202110346-MAGNOLIA_KA-STUDENT-TEXTBOOK-EVS_II(SST)-G05-PART2

EVS – II (SOCIAL STUDIES) KA TEXTBOOK – PART 2 5 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________

Preface IMAX partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. IMAX Program presents the latest version of this series – updated and revised after considering the perceptive feedback and comments shared by our experienced reviewers and users. The Magnolia series endeavours to be faithful to the spirit of the prescribed board curriculum. Furthermore, to facilitate comprehensive coverage, improved understanding of diverse themes and ease of implementation, the EVS curriculum has been split into EVS – I (Science) and EVS – II (Social Studies). Our books are split into two parts to manage the bag weight. They also strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. Our books also contain age-appropriate and easily relatable content that ensures that students can perceive social realities while imbibing the values of the Indian Constitution and human rights. There is also use of graphics, illustrations and pictures to help students to engage with concepts and ideas better. These objectives are integrated in the EVS – II (Social Studies) textbooks and workbooks to provide a holistic learning experience to students. The key features of the EVS – II (Social Studies) books are as follows.  A rrangement of concepts based on the RUAH model based on Bloom’s Taxonomy  C haracter and dialogue-based introductions to concepts to make EVS – II (Social Studies) concepts more relatable to students  Visually engaging formats for the organisation and presentation of information  In-text activities to assist memorisation and understanding  Subject-related vocabulary building in every lesson  U se of timelines and historical maps to help students to develop timeline, map and globe skills  U se of maps and scenario-based questions in the workbooks  Integration of values and life skills  P romotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around us Overall, this series aims to enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitive and harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and independent global community. – The Authors

Textbook Features Let Us Learn About Think Contains the list of concepts to be Introduces the concept/subtopic and covered in the lesson along with the arouses curiosity among students learning objectives Understanding Remembering Explains the aspects in detail that form Introduces new concepts to build on the the basis of the concept prerequisite knowledge/skills to Includes elements to ensure that students understand and achieve the objective are engaged throughout of the topic Application Connects the concept to real-life situations by giving an opportunity to apply what students have learnt Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Encourages students to extend the concept learnt to advanced application scenarios Amazing Facts Fascinating facts and trivia for students to establish a better real-life connect with the concept

Contents 5Class   7 The Mauryas�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1   8 The Golden Age�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6   9 Ancient Dynasties of South India��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 10 Our Government����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 11 Local Administration����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22 12 People with Physical Disabilities���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 28

Lesson The Mauryas 7 Let Us Learn About R the Mauryan Empire and Chandragupta Maurya. U the reign of Ashoka the Great. A a chievements and decline of the Mauryan Empire. h similarities between present day government and the Mauryan Empire. Think Rashi and her parents were having dinner. Rashi: Papa, today, I was not able to answer one question in the GK quiz that our teacher conducted. Mr Jain: What was the question, Rashi? Rashi: It was about the national emblem. I did not know where we got it from. Mr Jain: That is a very interesting story, Rashi. It is based on the stone statue called the Lion Capital. It is on top of a tall pillar at Sarnath. It was built 2,300 years ago by the great king, Ashoka. Rashi: Please tell me more, Papa. Mr Jain: Let us finish dinner. I will tell you the story of Ashoka. After dinner, Rashi sat beside her Papa as he opened a history book full of pictures and told her the story of Ashoka. 1

QQ. The national emblem is based on the stone statue called (A)  the Lion Capital of Somnath. (B)  the Lion Capital of Sindhu. (C)  the Lion Capital of Ashoka. (D)  the Lion Capital of Chandragupta. Remembering CHANDRAGUPTA AND THE MAURYAN EMPIRE The Mauryan dynasty was begun by Chandragupta Maurya. After Chandragupta lost his father at a young age, Chanakya, also known as Kautilya, educated him. Chandragupta wanted to free the north-western part of India from the Greeks. He also wanted to free the Magadha Empire from the misrule of the existing kings. Chanakya acted as Chandragupta's advisor. The Mauryan Empire A painting showing Seleucus meeting Chandragupta Maurya With Chanakya's help, Chandragupta raised an army. He marched into battle against Dhana Nanda, the king of Magadha, and defeated him. Then, he set up the Mauryan Empire. He made Pataliputra (now Patna) the capital of his empire. Thereafter, Chandragupta succeeded in overthrowing the Greek control over the north-western parts of India. Chandragupta defeated the Greek general Seleucus, and they signed a peace treaty. Seleucus surrendered Afghanistan and Balochistan to Chandragupta. He also gave his daughter's hand in marriage to Chandragupta. In return, Seleucus received Chanakya 500 elephants trained in warfare. Seleucus appointed Megasthenes as his ambassador to Chandragupta’s court. Megasthenes wrote a book named Indica that describes India and Indian society of that time in great detail. 2

