Exercise 6: Complete the paragraph by using the appropriate prepositions. One is done for you. (Hints: More than one preposition may be appropriate for some blanks.) Roxy walks to the grocery store that is _____________________________ her house. Since it is not far away, she does not carry her umbrella though it is cloudy. She reaches the store and puts everything that she needs _____________________________ a shopping cart. While returning, it starts to rain. The rain starts falling _____________________________ Roxy. She holds her shopping bag _____________________________ her head and runs home. She is delayed and reaches home _____________________________ seven o’clock because of the rain. Prepositions 47 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___51 / 96
W10 Writing Formal Writing Informal letter writing Exercise 1: Your friend Simran is very fond of wildlife and camping. So, when you came to know about the Ranthambore National Park camp for children, you couldn’t wait to attend it with her. Write a letter to Simran, asking her to join you at the camp. Hints: reet your friend. ive the details of the camp the last date for registration, exact location and so on. rite why you thin she will en oy it. ention why you loo forward to her company at the camp. 48 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___52 / 96
Creative Writing Story writing Exercise 2: Your class went for its annual school outing. Write a story about an exciting adventure that you had on that day. Hints: here was your class going hat was the une pected, e citing adventure ow did it end ow did you feel about it Writing 10 49 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___53 / 96
50 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___54 / 96
R5 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. ‘It is a wonderful book, Maa’, Barun replied happily. ‘I am reading about Rakesh Sharma right now.’ ‘So you are reading about the first Indian to go to space’, said his mother. She sat on the bed beside her son and asked him, ‘Have you read about Kalpana Chawla?’ Barun hadn’t. So, he started reading about Kalpana Chawla in the evening. Kalpana Chawla was born in 1962 in Karnal in the state of Haryana. Nicknamed ‘Montu’ by her family, she went to school at the age of three. Later, she studied Aeronautical Engineering at Punjab Engineering College, India. In 1982, Kalpana went to the USA to study at the University of Texas at Arlington. In 1988, she became a research scientist at NASA Ames Research Centre in Sunnyvale, California. In November 1996, Kalpana joined the STS-87 mission aboard space shuttle Columbia. The shuttle flew in November–December 1997, during which Kalpana spoke with the then rime inister of India, r Inder it u ral, from the orbit. On 16th January 2003, Kalpana again went into space. She was on board the space shuttle Columbia. After a successful flight, Columbia was lost with its crew during re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere on 1st February 2003. A hill on Mars and a star in deep space have been named after Kalpana. Her story shows the value of hard work and sincerity that is remembered even after one’s time. 1) Who was the first Indian to go to space? Ans. 51 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___55 / 96
2) Where was Kalpana Chawla born? Ans. 3) Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions from the options given in brackets. a) Barun started reading about Kalpana Chawla _____________________ (on/in) the evening. b) She was _____________________ (under/among) a group of astronauts who travelled to outer space. c) The rocket flew _____________________ (over/with) the Earth. 4) Another word for ‘answered’ in the passage is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) space shuttle A) honesty b) crew B) spacecraft c) sincerity C) team Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Kite flying is one of the world’s oldest sports. In China, people used to fly different coloured kites to send different messages. No one knows for certain who invented kites. Some historians believe that the Egyptians were the first to fly kites. Ancient Egyptian carvings depict men flying objects attached to strings. Some believe that the ncient ree s invented ites, while some others believe that the Chinese made the first kites. Throughout the centuries, kites have been used for various purposes. Once, a Chinese emperor who had been imprisoned was saved by a kite. His followers flew a huge kite over the tower in which the emperor was imprisoned. 52 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___56 / 96
Recognising the kite, he took hold of the huge ropes hanging from the kite and flew away to freedom. Benjamin Franklin used a kite to prove that lightning is a form of electricity. He flew a kite in a thunderstorm and was almost killed when lightning travelled down the wet string and lit up his instruments. The kite was also responsible for the invention of aeroplanes. The Wright brothers flew many kinds of kites and studied their movements before making the first aeroplane. Also, the first aeroplane was a huge kite glider that was specially made to carry an engine and a person. 6) Which is one of the world’s oldest sports? Ans. 7) Who used a kite to prove that lightning is a form of electricity? Ans. 8) Write the past tense forms of the given words from the passage. a) fly – ___________________________ b) make – ___________________________ c) take – ___________________________ 9) The meaning of the word ‘ancient’ is . 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) invented A) a period of hundred years b) historian B) created for the first time c) century C) someone who studies and records history Reading Comprehension 5 53 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___57 / 96
