202110737-PERFORM-TEACHER-TEACHER_COMPANION_BOOK-ENGLISH-G09-FY

10.2 A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal Reading Comprehension Extracts Extract 1: A slumber did my spirit seal; I had no human fears: She seemed a thing that could not feel, The touch of earthly years. No motion has she now, no force; She neither hears nor sees; Rolled round in earth’s diurnal course, With rocks, and stones, and trees. 1. What sealed the poet’s spirit? 2. What slumber is the poet talking of? 3. What could she not feel now? 4. What is meant by ‘human fears’? 5. Why can’t she hear or see? 6. What is meant by ‘earth’s diurnal course’? 7. According to the poet, what change has come in her? 8. Do you think the poet is sad or in relief? Ans: 1. The death of the loved child. 2. It is the slumber of death into which the child has gone forever. 3. She could not feel any effect of time now. 4. It means the common worries and fears of mankind. 5. It is because she is dead now. 6. It is the daily movement of the earth round the sun. 7. He thinks that she has now become a pan of nature itself. 8. The poet is in grief but there is a sense of relief also. He feels that the child has now become a pan of the whole cosmos. 51

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Reading Comprehension (Unseen Passage) I. Read the following passage carefully. [factual] material gods. The company thinks the idea An Estonia-based design firm, Kodasema will resonate with people looking to explore a develops tiny homes that move with their new way of living. owners. The Koda Light Float homes can be assembled and taken apart in a single day, Answer the questions given below. allowing them to be transported easily. This a. What does the Estonia based company is useful for more than just digital nomads. Kodasema develop and how is it useful? In the face of rising sea levels or a hurricane, b. What contributes to the uniqueness of these residents could ostensibly have the option homes? to move their homes to a safer location. The c. How is the company’s new model different firm’s latest model, a 278 sq ft structure, sits from the original one? on a floating pontoon and can be built on both d. In what other ways, can the houses function water and land. It is well-known for its sleek other than being a living unit and why? and minimalistic design. The firm’s designer, Ular Mark, says Complete the statements. residents in Spain, France and the UK have a. Residents in Spain, France and the UK have traded mansions for traditional homes and traded ___________________________. apartments. The 2000 sq ft apartment awaits b. The company is on its ____________________ the same destiny, he says and will be soon ______________________________. swapped for even tinier spaces. However, the concept of a floating tiny home is a bit Find words from the passage which mean the ahead of its time, says the firm’s CEO, Birgit. same as those given below. “The legislative settings for floating homes in a. exchanged [para 2] different European countries are not quite in b. meet the needs of [para 5] place,” he says. Mark envisions the homes being manufactured II. Recently you happened to visit a wholesale in bulk, like cars. The design, he says, is a vegetable and fruit market. Describe the market blank canvas on which people can project based on the clues give below. their personal taste. The company has already • Vendors sitting all over the place shouting built an entire village of tiny homes in Estonia out to potential customers and is now putting the finishing touches on • Many people moving around carrying huge Koda Park, a mixed-use community with baskets or boxes on their heads its own solar technology and wastewater • Big trucks loading or unloading fruits and treatment system. vegetables The company’s original model, Koda was • An extremely noisy place, crowded and not made of heavy concrete and weighed around much space to move freely 30 tonnes. The price of that home was • Fast business – bargaining, auction and quick around 150,000 pounds. Kodasema has since disappearance of the stock introduced lighter materials like timber and • Some vendors selling tea and snacks plywood that can be recycled and last 50 Ans:: years. Birgit says that the company is on its way to building homes that start at 20,000 I. Comprehension pounds. Ans: to questions In less than 280 sq ft, residents have access to a kitchen, living room, bed room and a. Tiny homes that move with their owners; can bathroom. Since the model can be built on be assembled and taken apart in a single land, it could also function as a café, hotel, or day, allowing them to be transported easily; small business, like an artist’s studio. However, in the face of rising sea levels or a hurricane, Mark says most people see it as a living unit. residents could ostensibly have the option to The home’s minimalistic aesthetic caters to a move their homes to a safer location. growing trend of prioritising experiences over b. can be built on both water and land. It is well-known for its sleek and minimalistic de- sign; manufactured in bulk and people can 52

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) project their personal touch- Antonyms c. New ones are made of lighter materials like a. swapped timber and plywood that can be recycled and b. cater last 50 years compared to the old ones which were made of concrete and were very heavy- II. Description d. it could also function as a café, hotel, or small Key points given in the question business, like an artist’s studio as it can be built on land too- Complete the statements a. mansions for traditional homes and apart- ments. b. way to building homes that start at 20,000 pounds. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) Grammar: 1. In the given paragraph, there is an error in each b. they/jobs/a job/doing manual/prefer/some line. Edit the given paragraph. office/to/in Papaya is the healthier fruit with a list of [a] c. that/they/think/labour/degrading/manual/is properties that is long because exhaustive. d. workshops/little/own/their/up/set/can/they [b] 4. Do as directed. Papaya favours digestive as well as cures [c] a. Heavy rains had damaged the roads. [change skin irritation and burns. You can munched [d] the voice] on it as a salad, has it cooked or boiled or [e] b. Shyam is the most intelligent boy in the just drunk it up as milk shake or juice. [f] The most important of these virtue is the [g] class. [Rewrite in positive degree] protein - digesting enzyme in a milky juice. c. The children were playing in the park. [h] They saw a man staring at them. [Join the 2. In the following passage, one word has been sentences using ‘while’] omitted in each line. Supply the missing word. d. The girls saw the bangle seller. They ran towards him. [Begin with ‘As soon as’] Manufactured goods crores of rupees are being 5. Read the instructions and complete the [a] paragraph. imported every year. There is dearth food. Our • Take two slices of bread. [b] • Cut the bread into squares. industries are yet infancy. We need engineers [c] • Grate a cube of cheese. to man them. We mechanized farming to • Mix fresh cheese and cream. increase [d] • Add salt and pepper to taste. the output of corn. All is only possible if we give • Spread the cheese mixture. [e] • Top the sandwich with lettuce leaves. a technical turn to education and if skilled [f] Two slices of bread are taken. Each slice [a] labour made available. At present there are __________. A cube of cheese [b] __________. [g] Fresh cream and cheese [c] ________. Salt and very few technical institutions the country. pepper [d] __________ to taste. The cheese [h] mixture [e] __________ between two slices of bread. The sandwich [f] __________ with 3. Rearrange the jumbled sentences to form lettuce leaves. meaningful sentences. a. manual labour/most of/have a/our young 53 men/all sorts of/prejudice against/sort of

