202110292-MAGNOLIA-STUDENT-TEXTBOOK-LOOK_AND_LEARN-G02-PART2

LOOK AND LEARN TEXTBOOK – PART 2 2 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________

Preface IMAX partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. IMAX Program presents the latest version of the Magnolia series. The Magnolia series endeavours to be faithful to the spirit of the prescribed board curriculum. The Magnolia Look and Learn textbooks and workbooks envisage language learning through concerns pertaining to the learners’ immediate environment. They recognise the potential of languages available in the classroom for the enhancement of cognitive abilities along with language proficiency and sensitivity. They also strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. The themes of the lessons are aligned with the themes recommended for English by the prescribed board curriculum. The books are split into two parts to manage the bag weight. The Magnolia Look and Learn textbooks and workbooks offer the following features:  Interactive content that engages learners through a range of open- ended questions that build curiosity and initiate exploration of the immediate environment  Effective use of visual elements to enable learning of personal relationships, the neighbourhood, and the larger community  A focus on vocabulary building through observable materials, structures, processes and phenomena  Integrated learning of values and life skills  Promotion of participatory and contextualised learning through the engagement of all relevant stakeholders in the learning process Overall, the IMAX Magnolia Look and Learn textbooks, workbooks and teacher companion books aim to enhance language acquisition through exploration of the learners’ immediate physical, social and cultural experiences. They also hope to inculcate healthy habits, skills and values among learners to help them become responsible individuals. – The Authors

Textbook Features Let Us Learn About Think Contains the list of learning objectives to Introduces the concept/subtopic and be achieved in the lesson arouses curiosity among students Understanding Remembering Explains the aspects in detail that form Introduces new concepts to build on the the basis of the concept prerequisite knowledge/skills required to Includes elements to ensure that students understand and apply the objective of are engaged throughout the topic Application Amazing Facts Connects the concept to real-life Fascinating facts and trivia related to situations by enabling students to apply the concept what has been learnt through the practice questions Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Encourages students to extend the concept learnt to advanced application scenarios Activity Time Provides for hands-on experience with creating, designing and implementing something innovative and useful

Contents Class 2 9 Dear Drops...........................................Neighbourhood and Community at Large��� 1 1 0 Game of Lights....................................Science and Technology������������������������������� 5 1 1 Air Around Us.......................................Science and Technology������������������������������� 9 1 2 Uses of Plants.......................................Science and Technology����������������������������� 13 1 3 Creep and Crawl................................Science and Technology����������������������������� 17 1 4 Chips and Fries....................................Health and Reproductive Health����������������� 21 Activity Time – B����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24 Activity B1: Pinwheels Activity B2: Carton Bugs 1 5 Animal Homes.....................................S. cience and Technology����������������������������� 26 1 6 Clothes We Wear.................................S. cience and Technology����������������������������� 30 1 7 Moving Around....................................Travel and Tourism���������������������������������������� 34 Activity Time – C���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39 Activity C1: Snow House Activity C2: Red, Green and Yellow

Lesson Dear Drops 9 Let Us Learn About R the use of water for living things. U the importance of water. A the wastage and shortage of water. H how the need for water differs in plants and animals. Think Look at the given picture. Many animals have come to drink the water here. Do you think everyone will drink the same amount of water? Remembering All living things, be it plants or animals, need water to live. We know that the water we use every day is freshwater. We use this water for drinking and cooking. We also need water for bathing, washing clothes, cleaning and so on. 1

drinking cooking bathing brushing teeth cleaning vessels mopping the floor washing clothes We also need water to grow the plants in our gardens and fields. Plants and animals also need water. Plants need water for making food. Animals need water for drinking and bathing. Some plants and animals can only live in water. watering garden plants animals need water some plants and to drink and bathe animals live in water Understanding We have seen that all living things need water. What will happen if there is no water? Let us find out. 2