11 Conjunctions You have learnt about coordinating conjunctions in Class 3. Read the given sentences. Circle the coordinating conjunctions and write which words, phrases or sentences they join. a) I am late, for it is raining. Ans. b) Maria went to the market, but she did not buy anything. Ans. c) Do you want to eat the bread with jam or butter? Ans. d) I don’t usually wake up at 6:00 a.m., nor do I sleep before 10.00 p.m. Ans. e) I will go home and finish my homework. Ans. f) They drove carefully, yet they had an accident. Ans. g) The weather is bad, so it is better to stay indoors. Ans. 54 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___58 / 96
Types of conjunctions There are three types of conjunctions. Conjunctions Coordinating Correlative Subordinating conjunctions conjunctions conjunctions Remember You have learnt that conjunctions are words that join words or parts of sentences together. The conjunctions you have learnt in Class 3 (‘for’, ‘and’, ‘nor’, ‘but’, ‘or’, ‘yet’ and ‘so’) are coordinating conjunctions. Let us learn the second type of conjunction: correlative conjunctions. Correlative conjunctions Meher is hungry at night. Her mother asks her what she wants to eat. Meher says that she wants neither vegetables nor fruits to eat. She says she wants either a burger or fried chicken. She also wants sweets. Her mother tells her that having junk food and too many sweets is not good. They not only lead to high cholesterol but are also bad for Meher’s teeth. Conjunctions 55 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___59 / 96
Observe the word pairs ‘neither… nor’, ‘either… or’ and ‘not only… but also’ in the previous paragraph. These word pairs are called correlative conjunctions. Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join phrases or words that carry equal importance within a sentence. Examples: vMegeehtearbwleasnntsonr efriuthites.r Here, the words ‘neither’ and ‘nor’ show that Meher gives equal importance to both vegetables and fruits. She does not want either of them. Shaebwuarcgnhetisrcoekerithfnrei.erd Here, Meher gives equal importance to both a burger and fried chicken by saying that she would like to eat either of the two. Here, Meher’s mother gives equal importance to both fobtroTuMhtheeaigyhrheneocra’thslsootoenleeblystathleed.raodl the reasons for avoiding junk food. Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the correct coordinating conjunctions from the box. One is done for you. for and yet so but or a) The room was messy, so we cleaned it. b) His two favourite sports are cricket __________________ kabaddi. c) The test is tomorrow, __________________ Rina is not studying. d) Which of the two ice creams do you want – chocolate __________________ vanilla? 56 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___60 / 96
e) He was happy, __________________ he had won the cycling race. f) Rajesh knows how to swim, __________________ his brother does not. Exercise 2: Underline the conjunctions in the given sentences. Then, sort them into the correct boxes. One is done for you. a) Birbal was witty and wise. b) I am tired, so I will rest for a while. c) The king was not only just but also humble. d) The journey wasn’t short nor easy. e) Either Ted or Shazia will bake the cake. f) He neither worked hard nor helped anybody. Coordinating conjunctions Correlative conjunctions a) Birbal was witty and wise. Exercise 3: Read the sentences and colour the correct correlative conjunctions to be used. One is done for you. a) He is __________ polite __________ kind. That is why I dislike him. neither – nor either – or not only – but also Conjunctions 57 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___61 / 96
b) This dish is __________ delicious __________ elegant. I like eating it. neither – nor either – or not only – but also c) __________ my mother __________ my father will come to pick me up. Only one of them will be able to make it. Not only – but also Neither – nor Either – or d) __________ Saira __________ Sohan will win the race, as they are the fastest runners. Neither – nor Either – or Not only – but also e) __________ the car __________ the auto is big enough. We need a bus. Neither – nor Either – or Not only – but also f) Neha __________ finished her work __________ helped her brother to complete his. Hence, they could both get their work done on time. either – or not only – but also neither – nor Exercise 4: Fill in the blanks with the correct correlative conjunctions. One is done for you. a) Travelling by plane is not only fast but also comfortable. It is very convenient. b) You could ___________________ write in your diary ___________________ on a piece of paper. You can write on any one of these. c) You should ___________________ eat junk food ___________________ drink dirty water if you want to remain in good health. d) _______________ Sohail _______________ Rajesh will be chosen for the play. We have one open spot. e) Renu is _________________ my sister ________________ my cousin. We are not related. f) My mother __________________ bought me a bicycle __________________ taught me how to ride it. I ride it to school every day. 58 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___62 / 96