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) Ans:: 1. Editing a. healthier – healthiest b. because – and c. digestive – digestion d. munched – munch e. has – have f. drunk – drink g. virtue – virtues h. a – the 2. Omission a. goods worth crores b. dearth of food c. yet in infancy d. We need mechanized e. All this is f. to our education g. labour is made h. institutions in the 3. Jumbled words a. Most of our young men have a sort of prejudice against all sorts of manual labour. b. They prefer a job in some office to doing manu- al labour. c. They think that manual labour is degrading. d. They can set up their own little workshops. 4. Do as directed. a. The roads had been damaged by heavy rains. b. No other boy in the class is as intelligent as Shy- am. c. While the children were playing in the park, they saw a man staring at them. d. As soon as the girls saw the bangle seller, they ran towards him. 5. Complete the paragraph. a. is cut into squares b. is grated c. are mixed d. are added e. is spread f. is topped 54

11.1 If I Were You Reading Comprehension Extracts Extract 1: Intruder: Thanks a lot. You’ll soon stop being smart. I’ll make you crawl. I want to know a few things. 1. Why does the intruder think that Gerrard was being smart? 2. According to the intruder, when would Gerrard stop being smart? 3. How does Gerrard make a fool of the intruder? 4. What do you mean by ‘crawl’? Ans: 1. The intruder has threatened to kill Gerrard but Gerrard continues talking to him in a light-hearted manner. So, the intruder thought that Gerrard was being smart. 2. When he would make Gerrard crawl. 3. Gerrard doesn’t get scared of the intruder. He plays a trick on him and gets him arrested. 4. To move forward on hands and knees. Extract 2: Gerrard : This is your big surprise. I said you wouldn’t kill me and I was right. Why do you think I am here today and gone tomorrow never see trades people? You say my habits would suit you. You are a crook. Do you think I am a Sunday-school teacher? The game’s up as far as I’m concerned Things went wrong with me. I said it with bullets and got away. Unfortunately they got one of my men, and found things the fool should have burnt Tonight I’m expecting trouble. 1. Who is Gerrard talking to? 2. Why does Gerrard feel it would be useless killing him? 3. What reason does Gerrard give for living there? 4. What are Gerrard traits as revealed in these lines? Ans: 1. He is talking to an intruder. 2. He feels so because he says his killer will still be arrested. as Gerrard, if not as himself 3. He says that he is living there in order to hide himself-from the police. 4. He proves himself quite clever and quick-witted. 55

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Reading Comprehension (Unseen Passage) I. Read the following passage carefully. debate on how to address these issues [discursive] without undermining the benefits of digital False information on internet travels faster media. Governments should promote news than the truth, researchers said. But contrary literacy and strong professional journalism to popular belief, it is largely people who in their societies. The news industry must spread the misinformation, not robots. The provide high-quality journalism in order to contested news stories were tweeted by three build public trust and correct fake news and million people over 4.5 million times. wrong information without legitimizing them. To determine whether the news was true or Technology companies should invest in tools false, researchers relied on six independent that identify fake news, reduce financial fact checking organizations. ‘Falsehoods were incentives for those who profit from false news 70% more likely to be retweeted than the and improve online accountability. truth,” said the report, led by researchers at Answer the questions given below. the Massachusetts Institute for technology. It a. What or who is actually responsible for also takes true stories about six times as long spreading fake stories? to reach 1500 people as it does for false stories b. What is the time taken by true stories to to reach the same number of people. Prior reach people compared to fake ones? studies on the topic have been limited to case c. Why do people share fake stories? studies or smaller samples. d. At what time do the false stories spread Researchers say fake stories spread faster faster? because of the ‘novelty hypothesis’ which e. How do media outlets benefit from spreading suggests people share these stories because fake news? they are more surprising than real ones. f. How can the news industry contribute in Falsehoods commonly inspired replies curbing the spread of false stories? expressing surprise, fear and disgust. The g. Find a word from paragraph 3 which means truth tended to elicit sadness, anticipation, joy the same as ‘expectation’. and trust. h. Find a word from paragraph 6 which means The study also found that the amount of false the opposite of ‘disapprove’. news on Twitter is increasing and tends to II. Recently you came across the picture given spike during major events around the world. below in a newspaper. You also read that this However the perpetrators do not tend to have step was a deliberate move towards reducing huge followings. In fact, those who spread corruption which exists in the form of black false news had significantly fewer followers, money. You decide to write an article on ‘Black followed significantly fewer people, were Money – A Curse’. less active on social media, were verified less often and had been on social media sites for a 56 significantly lesser time. For media outlets, the ability to attract viewers to their websites becomes necessary to generate online advertising revenue. Publishing a story with false content that attracts users, benefits advertisers and improves ratings. Easy access to online advertisement revenue, increased political polarization and the popularity of social media have all been implicated in the spread of fake news which competes with legitimate news stories. Fake news and sophisticated misinformation campaigns are especially problematic in democratic systems, and there is growing