Understanding THE REIGN OF ASHOKA THE GREAT After Chandragupta’s death, his son Bindusara ruled the Mauryan Empire. He expanded the empire built by his father. However, the greatest and most well-known of the Mauryan rulers was Ashoka the Great. He was the grandson of Chandragupta and the son of Bindusara. Following in the footsteps of his forefathers, Ashoka fought many wars to expand his kingdom. The Kalinga War was a turning point in his life as he saw Ashoka large-scale death and misery caused by the war. Seeing the suffering caused by war, he decided to shun warfare and adopted Buddhism. He chose to spend the rest of his life spreading the teachings of Buddha. He spread the principles of Ahimsa, good conduct, universal love and brotherhood. He sent preachers to different parts of India and to places outside India as well. He had these principles carved on rocks and pillars throughout his empire. Many inscriptions telling us about the life and achievements of Ashoka can be found in various places in India such as Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat. As a result of his actions, the empire of Ashoka experienced 40 years of peace, harmony and prosperity. That is why Ashoka occupies a unique place among the emperors of the world and is called ‘Ashoka the Great’. Application ACHIEVEMENTS AND DECLINE OF THE MAURYAN EMPIRE Administrative system The Mauryans were the first kings to set up a well-organised administrative system. In the book, Arthashastra, Chanakya describes Mauryan administration in great detail. Mauryan administration had a strong central government. Power was in the hands of the king, and he took most decisions. The king was advised by a council of ministers. There was also a well-developed spy system. Spies were spread out throughout the land but ultimately reported to the king himself. Chandragupta’s spy network played a major role in his victory over Dhana Nanda. The empire was divided into provinces for easier administration. The rulers of these provinces took orders directly from the king. The Mauryas 3

Art and architecture The art of Ashoka's time still survives as he encouraged the use of stone rather than wood. Stupas, pillars and caves are the most prominent examples. Stupas are large hemispherical structures in which the Sanchi Stupa relics of the Buddha or other saints are placed. The Sanchi Stupa built by Ashoka is the oldest stone structure in India. The walls of the stupa contain numerous inscriptions. Ashoka’s capital pillars are amongst the finest and best-known works of art of the Mauryan Empire. The Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath has been adopted as the national emblem of India. Decline of the Mauryan Empire After Ashoka’s death, the Mauryan Empire slowly declined. Some of the reasons for the decline are as follows. • Lack of proper communication and transport systems created problems The Lion Capital for the huge empire. • Kings after Ashoka were weak and inefficient. • Frequent invasions from the north-western part of the country led to loss of territory. The Mauryan Empire ended when the chief of the Mauryan army, Pushyamitra, led a revolt. He killed the last Mauryan king, Brihadratha. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Some of the characteristics of the Mauryan administration can be found in the administration of our country today. Find out how the present day administrative system is similar and yet different from the Mauryan administration. Ans. ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 4

Amazing Facts The chakra in the Indian national flag is called the Ashoka Chakra. It is taken from the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath. New Words 1) warfare – the activity of fighting a war 2) forefather – a past member of one's family 3) inscription – writing cut in or on a hard surface 4) territory – an area of land ruled by a country, ruler or army The Mauryas 5

Lesson The Golden Age 8 Let Us Learn About R the Gupta Empire, its decline and the rise of Harshavardhana. U a chievements of the Gupta Empire and Harshavardhana. A important kingdoms of southern India and their architecture. h similarities and differences between northern and southern Indian kingdoms. Think Meher and Rashi were learning to paint. Their drawing teacher was helping them. On the table was a book called The Paintings of Ajanta. There were many beautiful pictures in it. Rashi wanted to know more about the paintings. Rashi: Teacher, who painted these pictures? Teacher: These are very old paintings found in the caves of Ajanta. They were painted 1,500 years ago. Come, let us look at them. As Rashi and Meher turned the pages of the book, their teacher Painting in told them about the Golden Age of India. the Ajanta Caves Teacher: These were made during the Golden Age of India. Rashi: What was the Golden Age? Teacher: It was a great time in the history of India. I am sure your history teacher will tell you more about it. She told me that you will read about it soon. Rashi and Meher closed the book, thanked their teacher and continued to paint. 6

