Ocean_ A Visual Encyclopedia

Radiolarian A single-celled oceanic Siphon tube A tube used by a clam, Trade wind A wind that blows steadily GLOSSARY organism that feeds like an animal and squid, or other mollusk to draw water from east to west over a tropical ocean. drifts as part of the zooplankton. into its body or pump it out. Tsunami A destructive sea wave usually Reef A ridge of submerged rock, Solar system The system of planets, produced by an earthquake, but which often created by marine animals moons, and asteroids orbiting the Sun. can also be caused by volcanic eruptions called corals. and submarine landslides. Southern hemisphere The region of Reptile One of the group of animals Earth south of the equator. Tube feet Tubular, water-filled, mobile that includes turtles, lizards, crocodiles, projections from the body of an snakes, and dinosaurs. Subduction The process of one plate echinoderm animal such as a starfish. of Earth’s crust diving beneath another, Rift A crack in rocks or Earth’s crust, creating an ocean trench, causing Tube worm A type of marine worm caused by the rocks pulling apart. earthquakes, and fueling volcanoes. that lives in a protective tube. Rift valley A region where part of Earth’s Temperate A climate that is neither Turbine A rotor driven by a flow of water or air, which can be used to turn crust has dropped into the gap formed very hot nor very cold, or a region that an electricity generator. by the crust pulling apart. has such a climate. Rorqual A type of large filter- Tentacle A long, boneless extension Unicorn A mythical horse with a single feeding whale with an expandable of an animal’s body, sometimes armed horn in the middle of its forehead. throat that can hold a lot of water with stinging cells. containing food. Upwelling zone A part of the ocean Thermocline The boundary between where deep water that is rich in plant Satellite Something that orbits a planet, deep, cold, dense water and a layer of nutrients is drawn up to the surface. such as Earth, in space. warmer, less dense water that floats at the surface of oceans. Venom Poison that a biting or stinging Scavenger An animal that eats animal uses for hunting or defense. the remains of dead animals and Tidal To do with the tides. other scraps. Water vapor The gas that forms when Tidal race A fast-moving tidal current liquid water is warmed and evaporates. School A group of fish that live that has chaotic waves and whirlpools. together and sometimes swims in Westerly wind A wind that blows perfect formation. Tidal stream A horizontal flow of water from west to east. created by the rise and fall of the tide. Seamount An ocean-floor volcano, Zooplankton Animals that mainly active or extinct, that does not break Tidewater glacier A glacier that flows drift in the water, although the ocean surface to form an island. all the way to the coast and out to sea, some swim actively. so that its end floats on tidal seawater. Sediment Solid particles such as sand, silt, or mud that have settled on the Tissue In biology, living material such as seabed or ocean floor. bone, muscle, or plant material. Shelf sea A shallow sea covering a continental shelf. Shellfish A term for marine animals with either hard shells or external skeletons. Silica A mineral made of oxygen and silicon, the main ingredient. Single-celled Consisting of just one living cell. Plants and animals have many cells.

Index INDEX A birds 65, 96–97, 162–165, 173, 175, 177, continents 24, 25, 26, 28, 36–37 acid, carbonic 241 181, 201 convergent boundaries 31 albatrosses 96, 97, 201 nests and colonies 166–167, 194, 195 Cook, James 135 Aleutians 34 copepods 74, 75, 90, 126, 192 algae 61, 64, 72, 73, 78, 132, 133, 141, bivalves 120, 121 coral bleaching 241 black smokers 31, 225, 229 corals 78, 130, 131, 132–133, 135, 241 182, 192, 205 coral reefs 17, 50, 78, 113, 132, alligators 175 life on 104–105 Alvin 224, 225, 227 blowholes 150 138–139, 142 ammonites 46 blue-footed boobies 65, 96 animals of 131, 132–133, 136–139, amphipods 102 blue whales 91 169, 184 anchovies 109 boats 18, 57, 215, 218 barrier reefs 134–135, 142 ancient oceans 36–37 body temperature 82 anemones 130, 131, 155, 156 Brazil Current 61 cormorants 96 angelfish 136 breeding 166–167, 168, 169, 170, 171, Cousteau, Jacques 222 anglerfish 100, 118 crabs 63, 75, 78, 104, 110, 112, 126, 