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Ans:: II. Article Writing I. Comprehension Key Points a. it is largely people who spread the misinforma- What is black money -Who has it - How have people tion, not robots got it – why do people feel the need for black money[ b. It also takes true stories about six times as long lack of social security] – tax evasion – hiding facts of to reach 1500 people as it does for false stories money transactions from the government agencies – to reach the same number of people. has created a huge divide between the rich and poor c. people share these stories because they are – given rise to criminal activities – funding through more surprising than real ones black money d. during major events around the world Measures to curb the evil – stringent laws; fines and e. generate online advertising revenue; improve punishments; spreading awareness ratings f. The news industry must provide high-quality journalism in order to build public trust and correct fake news and wrong information with- out legitimizing them. g. Anticipation h. letigimising PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) Grammar: 1. In the given paragraph, there is an error in each meaningful sentences. line. Edit the given paragraph. a. outlook/moods/our/are/influence/emotions/ Children are conserved to the most important that asset [a] b. influence/persist/hbad/with/hours/or/weeks/ of their countries. However improperly understanding [b] this/may/for/days/even of the parents but poverty makes them the c. out/it/talk/is/to/mood/bad/a/with/deal/to/ reason [c] for the weakness of the country besides of being way/best/the [d] d. mind/on/soothing/have/neutral/the/effect/a/ the power of the country. Most of the children ov er [e] colours the poverty line are forced to doing child labour. 4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. [f] Simran dreams [a] _____ inventing a fridge 2. In the following passage, one word has been [b] _____ can take good care of [c] _____. She omitted in each line. Supply the missing word. says that the new fridge [d] _____ have a touch screen and a hatch. The screen will display [e] Earlier considered exotic ingredient, _____ icons. All she will have to do is to press mushrooms a [a] an icon for ‘clean’ [f] _____ the fridge will common in households and eateries. self-clean. Another icon will indicate [g] _____ While the button [b] foodstuff has gone stale and she will [h] _____ mushrooms are commonly found local markets, to press a button to get it out of the fridge. [c] connoisseurs are now dishing out recipes include 5. Read the given dialogues and complete the [d] paragraph. imported varieties such truffles, porcini etc. Sonu: Tomorrow is my birthday. I want to make [e] some pastries myself. Apart their high nutritional value they also add a lot of flavor. [f] 57 3. Rearrange the jumbled sentences to form

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) Minu: We can make some black forest pastries and even weeks. also try some with fresh strawberries. c. The best way to deal with a bad mood is to talk Sonu: I have seen my mother make pastries often it out. but never tried myself. d. Neutral colours have a soothing effect on the Minu: We can also Google to find out more ways to mind. make the pastries. 4. Fill in the blanks. Sonu told Minu [a] __________ and [b] a. of __________. Minu said that [c] __________ b. that and also try some with fresh strawberries. c. itself Sonu mentioned that [d] _________ but [e] d. will __________. Minu told Sonu [f] __________ to e. some/a few find out more ways to make the pastries. f. and g. which Ans:: h. have/need 1. Editing 5. Complete the paragraph. a. that it was her birthday the next day a. to – as b. that she wanted to make some pastries herself. b. improperly – improper c. they could make some black forest pastries c. but – and d. she had seen her mother make pastries often d. besides – instead e. had never tried herself e. over – under/below f. that they could Google f. doing - do 2. Omission a. considered an exotic b. in both households c. found in local d. recipes that include e. such as truffles f. Apart from their 3. Jumbled Words a. Moods are emotions that influence our outlook. b. This influence may persist for hours, days or 58

1. Determiners Month: March - April Total Periods: 04 At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Understand and demonstrate the correct usage of determiners Key Points Determiners are words used before a noun to determine or modify a noun. Since they fix the meaning of the noun that follows them, they are also called word fixers. They restrict the meaning of the noun. DETERMINERS ARTICLES QUANTIFIERS POSSESSIVES DEMONSTRATIVES a, an, the NUMERALS some, any, my, our, much, more, your, his, her, little, less their, its this, that, these, those One, two, three, four…….. [Cardinal numbers] First, second, third, fourth………. [Ordinal numbers] Both, some, many, few, all, several, each, every, either, neither [Distributives] PRE - DETERMINERS MULTIPLIERS FRACTIONS INTENSIFIER twice, three one-third, such, what, half, three- rather, quite Etximaems,pflieves:times Examples: His burger is twice the size of mine. My bus will arrive in half an hour. It was quite a surprise. He broke both his arms in the accident. 59

1. Determiners Month: March - April Total Periods: 04 ‘A few’ is more than ‘few’. ‘A few’ is a positive idea. - Fortunately, our financial situation is good: We still have a few good customers. ‘Few’ is a negative idea. It means ‘almost none’ - I’m very sad: I have few good friends. We use ‘a few’ and ‘few’ + a plural countable noun. ‘A little’ is more than ‘little’. ‘A little’ is a positive idea. It means ‘not much, but some’. - I speak a little English. ‘Little’ is a negative idea. It means ‘nearly none, nearly nothing’. - I speak little English. Either, neither and both are used when talking about two persons. 60