Exercise 5: Complete the passage with the correct coordinating and correlative conjunctions. One is done for you. Suzy was sad. Neither her friends nor her mother remembered her birthday. She was shocked that nobody remembered! The year before, her mother had __________________________ baked a cake __________________________ gifted her a new bicycle. Her friends Heena __________________________ Rahul were always the first to wish her, but this year __________________________ Heena __________________________ Rahul even visited. This made her sad, and she started crying. As Suzy was lying on her bed and sulking, her mother suddenly entered her room. She had a brightly wrapped present and Suzy’s best friends with her. They had planned a surprise birthday party for Suzy! Suzy accepted the present and guessed that it could have a new video game __________________________ a badminton racquet. She was sure that the gift was one of these. She hugged her mother and friends. She was not sad __________________________ gloomy anymore. In fact, she was very happy and excited! Exercise 6: Observe the given pictures. Form sentences based on the pictures by using the conjunctions given next to them. One is done for you. a) + not only... but also lightning thunder Ans. b) hot + so Ans. sweating Conjunctions 59 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___63 / 96
c) dress + either... or Ans. skirt d) idlis + neither... nor Ans. dosa e) + yet came last ran fast Ans. f) + not only... but also take a bath brush Ans. 60 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___64 / 96
W11 Writing Formal Writing E-mail writing Exercise 1: Write an e-mail to your friends, inviting them to spend a day at an animal shelter. Hints: rite the e mail addresses of the friends you want to invite. rite an introductory sentence as the sub ect of your e mail. rite why you want to visit an animal shelter. rite about which animals you will see at the shelter. rite about how visiting the shelter will help all of you. reet and sign off as you have learnt earlier. 61 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___65 / 96
Creative Writing Diary entry Exercise 2: Write a diary entry about the preparations you have made for the Republic Day celebration in your society or building. Hints: rite about the celebration and all the events that will ta e place on that day. rite about your role in the celebration and what you are responsible for. ention how you have prepared for your role. 62 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___66 / 96
rite about how you are feeling about your upcoming performance. Writing 11 63 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___67 / 96
12 Sentences Given below are some sentences. Sort them under the correct sentence types in the table given below. 1 th August is our Independence Day. I can t wait for the party eet me at 00 p.m. sharp. here is my new bag y favourite colour is blue. o you want tea or coffee Spea softly Suddenly, the tiger umped in front of our eep Declarative sentences Interrogative sentences Exclamatory sentences Imperative sentences 64 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___68 / 96
et us revise the four different types of sentences. Types of sentences Declarative sentences: hey ma e statements and end with a full stop (.). ample e are going to watch a movie. Interrogative sentences: hey as questions and end with a question mar ?). ample ill you come for a movie? Exclamatory sentences: They show excitement or a strong feeling. hey end with an e clamation mar !). ample hat an entertaining movie! Imperative sentences: They give commands or ma e requests. hey end with a full stop . or an e clamation mar !). amples aran, please drive me to the movie theatre. ehave politely! Remember – declarative sentences – interrogative sentences he four sentence types are as follows – exclamatory sentences a) Statements (.) – imperative sentences b) Questions (?) c) Exclamations (!) d) Commands or requests (.) or (!) Sentences 65 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___69 / 96
Note: hen e clamatory sentences start amples with what or how , there is a slight How beautiful is the rain! change in the usual order of words in What a match! the sentence. Exercise 1: Change and rewrite the given sentences according to the instructions given in brackets. One is done for you. a o fetch my bag. a e it an interrogative sentence. Ans. Can you fetch my bag b ow lovely is that a e it a declarative sentence. Ans. ______________________________________________________________________________ c ill you come with me a e it an imperative sentence. Ans. ______________________________________________________________________________ d It is very sad. a e it an e clamatory sentence. Ans. ______________________________________________________________________________ e he popcorn is hot. a e it an interrogative sentence. Ans. ______________________________________________________________________________ f oes he not now him a e it a declarative sentence. Ans. ______________________________________________________________________________ Positive and negative sentences + questions ead the following sentences. ach of these sentences is of a different ind. I read my This sentence is a statement. It is a positive sentence. a) nature boo every day. here are the This sentence is a question. b) students 66 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___70 / 96