127, animals 51, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 70–105, 179, 185, 192, 194, 195, 200, 201, 210–211, 244 155, 157, 170–171, 179 108–141, 154–169, 173, 175, 177, buoyancy 95, 117, 122 as prey 79, 122, 123, 162, 163, 169 178, 179, 180–185, 192–201, butterflyfish 136 208–213 crocodiles 169, 179, 184, 185 Antarctica 18–19, 51, 66, 97, 188, 189, C cruise ships 237 191, 193, 194–195, 198–201, 203, camouflage 63, 86, 118, 122, 137, 156, crust, oceanic 24, 30, 32, 34, 40 205, 240 crustaceans 74, 126–127, 138 archaea 104 157, 170, 183, 211, 212 curlews 163 archaeology, underwater 221 canoes 218 currents 17, 50, 62, 63, 185, 191 arches 150, 151 canyons 45, 46 Arctic Ocean 9, 10–11, 44, 29, 188, 189, Caribbean 12, 132 deepwater currents 66–67 191, 212, 213, 240 Gulf Stream 60, 61, 62, 67, 231 animals 90, 95, 208–209, 210, 211 animals of 138, 181, 183 power from 231 peoples 214–215 cartilage 87 surface currents 60–61, 66 Ascension Island 41 caves 142, 150, 151 turbidity currents 45 Atlantic Ocean 9, 12–13, 37, 62 Central America 227 cuttlefish 122 animals 62, 63, 96, 104, 118, 169, 183 cephalopods 122–123, 124 cyclones 54–55 currents 60, 66, 67 Challenger Deep 33 exploration 218 chemicals 31, 48, 64, 78, 104, 105, 108 D food web 79 chimaeras 102 dark zone 70, 100–101 islands 40, 41 chlorophyll 73 Darwin, Charles 219 atolls 15, 142–143 chloroplasts 73 deep-sea anglerfish 100 atoms 48 clams 75, 104, 120, 141, 161, 169, 173 Deepsea Challenger 225 auks 97 cleaner wrasses 137 deltas 174–175 cliffs 149, 150, 166 desalination 228 B climate 50, 51, 67 detritivores 102 bacteria 71, 72, 73, 78, 100 climate change 10, 67, 203, 240–241 diamonds 229 bait balls 85 clownfish 131 Dias, Bartolomeu 218 baleen 90 cnidarians 130 diatoms 73 barnacles 127, 155 coal 175 dinflagelattes 73 barracuda 136 coasts 46, 51, 144–185 divergent boundaries 31 Barton, Otis 224 diving 33, 198, 222–223 basalt 12, 24, 25, 30, 40, 42 animals of 96, 130, 154–163, 170–171, dog sleds 215 basins 10, 25 208 doldrums 51 basket stars 103 dolphins 64, 71, 85, 94, 135, 199 bathysphere 224 erosion 44, 45 downwelling 65 bays 18, 150, 158, 169 fishing 232–235 drilling 220, 221, 230 beaches 44, 146, 150, 158–159, 160, 169, tides 146–147 dugongs 183 coccolithophores 73 170, 200 cod 79 E Beebe, William 224 Columbus, Christopher 219 Earth 24 Benguela Current 61 comb jellyfish 77 earthquakes 15, 17, 35, 37, 38, 39 bioluminescence 89, 98, 100, 130 comets 25 Easter Island 41, 218 billfish 83 cone shells 139 echinoderms 128–129, 138 conservation 242–243 echolocation 95 250 construction 229 eels 62, 101, 110, 118 continental drift 36 continental shelves 28, 44–45, 46, 108

Ekman transport 60, 65 Gulf of Mexico 183, 239 J INDEX El Niño effect 65 Gulf Stream 60, 61, 62, 67 Japan 29, 35, 39 electricity 119, 230–231 gurnards 118 Java Trench 15 erosion 44, 45 gyres 52, 60 jellyfish 76, 98, 130–131 estuaries 169, 172, 173, 176 exoskeletons 126, 127 H as prey 168, 169 exploration 33, 218–219, 224 hatchetfish 99 Hawaii 26, 40, 42, 59, 221 K F He, Zheng 218 kayaks 215 fat 209 headlands 150, 151, 158 kelp 114–115, 117 filter feeders 77, 79, 80, 88–89, 111, 120, heart urchins 160 krill 74, 75, 79, 91, 97, 192, 194 heat 50–51 Kuril Trench 33 138, 173 herrings 80, 81, 83, 109 fins 82, 83, 89, 118, 119, 199 holdfasts 114 L fish 63, 64, 70, 71, 75, 78, 79, 80–89, 131, hotspots 12, 40–41, 42 lagoons 134, 142–143, 159, 163, human activity 158 135, 155, 156, 157, 160, 175, 177, 178, Humboldt Current 61 169, 176 179, 193 hurricanes 55, 57, 174, 220, 241 landslides 38 hydrogen 48 lantern fish 98 coral reefs 136–137, 138, 139 larvae 75, 126 dark zone 100–101 I lava 26, 30, 40 on the ocean floor 102–103, 118–119 ice 10, 18, 38, 46, 47, 49, 51, 66, 188, 189, levees 174 as prey 82–85, 95, 96, 97, 139, 167, lichens 155 190–191, 194, 210 limestone 46, 132, 135 177, 184 ice fish 193 limpets 78, 113, 154 twilight zone 98–99 icebergs 18, 202, 204–205, 207, 227 lionfish 137 fish farms 231 icebreakers 191 lizards 155, 184, 185 fishing 109, 232–235, 242, 243 Iceland 40 lobsters 110, 126, 157 overfishing 83, 109, 238 igloos 214 longshore drift 158, 159 fjords 47 Indian Ocean 9, 14–15, 132 flamingoes 177 M flatfish 119, 161 animals 122, 136, 137, 139, 162, 168, 171, mackerel 80, 85 floats 112, 114 183, 184, 185 Maelstrom of Saltstraumen 147 floor of the oceans 24, 25, 28–29, 