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Choose the appropriate determiners from those II. Complete the paragraph using suitable given in the brackets and fill in the blanks. determiners. 1. The Amazon in Brazil is __________ longest A weary traveller stopped at a Bedouin’s tent river in South America. [a/an/the] and asked for shelter for the night. Without 2. Last summer we went on __________ cruise (a) ____________ delay, the man killed (b) in the Caribbean. Among __________ islands _________ chicken and handed it to (c) ________ we visited were Bermuda and the Bahamas. wife for (d) _______guest’s supper. As the woman [an.…a/the….the/a….the] stirred the meat in (e) ______________ copper 3. We could not get much information at the cooking pot, she smelled the rich steam and airport. __________ people seemed to have could not resist tasting (f) _________of the meat __________ idea about the flights. [many…. and soup, to see if it was soft and tasty. But any/only a few…..some/any….no] mouthful followed mouthful, and there wasn’t 4. __________ teachers prefer a class that is (g) _________ chicken left, but for the neck piece, fairly consistent in having pupils of the same which she gave to her little son to nibble. The level. [any/whole/most] boy found it so tasty that he whined, “Give me 5. __________ drawings is different. [many of (h) ______ more chicken, mother!” The woman the/each of the/most of the] slapped the little boy and scolded him: “It’s a 6. The report concludes sadly that __________ shameful habit (i) ______ father taught you, students have __________ knowledge of enough of it, I tell you!” On (j) _______ other nuclear physics. [every…. no/very few…. side of the wooden hanging which screened some/both….whole] the woman’s part of the tent from the rest, the 7. __________ his friends speaks any English. traveller overheard them. “What habit has (k) [both of/many of/neither of] _________ father taught (l) ___________ child?” 8. __________ of what he said was very he asked curiously. “Oh,” said the woman, sensible. [much/any/many] “whenever a guest arrives at (m) ________ tent, 9. I had to live in Paris and Madrid for many he cuts off his ears and roasts them over the fire years because of my business but I don’t like for (n) _______ son to eat.” Making not a sound, __________ city much. [neither/either/both] the traveller picked up (o) ______shoes and ran. 10. In my country, __________ universities offer a wide range of courses. [many/most any] Ans: Ans: a. any 1. the b. a 2. a……the c. his 3. only a few…..some d. the 4. most e. a 5. each of the f. some 6. very few….. some g. any 7. neither of h. some 8. much i. your 9. either j. the 10. most k. his l. the m. our n. his o. his 61

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) III. Complete the following passage with the words given in the help box. In some cases more than one word will fit. all each every several a lot of many few Once, there was a very rich man. He was neither handsome nor clever but he worked hard and save (a) ______ money. Living two doors away from him was a beautiful lady. She was a widow with (b) ______ children.( c) ______ morning, the rich man would steal (d) ______ glances at the widow when she came out to do her chores in the garden. One evening, the man decided to pay her a visit. He brought with him (e) ______ presents, one for (f) ______ child. (g) _______ the children liked him and so (h) ______ time he visited her, he brought presents for the children. This went on for (i) ______ months. Just when the man thought that he could propose to the widow, something happened. A handsome stranger came to town. He was not as rich as the man. But somehow, (j) ______ eligible lady in town fell in love with him, including the widow. Ans: a. a lot of b. many/several c. each/every d. a few e. many/several f. each g. all h. each/every i. many/several j. every 62

2. Modals Month: March-April Total Periods: 03 At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Understand and demonstrate the correct usage of Modals Key Points Modals are verbs used to express the mood or attitude of the speaker. They are also called auxiliaries or auxiliary verbs meaning ‘helping verbs’. They are used with the main verb in its first form. Usage of modals asking and giving permission, request, possibility, ability, to make • can/could suggestions promise, request, willingness, likelihood, certainty, habits, asking for things • will/would promise, suggestions, duty, obligation, suggestion, advice • shall/should possibility, permission, wish, faith, hope, purpose • may/might obligation, necessity, emphatic, advice, strong probability • must obligation, advice, duty • ought to past habit • used to to give permission or advice • need to to indicate strongly to someone not to do something • dare to 63

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Choose the best option to complete the 9. I didn’t know that you needed help. You following sentences. _____ have told me. 1. Julie said that the traffic was heavy, so she [may/might/should/can] be late for the 10. This is our city. We _____ throw garbage all meeting. around. 2. I don’t have enough money to buy lunch. Ans: [May/Could/Shall/Will] you lend me a couple 1. needn’t of dollars? 2. mustn’t 3. That ice is dangerously thin now. You 3. could [mustn’t/might not/would not/cannot] go 4. can…..can’t ice-skating today. 5. might 4. I’m really quite lost. [Would you mind/Would 6. must you be/Must you be/Should you be] showing 7. may me how to get out of here? 8. have to/need to 5. That bus is usually on time. It [might/had/ 9. should need/have] to be here any time now. 10. mustn’t 6. We [will/would/shall/should] play soccer if it doesn’t rain. III. Complete the conversation by filling the blanks 7. You [mustn’t/needn’t/won’t/can’t] take your with appropriate modals. raincoat. I don’t think it will rain. Naresh Raghu, I [a] _____get my watch 8. The young lady is very fit and strong. She repaired. [b] _____ you get it done for [must/can/dare/need to] climb the peak with me if you are going to the market? ease. Raghu I [c] _____ surely get your work done 9. He [[might/shouldn’t/couldn’t/can] have but I am not going to the market today. I committed this crime. He wasn’t even in the [d] _____ go tomorrow. city that night. Naresh Then you [e] _____ take my watch 10. I think you [had to/ought to/might to/have tomorrow. to] do something for her. Raghu It would be better if you [f] _____ give it Ans: to me right now. In that case I [g] _____ 1. might come back all the way to your house 2. could tomorrow. 3. mustn’t Naresh Thanks a lot. 4. would you mind Raghu There is no need to be thankful. I [h] 5. might _____ go to the market in any case. 6. will Ans: 7. needn’t a. have to 8. can b. can 9. couldn’t c. can 10. ought to d. will e. can II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modal verbs. f. could 1. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge. g. needn’t You _____ buy any. h. have to 2. It’s a hospital. You _____ smoke. 3. I ____ Arabic fluently when I was a child. 64 4. _____ you stand on your head for more than a minute? No, I _____. 5. Take an umbrella. It _____ rain. 6. Drivers _____ stop when the traffic lights are red. 7. _____ I ask a question? Yes, of course. 8. If you want to score better grades you _____ work very hard.