Q.  The paintings found in the caves of Ajanta were painted ( A) 3,500 years ago. ( B) 1,500 years ago. (C) 5,500 years ago. (D) 500 years ago. Remembering THE GUPTA EMPIRE The Gupta Empire covered most of present day northern India and eastern Pakistan, parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, eastern India and Bangladesh. Their capital was Pataliputra for most of their reign. The centre of their trade lay in the fertile land of Madhyadesha covering Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. The Gupta Empire was founded by Sri Gupta. Some famous Gupta rulers were Chandragupta I, Samudragupta and Chandragupta II or Vikramaditya. Famous rulers Gold coin depicting Samudragupta Chandragupta I was the king who turned the small Gupta kingdom into an empire. He gained control over the ancient kingdom of the playing the veena Licchavis by marrying Kumaradevi, a Licchavi princess. Their son, Samudragupta, was a powerful king who defeated many rulers and increased the size of the Gupta Empire. He is known for performing the Ashvamedha Yajna (horse sacrifice) to display his military power. Samudragupta was also called ‘Kaviraja’ as he was a great poet and musician. Samudragupta’s son, Chandragupta II is believed to be the greatest king of the Gupta dynasty. He was an expert in warfare. He ended the three-century-long rule of the Western Satraps who controlled Gujarat. This was his greatest military achievement. Chandragupta II took the name ‘Vikramaditya’. He was a patron of the arts and his court was home to many scholars. Decline of the Gupta Empire The power of the Gupta emperors decreased over time. At the end of Sculpture from the Gupta period, there were a number of invasions by wandering tribes the Gupta period from the northern and north-western parts of the country. The Guptas were not strong enough to defeat the invaders, and so, the Gupta Empire fell. The Golden Age 7

HARSHAVARDHANA After the fall of the Gupta Empire, the land became divided into many small kingdoms. King Harshavardhana emerged as the strongest among them. Born in 590 AD, Harshavardhana of the Pushyabhuti dynasty ascended the throne at the young age of 16. After defeating all his enemies, he established his rule over northern India and made Kannauj his capital city. After expanding his Statue of king empire in the north, he turned his attention to the south. He wanted Harshavardhana to cross the Narmada and conquer the lands in southern India. However, he could not do so because he was defeated in battle by the Chalukya king Pulakeshin II. Understanding ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE GUPTA EMPIRE The Gupta period is known as the Golden Age in Indian history. Great progress was made in literature, architecture, art, science and mathematics during this period. Sanskrit literature Sanskrit grew due to royal patronage and became the official state language. Kalidasa, the great Sanskrit poet, was a scholar of the Gupta court. Along with him, eight other poets and scholars were also part of the court of Chandragupta II. Together they were called the Navratnas (nine jewels). Temple architecture The Gupta period marks the beginning of Indian temple architecture. The Dashavatara Temple in Uttar Pradesh is an early Hindu stone temple of the Gupta period. Painting A Gupta temple Paintings from the Ajanta Caves During the Gupta period, the art of painting reached its height of glory and splendour. The pictures painted on the walls and ceilings of the Ajanta Caves were created during this period. They have survived to this day and are known throughout the world. 8

Science, mathematics and astronomy Aryabhata of Pataliputra was a well-known mathematician of the Gupta period. Aryabhatiyam is one of his most famous works. At a very young age of 23, he made important contributions to the field of mathematics. He contributed to the field of trigonometry and algebra and explained the causes of eclipses. Brahmagupta was another eminent mathematician of the time. Varahamihira, a great astronomer, also belonged to this period. An example of the advanced science of the Gupta period can be seen in the famous Iron Pillar. This pillar, though 1,500 years old, has not rusted even today. Medicine Doctors of the Gupta period wrote important books on the practice of Ayurveda. Surgery was also practised during this time. Surgeons had the knowledge of 127 surgical instruments and were able to remove iron and stones from the human body. Achievements of Harshavardhana The achievements of Harshavardhana are known through Harshacharita. This was a biography of the king written by Banabhatta. Harshavardhana converted to Buddhism and is described as a just and fair ruler. He was the first to establish diplomatic relations with China by sending an ambassador in 641 AD. Harshavardhana was also a writer himself. He wrote three Remains of the Sanskrit plays, and his court was home to many scholars and university at Nalanda poets. He also made huge donations to the university at Nalanda. It was a great centre of Buddhist learning, and many students from China and other countries went there to continue their education. Hiuen-Tsang, a great traveller from China who visited the kingdom and wrote about it, was a student there as well. Application Important kingdoms of southern India The Chalukyas of Badami ruled over Karnataka for over two centuries, and their capital was Vatapi in Bagalkot district. King Harshavardhana was defeated by the Chalukya king Pulakeshin II when he tried to gain control of Karnataka. Pulakeshin II was known to be a brave and strong king. He fought many wars to expand his kingdom and vanquish rebels. He also defeated the king of Kadamba, and the kings of The Golden Age 9

Kalinga and Koshala willingly surrendered without a fight. However, Pulakeshin II was defeated and killed by the Pallava king Narasimhavarman. Extent of the Chalukya kingdom Relief of Vishnu at Badami Cave Temple The Pallavas of Kanchi were one of the famous dynasties of southern India and ruled for nearly 300 years. Their capital was at Kanchi, Tamil Nadu. Narasimhavarman I was the greatest amongst the Pallava kings and assumed the title of ‘Mahamalla’ which stands for ‘The Great Wrestler’. He transformed the port city of Mamallapura (present day Mahabalipuram) in Tamil Nadu into a beautiful city. Even though these kingdoms were constantly in battle with one another, literature and architecture prospered during this period. 10