30, Magellan, Ferdinand 219 36–37, 45 currents 67 mammals 94 exploration 218 life on 102–103, 110–119 islands 40 see also Arctic fox, dolphins, dugong, food chains 78–79 trenches 29 manatee, polar bears, sea lions, food webs 79 tsunamis 38 sea otters, seals, walruses, whales fossils 46, 49 ink 123 manatee 183 Inuit people 214–215 manganese 229 fossil fuels 230 invertebrates 120–121, 138–139, 192 mangroves 178–179, 239 fracture zones 16, 17 island arcs 34 manta rays 79, 89 frigatebirds 97, 167 islands 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 51, 142–143, 151, mantle 24, 34, 36 fur 117, 209, 211 171, 185, 200 maps 29 Mariana Trench 32–33, 225 G and birds 166, 167 Galápagos Islands 41, 155, 185, 219 creation of 26, 34–35, 40, 41, gannets 96, 166 gases 25, 105, 173, 175 142–143, 151 and tsunamis 39 as fuel 230 gastropods 120, 121 Geldermalsen 227 gill rakers 80, 88 gills 80, 82, 88, 104, 105, 170 parasites 137 glaciers 18, 47, 202–203, 204 glass-making 229 global conveyor 66, 67 global warming 67, 240 glow-in-the-dark animals 89, 98, 100, 130 gold 227 granite 24 gravel 229 gravity 146, 147 Great Barrier Reef 134–135 great white sharks 86–87 guano 167 guillemots 97, 166

INDEX marine iguanas 155 exploration 218 protozoans 74 marine reserves 243 islands 40, 41 prawns 100, 126, 169 marlin 83 trenches 29, 32, 33, 35 puffins 97, 167 Mary Rose 226 volcanoes 26, 29, 34–35, 40 Mediterranean Sea 8, 120 waves 56, 59 R melon 95 Pacific Ring of Fire 34–35 razorbills 97 meltwater 47, 240 parasites 137 rays 79, 89, 119, 161 methane 105 parrotfish 113 Red Sea 8, 15, 132 microbes 104, 105, 173, 238 pelicans 175 reefs 110, 111 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 12, 29, 40, 104 penguins 97, 190, 194–197, 198, 201 migration 62, 98, 164, 171 peridotite 24 see also coral reefs minerals 31, 49, 61, 64, 71, 73, 108, 109, petrels 97 reptiles 184–185 photophores 98, 99 Réunion 40 132, 189, 228–229 photosynthesis 73, 112 ridges 12, 28, 30–31, 36, 37 Mir 225, 227 phytoplankton 64, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, rifts 13, 15, 17, 30 molecules 48, 49, 66, 190 109, 189, 192 rivers 45, 48, 49, 108, 174, 175, 243 mollusks 111, 120, 141, 161, 173 Piccard, Jacques 33 rock pools 156–157 monsoons 15 pirates 237 rocks 24, 26, 37, 44, 46, 49, 148, 149 Moon 146, 147 plankton 45, 61, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 80, 88, ruffs 163 mountains 28, 29, 30, 34, 202 102, 126, 188 mud 29, 45, 109, 172–173, 176 plants 159, 175, 176, 178, 182 S mudflats 172–173, 176 plates 24, 31, 32, 34, 38 sailboats 18 mudskippers 179 plovers 162 sailfish 82, 83 mussels 104, 120, 154, 232 pods 199 salps 77 polar bears 78, 79, 212–213, 240 salts 9, 49, 66, 176, 182 N polar regions 186–215 Namibia 229 Antarctica 18–19, 51, 66, 97, 188, edible sea salt 228 Nansen, Fridjtof 191 salt marshes 176–177 nautiluses 122 189, 191, 193, 194–195, 198–201, sand 45, 110, 111, 149, 158, 159, North Pole 10, 188, 191, 241 203, 205, 240 nutrients 64, 65, 67 Arctic Ocean 9, 10–11, 29, 44, 188, 189, 160, 229 191, 208–209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 240 sand dunes 158, 159 O currents 60, 61, 66, 67 sandstone 46 oceanography 219, 220–221 people 215–215, 221 sardines 109 octopods 101 temperature 50 Sargasso Sea 62–63 octopuses 79, 110, 115, 123, 124, 157 winds 50, 51 sargassum fish 63 oil 175, 230, 239 pollution 243 sargassum weed 62 orcas 79, 199 dead zones 239 satellites 221 oxygen 48, 67, 71, 80, 82, 104, 154 oil spills 239 scallops 121 oystercatchers 163, 164 rubbish 63, 238, 242 scarlet ibis 181 sewage 238 scavengers 102, 115, 122 P Polynesian settlers 218 schooling 80, 81, 82, 83, 122 Pacific Ocean 9, 16–17, 23, 36, 132, 139 polyps 132 scuba diving 222–223 Portuguese man-of-war 76, 77 sea cows 183 animals of 75, 90, 99, 104, 115, 117, 122, proteins 49, 73 sea cucumbers 102, 129 136, 137, 139, 168, 169, 183, 184, 185 protists 112 sea fans 103 sea ice 10, 66, 188, 189, 190–191 currents 67 sea levels 15, 46–47, 142, 143, 240 sea lions 111, 209 sea otters 115, 117