3. Prepositions Month: June Total Periods: 03 At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: Preposition Used when Example • Understand and demonstrate the correct usage beside referring to besides by the side of The girl is sitting beside prepositions above moreover, her mother. over apart from Everyone, besides Tony, Key Points below was punished. under a higher level The ball went above the Prepositions are words which link nouns, pronouns covering or batsman’s head. and phrases to other words in a sentence. vertically The plane flew over Some common prepositions are: above Dubai. about, above, after, against, along, amid, among, a lower level Her blood pressure has around, at vertically fallen below normal. before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, below The book is lying under between, beyond, by the chair. down, during except Given below is a list of common verb – preposition for, from combinations: in, into, abide by [a promise/a decision] of, off, on, over accompany by [a person] through, to, towards accompany with [something] under, up, upon add to [something] with, without ask for [someone/something] in front of, next to beware of [something] capable of [something] AT – ON – IN cling to [someone/something] Prepostions Of Time coincide with [something] compare to [for dissimilar things] AT + specific She wakes up at 8o’clock. compare with [for similar things] time consist of [something] count on [something/someone] ON + days Where was Maria on Monday? deprive of [something] desire for [someone/something] ON + dates Her birthday is on 30th March. differ from – Our nature differs from each other like chalk and cheese. IN + months My brother was born in April. differ on/over – The two parties differed on/over most issues. IN + Years The Titanic sank in 1912. differ with [someone]- I differ with my friends when it comes to playing outdoor games. IN + the + Life was very different in the engaged to [[someone] decade 1950s. engaged in [something] indulge in IN + the + The monument was built in the involve in century 15th century. grieve at [something] heir to [someone] IN + season We go to the beach in summer. marvel at [someone/something] meddle with[someone/something] IN + time period I will reach the market in twenty occur to [someone] minutes. operate on [someone] The following table shows when to use the following prepositions. Preposition Used when Example between referring to He has to choose among two things between the ice-cream more than and the chocolate. two things Distribute the chocolate among the children. 65

3. Prepositions Month: June Total Periods: 03 overcome with part with prohibit from pretend to recover from refer to refrain from rely on succeed in supply to wait for warn of yearn for Adjectives + Prepositions combinations OF FOR WITH TO Afraid eager associated attracted Ashamed eligible accustomed Aware famous bored addicted Capable notorious blessed allergic Envious prepared crowded indifferent Jealous ready delighted Proud responsible disappointed kind Certain respected fed up married Silly suitable familiar related Typical thankful popular similar satisfied superior IN BY Comfortable amazed FROM AT Experienced delighted different angry Interested disturbed awful excited safe bad Present impressed absent brilliant Skilled inspired clever Slow free TO Nouns + Prepositions combinations OF damage advantage addiction FOR IN devotion habit reaction Demand rise/increase intention access threat Need fall/decrease lack exception result Reason interest notice use Room delay Preference experience Reputation pleasure Admiration difficulty 66

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions. 10. Rahul goes ________ school ________ bus. 1. We regret that we cannot comply __________ Ans: your request. 1. between 2. The best candidate should be appointed 2. of __________ the post. 3. in 3. He is addicted __________ gambling. 4. with 4. We must be grateful __________ the 5. on blessings that God has bestowed __________ 6. in us. 7. to 5. We called __________ a friend’s house 8. in __________ the way. 9. to 6. __________ the way we came across an old 10. to… by beggar. 7. We agreed __________ a certain course of III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions. action. John Doe, who graduated [a] _____ the 8. People __________ many villages don’t have University of North Carolina two years ago, is access __________ electricity. now doing research work [b] _____ engineering 9. He was accused __________ theft. [c] _____ Georgia Tech. He expects to receive his 10. He has been absent __________ classes Master’s degree [d] _____ next June. After that, __________ three days now. he plans [e] _____ to accept a job as a technician [f] _____ an oil company [g] _____ South Ans: America. 1. with Ans: 2. to a. from 3. to b. in 4. for…. on c. at 5. at….on d. by 6. on e. as 7. upon….of f. with 8. in….to g. in 9. of 10. from… for 67 II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions. 1. The two companies are completely independent. There’s no connection ________ them. 2. The advantage ________ having a car is that you don’t have to rely on public transport. 3. There are many advantages ________ being able to speak a foreign language. 4. Bill and I used to be good friends, but I don’t have much contact ________ him now. 5. There was panic when people realized the building was ________ fire. 6. I wish I were experienced ________ the field of marketing. 7. Most people agree that kindergarten contributes ________ the child’s mental development. 8. Although he studied hard, he couldn’t succeed ________getting a high score in his test. 9. All candidates are looking forward ________ the announcement of our test scores.

