindersley: Jamie Marshall Cumming (tr). NASA: Rob Simmon / Fotolia: Delmas Lehman (t). 186 Corbis: Damkier (tl); Zhudifeng (cl). Fotolia: (c). 291 Dorling Kindersley: Thomas USGS / NOAA. (cr). 152 Fotolia: Flip Nicklin / Minden Pictures (clb). QQ7 (br). 218-219 NASA: (c). 220 Marent (br). 293 Dorling Kindersley: pomkajamik (tl). 153 Dreamstime.com: NASA: Jeff Schmaltz / MODIS Rapid Dreamstime.com: Andrey Shchekalev Thomas Marent (cl). Jubalharshaw19 (c); Richard Kittenberger Response Team / NASA (cl). 186-187 (crb). Fotolia: Vladimir Melnik (c). 221 (cl); Vito Werner (cr). 154 Dreamstime. Dreamstime.com: Brett Atkins (b). 187 Dreamstime.com: Arne9001 (r); Jacket images: Front: Corbis: Angelo com: Katrina Brown (c); Leonidtit (bl). Corbis: Norbert Wu / Minden Pictures Naluphoto (clb); Jinlide (cla); Danny Cavalli / Robert Harding World Imagery Getty Images: M I Walker (br). 155 (cra). Dreamstime.com: Outdoorsman Hooks (cra). 222 Dreamstime.com: bl; George Hammerstein fbr; Frans Dreamstime.com: Cathy Figuli (cr); (cr). 188-189 Getty Images: Fritz Achim Baqué (cr). 223 Dreamstime.com: Lanting br. Getty Images: Photolibrary / Orionmystery (clb); Robert Bayer (tl). 156 Poelking (c). 190 Corbis: Flip Nicklin / Aleksandr Klimashin (tr); Sophie David Davis fbl; Stone / Demetrio Dreamstime.com: Christophe D (bc); Minden Pictures (cl). NOAA: Public Vigneault (b). Fotolia: Jean-Paul Bounine Carrasco t. Back: Corbis: Arctic-Images t; Ivan Cholakov (cl); Robyn mackenzie (br); domain (cr). 190-191 Dreamstime.com: (tl); Philipus (cr). 224 Digital Vision: (bl). Image Source fbl; George Lepp bl; Jubalharshaw19 (cr). 157 Corbis: Frank Harald Bolten (b). 191 Dreamstime.com: Dreamstime.com: Seread (cr). 225 Stocktrek fbr; Torleif Svensson br. Spine: Krahmer (b). 158 Dreamstime.com: Ruth Black (tr); Stacy Barnett (ca). Fotolia: Luisapuccini (c); wusuowei (cla); Corbis: Frans Lanting. Gumenuk Vitalij (b). Fotolia: James Thew Fotolia: vilainecrevette (tl). 192 Fotolia: Ojoimages4 (bl). 226-227 Fotolia: Sergey (cr). 159 Dreamstime.com: Rachwal (cla); Steven Brown (bl). Getty Images: Nivens (c). 227 Dreamstime.com: All other images © Dorling Kindersley Steffen Foerster (c). 160 Corbis: Solvin Reinhard Dirscherl (cr). NOAA: Public Atanasbozhikov (c); Yuri Yavnik (cl); For further information see: Zankl (cl); Wim van Egmond (br). domain (cl). 193 Corbis: David Wrobel / Robert Gubiani (cr). 228 Dreamstime. www.dkimages.com Dreamstime.com: Koi88 (t). Fotolia: Visuals Unlimited (cl). Getty Images: com: Belopez (cl). Fotolia: Inna Felker Convit (bc). 161 Dreamstime.com: Eric DEA PICTURE LIBRARY (tr). NOAA: (bl). 229 Corbis: Peter Essick / Aurora Finally, the publisher wishes to note that Gevaert (tl); Steffen Foerster (r); Valeko Public domain (br). 