sea pens 103 storm surges 55 U INDEX sea slugs 77, 121 storms 45, 54–55, 109, 149, 241 upwelling 64–65 sea snails 120, 121, 139, 173, 177, 183 streamlined bodies 80, 82, 122, 168, 197 sea snakes 184, 185 subduction zones 12, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 V sea squirts 138, 156 submarines 10 venom 123, 131, 137, 139, 161, 185 sea stacks 150, 151, 153, 166 submersibles 33, 220, 224–225, 227 Vasa 226 sea urchins 113, 115, 128 summer 10, 188, 189 Vikings 218 seagrasses 133, 168, 169, 182–183 Sun 22, 48, 52, 147, 188 viperfish 99 seahorses 183 sunlight 50–51, 70, 72, 78, 108, 110, 112, volcanoes 12, 17, 25, 26–27, 29, 30, 34–35, seals 78, 79, 111, 155, 190, 193, 194, 198, 114, 132, 188 38, 40–43, 142, 200, 201 199, 200, 208–211, 212, 213 sunlit zone 67, 70, 71, 72–77, 108 dangers to 238 surfing 59, 158, 172 W surgeonfish 136 walruses 208 seamounts 17, 28, 29, 40, 41, 65 surveying 221 Walsh, Don 33 seashells 46 swordfish 83 water cycle 48 seawater 22, 48–49 symbiosis 132 water, sea 48–49, 222 color of 50, 72 T color of 50, 72 freezing point of 193 temperature 10, 50, 104, 105 freezing point of 193 seaweeds 62, 72, 73, 78, 110, 112–115, 156, tentacles 76, 77, 98, 103, 111, 122, 123, waves 38–39, 56–59 162, 168, 183, 185 energy from 231 129, 130, 131, 132, 156, 161 erosion 44, 148–149 giant kelp 114–115, 117 thermocline 71 weevers 161 sediments 29, 46, 65, 110, 129, 174, tidal bores 172 whales 51, 67, 71 79, 127, 135, 201 tidal power 231 baleen whales 90–93 175, 176 tidal races 147 beluga whales 189, 221 shadow zones 71 tides 113, 146–147, 156, 157, 172, 176, blue whales 91 shale 46 bowhead whales 90 sharks 64, 71, 79, 86–87 177, 178 Bryde’s whales 79 high tide 38, 147, 161 gray whales 90 filter-feeding sharks 88–89, 109 low tide 160 humpback whales 91, 93 reef sharks 137 neap tide 147, 176 minke whales 91 spring tide 147, 176 narwhals 95 shellfish 104, 154, 161, 232, 241 pygmy right whales 91 as prey 139, 162, 163, 169, 173, 181 Titanic 202, 224, 227 sperm whales 94, 95, 101 tourism 158, 202, 239, 243 toothed whales 94–95 shingle 44, 149 trade 18, 218, 219, 227, 236–237 whaling 201 Shinkai 6500 225 trenches 12, 15, 28, 29, 32–33 whirlpools 147 shipping 191 Trieste 33 whiskers 208 ships 18, 39, 51, 57, 135, 191, 203, 218, tripodfish 103 wind 15, 18, 50–51, 52, 65, 158, 159 tropical oceans 15, 71, 178–179 and currents 60 219, 236–237 and trade 236 cruise ships 237 animals of 96, 97, 131, 132, 136–139, and waves 56, 57 fishing 232–233 169, 171 wind power 230 research ships 219, 220 winter 10, 18, 50, 61, 71, 188, 189, 195 shipwrecks 45, 110, 111, 221, 225, currents 61 worms 104, 105, 111, 160, 161 226–227 temperature 50 shrimp 51, 71, 104, 139, 157 winds 50, 55 Z as prey 96, 163, 168, 181 tsunamis 15, 38–39 zones of the ocean 70–71 silt 45 tubercles 91 zooplankton 74–75, 78, 192 sliding boundaries 31 tuna 82, 83 sonar 221 turbines 230 sounds 51 turnicates 138 Southern Ocean 9, 18–19, 51, 153, 188, turnstones 162 200–201 turtles 63, 133, 168–169, 175, 182–183, 184, 244 animals 74, 75, 91, 96, 97, 194–195, 198–201 dangers to 238, 242 tusks 95, 208 currents 67 twilight zone 70, 71, 75, 98–99, 224 waves 57 typhoons 55 spermaceti 95 spits 159 sponges 138, 139 spoonbills 163 squid 71, 98, 99, 122, 195 giant squid 101 as prey 94, 96, 97, 111 starfish 128–129, 139 stargazers 118 stilts 163 stingrays 110 stings 76, 77, 130, 131 253

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Steve Bloom Images (tl). Corbis: Dan 108 FLPA: Wil Meinderts / Minden Wil Meinderts / Minden Pictures (tl). Minden Pictures (br). SeaPics.com: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Burton / Nature Picture Library (cl). Pictures (tl). NASA: Robert Simmon Getty Images: Oxford Scientific (bc). David B. Fleetham (cra). 156-157 Robert Harding Picture Library: (bl). 109 naturepl.com: Inaki Robert Harding Picture Library: Photo by Joel Metlen. 156 Alamy Alan James (c). 88-89 Alamy Images: Relanzon (clb). SuperStock: Andre Seale (cb). 133 Corbis: Todd Images: Steve. Trewhella (cl). Corbis: YAY Media AS. Corbis: Mauricio John Hyde / Alaska Stock - Design Winner / Stocktrek Images (bc). Getty Juan Carlos Muñoz / age fotostock Handler / National Geographic Pics (br). 110 Corbis: Tor / Images: Georgette Douwma (cb). Spain S.L. (tl). 157 Dreamstime.com: Society (bc). 89 naturepl.com: Alex imageBROKER (tr). FLPA: Wil Photoshot: NHPA (tc). 134 Corbis: Pnwnature (t). naturepl.com: Jose B. Mustard (br). 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Robert Harding (clb). FLPA: Wil Meinderts / Minden David Kilbey (bl). Corbis: Juan Carlos SeaPics.com: Mark Carwardine (cb). Picture Library: Sue Daly (tc). 