4. Subject-Verb Concord Month: June Total Periods: 04 At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: Half of the books were sold. • Understand and demonstrate the correct usage • ‘A pair of’, when applied to things like scissors, of subject-verb combination spectacles, trousers etc. is considered as a singular subject. If the same words are used without ‘a pair Key Points of’, the subject is considered plural. Eg: A pair of scissors is on the table. When the verbs change according to the persons of  The scissors are in the drawer. the subjects, the verb is said to be in accordance with • Class names such as clothing, footwear, scenery, the subject. crockery, furniture, stationery, cutlery, hair are • When the subject of a sentence is singular, the verb considered singular and take a verb in accordance with the singular subject. must be in accordance with the singular subject. Eg: His clothing is not suitable for the occasion. Eg: The girl reads a book ever day. [base form + ‘s’  The furniture, in this showroom, is not of good or ‘es’] quality. • When the subject is plural, the verb is in accordance • Words like ‘people, poultry, clergy, studies and with the plural subject. cattle’ are considered plural. Eg: The masons report at the site at 9am. [base Eg: The cattle were grazing in the field. • Names of subjects and certain diseases which end form only] • When two or more singular subjects are joined by in ‘s’ are considered singular subjects. Eg: Physics is my favourite subject. ‘and’, the verb has to be in accordance with the   Measles is a painful disease. plural subject. • When a plural number is applied to distances, Eg: Shally and Mary are sisters. • When two or more subjects are joined by ‘as well weights, heights or amounts of money, it is taken as’, the verb is in agreement with the first subject. as a whole and is considered singular. Eg: The king as well as the ministers was invited for Eg: Thousand rupees is a lot of money. the meeting.   Twenty meters of cloth costs fifteen hundred ru- • When two or more singular subjects are connected pees. by ‘or’, ‘nor’, ‘either…. or’, ‘neither……nor’, they • The titles of books, names of houses, hotels, films take a verb which is in agreement with the latter are always considered singular. subject. Eg: Gulliver’s Travels was written by Jonathan Eg: Neither Ravi nor Rahul is responsible. Swift. • The pronouns – many a, anyone, anything,   ‘The Sound of Music’ is an interesting film. everybody, everyone, everything, every, somebody, someone, something, one, no one, nobody, nothing, either, neither, each, none, neither of, none of – take a verb which is in agreement with a singular subject. The pronouns mentioned here are treated as singular subjects. Eg: Everything is under control. • A collective noun is considered as a singular subject. Eg: A bunch of keys was kept on the table. • ‘A lot of’, ‘plenty of’, ‘some of’ and ‘half of’ are considered as plural when they denote number; they are considered singular when they denote quantity. Eg: There is a lot of oil in Assam. There are a lot of books on the table. There are plenty of roses in the bushes. There is plenty of rice in the bowl. Some of the boys are playful. 68

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Choose the correct form of the verb for the Ans: following sentence: 1. Water is the most popular drink in the world. 1. Pete’s stomach _____ when it is empty. 2. Tea leaves find their way into the emperor’s [growls / growl] 2. Brown bears _____ thick fur only in the cold boiling water. winter months. [has/have] 3. Neither he nor his sister is to blame. 3. Not many vegetables _____ high in calories. 4. Politics plays an important role in our lives. [is/are] 5. A bunch of keys is kept on the table. 4. Carol and her cousins _____ every afternoon. 6. All the furniture in the old building has been [exercise/exercises] 5. The owner of those CDs _____ them back. brightly painted. [want/wants] 7. Each of the participants has been given a cer- 6. The inventor of different gadgets __________ a patent. [demands/demand] tificate. 7. Neither the Minister nor his colleagues _____ 8. Information on the board exam dates has not given any explanation for this. [have/has] 8. Either Mary or Alice _____ responsible for been released yet. this. [are/is] 9. My spectacles are lost. 9. One of my friends _____ gone to France. 10. Everyone speaks loudly in this class. [have/has] 10. He and I _____at Oxford together.[was/were] III. Complete the paragraph by filling in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in the Ans: brackets. 1. growls 2. have One of the first things a child [a] _____ [learn] in 3. are school [b] _____ [to be] that a fish [c] _____ [live] 4. exercise in water and when it is brought out of water, it 5. wants [d] _____ [die]. True, most fish [e] _____ [do], 6. demands but there are a few fish that [f] _____ [climb], [g] 7. have _____ [walk] and there [h] _____ even a species 8. is that [i] _____ [fly]. This [j] _____ [to be] truly 9. has amazing. 10. were Ans: a. learns II. There are errors in each of the given sentences. b. is Rewrite the sentences with corrections. c. lives 1. Water are the most popular drink in the d. dies world. e. do 2. Tea leaves finds their way into the emperor’s f. climb boiling water. g. walk 3. Neither he nor his sister are to blame. h. is 4. Politics play an important role in our lives. i. flies 5. A bunch of keys are kept on the table. j. is 6. All the furniture in the old building have been brightly painted. 7. Each of the participants have been given a certificate. 8. Information on the board exam dates have not been released yet. 9. My spectacles is lost. 10. Everyone speak loudly in this class. 69

5. Clauses Month: July Total Periods: 05 Learning Objectives At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Understand and demonstrate the correct usage of noun clause, adverb clause and relative clause Key Points A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb, but stand below a sentence in rank. A clause may be dependent or independent. CLAUSES PRINCIPAL CLAUSE/ SUB-ORDINATE CLAUSE CO-ORDINATE CLAUSE Clauses joined by co-ordinate conjunctions Clauses joined by sub-ordinate conjunctions [and, but, only, for, so, yet, or, nor] [before, since, till, when, after, because, as, that, if, unless, though, although, than] Expresses ideas of equal rank Sub –ordinate clause depends on or importance the main clause for complete meaning Example Example Listen to me or I'll complain. We shall cancel the picnic if it rains. Noun Clause A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun. A noun clause contains a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought. It begins with ‘wh’ question words – what, when, where, which, who, whom, how, why, whichever, whomever, whatever & if, whether, that etc. Example She decided that she would become a lawyer.[noun clause] It is important to think about why we make certain decisions. Adverb Clause of time An adverb clause of time shows when something happens. It is usually introduced by time adverbs – before, after, as, when, until, as soon as, since, no sooner than, as long as etc. An adverb clause of time can come before or after the main clause. When it comes before the main clause, it is separated with a comma. Commas are not necessary when the adverb clause goes after the main clause. Example 70