Architecture of the southern kingdoms Structures of Chalukya architecture can Shiva temple on the seashore of Mahabalipuram be found at Badami, Aihole, Pattadakal, Mahakuta and Nagarhole. Aihole is also called ‘The Cradle of Temple Architecture'. The representation of Vishnu in these cave temples is beautiful and attracts many tourists. Pattadakal is recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The Pallavas built huge temples. The Shiva temple on the seashore of Mahabalipuram is the most famous. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) You have learnt about the different kingdoms in India during and after the Golden Age. How were the kingdoms in the northern part of India different from the ones in the south? Were there any similarities between the two? Ans. ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ Amazing Facts Fa-Hien was a Buddhist pilgrim from China. He visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II. He has written about the peace and prosperity prevalent during the Gupta Empire. He travelled by foot from China to India! New Words 1) emerge – appear 2) eclipse – an event where a heavenly body blocks another one from view 3) prosper – to succeed The Golden Age 11

Lesson Ancient Dynasties of 9 South India Let Us Learn About R the Satavahanas and Gautamiputra Satakarni. U the features of the Satavahana Empire. A the Kadambas and the Gangas. h Tirukkural. Think One evening, Rashi and her parents went to her uncle’s house. She liked her uncle a lot because he told her many stories about the kings and queens who ruled India many years ago. He would open a big book full of pictures and read her stories from it. With each story, he would also ask her what she had learnt from it. Rashi: Uncle, my history teacher told us interesting stories about the Golden Age of India. Uncle: That was a great time in the history of India. Did you hear about the great kings of the south? Rashi: No. I do not know much about them. Could you please tell me? Uncle: Come, I will tell you about the ancient rulers of south India. Rashi ran and sat beside her uncle. Q. Rashi's uncle told her about the ancient rulers of (A) north India. (B) east India. (C) west India. (D) south India. 12

Remembering THE SATAVAHANAS The Satavahanas were an ancient dynasty that ruled parts of southern India with Prasthistanapura as their capital. The Satavahanas grew in power in the Deccan Plateau region after the fall of the Mauryan Empire. Gautamiputra Satakarni (78 CE – 102 CE) was the most important king of this dynasty. He defeated some foreign powers ruling India and established himself as a powerful ruler. He fought many wars and added many kingdoms to his empire. Some parts of Karnataka were under his rule as well. Extent of the Satavahana Empire Understanding FEATURES OF THE SATAVAHANA EMPIRE Religion and society Even though the Satavahanas were followers of Hinduism, they patronised Buddhism as well. Both these religions grew under their rule. Gautamiputra Satakarni was known as a strong supporter of Brahmins. Shiva, Vishnu and many other gods were worshipped by the Satavahanas. Women were highly respected in society. They owned property and donated to religious centres. Many rulers took the names of their mother. Gautamiputra is one such king. Architecture The Satavahanas contributed a lot to architecture. They built places of worship for the followers of Buddhism such as stupas, chaityas and viharas. Chaityas are the prayer halls of Buddhists and viharas are the living areas of Buddhist monks. Most of the rock caves in the Deccan Plateau region were cut during Satavahana art this time. The caves, monasteries, chaityas and stupas of Nasik, Karle and Bhuj are examples of architecture from this period. The stupa at Ancient Dynasties of South India 13

Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh was made of marble. It demonstrates the skill of the craftsmen of this period. Their architecture can also be seen at Sannati in Gulbarga district and Banavasi in Uttara Kannada district. Trade and trade centres Trade within the country as well as trade with other kingdoms Amaravati Stupa grew under Satavahana rule. Nigamas were major cities that established themselves as trade centres. A number of ports lined the east and west coasts of the empire. Kalyan, near Mumbai, was an important port which lay on the western coast. They carried out trade with the Roman Empire. Many goods were exported from the kingdom to Rome and in return, the Romans made their payments in gold. This was one of the factors which led to great economic progress for the Satavahanas. Many guilds, known as shrenis, were set up during the Coins issued by the Satavahana rule. Guilds were associations formed to protect Satavahanas the interests of the traders. Each shreni was headed by a leader called 'shreshti' or 'sethi'. Application THE KADAMBAS AND THE GANGAS Some of the other great ancient Hindu dynasties of southern India were the Kadambas of Banavasi and the Gangas of Talakadu. The Kadambas of Banavasi Kadamba (345 – 525 AD) was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka. Their kingdom existed in the southern parts of India alongside the Gupta Empire in the north. It was founded by Mayurasarman, a Brahmin who left his studies and defeated the Pallava kings to create his own kingdom. Legend says that he acquired the name Kadamba as his mother gave birth to him under a Kadamba tree. Their capital was Banavasi in Uttara Karnataka. Both Kannada and Sanskrit were used by the Kadambas. They were the first to use Kannada as an official language of the government. The earliest inscriptions of the Kannada script from the Kadamba period were discovered at Halmidi village in the Hassan district. Kubja was a famous Sanskrit scholar of Karnataka who lived during Kadamba rule. Inscriptions written by him were discovered at Talagunda in Shimoga district. They are among the earliest Sanskrit inscriptions to be found in the state. 14