If plants do not get water, they will start drying. If they do not get water for many days, they will dry and die. What happens if we don’t get water to drink? We will feel thirsty. We will feel tired. If we don’t drink water for a longer time, we may fall ill. We need to keep ourselves clean by taking a bath. If there plant without water is no water, we cannot take a bath. We may become sick because of germs. Animals also need water. If they do not get water to drink they too will become sick. feeling thirsty Application Water is important. So, we should not waste water. What do you do with the leftover water in your water bottles? Do you throw it away? We should use leftover water in our bottles to wash hands or water plants. We all get water from rain. What happens if there is wastage of water little rain? There will be less water. When we do not get enough water for our use, we have a shortage of water. Sometimes, due to the absence of rain for a longer time, a place may become completely dry. There will be no water available. This is called a drought. During drought a drought, the land dries and cracks appear. Plants dry up as they do not get water. Animals die as they get nothing to eat or drink. Amazing Facts If our bodies do not get enough water, our memories may be affected. Then we may find it difficult to remember things properly. Dear Drops 3

Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) The need for water is not the same for all living things. Some animals and plants need more water than others. Some can live with little or no water. Let us see some examples. • Kangaroo rats do not need to drink water. They live in dry and hot places. They save the water that they get from their food(seeds). • C amels need less water than other animals. They drink large amounts of water at a time. Then they can go for a long time without water. kangaroo rat camel • Elephants require a lot of water to drink. They also require water to bathe and cool their bodies. • Plants like the cactus grow elephant cactus in dry areas and need less water to grow than other plants. Have you noticed that small plants dry out quickly? Find out the reason behind it. The need for water depends on the size of the body and types of activities done. Big animals and trees may need more water. We may drink more water after playing outdoors. If we sit idle, we may not feel thirsty. The need for water also depends on the climate and season. For example, plants and animals need more water in the summer than in winter. In summer, we feel thirsty more often. 4

Lesson Game of Lights 10 Let Us Learn About R shadows. U shadow formation. A changes in shadows formed by sunlight. H uses of objects based on the amount of light passing through them. Think Look at the picture. The boy in the picture is Ali. He likes to make various shapes on the walls in front of the light. Have you ever tried it? Remembering When we stand out in the Sun, we can see a dark shape on the ground. It looks similar to us. It moves as we move. Do you know what it is? It is called a shadow. shadows formed due to sunlight 5

A shadow is a dark shape formed when an object blocks the path of light. Not all objects form shadows. Let us see which objects form shadows and which do not. Some objects allow light to pass through objects that allow light them. They do not block the light. So, they to pass through them do not form shadows. We can see through these objects. For example, glass and water. Some objects allow only some light to pass through them. They form shadows, but the shadows are not very dark. We cannot see through these objects properly. objects that allow only some light to pass through them Some objects do not allow light to pass through them at all. These objects form dark shadows. We cannot see through these objects at all. For example, your body does not allow light to pass through it. It forms a shadow when light falls on it. We cannot see through our bodies. Other examples are the walls of our houses, a blackboard and so on. objects that do not allow light to pass through them Some objects can throw back all a mirror the light which falls on them. throws back For example, a mirror throws all the light back the light. 6

Understanding We have seen that a shadow is formed when an object blocks the path of light. Have you ever noticed the path of light? It is a straight line. Shadows are always formed opposite to the source of light. straight path of light If you stand outdoor in the Sun, on which side is your shadow formed? It is on the side opposite to the Sun. If the Sun is on our left, the shadow will be on our right side. If the Sun is in front of us, our shadow is formed behind us. If it is above us, our shadow will be below us. shadows are formed opposite to the source What do we feel when we stand in of light the shadow of a tree or a building? We feel cool. Are the shadows formed always of the same sizes as that shadows are cool of the objects? No. They appear in different sizes. What is the reason for this? If the object is close to the light source, the shadow formed is of a bigger size. As the object moves away from the light source, the shadow becomes smaller. different shadows of the same object Application Have you seen your shadow in the mornings? What does it look like? The shadow is long. Have you seen your shadow at noon? What do you find? The shadow is short. Have you seen your shadow in the evenings? The shadow is longer. Game of Lights 7