112 Pictures (tl). SeaPics.com: David B. Muñoz / age fotostock Spain S.L. (tl). 92 Alamy Images: Steve Bloom Alamy Images: Reinhard Dirscherl (l). Fleetham (tr, c). 136-137 Getty SeaPics.com: Marc Chamberlain (cl). Images (tl). 92-93 Alamy Images: FLPA: Wil Meinderts / Minden Images: Visuals Unlimited, Inc. / 160-161 Photoshot: Laurie Design Pics Inc. 94-95 Alamy Pictures (tl). Getty Images: Darryl Marty Snyderman (bc). 137 Alamy Campbell. 161 Flickr / Derek Images: blickwinkel / Schmidbauer Torckler (crb). 113 Alamy Images: Images: Erik Schlogl (cra). Getty Haslam: (crb). Arne Hückelheim: (bc). 94 Alamy Images: Douglas Steve Bloom Images (tc). Adrian P. Images: Image Source (tc). (tr). 162 Alamy Images: Genevieve Fisher (cra); Steve Bloom Images (tl). Ashworth: (c). naturepl.com: OceanwideImages.com: Gary Bell Vallee (bl). Corbis: Juan Carlos 95 Getty Images: Paul Nicklen (crb). Brandon Cole (cr). Robert Harding (crb). 138 Alamy Images: Michael Muñoz / age fotostock Spain S.L. (tl). SeaPics.com: Doug Perrine (cl). 96 Picture Library: Marevision (crb, br). Patrick O’Neill (tl). Corbis: Hal Beral Manjeet & Yograj Jadeja: (tr). Alamy Images: Steve Bloom Images 114 FLPA: Wil Meinderts / Minden / Visuals Unlimited (bl). FLPA: Wil 162-163 Dreamstime.com: Kevin (tl). Robert Harding Picture Library: Pictures (tl). OceanwideImages.com: Meinderts / Minden Pictures (ftl). 139 Winkler. 163 Alamy Images: Cal Michael Nolan (br); Malcolm Schuyl Gary Bell (bl). 114-115 Alamy OceanwideImages.com: Gary Bell Vornberger (cb). Ardea: M. Watson (bl). 96-97 Alamy Images: Bill Coster Images: Mark Conlin. 115 Corbis: (br). Robert Harding Picture (tr). Getty Images: Javier Tajuelo (br). (tl). 97 (c) Mat & Cathy Gilfedder: Fred Bavendam / Minden Pictures Library: Reinhard Dirscherl (tr); Dave Photoshot: Jordi Bas Casas (cl). (br). naturepl.com: Alex Mustard / (br); Norbert Wu / Minden Pictures Fleetham (cla). 140 FLPA: Wil 164 Corbis: Juan Carlos Muñoz / age 2020VISION (c); Markus Varesvuo (tc, cr). 116 FLPA: Wil Meinderts / Meinderts / Minden Pictures (tl). fotostock Spain S.L. (tl). 164-165 (clb). Robert Harding Picture Minden Pictures (tl). 116-117 Alamy 140-141 Dreamstime.com: Izanbar. Corbis: Flip de Nooyer / Minden Library: Michael Nolan (tr). 98 Images: Steve Bly. 118 Alamy 142 Alamy Images: F1online digitale Pictures. 166 Alamy Images: Ann and Alamy Images: Steve Bloom Images Images: Reinhard Dirscherl (bl). Bildagentur GmbH (c). FLPA: Wil Steve Toon (cl); Rolf Hicker (tl). NOAA: Deep East 2001, NOAA / Corbis: Visuals Unlimited (cra). Meinderts / Minden Pictures (tl). Photography (b). Corbis: Juan Carlos OER (clb). 98-99 FLPA: Photo FLPA: Wil Meinderts / Minden 142-143 Alamy Images: Ian Bottle Muñoz / age fotostock Spain S.L. (tl). Researchers (b). SeaPics.com: Michael Pictures (tl). SeaPics.com: (cl). (tc). Getty Images: Photoshot: Alan Barnes (cr). Aw (t). 99 Corbis: Michael Ready / 119 FLPA: Pierre Lobel. Mint Images - Frans Lanting (bc). 167 Dreamstime.com: Hecke01 (c). Visuals Unlimited (clb); David Shale / imagequestmarine.com: (tl). 120 143 Alamy Images: WaterFrame (br). Getty Images: Steve Ward Nature Nature Picture Library (tc). Getty Alamy Images: cbimages (cra). FLPA: Corbis: Yann Arthus-Bertrand (cra). Photography (br); Tui De Roy (t). Images: Paul A. Zahl (br). 100 Alamy Wil Meinderts / Minden Pictures (tl). NASA: (cb). 144 Corbis: Juan Carlos 168 Alamy Images: Visual&Written Images: Bluegreen Pictures (c); Steve Getty Images: Reinhard Dirscherl Muñoz / age fotostock Spain S.L. (tl). SL (bl). Corbis: Juan Carlos Muñoz / Bloom Images (tl). Getty Images: (bl). imagequestmarine.com: (c). 144-145 OceanwideImages.com: age fotostock Spain S.L. (tl). Robert Oxford Scientific / Photodisc (bc). 120-121 Alamy Images: cbpix. Gary Bell. 145 Corbis: Carl & Ann Harding Picture Library: Jason 100-101 Corbis: Norbert Wu / 121 Dorling Kindersley: The Natural Purcell (cla); Patricio Robles Gil / Bazzano (tr). 168-169 Corbis: Minden Pictures (ca). History Museum, London (c). Nature Picture Library (fcla). SeaPics. Tim Fitzharris / Minden Pictures. 169 imagequestmarine.com: Peter 122 FLPA: Wil Meinderts / Minden com: V&W / Fritz Poelking (ca). Corbis: Solvin Zankl / Nature Picture Herring (b). 101 Alamy Images: Pictures (ftl). Robert Harding Picture 146-147 Alamy Images: Library (tr). OceanwideImages.com: Nicemonkey (br). naturepl.com: Library: Reinhard Dirscherl (tl); nobleIMAGES. Corbis: Topic Photo Michael Patrick O’Neill (br). 