5. Clauses Month: July Total Periods: 05 7. The hairdresser, who has red hair, is very skill- As soon as you reach here, we will leave for the party. We will leave for the party as soon as you reach here. ful. Adverb Clause of Condition 8. The child, whom we see often, is playing in An adverb clause of condition gives the circumstances under which the action in the main the garden. clause will take place. It is usually introduced by 9. The women, whom Lucy invited, were late. subordinating conjunctions – if, unless, whether, provided that, on condition that, so long as etc. 71 Example Unless you work hard, you will not pass. If the cost fits her budget, she will buy the house. Relative Clause Relative clauses are non-essential parts of a sentence. They may add meaning, but in case they are removed, the sentence will function grammatically. Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns - who, that, whose, which etc. Example My mother, who is fifty, lives in London. This is a book whose author is my neighbour. I. Add the phrase given in the brackets and rewrite the sentence. 1. The lady was tired. [I went to meet her] 2. The accountant was arrested. [the accountant works for my father’s company] 3. I wrote to my friend. [you met the friend last week] 4. The mobile phone can’t be fixed. [the mobile phone is broken] 5. We like the actor. [the actor acted in the horror film] 6. I often buy cheese. [the cheese is imported from Paris] 7. The hairdresser was very skillful. [the hairdresser has red hair] 8. The child is playing in the garden. [we see the child often] 9. The women were late. [Lucy invited the women] 10. The car is in the garage. [the car broke down] Ans: 1. The lady, whom I went to meet, was tired. 2. The accountant, who works for my father’s company, was arrested. 3. I wrote to my friend whom you met last week. 4. The mobile phone, which is broken, can’t be fixed. 5. We like the actor who acted in the horror film. 6. I often buy cheese that is imported from Paris.

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 10. The car, that broke down, is in the garage. III. Rewrite the sentences by matching the parts of the sentences from Column A to those in II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions Column B. from those given in the brackets. 1. Sue and Kate are _____ good friends that Sl. COLUMN A COLUMN B they do everything together. [so/such] No 2. We took shelter under a tree _____ the rain stopped. [after/until] 1 He stayed out with even though he gets 3. I will call you _____ I am late. [if/unless] his friends till late in plenty of sleep 4. There are plenty of seats. You may sit _____ the evening [however/wherever] 5. You can borrow my bike _____ [as if/as long 2 I will call you since I joined it as] you ride it carefully. twenty years ago 6. I read a magazine _____ [before/while] I was waiting for the bus. 3 She screamed on condition that I 7. Jane bought the bangles _____ [even if/even let her pay her share though] they were rather expensive. 8. The bird flew away _____ [as long as/as soon 4 The kid feels in spite of my telling as] it saw me. exhausted all the him to return early 9. Julie has had her hair cut _____ [before/ time since] I last saw her. 10. I was _____ [such/so] hungry that I ate the 5 The company has if you don’t tell me entire pizza myself. grown considerably how you spent it last month Ans: 1. such 6 They sat up talking wherever he went 2. until 3. if 7 She accepted my if I manage to get the 4. wherever invitation for dinner tickets 5. as long as 6. while 8 I am not going to until the clock struck 7. even though give you pocket midnight 8. as soon as money any more 9. since 10. so 9 The crowd followed even if you are sure the leader that it is correct 10 Check the answer as if she had seen a again ghost 72

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Ans: 1. He stayed out with his friends till late in the eve- ning in spite of my telling him to return early. 2. I will call you if I manage to get the tickets. 3. She screamed as if she had seen a ghost. 4. The kid feels exhausted all the time even though he gets plenty of sleep. 5. The company has grown considerably since I joined it twenty years ago. 6. They sat up talking until the clock struck mid- night. 7. She accepted my invitation for dinner on condi- tion that I let her pay her share. 8. I am not going to give you pocket money any more if you don’t tell me how you spent it last month. 9. The crowd followed the leader wherever he went. 10. Check the answer again even if you are sure that it is correct. 73

6. Tenses Month: August Total Periods: 06 At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Understand and demonstrate the correct usage of different form of verbs Key Points USAGE WORDS OF RULES EXAMPLES IDENTIFICATION Present Tense TENSES To express always, seldom, P – V1+ ‘s’ or ‘es’ P – Peter reads the book. routine, daily, every day N – do not/does N – Peter does not read the Simple Present universal truths, etc. not+ habits, processes book. Present and facts V1 I – Does Peter read the book? Continuous I – d o/does…… + Present Perfect V1...? Present Perfect To express at this time, now, P – is/are/ P – Peter is reading the book. Continuous continuity of still am+V1+ing N – Peter is not reading the action in the N – is/are/am not + present book. V1 + ing I – Is Peter reading the book? I – Is/Are/Am+…. V1 + ing……..? To express yet, so far P – has/have+V3 P – Peter has read the book. completion of N – has not/have not N – Peter has not read the an action in the + V3 book. recent past I – h as/have not…… I – Has Peter read the book? + V3…….? To express the since/for+time P – h as/have been + P – Peter has been reading start of an action V1 + ing the book since morning. in the past and its continuity in N – h as not been/ N – Peter has not been the present have not been + reading the book. V1 + ing I – H as Peter been reading I – Has/Have …… the book? been + V1 + ing? Past Tense USAGE WORDS OF RULES EXAMPLES TENSES IDENTIFICATION P – Peter read the book. Simple Past To express an yesterday, last, ago P – V2 N – Peter did not read the action sometime N – did not + V1 book. Past Continuous in the past I – Did … + V1…..? I – Did Peter read the book? P – Peter was reading the To express yesterday at this P – was/ book. continuity of time, while, when were+V1+ing N –Peter was not reading the action in the N – w as not/were past book. not + V1 + ing I – Was Peter reading the I – Was/Were…… + book? V1 + ing? 74