What happens after sunset? Our shadow disappears after sunset, as there is no sunlight. shadows formed by sunlight Amazing Facts Storytelling using shadow puppets started thousands of shadow puppetry years ago. In this, the characters of the story are placed between the light and the screen. This forms the shadows on the screen. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Can you guess why we use glass panes to make windows? Why are our spectacles made of glass? We need to see through these objects. Glass does not block light. So we can see through it. What will happen if we use glass panes to make the walls of our glass windows help us see through house? Everything in our house will be seen from the outside. So, we use wood, bricks and stones to walls of the house make walls. They do not let light pass do not let us see through them. Hence, we are unable through to see through the walls of houses. Why do we use sunglasses when we go out in the Sun? sunglasses protect our Sunglasses let only some of the sunlight pass through eyes from the bright them. Thus, we are protected from bright sunlight. light 8

Lesson Air Around Us 11 Let Us Learn About R the air around us. U moving air. a the uses of air. H warm and cool air. Think We breathe air that is around us. Can we see air? Why do you think air is important for us? Remembering Air is all around us. It is like a big blanket that surrounds us. But we cannot see it. We can only feel it. Air has no smell, shape and colour. It does not stay in one place. It moves from one place to another. Let us learn some more things about air. 9

1) Air has weight: Fill two balloons with air, and tie them on a hanger. Remove air from one balloon. The other balloon drops down. This shows that air has weight. two balloons filled with air air is removed from one balloon 2) Air fills up space: Anything that has weight fills up space. As air has weight, it fills up space too. When we blow air into a balloon, it gets bigger in a boy filling up a balloon size. This shows that air needs space. Understanding THE MOVING AIR When we fly a kite, why does it move? Why does a pinwheel spin? These happen due to moving air. Moving air is called the wind. A gentle or a slow wind is called a breeze. All of us enjoy a cool breeze. a girl flying a kite a spinning When the wind is strong and blows very pinwheel fast, we call it a storm. Storms can cause damage to trees and houses. There are different types of storms. • Some storms bring in heavy rain, lightning and thunder. They are called thunderstorms. • Some storms carry dust with them. These storms are called dust storms. • The storms that carry sand are called sand storms. • Storms that bring snowfall are called snow storms. a thunderstorm 10

a dust storm a sand storm a snow storm Application You have learnt about the different forms of moving air. Now, let us learn how air is useful to us. USES OF AIR 1) All living things need air to breathe. 2) We also need air for burning candle goes out when things. For example, when a covered with a glass burning candle is covered with breathing in air a glass, it blows out after some time. This happens because there is no air left inside the glass to keep the candle burning. 3) Air gives shape to things. tyre, balloon and football filled with air Things like tyres, balloons and footballs get their shapes only after we fill them with air. 4) Air helps the clothes to dry faster. 5) Air helps boats to sail. clothes hung out to dry sailing boat Air Around Us 11

Amazing Facts Air is lighter than water. Things filled with air float on water. That is why swimming tubes help us to float on water. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) When the air becomes warm, it becomes light in weight. So, it moves up. If we burn some dry leaves, we can see small things get blown up in the air. Due to the fire, the air becomes warm and moves upward. It carries the small pieces of burnt leaves up. Warm air moves faster than cold air. Let us do one activity. fire You should take the help of your teacher or parents to do this. Put a balloon on the neck of a bottle. Keep the bottle in a pan of boiling water. What do we see? The balloon increases in size. What will happen if we keep the bottle in a pan of cold water? There is no change in the size of the balloon. Warm air takes more space than cold air. 12

Lesson Uses of Plants 12 Let Us Learn About R the things we get from plants. U useful plant parts. A plant products. H the uses of the coconut tree. Think You find sugar, spices, flour, dal, oil and rice in the kitchen. Where do all these things come from? Remembering We have already learnt about the parts of a plant. Let us learn about the different things that we get from plants. vegetables tea fruits coffee oil sugar spices chocolate 13

perfumes soaps medicines paper tables and chairs garlands others Understanding The different parts of plants are useful to us in many ways. We use roots, stems, leaves, flowers or fruits of plants. The cereals and pulses that we eat are the seeds of some plants. Example: various dals, rajma and so on. Roots we eat Stems we eat Leaves we eat beetroot carrot potato onion spinach lettuce Flowers we eat Fruits we eat Seeds we eat broccoli cauliflower mango banana pulses We get spices like cloves and pepper from plants. They make our food tasty. We get oil from the seeds of plants like the sunflower. oil from sunflower seeds pepper clove 14