170 David Shale (tr). 102-103 Corbis: Marevision (crb). 122-123 Agency (tc). 146 Corbis: Lee Frost / Alamy Images: Natural Visions (c). Georgette Douwma / Nature Picture Photoshot: NHPA (b). 123 Getty Robert Harding World Imagery (cb); Corbis: Juan Carlos Muñoz / age Library (bc). 102 Alamy Images: Images: Jeff Rotman (cr). naturepl. Juan Carlos Muñoz / age fotostock fotostock Spain S.L. (tl); Peter Johnson Steve Bloom Images (tl). Corbis: com: Michael Pitts (tl). 124 FLPA: Spain S.L. (tl). 147 Corbis: Wild (b). OceanwideImages.com: Gary Fred Bavendam / Minden Pictures Wil Meinderts / Minden Pictures (tl). Wonders of Europe / Lundgren / Bell (cr). 170-171 Corbis: Jurgen (bc). naturepl.com: Jurgen Freund 124-125 FLPA: Fred Bavendam / Nature Picture Library (ca). 148 Freund / Nature Picture Library. 171 (clb). NOAA: Deep East 2001, NOAA Minden Pictures. 126-127 Alamy Images: Mike VanDeWalker. Getty Images: Morales (t). naturepl. / OER (cra). 103 Alamy Images: OceanwideImages.com: Gary Bell Corbis: Juan Carlos Muñoz / age com: Ingo Arndt (c). 172 Corbis: Ralph Bixler / age fotostock (cra). (c). 126 Flickr / Derek Haslam: (cl). fotostock Spain S.L. (tl). 149 Alamy Juan Carlos Muñoz / age fotostock NOAA: OER (crb). 104 Alamy FLPA: Wil Meinderts / Minden Images: nagelestock.com (clb). Spain S.L. (tl); Sergio Moraes / Reuters Images: Steve Bloom Images (tl). Pictures (tl). naturepl.com: Kim Corbis: Ron Dahlquist (bc). Rex (bl). NASA: Jacques Descloitres, Corbis: Ralph White (cla). Taylor (cb). 127 naturepl.com: Mark Features: John McLellan (tl). 150 MODISRapid Response Team, NASA imagequestmarine.com: (clb). Carwardine (crb); Nature Production Corbis: Aflo (cr); Juan Carlos Muñoz / GSFC (c). 172-173 Corbis: Annie NOAA: NOAA Okeanos Explorer (ca, cra); Bertie Gregory (cr). / age fotostock Spain S.L. (tl); Image Griffiths Belt. Program, Mid-Cayman Rise 128 FLPA: Wil Meinderts / Minden Source (b). 151 Alamy Images: (t, b). 173 Corbis: Michael Freeman (t); Expedition 2011 (cr). Woods Hole Pictures (tl). naturepl.com: Georgette Getty Images: Alex Robinson (c). Paul Souders (b). FLPA: Steve Oceanographic Instititution: Photo Douwma (clb). 128-129 Getty 152 Corbis: Juan Carlos Muñoz / age Trewhella (c). 174 Corbis: Juan Carlos by HOV Alvin (bc). 105 Science Images: Michael Aw (c). fotostock Spain S.L. (tl). 152-153 Muñoz / age fotostock Spain S.L. (tl). Photo Library: NOAA PMEL Vents 129 Dreamstime.com: Olga Dreamstime.com: Steveheap. NASA: NASA image created by Jesse Program. SeaPics.com: Susan Dabritz Khoroshunova (cb). Getty Images: 154 Alamy Images: Stuart Hall (c). Allen, Earth Observatory, using data (bl). 106 FLPA: Wil Meinderts / Paul Kay (tr). 130 FLPA: Wil Corbis: Juan Carlos Muñoz / age obtained from the University of Minden Pictures (tl). 106-107 Meinderts / Minden Pictures (tl). fotostock Spain S.L. (tl). Getty Maryland’s (bl). 174-175 Alamy OceanwideImages.com: Gary Bell. 130-131 Richard L. Lord: Sealord Images: Design Pics / John Images: Universal Images Group 107 OceanwideImages.com: Photography. 131 Ardea: Auscape , Doornkamp (bc). 154-155 Limited. 175 Alamy Images: Barry Gary Bell (fcla, cla, ca). 108-109 ardea.com (ca). OceanwideImages. Bcasterline / English Wikipedia Iverson (c). Corbis: Wild Wonders of Getty Images: Ellen van Bodegom. com: Gary Bell (crb, bc). 132 FLPA: Project. 155 Corbis: Tui De Roy / Europe / Presti / Nature Picture 255

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Library (b). 176 Corbis: Juan Carlos 193 Corbis: Norbert Wu / Minden Puddy / Crave (ca); Norbert Wu / Dreamstime.com: Ruth Peterkin Muñoz / age fotostock Spain S.L. (ftl). Pictures (crb/background). Getty Minden Pictures (fcla). 218 (cra). 238-239 Corbis: Najlah Feanny Robert Harding Picture Library: Images: Maria Stenzel / National Bridgeman Images: Pictures From / Corbis SABA. 238 Alamy Images: Sabine Lubenow (tl). 176-177 Geographic (crb/seals). Science Photo History (tr). Getty Images: Henning Photoshot Holdings Ltd (cb). Corbis: rspb-images.com: Ben Hall. 177 Library: British Antarctic Survey (tc). Bagger / AFP (c); Estate of Keith Natalie Fobes / Science Faction (cl). Corbis: Theo Allofs / Terra (cl). FLPA: 194 Corbis: Momatiuk - Eastcott / Morris / Redferns (tl). 