The Kadambas built many temples at Banavasi. The Madhukeshwara temple was an important one. Madhukeshwara or Lord Shiva was the family deity of the Kadambas. Banavasi also has an attractive sculpture of Parashurama. The Gangas of Talakadu Large parts of southern Karnataka were ruled by the Ganga dynasty from fourth to tenth century AD. When the Madhukeshwara Temple, Banavasi invasion of Samudragupta of the Gupta Empire weakened the Pallavas, the Gangas fought and set up their kingdom. In the beginning, their capital was Kolar, but then it was shifted to Talakadu (near Mysuru). Durvinita was a famous Ganga king. Inscriptions comparing him to Lord Krishna have been found. The Ganga kings were great writers themselves. One of them wrote Chavundaraya Purana, a significant work in Kannada prose. The Gangas also built many beautiful Extent of the various temples at Kolar and Talakadu. kingdoms of southern India Hundreds of stone slabs known as Veeragallu can be found A Veeragallu throughout the kingdom of the Gangas. These were erected to honour heroes who were killed in battle. They show scenes of heroic acts of soldiers. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Tamil Nadu is a neighbouring state of Karnataka and has many great poets. One such great poet was Thiruvalluvar. Tirukkural is his most famous work. It contains 1330 couplets or kurals. Each kural contains one to one and a half line long sayings which are rich in meaning. Find out what the given kural means and share it with your classmates. 'There are fools who choose to be poor despite possessing wealth, by not being hospitable to guests.' Ancient Dynasties of South India 15

Amazing Facts The Gomateshwara Statue at Shravanabelagola is the tallest monolithic statue in the world. Built by the Gangas, this statue stands at a height of 58 feet on top of the Doddabetta hill. It was erected by Chavundaraya, a minister of the Ganga king, Rachamalla. The statue is nearly a thousand years old. New Words 1) patronise – support by giving money 2) acquire – get 3) deity – a god or goddess 4) monolithic – made from a single piece of stone 16

Lesson Our Government 10 Let Us Learn About R the meaning of democracy and the features of democracy in India. U how elections work in India; levels of government. A sections of the central government. h comparing democracy and monarchy. Think Mr and Mrs Jain are taking Rashi out. A polling station She wants to know where they are going. Rashi: Ma, where are we going? Mrs Jain: The elections are being held today. We are going to the polling station. Rashi: Which train will you take from the polling station? Mrs Jain: No, Rashi! A polling station is not a place from where we can get trains. QQ. What do you think Rashi’s parents will do at the polling station? (A) pick up a relative (B) take part in the elections (C) see a railway museum (D) book a train ticket 17

Remembering In the olden days, India was ruled by different kings and queens. Do you remember some of them? Many European trading companies came to India. Can you name some of them? You have also studied that India fought against the British rule and became free on 15 August 1947. After India became free, our leaders decided that people should be allowed to elect their own government. In other words, India’s leaders chose democracy. WHAT IS A DEMOCRACY? A democracy is a system of government run by the representatives chosen by the people of a country. In a democracy, the people are the most powerful group. They can choose their leaders. Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people. This is different from the rule of kings and queens where they have all the power. Let us now look at some of the features of a democracy. FEATURES OF A DEMOCRACY People elect the leaders they want by voting. People who are 18 years and above can vote. Features of a democracy Understanding We have read that one of the main features of democracy is that people get to choose their representatives. In India, we choose our representatives through elections. 18

WHAT IS AN ELECTION? An election is a method of choosing a representative by voting. They are held regularly after a fixed number of years. In India, they are held every five years. Process of election Before the elections On election day After the elections • Political parties share • P eople go to polling • The votes are their ideas and plans stations and vote. counted. for the citizens. • T hey are not required • T he candidate with • They tell people to tell anyone whom the most votes wins. about the candidates they voted for. standing for elections • The political party with from their parties. the highest number of winning candidates usually forms the government. The political party that forms the government is called the ruling party. The leader of the ruling party becomes the head of the government. They choose members of their party to form a cabinet. These members are responsible for different departments. For example, one member manages the agriculture department, while another manages the education department. Elections for different levels of government Do you know that there are three levels of government in India? They are the local, the state and the central governments. We have elections to elect representatives at all three levels. Name of the election Level of the government Local election Local government State election State government Central government National election THE WORKING OF THE GOVERNMENT The central, state and local governments have separate responsibilities. However, the central, state and local governments work together for the welfare of the people. For example, the local government installs street lights. The state government distributes electricity to all the cities and villages. The central government gives permission for electrical projects and decides on the electricity prices to be charged. Let us learn more about these levels. Our Government 19