c) I am not his sentence is also a statement. owever, it has the feeling well. negative word not in it. herefore, it is a negative sentence. hy has he d) not completed his sentence is a question with the word not . It is a negative question. his pro ect Remember You can convert a negative sentence into a positive sentence in two ways. emove negative words li e no , not , does not and do not . he sentence will then have the opposite meaning. ample I do not have your boo becomes I have your boo . emove the negative words li e no , not , does not and do not . lso, convert the verb to its opposite form so that the sentence means the same. ample ou did not understand what I said becomes ou misunderstood what I said . Exercise 2: Identify the types of sentences. One is done for you. Hint: positive sentence negative sentence positive question negative question a rs endul ar does not play cric et. negative sentence b id you not get your pen c hey are not coo ing at home. d as Seema not sleeping when you visited her e) Ravi will attend the exam tomorrow. – ____________________________ f id you see him at the par today Sentences 67 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___71 / 96
Transformation of sentences eet iss es, iss No and r hy. hey are good friends, but they also get into heated debates often. iss No and r hy always oppose poor iss es. henever iss es says something, iss No turns that statement into a negative, while r hy immediately changes it into a question. It s so entertaining to see how they behave Miss Yes says: Miss No says: Mr Why says: a it goes to the mar et in a it does not go to the oes a it go to the mar et the evening. mar et in the evening. in the evening They go on a trip every They do not go on a trip Do they go on a trip every month. every month. month Notice that iss es, iss No and r hy were playing the game using the simple present tense. Let us revisit the rules. simple present (positive) sub ect base verb s es ob ect simple present (negative) simple present (question) se does not with he , she , it and singular sub ects. se do not with I , we , you , they and plural sub ects. se base verbs without s es . egin questions with do does . se do with I , we , you and plural sub ects and does with he , she , it and singular sub ects. se base verbs without s es . 68 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___72 / 96
ere, iss es, iss No and r hy are tal ing about what they did at their school function. I participated in the I did not participate in the Did I participate in the western dance. western dance. western dance bserve that the three were tal ing about the past. ere are the rules to follow for sentences in the simple past tense. simple past (positive) sub ect past tense form of verb ob ect simple past (negative) sub ect did not base verb ob ect simple past (question) did sub ect base verb form ob ect Now, iss es, iss No and r hy are debating inside a oo about what a few animals are doing there. Can you fill in the blan s The lion is sleeping. The lion is not sleeping. Is the lion sleeping he mon eys are ___________________________ ___________________________ ma ing a lot of noise. ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Sentences 69 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___73 / 96
he three friends were tal ing in the present continuous tense in the previous conversation. et us read the rules that they followed. present continuous (positive) sub ect is are am ing form of verb ob ect present continuous (negative) sub ect is are am not ing form of verb ob ect present continuous (question) Is re m sub ect ing form of verb ob ect fter coming bac home, the three tal ed about the oo again. s usual, iss No disagreed with iss es, while r hy was doubtful and ept as ing questions. ou now them well enough by now, don t you Can you guess their responses he peacoc s were he peacoc s were not ere the peacoc s dancing. dancing. dancing I was en oying myself. __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ he sentences above show actions that were happening in the past before something else happened. et us revisit how to form different sentences in the past continuous tense. past continuous (positive) sub ect was were ing form of verb past continuous (negative) ob ect past continuous (question) sub ect was were not ing form of verb ob ect as ere sub ect ing form of verb ob ect 70 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___74 / 96