219 Getty Getty Images: Estate of Keith Morris / Ingo Arndt / Minden Pictures (tr). Ramble (cl); Tetra Images (tl). Robert Images: Paul Kennedy / Lonely Planet Redferns (tl). SuperStock: Scubazoo 178 123RF.com: wirojsid (cra). Harding Picture Library: Michael Images (br). 220 Getty Images: Estate (br). 239 Dreamstime.com: Corbis: Reinhard Dirscherl / Nolan (c). 194-195 Alamy Images: of Keith Morris / Redferns (tl). Markuso53 (clb). NASA: MODIS Encyclopedia (bl); Juan Carlos Muñoz Juniors Bildarchiv GmbH. 195 National Oceanography Centre, Rapid Response Team, Goddard Space / age fotostock Spain S.L. (tl). Corbis: Stefan Christmann / Latitude Southampton: (cla). Woods Hole Flight Center (br). 240 Getty Images: 178-179 Dreamstime.com: Dibrova. (cb); Tim Davis / DLILLC (tl); Frans Oceanographic Instititution: Photo Estate of Keith Morris / Redferns (tl); 179 Corbis: Stephen Dalton / Lemmens / Flame (tr). 196 Corbis: by Rod Catanach © 2013 (cb). Pacific Press / LightRocket (cl). Minden Pictures (tc). Dreamstime. Tetra Images (tl). 196-197 Getty 220-221 Photoshot. 221 Science 240-241 Corbis: Paul Souders. com: Leung Cho Pan / Leungchopan Images: Paul Nicklen. 200 Corbis: Photo Library: NOAA (tr). 222 241 Alamy Images: Imagebroker / (crb); Feathercollector (cra); James Tetra Images (ftl). Dreamstime.com: Alamy Images: WaterFrame (cl). Helmut Corneli (c); Luc Hoogenstein Shearing / Jimbomp44 (bc). Dmytro Pylypenko / Pilipenkod (tl). Getty Images: Estate of Keith Morris / / Buiten-Beeld (br). Getty Images: 180 Corbis: Juan Carlos Muñoz / age Getty Images: Specialist Stock / Redferns (tl). 222-223 Corbis: GM Portland Press Herald (tl). 242 Getty fotostock Spain S.L. (tl). 180-181 Barcroft Media (b). 201 Corbis: Visuals / Blend Images. 223 Corbis: Images: Estate of Keith Morris / FLPA: Konrad Wothe / Minden Fotofeeling / Westend61 (br). Jonathan Blair / Latitude (c). Robert Redferns (tl). SeaPics.com: Doug Pictures. 182 Corbis: Juan Carlos naturepl.com: Andy Rouse (cr). Harding Picture Library: Len Deeley Perrine (clb, cl). 242-243 Getty Muñoz / age fotostock Spain S.L. (tl). Robert Harding Picture Library: (tr); Andrey Nekrasov (br). 224 Images: Jf / Cultura. 243 OceanwideImages.com: Gary Bell Michael Nolan (tl). 202 Corbis: Tetra Corbis: Ralph White / Historical Dreamstime.com: Rechitan Sorin (cra). 182-183 Getty Images: M Images (tl). Getty Images: Steven L. (clb). Getty Images: Estate of Keith (cr). Robert Harding Picture Swiet Productions / Moment. 183 Raymer / National Geographic (bc). Morris / Redferns (tl). Woods Hole Library: Georgie Holland (tr); Alamy Images: Brandon Cole Marine Science Photo Library: (tr). Oceanographic Instititution: Douglas Peebles (bl). 244 Getty Photography (tl). Dreamstime.com: SuperStock: Radius (crb). 203 Illustration by E. Paul Oberlander © Images: Estate of Keith Morris / Dmytro Pylypenko / Pilipenkod (cr). Corbis: Andy Rouse / Nature Picture 2013 (bc). 224-225 National Redferns (tl). 244-245 Corbis: SeaPics.com: D. R. Schrichte (br). Library (cla). Dreamstime.com: Geographic Stock: Handout. Stephen Frink. 246 Corbis: Larry 184 Corbis: Juan Carlos Muñoz / age Davis2247 (tr). Getty Images: Ben 225 Getty Images: Paul Nicklen / Dale Gordon (t). Getty Images: fotostock Spain S.L. (tl). scubazoo. Cranke / The Image Bank (b). Robert National Geographic (tr). Woods Jeffysurianto / Room (tl). 248 Getty com: Jason Isley (tr). 184-185 Robert Harding Picture Library: Mike Hill Hole Oceanographic Instititution: Images: Jeffysurianto / Room (tl). Harding Picture Library: Reinhard (c). 204 Corbis: Tetra Images (ftl). (br). 226 Alamy Images: Stefan Auth 249 Alamy Images: cbpix (b). Dirscherl. 185 Alamy Images: Mark Dreamstime.com: Philip Dickson / / imageBROKER (cl); Jan Greune / 250 Getty Images: Jeffysurianto / Conlin (cla). Corbis: Ira Block / Psdphotography (tl, tc, tr, ftr). LOOK Die Bildagentur der Room (tl). 252 Getty Images: National Geographic Creative (tr). 204-205 FLPA: Wil Meinderts / Fotografen GmbH (bl); Neil Holmes / Jeffysurianto / Room (tl); M Swiet Photoshot: NHPA / Adrian Minden Pictures. 205 Corbis: Ralph Holmes Garden Photos (cra). Getty Productions / Moment (b). Hepworth (cr). 186 Corbis: Tetra A. Clevenger / Crave (tl); Colin Images: Estate of Keith Morris / 254 Getty Images: Jeffysurianto / Images (tl). 186-187 FLPA: Monteath / Hedgehog House / Redferns (tl). 