Level 1: The Local Government The local government looks after the needs of people at the village, town or city level. It has two levels – rural and urban local governments. Rural local government Urban local government The rural local government is responsible for The urban local government looks after the the welfare of people living in villages. needs of people living in cities and towns. Level 2: The State Government The state government takes care of many things such as education, roads and so on for a state. The state government is made up of a state legislature, a Chief Minister, a Governor and other ministers. Level 3: The Central Government The central government governs the entire country. It deals with the defence of India, relations with other countries, railways and shipping and so on. It is made up of the President, the Prime Minister and a cabinet of ministers. Application You have understood the three different levels of the government. Now let us look at what makes up the central government. THREE SECTIONS OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT • The Parliament makes rules or laws for the entire country. • The Executive puts into action the rules made by the Parliament. • The Judiciary upholds the laws and protects the The Parliament rights of the people. Let us learn more about the Parliament. The Parliament consists of three parts. They are the President of India, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The Lok Sabha consists of members elected by the people during Lok Sabha general elections. It is also called the House of the People. The Prime Minister is an important member of the Lok Sabha. 20

The Rajya Sabha consists of members indirectly elected by Rajya Sabha different states and union territories. It is also called the Council of States. The Vice President of India is an important member of the Rajya Sabha. The President is the formal head of India. They are elected by the members of the Rajya Sabha, the Lok Sabha and the state legislatures. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Discuss with your classmates about how things would be if you lived under the rule of a king (monarchy) instead of a democracy. Hint: You can discuss the absence of elections and the lack of freedom to express your thoughts and opinions. Amazing Facts India is the largest democracy in the world. Among all the democracies in the world, India has the highest population. New Words 1) election – a process through which people can choose the people to act or speak for them 2) polling station 3) representative – a place where people can go to vote in the elections – someone who has been chosen to act or speak for a 4) vote 5) opinion person or a group of people 6) political party – show your choice of a person through an election – a point of view about something or someone 7) candidate – a group of people who have similar aims, ideas and 8) legislature 9) govern thoughts and who want to be a part of the government 10) uphold – someone who wants to be chosen or elected – a body that makes laws and rules for a state – manage a country and its people – maintain Our Government 21

Lesson Local Administration 11 Let Us Learn About R local self-government. U features of rural and urban local self-governing bodies. A functions of self-governing bodies. h role of a citizen in a local self-government. Think Meher called Rashi over the phone late one evening. Meher: My grandfather fell down on the street near our house. He hurt himself. Luckily it is a small injury. Rashi: How is he now? Meher: He has a few cuts and has sprained his ankle. Rashi: Thank God! How did it happen? Meher: The street lights in our lane are not working. It is dark at night. He stepped into a pothole and fell. Papa is very upset. He went to complain to the municipal corporation. Rashi: What is the municipal corporation? Meher: Papa says it is an office where our local representatives take care of the public facilities. QQ. Where did Rashi's father go to complain? (A)  the doctor (B)  the school (C)  the office ( D)  the municipal corporation 22

Remembering India is a large country. To make governing easier, the Indian administration is divided into three levels — the central, state and local administration. The central government is located in New Delhi. The state governments are located in the capital city of each state. Each state is divided into smaller divisions for better administration. The local government, also known as the local self-government, looks after the smaller areas such as the cities, towns and villages. LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT The people living in a locality understand their problems very well. So they can help to solve these problems. In order to do so, people choose representatives from the locality to be a part of the local government. To help the people, rural local government and urban local government have been created. Their work is as follows. • to set up self-governance in villages and cities • to support women, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes • to start off programmes that will help to develop the locality Thus, in a rural local government there are Gram Panchayats at the village level; Taluk Panchayats at the taluk or tehsil level and Zilla Panchayats at the district level. Understanding Both the rural and the urban self-government work together so that all areas of a state are taken care of properly. Let us understand the different types of local self-governments and how they are formed. Gram Panchayat 23 Local Administration

RURAL LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT Gram Panchayat Election Term of Office They are elected to office for a period of Members from each village are directly five years. elected. There is reservation of seats for women, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Head(s) Tribes, and Other Backward Classes. The elected members elect the 'Sarpanch' or the Head of the Members Panchayat. One member is elected for every four hundred people residing in the limits. Taluk Panchayat Election Term of Office Members are elected directly by the They are elected to office for a period of people living in the rural parts of the five years. taluk. There is reservation of seats for women, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Members Head(s) Around 15 to 19 members, depending The elected members elect the President upon the population of the taluk are and the Vice President of the Taluk directly elected. The Legislative Assembly Panchayat as their leaders from and Legislative Council members amongst themselves. belonging to the taluk are also members. 24