We get tea, coffee and cocoa from the leaves or seeds of plants. tea leaves tea coffee beans coffee We get sugar from sugar cane. Cocoa beans are used to make delicious chocolates. sugar cane sugar cocoa beans chocolate We get perfumes from the stems or flowers of plants like jasmine. We also use flowers to make beautiful garlands. jasmine perfume rose garlands Plants like the neem and amla are used to prepare medicines. neem amla medicine Tree trunks give us wood for making tables, chairs, spoons, paper and so on. We get rubber from plants. Ropes and cloth are also made from plants. table and chairs tree trunk paper Uses of Plants 15

Application We have seen how parts of plants are useful to us. Let us see how some plant products are made using such plant parts. 1) Let us see how chocolate is made from cocoa beans. cocoa cocoa add sugar, hot mix well chocolate beans powder water, butter and jute bags milk 2) We can make prints on clothes using plant colours. Some vegetables like carrot, beetroot and spinach are used to make colours. 3) Jute bags are made from plants. vegetable prints They can be used in place of on clothes plastic bags. Amazing Facts Did you know a real chocolate river was made using water, chocolate and cream, for the movie Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory? It started smelling after a few days! Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Some plants have many uses. Different parts may be used in different ways. Find out the uses of a coconut tree. Make a list of things you can make using its parts. 16

Lesson Creep and Crawl 13 Let Us Learn About R insects around us. U the places where insects live. A useful insects and harmful insects. H how spiders catch and eat insects. Think Rajat found a small, green, creeping animal on a leaf in the garden. He wants to know about that animal. Do you know its name? Remembering The small, creeping animal Rajat found in his garden is a caterpillar. It has many legs. We see many such small animals in and around our house. Do you know their names? ant housefly cockroach 17

butterfly grasshopper mosquito These small animals are called insects. Life cycle of a butterfly They creep and crawl. They have six eggs legs. Some insects have wings and can fly. For example, a butterfly, bee, mosquito and so on. Ants and termites are examples of insects which cannot fly. Many insects have different stages in their butterfly caterpillar lives. When they hatch from the egg, they look different. They change their shape and size many times before they become fully grown. For example, a butterfly is first in the form pupa of a caterpillar. Then it becomes a pupa. Later it changes to an adult butterfly. Understanding Where do insects live? We can find some insects like ants in the soil. Insects such as honeybees and butterflies are found on plants. Cockroaches are found inside houses. We can find them in cracks of walls, waste water pipes and so on. During the day, they hide in dark corners of the houses. They come out at night. Insects like bees and ants live in colonies. Colonies are groups of insects living together. Have you ever seen anthills or beehives? These are the colonies of ants and honeybees. 18

ants – anthill honeybees – beehive We can find different types of ants in and around our houses. Certain kinds of ants make their colonies on trees. Why do some insects hide? They hide to protect themselves from their enemies. ant colony on a tree Application Some of the insects that we see in our surroundings are useful to us. Useful Insects Honeybees store honey in their hives. We take this honey and use it in our food and in the preparation of medicines. Beehives are made up of beeswax. We use this wax in medicines. Beeswax is also used to make candles. honey candles made from beeswax Harmful Insects mosquito biting Some insects like flies, mosquitoes and bed bugs are harmful to us. They carry germs. When they bite us, these germs enter our body and make us sick. Creep and Crawl 19

Insects like cockroaches and ants eat the stored food items. They can also damage our clothes. cockroach eating a bread ants taking stored grains cloth eaten by ants Some insects are harmful to the plants we insects eat and damage the leaf grow. They eat up their leaves and fruits. Amazing Facts Did you know that honeybees and butterflies help the flowers to grow into fruits? Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Have you seen spiders in or around your house? Are they insects? No. They are not insects. Unlike insects, they have eight legs. Spiders catch and eat many insects using their webs. You may have seen a spider web in or around your house. It may still be in use by a spider. Or it may be an old and dusty one called a cobweb. Spiders spin webs to catch small insects like flies. The a spider web threads of the web are sticky. So, insects get stuck on the web. Spiders eat those insects. Spiders build their webs between trees or in corners of rooms. Let’s do: Make a spider web with ice cream sticks and thread as shown in the picture. 20