227 Corbis: Heritage Room (tl). Photolibrary: Image Jean-Jacques Pangrazi / Biosphoto. Minden Pictures (cra). 206 Corbis: Images / Fine Art (cl). Rex Features: Source (b). 138 -139 Robert Harding 187 Corbis: Paul A. Souders / Tetra Images (tl). 206-207 Corbis: Sipa Press (tc). Science Photo Picture Library: J. W. Alker. Latitude (cla); Konrad Wothe / Frans Lanting / Latitude. 208 Alamy Library: NOAA (b). 228 Getty Minden Pictures (fcla). Getty Images: Images: Ariadne Van Zandbergen Images: Estate of Keith Morris / Jacket images: Front: Alamy Images: James Balog / Stone (ca). 188 Corbis: (cra). Corbis: Tetra Images (tl). Redferns (tl). Siemens AG, Munich/ Robert Harding World Imagery bl. Tetra Images (tl). Getty Images: Kim 208-209 Alamy Images: Wayne Berlin: (bl). 228-229 Getty Images: Dreamstime.com: Kirsten Wahlquist Westerskov / Photographer’s Choice Lynch / All Canada Photos. 209 Pham Le Huong Son / Moment / Xfkirsten fbl. FLPA: Reinhard RF (cl). 188-189 NASA: NASA image Corbis: C. Huetter / Encyclopedia Open. 229 Alamy Images: Dirscherl c. Fotolia: Silver br. by Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid (tc). naturepl.com: Aflo (cra). 210 blickwinkel / Koenig (tr). Corbis: Photolibrary: moodboard fbr. Response Team, Goddard Space Flight Corbis: Flip Nicklin / Minden Olivier Polet / Corbis News (c); STR / Back: Alamy Images: Aquascopic bl. Center. Caption by Michon Scott.. Pictures (cl); Tetra Images (tl). SRI LANKA / Reuters (br). 230 Corbis: Gary Bell fbr; epa / Bruce 189 Alamy Images: Doug Allan / 210-211 SuperStock: age fotostock. Corbis: Eric Kulin / First Light (cl). Omori br. Dreamstime.com: Nature Picture Library (crb). NASA: 211 Alamy Images: Wildlife GmbH Getty Images: Estate of Keith Morris / Vilainecrevette c. Robert Harding NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, (br). naturepl.com: Doug Allan (tr). Redferns (tl). 230-231 Photoshot: Picture Library: Eric Sanford fbl. MODIS Rapid Response Team at 212 Alamy Images: Roberta Olenick / Ashley Cooper. 231 Marine Current Spine: Dreamstime.com: NASA GSFC. Caption by Mike All Canada Photos (bl). Corbis: Tetra Turbines Limited / A Siemens Vilainecrevette b. FLPA: Reinhard Carlowicz and Holli Riebeek, with Images (tl). FLPA: Sergey Gorshkov / Business: (cr). Rex Features: Sipa Dirscherl t. Front Flap: Getty Images: interpretation from Barney Balch Minden Pictures (cl). 212-213 Alamy Press (tr). 232 FLPA: Robert Henno / Paul Nicklen b. (Bigelow Laboratory) and Norman Images: Paulette Sinclair. 213 Getty Biosphoto (bl). Getty Images: Luis Kuring and Sergio Signorini of NASA’s Images: Wayne R. Bilenduke / Stone Marden / Contributor / National All other images © Dorling Kindersley Goddard Space Flight Center. (cr); (cra). naturepl.com: Steven Kazlowski Geographic (tr); Estate of Keith For further information see: World Wind (tl). 190 Corbis: Flip (tl). 214 Corbis: Michael DeYoung / Morris / Redferns (tl). Robert www.dkimages.com Nicklin / Minden Pictures (bc); Tetra Design Pics / Canopy (bl); Tetra Harding Picture Library: Gavin Images (tl); Rick Price / Documentary Images (tl). Getty Images: Michael Hellier (cr). 233 Corbis: Bill Value (bl). Robert Harding Picture Sewell / Photolibrary (c). 214-215 Broadhurst / FLPA / Minden Pictures Library: Colin Monteath (cl); Michael Corbis: Beat Glanzmann / Comet. (tr). Robert Harding Picture Library: Nolan (br). 190-191 Corbis: Ralph 215 Alamy Images: Jeff Schultz / Michael Nolan (b). 234 Getty White / Encyclopedia. 191 Corbis: Design Pics Inc (cr). Getty Images: Images: Estate of Keith Morris / Topic Photo Agency / Passage (tr). Werner Forman / Universal Images Redferns (tl). 234-235 Magnum Getty Images: Oesterreichsches Group Editorial (tr). Robert Harding Photos: Steve McCurry. 236-237 Volkshochschularchiv / Imagno / Picture Library: Pete Ryan (tl). 216 Corbis: Kike Calvo / National Hulton Archive (cr). 192 Alamy Getty Images: Estate of Keith Morris / Geographic Creative. 236 Alamy Images: Kim Westerskov (c). Corbis: Redferns (tl). 216-217 Images: Dalgleish Images (tl). Getty Flip Nicklin / Minden Pictures (bl); OceanwideImages.com: Gary Bell. Images: Estate of Keith Morris / Tetra Images (tl). 192-193 Corbis: 217 Alamy Images: Image Source / Redferns (ftl). 237 Corbis: Ron Norbert Wu / Minden Pictures. IS-200610 (cla). Corbis: Martin Chapple (tl); HO / Reuters (crb). 256