Zilla Panchayat Election Term of Office They are appointed to office for a period The Zilla Panchayat consists of elected of five years. members from every taluk of the district. There is reservation of seats for women, Head(s) Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, The elected members elect the President and Other Backward Classes. of the Zilla Panchayat and the Vice President as their leaders from amongst Members themselves. One member is elected for every forty thousand people for most districts. Members of the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assembly and State Legislative Council belonging to the district are also members. All Presidents of the Taluk Panchayats are also its members. URBAN LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT Municipality Election Term of Office They are elected to office for a period of Members are directly elected by the five years. people of the town. There is reservation of seats for women, Scheduled Castes, Head(s) Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Members elect one among them as the Classes. President and another person as the Vice President. The municipality will be Members administered by a chief officer called the Commissioner. A town is divided into wards. Members are elected from each ward. The members are called Councillors. Local Administration 25

Municipal Corporation Election Term of Office They are elected to office for a period of Members are elected directly by people five years in cities with a population of more than one million. There is reservation of Head(s) seats for women, Scheduled Castes, Corporators or Councillors elect one Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward among them as the Mayor and Classes. a Deputy Mayor. Members Elected representatives from the wards, respective members of the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council are also the members. Members are called Corporators or Councillors. Application We shall now look into the functions performed by each of these local self-governments. We shall also look at their sources of income. GRAM AND TALUK PANCHAYATS Function: The main function of a panchayat is to to take up projects to help develop the village area. We also have something known as the Gram Sabha which forms the lowest level of the panchayati system. The members of the Gram Sabha meet at least two times in a year and all of them are aged above 18 years. Sources of Income: Grants received from the central or state governments and Zilla Panchayats along with the taxes and rent from the people of the locality. Also, the Gram Sabha identifies people who would benefit from for its welfare schemes. ZILLA PANCHAYAT Function: They prepare an annual plan for the development of the Zilla Panchayat area. They provide relief to victims of natural calamities. They monitor the developmental programmes and government schools in the district. 26

Sources of Income: It comprises grants from the central or state governments, loans raised and income from the taxes, rent and fees collected. MUNICIPALITIES AND MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS Function: Municipalities and municipal corporations look after the developmental works and public facilities of towns and cities. Developmental works such as healthcare, street lights, sanitation, sewage, water supply, road-building and so on are undertaken. For city planning and development, there is a separate body called the Development Authority. Sources of Income: Government grants and property tax are the major sources. Water cess, health cess, education cess, fire cess and rents are other sources. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) What role does the citizen play in their local self-government? Find out information about this from the newspaper, library or the internet. Amazing Facts India has nearly 1.5 million elected women representatives at the local level – in terms of numbers, this is the highest globally! New Words 1) public facility – cheap or free things or places provided by the government for people to use 2) tehsil – an area of land having some towns and villages and 3) district governed by a city or state 4) reservation – smaller units into which a state is divided to help in 5) term administration and includes one or two cities, a few 6) grant smaller towns and dozens of villages 7) cess – keeping certain seats for some special groups – a set period of time during which something happens – money given by government for a specific purpose – a tax for a specific purpose Local Administration 27

Lesson People with Physical 12 Disabilities Let Us Learn About R physical disability. U the challenges of people with physical disabilities. A how to be respectful to people with physical disabilities. h achievers with physical disabilities. Think Rashi was watching a live speech, named ‘On top of the world’, on television with her mother. Rashi: Ma, what is the name of the lady? What did she do? Mrs Jain: She is Arunima Sinha. She climbed Mount Everest. Rashi: Okay. But we learned that Tenzing Norgay Arunima Sinha also climbed Mount Everest many years ago. Is there another reason for her to be so famous? Mrs Jain: Arunima Sinha is famous because she is the first female amputee to climb Mount Everest. Q. Who was the first female amputee to climb Mount Everest? ( A)  Rashi (B)  Tenzing Norgay ( C)  Arunima Sinha ( D)  Mrs Jain 28

Remembering WHAT IS A PHYSICAL DISABILITY? Have you noticed that sometimes some people have some problems walking, speaking or seeing? These are types of physical disabilities. A physical disability is a condition that limits a person’s movements, senses or activities. For example, a physical disability may limit the way a part of the body grows, moves or does what it is supposed to do. It may interfere with a person’s ability to walk, hear, talk, see or learn. It does not affect each person in the same way. In addition, some people might have multiple disabilities. DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT NEEDS We often see people with disabilities around us. Perhaps, you have also helped them sometimes. You may have helped a person without sight to cross the road. You may have pushed a wheelchair for a person. They are normal people like all of us. People with disabilities can do many of the things you do, but it might take them a little longer. They may need assistance or supporting equipment to help them. • A person who has limited vision may use a red and white stick. While walking, this stick is used to lightly tap the surrounding areas to check if the path is clear. • A person who cannot hear properly may use hearing aids. • A person who cannot walk may use a wheelchair. • Some specially designed computers can also help people with A person without vision special needs. using a stick DIFFERENTLY ABLED PEOPLE We should understand that differences are normal and people have many similarities too. By focussing on what people have in common, we can bond with each other over common interests. No matter how different people with disabilities may appear, they like to laugh and have fun. People with disabilities also have different strengths. For example, a boy who uses a wheelchair may be fluent in English and paint very well. A girl without sight may be a great singer. We should respect them for these qualities instead of avoiding them for their disabilities. Thus, those with physical disabilities may also be called differently abled people. Let us look at some differently abled people who are famous. People with Physical Disabilities 29