Lesson Chips and Fries 14 Let Us Learn About R junk food. U why junk food is bad for health. A the health problems caused by junk food. H how healthy food is better than junk food. Think Farhat likes to eat pizzas and burgers very often. But her parents do not allow her to eat those food items. Why do you think so? Remembering We eat a variety of food items every day. Food gives us energy, helps us to grow and keeps us healthy. Some items are tasty but not so good for health. Can you name the food items given in the picture? We all like to have food items like pizzas, burgers, samosa, chaat, noodles, chips, chocolates and so on. We like them because they are tasty. But, these food items contain a lot of sugar, salt, oil, cheese and so on. If eaten often, they are not good for our health. So, such food items are called junk food. It does not give nutrients to our body. 21

Understanding We have seen that junk food contains a lot of sugar, salt, oil, cheese and butter. It is not good for health. Why is it tasty, but not good for health? Let us find out. 1) Junk food is usually not fresh food. Many other say ‘no’ to junk food harmful items are added to it. These things make it tasty and ready to eat. Eating too much of junk food causes health problems. 2) The food that we eat should contain nutrients like vitamins and minerals. They keep us healthy. They help us grow. They also protect us from sickness. Junk food does not contain these nutrients. So, we should avoid eating junk food. We should eat many healthy food items. They should include: • Food that gives us energy, for example, rice and roti. • Food that makes us strong and helps us grow, for example, dal, milk and eggs. • Food that protects us from sickness, healthy food for example, fruits and vegetables. Application Junk food causes many health problems: unwell child 1) Our stomach is not able to break down such food easily. So, we will get stomach problems. 2) It makes us fat, weak and lazy. 3) It affects our growth. 4) Children eating junk food fall ill very often. 22

Amazing Facts A single can of Coca-Cola has about 8 –10 teaspoons of sugar in it! If you drink a can of Coca-Cola every day for a month, it is equal to almost a whole bag of sugar! Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Let us compare junk food with healthy food. Healthy food Junk food It is useful for our body. It harms us in many ways. It helps us to grow. It harms our growth. It keeps us strong, fit and fine. It may make us weak and sick. It is freshly prepared. It may not be fresh. It does not have any harmful items in It may have harmful items added to it. it. These make it easy to cook and taste good. Here are some junk food items. Find out what makes them junk. One is done for you: French fries Oil and salt make them junk. samosas ___________________________________________________________ burger soft drinks ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Chips and Fries 23

Activity Time – B Make sure you do these activities only with the help of a teacher or an adult. Activity B1: Pinwheels A pinwheel is a child’s simple toy made of paper. The wheel spins when blown on by a person or breeze. You will need: coloured paper, pin, pencil and scissors You need to: 1) begin with a square piece of paper. 2) fold your square, corner to corner, and then unfold. 3) make a pencil mark about one-third of the way from the centre along the folded line. 4) cut along fold lines upto your pencil mark. 5) fold alternate corners into the centre, and stick a pin through all four corners. 6) fix the pinwheel to a stick or straw. Your pinwheel is ready to spin! 24

Activity B2: Carton Bugs Let us make some carton bugs at home. You will need: egg cartons, scissors, paint, paintbrushes, wiggle eyes, markers, pipe cleaners and a hole punch You need to: 1) separate the egg cartons into various sizes using a pair of scissors. Make some that have only one cup, some with two cups and some with as many as four or five (for caterpillars). 2) choose what type of bugs you want to make. One cup works well for a spider; two work well for a bigger insect; three or more work well for a caterpillar. 3) paint your bug in any colour you wish. Let it dry. 4) place the carton upside down once it is dry, so that the bump is on top. Using a single- hole punch, punch holes at the base of the cup where you want the legs. For a spider, punch four holes on each side. (This step should be done under a teacher’s supervision.) 5) thread the pipe cleaners through the holes to create legs. 6) decorate the bugs using wiggle eyes, glitter, feathers and so on. Activity Time – B 25