194 Dreamstime. Photos (tr). 230 Dreamstime.com: the area and population figures for the (clb). 162 Corbis: Gavriel Jecan (b). com: Bin Zhou (b); Daexto (cl). 195 Gabriella S.bognár (cl); Svetlana485 (bl). cities in this book follow UN data for Dreamstime.com: Karen Wunderman Corbis: Gary Bell (br). Dreamstime.com: 231 Dreamstime.com: Biserko (cla). 232 1992–2011. How cities are defined can (tr). 163 Dreamstime.com: Alleks (cr); Boris Pamikov (tr); Nataliya Taratunina Dreamstime.com: Jeremy Richards (bl); vary considerably: some estimates apply Richard Kittenberger (br); Hugoht (tl); (bl). 196-197 Dreamstime.com: Irochka Tomas Sereda (cla). 233 Dreamstime. to the city proper; others also include the Brandon Alms (cl). 164 Dreamstime. (c). 198 Dreamstime.com: Brian com: Jan Dufek (tr). 234 Dreamstime. urban agglomeration around the city. com: Pavla Zakova (l); Maudsley (bl); Tiago Estima (t). Fotolia: com: Pictureguy66 (cr). 235 Dreamstime. This book gives the latter where available. Timhesterphotography (ca). 165 Svenni (br). 199 Dreamstime.com: Aji com: Jf123 (bl); Phillip Gray (bc). 236 Dreamstime.com: Kav777 (b); Yury Jayachandran (cr); Nico Smit (b); Zzvet Dreamstime.com: Jborzicchi (cr). 237 Maryunin (cla); Menno67 (cr). 166-167 (tl). 200 Dreamstime.com: Inna Dreamstime.com: Janne Hämäläinen (cl, Dreamstime.com: George Kroll (c). 168 Yurkevych (tl). 200-201 Dorling cl); Janne Hämäläinen (cl, cl); Johnny Lye Dreamstime.com: Elena Elisseeva (clb); Kindersley: Jamie Marshall (c). 201 (br). Dreamstime.com: Janne Hämäläinen Savenkov (c); Valery Shanin (br). 169 Dreamstime.com: Aksakalko (c); (cl, cl); Janne Hämäläinen (cl, cl); Johnny Dreamstime.com: Arvidas Saladauskas Heisenberg85 (cl); Alexander Mitrofanov Lye (br). 237 Dreamstime.com: Janne (cl); Panady (bl); Erik Mandre (r). 170 (cr). 202 Corbis: Gianni Dagli Orti (bl). Hämäläinen (cl, cl); Janne Hämäläinen (cl, Corbis: Ashley Cooper (bl); Wilfried Dreamstime.com: Alexander Mitrofanov cl); Johnny Lye (br). Dreamstime.com: Krecichwost (c). 171 Dreamstime.com: (cr). 203 Dreamstime.com: Heisenberg85 Janne Hämäläinen (cl, cl); Janne Bevanward (br); Tom Curtis (t); Neal (br); Natalia Bratslavsky (tl). Getty Hämäläinen (cl, cl); Johnny Lye (br). 238 Cooper (l); Vito Werner (cr). 172 Images: Roger Sutcliffe (cr). 204 Corbis: Dreamstime.com: Honourableandbold Dreamstime.com: Andreyshot (cr); David Stoecklein (br). Dreamstime.com: (cl). 239 Dreamstime.com: Jenifoto406 Evgeniya Moroz (cl). Fotolia: Thomas Thor Jorgen Udvang (cr). 205 (bl); Serban Enache (cra). 240 Barrat (b). 173 Dreamstime.com: Krapels Dreamstime.com: Aksakalko (c); Dreamstime.com: Edwardje (cr). 241 (br); Stephen Girimont (tl); Nan Li (bl). Inavanhateren (bl); Davidmartyn (tr). Dreamstime.com: Sergey Uryadnikov (l).