Exercise 3: Convert the given positive sentences and questions into negative sentences and questions. One is done for you. a I want to buy diyas for iwali. Ans. I do not want to buy diyas for iwali. b o you now the answer to this question Ans. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ c) Rohit helped the blind lady. Ans. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ d ala was singing sweetly in the morning. Ans. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ e id she visit her cousin last wee Ans. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ f ohan and li are swimming in the sea. Ans. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Exercise 4: Convert the negative sentences and questions into positive sentences and questions without changing their meanings. One is done for you. a) You are not recognisable. Ans. You are unrecognisable. b o you not want to continue your education Ans. Sentences 71 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___75 / 96
c) She does not respect her elders. Ans. d She was not able to complete her homewor . Ans. e oes avi not behave these days Ans. f his sofa is not comfortable to sit on. Ans. Exercise 5: Convert the sentences according to the instructions given in brackets. One is done for you. a y friend cannot reach the shelf. Change it to a positive sentence. Ans. y friend can reach the shelf. b he police could not catch the thief. Change it to a question. Ans. c) I understand what he says. (Change it to a negative sentence.) Ans. d ere you doing your homewor Change it to a negative sentence. Ans. 72 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___76 / 96
e) This class is not ending. (Change it to a positive sentence.) Ans. f She went to the drawing class. Change it to a question. Ans. Exercise 6: Compete the sentences according to the instructions. Add the correct punctuation mark when you complete each sentence. One is done for you. a) Elephants are not small. a e a negative sentence in the simple present tense. b) Does Samarth a e a positive question in the simple present tense. c) Sonia a e a positive sentence in the past continuous tense. d) Litty a e a positive sentence in the simple past tense. e) The students a e a negative sentence in the present continuous tense. f ere you neighbours a e a negative question in the past continuous tense. Sentences 73 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___77 / 96
W12 Writing Formal Writing Editing exercise Exercise 1: Akshay wrote a letter to the editor of a newspaper. However, there were many errors in it. There were errors related to spelling, punctuation, grammar, formatting and sentence formation. Can you spot at least ten errors and rewrite the letter? ear ditor, 1 asturba andhi oad Parel 1 th arch 201 I have been reading your maga ine Child one four the past three ears. I realy en oys reading the maga ine. I li e to read articles on famous writers and the new boo s available in the mar et. I was wondering if you could add a section on boo rewiews. I thin s your readers will be intrested in such views ritten by childs who have read the boo s, I hope will li e my idea and also gave me an opportunity to write something in your wonderfull maga ine, our s sincerely a shay paul 74 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___78 / 96
Writing 12 75 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___79 / 96
Creative Writing Autobiography writing An autobiography is an account written in the first person. It is the story of a person s life. It can also be an imaginary ob ect s life story. ere are the autobiographies of a few famous people. Helen Keller Anne Frank MK Gandhi 76 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___80 / 96
Exercise 2: Given below is an autobiography of a dog. Use appropriate words, phrases or sentences to complete it. I am a pet dog. I live with __________________________________________________________. She . She ta es me _______________________________________________________ and _______________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. She gives me ______________________________________________________________________ to eat. ast wee , an e citing thing happened. In the middle of the night, a thief tried to open the window and ___________________________________________________________________. ___________________________________________________________________________________. I bar ed and ___________________________________________________________________________________. This scared him away and __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. _______________________________________________________________________ hugged me tightly, and everyone ________________________________________________________________. I love ____________ very much, and I am happy to live with _________________________________________________________________. Writing 12 77 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___81 / 96
R6 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Spit eeps our mouths moist and softens our food when we chew. ithout spit in our mouths, we would have a hard time tal ing and swallowing. ut for some animals, spit wor s better after it has left the mouth. Some animals are e perts at surviving because they are expert spitters. Llamas are animals that li e their personal space. llama that feels threatened or annoyed will spit slimy gobs at you to get you to leave it alone. Sometimes, llamas even spit on each other to steal food lama spit includes food from the llama s stomach, and it can be quite smelly. hen a llama spits on another animal, the animal usually loses its appetite and wal s away, leaving its food behind. he archer fish is a very s illed spitter. It aims and spits ets of water at insects and other small creatures to noc them into the water. hen, it gulps them down quic ly. Spitting cobras are also nown for their e pert aim. hese sna es spray venom from their fangs to protect themselves. Scientists believe that these sna es actually aim for the eyes hen the cobra s venom gets into the eyes of an animal, the venom causes terrible pain and even blindness. his gives the sna e plenty of time to get away. 1 ow does spit help human beings Ans. 2 ow do spitting cobras protect themselves Ans. 78 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___82 / 96