Lesson Animal Homes 15 Let Us Learn About R shelters of wild and domestic animals. U benefits of shelters to animals. a zoos and national parks. H animal shelters in different seasons. Think Sam was playing outside his house. He found two little birds chirping on a nearby tree. Suddenly it started to rain. He rushed to reach his house. He wondered, what would happen to those birds. Where would they go to be safe during the rain? Remembering Like us, animals also need places where they can live. The places where animals live are called shelters. Let us learn about the shelters of different kinds of animals around us. Shelters of Domestic Animals We build shelters for domestic animals like cows, buffaloes, goats, dogs, horses and so on. cowshed kennel stable 26

Shelters Wild animals live in a variety of shelters such as caves, burrows, of Wild nests and so on. Some of them build shelters. Some use the Animals shelters made by other animals. Birds mostly live on trees. They build nests to lay eggs. Nests are made of grass, twigs, leaves, threads, straw and so on. Twigs are small broken branches and sticks. Nests of all birds are not alike. Some birds do not make any efforts to build nests. For example, pigeons find shelters in gaps in walls, sunshades of windows and so on. twigs nests shelters of pigeons Rats and rabbits live underground in fields. They dig holes and burrows in the soil to live. Rats are also be found near houses and public places. They make holes in the walls and floors of houses made of mud. rabbits, rats and mice live in burrows snake hole Snakes do not build their shelters. They live in the holes and burrows made by other animals. We have seen that insects anthill beehive mostly use trees or soil as their shelters. Some of them build shelters for themselves. For example, ants build anthills, bees make hives, and so on. Animal Homes 27

Frogs live in moist places. They can live on the ground or trees. Tigers and lions live in caves. Monkeys live on trees. frogs live on the ground or trees lions in a cave monkey on a tree Understanding Why do animals need shelters? 1) Shelters protect them from the harsh weather: Shelters protect animals from the rain, wind, hot Sun and very cold weather. 2) Shelters protect them from their enemies: They help them to hide from the animals who eat them. Shelters also protect the young ones from their enemies. 3) S ome animals like birds need shelters to lay eggs and feed their young ones: There are many animals which eat the eggs of birds. So, birds need a safe place to lay their eggs. They build nests in such places where other animals cannot reach them easily. birds use nests to lay eggs and feed their young ones Application You have learnt about the shelters of wild animals. They are their natural homes. But sometimes we see wild animals like the lion, tiger, elephant and monkey in a zoo. Zoos are man-made shelters of these animals. We build zoo them. In the zoos, animals get food and are safe from their enemies. But they are not free. They are kept in cages. 28

Some forest areas are protected as national parks to save national park the animals and their natural shelters. There, the animals can live freely. Cutting trees or killing animals in these areas is against the law. Amazing Facts Jim Corbett National Park is the oldest national park in India. It was set up in 1936 to protect the endangered Bengal tiger. Bengal tiger Jim Corbett National Park Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) The shelters of animals do not give enough protection from extreme hot or cold climate. What do animals do on such days? Let us see. Some animals travel to warm places to escape the extremely cold climate. For example, birds fly to faraway places to escape from the cold winters. Some animals go into a deep sleep to birds travel to faraway places escape the cold weather and shortage of food. These animals go to a cave or a burrow to sleep. In a hot climate, some animals go for a summer sleep. They bury themselves in the ground to avoid the heat. For example, crocodiles and some kinds of frogs move underground where it is cold and more moist to sleep. animals go to a deep winter sleep a frog sleeping underground Animal Homes 29

Lesson Clothes We Wear 16 Let Us Learn About R different types of clothes we wear. U the need for different types of clothes. A clothes in different regions. H how tailors stitch our clothes. Think We wear different types of clothes. Why do we wear clothes? Why do we need different types of clothes? Remembering We wear different kinds of clothes. Do all the clothes that we wear look and feel the same? No. Some clothes are rough while some are soft. Some are thick and some are thin. Some clothes are smooth and silky. The clothes we wear to different places and occasions differ. What do you wear to school? You wear a uniform to school. We wear night clothes when we go to bed. We wear special clothes during parties, festivals and other occasions. 30

school uniform nightwear party wear Clothes we wear also vary with the season. We use thin cotton clothes in summer and thick woollen clothes in winter. During the rainy season, we wear clothes which easily dry. We use raincoats when we go out in the rains. summer clothes winter clothes clothes for rain We may use different types of clothes at the workplace. Certain types of jobs need special clothes. For example, police, doctors and lawyers wear special clothes. police doctor lawyer Understanding Why do we wear clothes? We wear clothes to cover and protect our body. Clothes protect us from heat, cold, rain and dust. Clothes We Wear 31