SOME DIFFERENTLY ABLED PEOPLE Srikanth Bolla is CEO and Stephen Hawking was one of Shekar Naik is a blind cricketer founder of Bollant Industries. the greatest scientists of this from Karnataka who helped He is the first international blind century. Due to his paralysis he student at the Massachusetts could not move or talk well. India win the World Cup in 2014. He is a former captain of the Institute of Technology. national blind cricket team. Understanding People with physical disabilities are like any other people. Challenge of boarding a train They can be famous and successful However, their limitations, Challenge of crossing a road sometimes put some challenges in front of them. Let us understand these challenges and find out how we can Wheelchair ramp support them. PHYSICAL CHALLENGES Some people without disabilities often do not consider people with disabilities to be ‘normal’. It could be because people with physical disabilities find it hard to perform some everyday actions such as walking, seeing, hearing or talking. People who face difficulty walking cannot enter all places easily. For example, buildings without wheelchair ramps make it difficult for them to move around. Challenges for a person without sight would be the signs outside of doors that often do not have the Braille script underneath the writing. So, that would make it difficult for them to find the place that they need to reach in a building. They also take time to adjust to their surroundings and become familiar with all the places they go to. If they go to a new place, there would be a great chance for them to collide with something. 30

A challenge for a person who cannot speak would be to get a job since most jobs require talking. Also, if they go somewhere alone, there might not be anyone who knows sign language. So, that would make it difficult for them to say what they want. EMOTIONAL CHALLENGES What people often forget is that when a person cannot move or speak in a certain way, it does not make them Children using sign language less human. They have the same emotions as anyone else. They cry if they are hurt, and they laugh when they are happy. Sometimes people with physical disabilities are not respected. They are ill-treated or not given the necessary support. At other times, people comment on them or make fun of them and call them names. It could be either at home, at school, at work or in public. This might become an emotional challenge for them. Instead of seeing the similarities, people often pay attention to the limitations. People often forget that all of us are equal. We should not hurt the emotions of others. Application RESPECTING THE DIFFERENTLY ABLED As you read earlier, people with physical disabilities might face different challenges just like anyone else. Just as no human is like another, no people with disability are the same. When speaking or being friends with a person with a physical disability you can do the following. • Smile; be yourself. Focus on what a person can do. • Talk to a person with disability about how you can include the person in activities or what the person is comfortable with. • Remember that all human beings like to be respected. Offer assistance if asked or if the need is obvious. Move wheelchairs with permission from the owners. • Be patient. Speak slowly and directly when talking to a person who has little hearing. • Be considerate of people’s feelings when talking to others. Would you want what you are about to say being said about you? • Remember that a person with a disability is not ‘a disabled woman’ or ‘a handicapped man’. Refer to them by their name and not by these words. People with Physical Disabilities 31

Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) ACHIEVERS WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES Once we learn to appreciate that people with disabilities can be achievers, we begin to respect them. Let us read about two such people who did not allow the disabilities to limit them. Then discuss the following questions with your class. Rajinder Singh Rahelu Sheela Sharma Rajinder Singh Rahelu was only eight months old when he was affected by polio. Since then, he has not been able to walk. He was motivated by his friend to start weightlifting. He started by lifting a weight of 70 kg. But constant training and motivation made him strong enough to lift a weight of 115 kg within six months. In 2006, he was awarded the Arjuna Award by the President of India. He made history after winning a silver medal in powerlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games. Sheela Sharma was only four when she lost both her arms in a train accident. Sheela’s interest in art was clear right from childhood when she would use her mouth and feet to write and paint. Today she is one of India’s most well-known foot and mouth artists. She has exhibited at many prestigious art galleries, including the Jehangir Art Gallery in Mumbai. 1) What can you learn from Sheela and Rajinder’s lives? 2) Imagine that Sheela or Rajinder has come to your class. Prepare a list of questions you could use to interview them. 32

Amazing Facts There are more than 26 million people in India who have some or the other kind of disability. This is more than the population of Delhi! We should ensure society has more public facilities for people with physical disabilities. New Words 1) amputee – a person who has had a limb removed by operation 2) assistance – the action of helping someone by sharing work 3) vision – ability to see People with Physical Disabilities 33