rite the present continuous tense form of each of the given words. a wal b) believe – c) spit – he meaning of appetite is . atch the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) moist A) continuing to live b) surviving poison c) venom C) slightly wet Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Survival can become a difficult tas for animals in the wild especially if you are smaller or slower than your predators. How do these animals save themselves hey adapt themselves in numerous ways to survive. ne of the ways animals adapt themselves is through camouflage. hen the fur or the s in of certain animals changes colour to match their surroundings, it is called a camouflage . wls, for e ample, have brown feathers that help them loo li e the trees around them during the daytime and stay concealed. Some animals have the ability to change the colour of their s in to match their environment. Chameleons are often described as the quic change artists of the animal ingdom, but rabbits are a great e ample as well. heir fur changes colour depending on the season. Some insects, instead of blending in with their environment, appear entirely different. his deters animals from attac ing them. he praying mantis and hylliidae are some of the most remar able leaf mimics. Some moths and butterflies have patterns on their Reading Comprehension 6 79 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___83 / 96
wings that ma e them loo scary and help chase away their predators. hese are some of the ways in which animals survive in the wild. 6 ow are chameleons described Ans. hy do butterflies loo scary to their predators Ans. oin the sentences using the con unctions given in brac ets. a Survival is difficult for slower animals. Survival is difficult for smaller animals. and Ans. b nimals blend in with their environment. nimals appear entirely different. (either... or) Ans. c Survival is difficult for slower animals. hey save themselves through camouflage. (so) Ans. he word from the passage that means to change the way one loo s to seem the same as one s surroundings is . 10 atch the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) concealed copy the way someone loo s, spea s or moves b) mimic discourages someone from doing something c) deters C hidden from sight 80 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___84 / 96
13 Apostrophe Contractions The words ‘to contract’ mean ‘to make smaller’. A contraction is made by combining two words to make a single word. This makes it easier to speak these words. Contractions are short forms of words. We make a contraction using the apostrophe. It is a punctuation mark that is made above the letters in a word. Observe the small mark inside the circle given below. It's Here, by using the apostrophe, we have made a contraction of the words ‘it is’. In contractions, there is no space between two words. Let us read some rules to understand how the apostrophe can be used to make contractions. Contractions with ‘is’, ‘am’ and ‘are’ Examples: a) The ‘i’ in ‘is’ is replaced by the apostrophe. a) That’s a good story. b) The ‘a’ in ‘are’ is replaced by the apostrophe. b) We’re in Class 4. c) The ‘a’ in ‘am’ is replaced by the apostrophe. c) I’m tired. she is = she’s he is = he’s why is = why’s how is = how’s that is = that’s they are = they’re you are = you're we are = we’re I am = I'm 81 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___85 / 96
Contractions with ‘will’, ‘has’, ‘have’ and ‘had’ Examples: a) It’ll be a good match. a) The ‘wi’ in ‘will’ is replaced by the apostrophe. b) He’d gone to school. b) The ‘ha’ in ‘has’, ‘have’ and ‘had’ is replaced by the apostrophe. I will = I’ll she will = she’ll he will = he’ll it will = it’ll they’ll he has = he’s you will = you’ll they will = they’d we have = we’ve they had = Contractions with ‘not’ Examples: a) The ‘o’ in ‘not’ is replaced by the apostrophe, a) She couldn’t go today. except for ‘will not’ and ‘cannot’. b) You won’t be able to see it. is not = isn’t are not = aren’t has not = hasn’t have not = haven’t was not = wasn’t will not = won’t were not = weren’t do not = don’t does not = doesn’t did not = didn’t cannot = can’t could not = couldn’t Apostrophe for singular possession The apostrophe is also used to show belonging or possession (that something belongs to someone). We use the apostrophe with the letter ‘s’ to show possession. Examples: his is aris ac et. incorrect his is ari’s ac et. correct he apostrophe has been used to show that the ac et belongs to ari. 82 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___86 / 96