Why do we need different types of clothes? Can you go to school wearing your night dress? Or can you sleep comfortably in your school uniform? No. While sleeping, we need soft and loose night clothes to sleep well. For school, we need a well-ironed and clean school uniform. Similarly, the clothes we wear should be suitable for the weather. Summers are hot, so we wear thin cotton clothes. Cotton allows air to pass through it. It soaks the sweat. So, cotton clothes keep us cool in summer. Winters are cold. During winter, we need thick clothes to protect our body from the cold weather. So, we wear woollen clothes. They keep us warm. During the rainy season, we need waterproof clothes. So, we wear raincoats. They are made from plastic or rubber. They do not allow water to get in. They protect us from getting wet in the rains. Why do people use special clothes at work? Special clothes are suitable for the kind of job they do. They also protect them. For example, firefighters need clothes to protect them from fire. Do you know why you all wear uniforms to school? Find out. Application We discussed the need for different types of clothes. Do people at different places wear the same kind of clothes? Let us find out. Traditional clothes differ across the states and regions of our country. For example, in Rajasthan, men wear dhoti, kurta, angarkha and paggar(safa). Women wear long skirts called the ghagra and tops known as kanchli. Kashmiri men and women wear poots and pheran. In Assam, women wear mekhela chadar, while the men wear dhoti and gamosa. People in different regions may wear the same type of clothes in various ways. For example, the way women wear saree is different across regions. 32

Kashmiri woman people of Assam Rajasthani women Amazing Facts In olden times, human beings did not know how to make clothes. They used leaves, barks of trees and animal skins as clothes. a man wearing animal skin Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Have you ever been to a tailoring shop? A tailor is a person who stitches clothes. A tailor uses a measuring tape to take measurements. Have you seen how he or she takes measurements? He or she uses scissors to cut clothes in the proper shape. A sewing machine is used to stitch. Thread and needle are used to sew clothes. measuring tape, scissors, thread and needle a tailor stitching clothes Clothes We Wear 33

Lesson Moving Around 17 Let Us Learn About R the different types of transportation. U transport vehicles. A traffic rules. H people who help us in transportation. Think paper boat Reena likes to make paper boats and watch them float on water. Have you ever seen a real boat or travelled in one? How is it different from a car? Remembering A car travels on land. But a boat travels Types/means of transportation through water. Are there any other ways by which we can travel? Let us find out. We need to travel for various purposes. We water land air railways also need to carry our belongings from one place to another. We can travel and move our goods through land, water or air. These roadways are the types of transportation. Transportation means carrying people or goods from one place to another. We have roadways and railways for transportation through land. 34

We use the land type of transport to travel short distances. Water and air transport are used to travel to faraway places. Air type of transport is faster than land and water transportation. Understanding For all types of transport, we need vehicles to carry people and goods. two-wheelers three-wheelers Example: car for land four-wheelers transport, boat for water vehicles with more than transport, aeroplane for air four wheels transport. Vehicles have wheels. The number of wheels may differ in different vehicles. Air transport vehicles may also have wings to help them fly. Let us learn about the vehicles used in each type. VEHICLES FOR LAND TRANSPORT 1) Roadways: For roadways, we use vehicles such as bicycles, scooters, auto-rickshaws, cars, buses, trucks and so on. All these vehicles need roads to run. Buses pick and drop people at bus stops or bus stations. bicycle scooter auto-rickshaw car bus truck road bus station Moving Around 35

2) Railways: Trains are railway transport vehicles. Trains are of different types. Some of them carry only goods. They are called goods trains. Trains travel faster than road transport vehicles. Trains need railway tracks to run. Trains pick and drop people and goods from railway stations. goods train railway track railway station VEHICLES FOR WATER TRANSPORT Water transport vehicles include rafts, boats, ships and so on. Ships carry people and goods across the ocean to different countries. Boats and rafts are smaller than ships. They can be used to travel shorter distances through water. ships Ships need ports for loading(picking) and unloading(dropping) people and goods. boats port rafts 36