There are two main rules for adding the apostrophe to show singular possession. Let’s understand them. Rule 1 : If the noun is singular, add the apostrophe + ‘s’. Example : the tail of a dog = the dog’s tail Rule 2 : If the noun is singular and ends in ‘-s’, still add the apostrophe + ‘s’. Example : the wheel of the bus = the bus’s wheel Look at the table below for more examples. singular nouns y pen’s lid is missing. singular nouns ending in ‘-s’ ell me an elephant’s story. hat cactus’s leaves are thick and spiny. his is my boss’s cabin. Apostrophe with possessive pronouns Sometimes, we may get confused between contractions and possessive pronouns. Remember that possessive pronouns do not need the apostrophe. Examples: Possessive pronouns Correct usage Incorrect usage Correct usage Incorrect usage yours your’s theirs their’s hers her’s mine mine’s its it’s ours ours’ or our’s Look at the table below to understand some common apostrophe mistakes. Expanded form could not couldn’t could n’t does not doesn’t does’nt cannot can’t cann’t they are they’re theyr’e Apostrophe 83 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___87 / 96
Difference between plurals, possessives and contractions Remember The plural form of a word shows that there is ‘more than one’ of something. ample he teachers came to school early. A possessive noun or pronoun says ‘who or what owns or has something’. ample he teacher’s pen is on the table. Contractions are words made by combining two words and leaving out one or more letters. The apostrophe takes the place of the removed letters. ample They’ve come to visit us. Exercise 1: Write the contractions of the words given below. One is done for you. a) we are we’re b) could not c) I had d) they have e) she is f) did not Exercise 2: Read the given sentences and replace the underlined words with contractions. One is done for you. a) He has seen you in class today. Ans. He’s seen you in class today. b) There is no milk in the refrigerator. Ans. 84 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___88 / 96
c) It is raining today. Ans. d) I was not home last night. Ans. e) The store will not open early. Ans. f) You should not cheat. Ans. Exercise 3: Rewrite each sentence by adding the apostrophe to show ownership or contractions wherever required. One is done for you. a) How did Ramus bike break? Ans. How did Ramu’s bike break? b) I want to borrow Sheilas book. Ans. c) The classs answers confused the teacher. Ans. Apostrophe 85 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___89 / 96
d y sisters scarf didnt blow away in the wind. Ans. e) The childrens toys broke as theyd not been careful. Ans. f) That dogs collar is colourful. Ans. Exercise 4: Rewrite the sentences by correcting the usage of the apostrophe. One is done for you. (Hints: The apostrophe may not be needed in a few places.) a) Jess’ phone fell on the floor. Ans. Jess’s phone fell on the floor. b) Youv’e not seen my dress yet. Ans. c) That scooter is their’s. Ans. d) The cats’ tail moved from side to side as it was happy. Ans. e) They couldv’e come today. Ans. 86 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___90 / 96
f) Texa’ss population is not very high. Ans. Exercise 5: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the options given in brackets. One is done for you. Faiza wanted to go camping. She’d read an article about a wildlife camp (She’d/Sh’ed) in anha and was very e cited to oin it. friend (Faizas/Faiza’s) vni was also interested in . So, she wanted to go (animals/animal’s) along as well. Apostrophe 87 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___91 / 96
made all their preparations and were ready (Theyd/They’d) to leave. heir camp met them at the railway (leader’s/leaders) station. They showed the two girls the way to their bus. The (buses/bus’s) seats were very comfortable. Exercise 6: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the options given in brackets. One is done for you. I have a big family. I live with my parents and grandfather. y (parent’s/parents) brother and his son also live with us. I have a (father’s/fathers) brother as well. a happy family. (Wer’e/We’re) 88 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___92 / 96
been making a family tree on a chart. (I’ve/Iv’e) ll my also made them for their families. y (friends/friend’s) teacher heard about this activity and said that its/it’s interesting! Apostrophe 89 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___93 / 96
W13 Writing Formal Writing Explanatory paragraph writing Exercise 1: Hasib is camping overnight in the jungle with his father. Write a paragraph, explaining how he can spend the night safely in the jungle. Use the hints given below to write your paragraph. Hints: hat are the things that he should carry hat are the things that he should do hat are the things that he should not do 90 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___94 / 96
Creative Writing Dialogue writing Exercise 2: Write a dialogue between two friends who are discussing their favourite modes of transport. Use the hints given below to help you write. Hints: a e sure that the friends greet each other. hey can start tal ing about one of their travel e periences and the mode of transport they used. he friends can mention each of their favourite modes of transport and why they prefer them. hey can tal about modes of transport that are more environment friendly than others. Writing 13 91 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___95 / 96
92 51704174_BGM_Traveller G4 English GC Part 2_TEXT.pdf___96 / 96
Search