VEHICLES FOR AIR TRANSPORT Air transport vehicles include helicopters, aeroplanes, hot-air balloons and so on. helicopter aeroplane hot-air balloon Air transport vehicles need special places to take off and land. Planes need airports with runways. Helicopters need helipads. airport with runways helipad Transport vehicles can be for public or private use. For example, trains, buses, aeroplanes and auto-rickshaws. Sometimes, people need fire brigade police van ambulance help urgently. It is called an emergency. Special vehicles are used in such cases. For example, fire brigades, police vans, ambulances and so on. Application The rules which we need to follow on the roads are sign boards called traffic rules. We need rules on the road so that we can travel easily and safely. You must have seen some sign boards on the road. You may have also seen some lines and markings on the road. These signs and lines help us to use the roads safely. Moving Around 37

What do your parents tell you while crossing a road? They may tell you to cross the road using the zebra crossing. They may also tell you not to run across the road or cross the road in a hurry without looking at traffic lights. Why should we cross the road at the zebra crossing? Find zebra crossing out. You have seen traffic lights on the roads. These lights control the movement of vehicles on road junctions. They have three lights: red, yellow and green. The red light says ‘stop’ to the vehicles. The yellow light says ‘slow down/be ready to stop’. A green light says ‘go’. Have you seen people in uniform near traffic signals? They are traffic police. They ensure that everybody follows traffic signal traffic rules. If anyone does not follow the traffic rules, he or she will have to pay a fine. Amazing Facts Did you know there are some vehicles which can run on roads as well as on or under water? They are called amphibious vehicles. an amphibious vehicle Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) You have learnt about vehicles. Who runs these vehicles? Who takes care of them? The people who drive a car, bus or truck are called drivers. People who fly aeroplanes are called pilots. People who work on ships and boats are called sailors and captains. Many other people work to make transportation easy and safe. Can you list other people who take care of other public transport? 38

Activity Time – C Make sure you do these activities only with the help of a teacher or an adult. Activity C1: Snow House Igloos or ice houses are generally built of snow and ice in very cold places. An igloo is a dome-shaped building, with blocks of snow placed one on top of the other. You will need: all-purpose glue, old newspapers, black and white paints, masking tape You need to: 1) create papier(paper) mache glue by mixing the entire contents of a glue bottle with one-fourth cup of water in a bowl. Set aside. 2) cut the papers into thin strips. 3) take an inflated balloon and secure it by using a couple of pieces of tape. 4) draw outlines for the bottom of the igloo and the doorway. 5) dip strips into the glue mixture, making sure to completely soak the paper. Remove the excess glue and lay the strips over the surface of the balloon. Try to keep to one layer. It helps to dry quickly. Also, try to have the pieces criss-cross and overlap. 6) make a doorway to the igloo by using a curved mould and applying the same method. 39

7) allow everything to dry and leave it overnight to become hard. 8) deflate the balloon slowly. 9) trim off the marker lines to make the entrance. 10) paint the igloo white. Let it dry. Then, paint a brick pattern using black paint. Activity C2: Red, Green and Yellow Traffic lights are very important in maintaining public safety and order on the road. You will need: red, yellow, green and black construction paper, scissors, glue sticks, markers, an ice cream stick and a circle shaped button or bottle cap to trace circles You need to: 1) use a circle-shaped button or bottle cap to draw circles on the red, green and yellow papers. 2) cut out the circles. 3) cut a rectangle from the black construction paper. 4) paste the rectangle vertically on the ice cream stick. 5) stick the red circle on the top, yellow circle in the middle and the green circle at the bottom of the black rectangle. You can also play the traffic lights game outdoors or indoors if enough space is available. This is how you can play the game: 1) One person calls out the instructions and pretends to direct traffic. The others follow the instructions. 2) There’s a choice of three instructions, all relating to the colour of traffic lights: ‘red’, ‘green’ or ‘yellow’. 3) If ‘red’ is called, everyone must stand very still and silent. 4) If ‘green’ is called, everyone moves around quite fast. 5) If ‘yellow’ is called, everyone moves around in slow motion. 6) Ask students to take turns to direct the traffic and give instructions. 40