6. Tenses Month: August Total Periods: 06 Past Perfect To express before, after P – had+V3 P – Peter had read the book. completion of N – had not + V3 N – P eter had not read the Past Perfect an action before I – Had….. + V3? Continuous another action book. of the past I – Had Peter read the book? Future Tense TENSES To express the since/for+time P – had been + V1 + P – Peter had been reading start of an action ing the book. Simple Future in the past and N – had not been + Future its continuity in N – Peter had not been Continuous the past V1 + ing reading the book. I – Had….. + Been + Future Perfect I – H ad Peter been reading V1 + ing? the book? Future Perfect Continuous USAGE WORDS OF RULES EXAMPLES To express an IDENTIFICATION P – will + V1 action in the tomorrow, later, N – will not + V1 P – Peter will read the book. future next I – Will…. + V1…..? N – Peter will not read the To express P – will be +V1+ing book. continuity of tomorrow at this N – will not be + V1 I – Will Peter read the book? action in the time P – P eter will be reading the future + ing I – Will…. Be + V1 + book. To express N – P eter will not be reading completion of ing……? an action in the P – will + have +V3 the book. future N – will not have + I – W ill Peter be reading the V3 To express the since/for + time I – Will… + have + book? start of an action V3? P – Peter will have read the as well as its P – will have been + continuity in the book. future V1 + ing N – Peter will not have read N – will not have the book. been + V1 + ing I – Will Peter have read the I – W ill…. have been book? + V1 + ing? P – Peter will have been reding the book. N – Peter will not have been reading the book. I – W ill Peter have been reading the book? • P - POSITIVE • N - NEGATIVE • I - INTERROGATIVE 75

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) [say] that he [f] _____ [see] it in the hands of a lady who [g] _____ [wear] a blue dress. I. Choose the appropriate option and fill in the 3. Addiction to gadgets [a] _____ [be] quite blanks. dangerous. I believe you [b] _____ [be] aware 1. I _____ [hoped/am hoping/had hoped] to get of the fact that many students [c] _____ a raise in salary soon. [take] to gadgets like a fish [d] _____ [take] 2. Recently we _____ [were hearing/will hear/ to water. In the beginning one [e] _____ [get] have heard] a strange story. thrill. Later students {f] _____ [become] 3. The lady _____ [is cutting/had cut/will have addicted to these gadgets. cut] the mango which has ripened. Ans: 4. By this time tomorrow I _____ [will be reaching/will reach/will have reached] the 1 resort. a. am looking 5. My friend _____ [tells/told/will tell] me that b. have arranged he _____ [has finished/had finished/will have c. meet finished] his project. d. have not seen 6. The general _____ [has/have/is] never before e. was working led the troops in the battle. 7. Currently Rohan _____ [has been learning/ 2 had learnt/is learning] to play the mouth a. have lost organ. b. had 8. The river _____ [flows/will flow/flow] under c. enquired the bridge. d. had seen 9. We will wait till the shopkeeper _____. e. said [come/has come/comes] f. had seen 10. I _____ [cut/am cutting/have cut] my finger g. was wearing and it _____ [was bleeding/is bleeding/has been bleeding] now. 3 Ans: 1. am hoping a. is 2. have heard b. are 3. is cutting c. take 4. will have reached d. takes 5. told….. had finished e. gets 6. has f. become 7. is learning 8. flows 9. comes 10. have cut…. is bleeding II. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs given in the brackets. 1. I [a] _____ [look] forward to the next weekend. I [b] _____ [arrange] to [c]_____ [meet] my old friend at Café Coffee Day in the centre of the city. I [d] _____ [not see] her for a very long time because she [e] _____ [work] abroad. 2. Raj and Hari [a] _____ [lose] their suitcase. It was made of brown leather and it [b] _____ [have] a golden edge. They [c] _____ [enquire] the other passengers whether they [d] _____ [see] it. One gentleman [e] _____ 76

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of verbs. John [a] _____ a fashion designer. He [b] _____ different varieties of dresses since he [c] _____ young boy. He [d] _____ his first job in a garments factory when he [e] _____ just eighteen. He [f] _____ buttons on to a shirt when he [g] _____ a brilliant idea for a design. After he [h] _____ to his bank manager he [i] _____ a loan. He [j] _____ his own little workshop. Since then people [k] _____ to him for unique designs. Now he [l] _____a lot of money. Next year he [m] _____ will open his own boutique which will exclusively sell his designs. He [n] _____ very rich soon. Ans: a. is b. has been making/has been designing c. was d. got e. was f. had sewn/had stitched g. got h. spoke i. got j. opened k. have been coming l. is making m. will open n. will be 77

7. Voice Month: November Total Periods: 06 At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Understand and demonstrate the correct usage of Voice Key Points Voice refers to the form of the verb which shows whether the subject of a sentence has done something or something has been done to it. VOICE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE Subject performs Subject is the the action receiver of action To change a sentence from active voice to passive voice the following steps have to be kept in mind. • Subject changes to object. Present Continuous • Object changes to subject. The mason is building the wall. • The preposition ‘by’ is used. [wherever required] The wall is being built by the mason. • The verb changes its form according to the new RULE : am/is/are + V1 + ing ---------- is / are being + V3 Present Perfect subject and the tense of the sentence. The mason has built the wall. The wall has been built by the mason. The girl made a kite. RULE : has/ have + V3 --------- has/have been + V3 Subject Verb Object A kite was made by the girl. Simple Past The mason built the wall. The wall was built by the mason. Subject Verb Preposition Object RULE : V2 ---------- was/ were + V3 Past Continuous Given below are the rules and examples of changes The mason was building the wall. made to sentences in active voice, when changed to The wall was being built by the mason. passive voice. RULE : was/were + V1 + ing ---------- was/ were being +V3 Simple Present The mason builds the wall. The wall is built by the mason. RULE : V1 ---------- is/are + V3 78

7. Voice Month: November Total Periods: 06 Past Perfect Simple future will build will be built The mason had built the wall. The wall had been built by the mason. Interrogative Sentences RULE : had + V3 ---------- had been + V3. Active voice – Who has taken the pencil? Simple Future Passive voice – By whom has the pencil been taken? The mason will build the wall. The wall will be built by the mason. • While changing questions from active to passive RULE : will + V1 --------will be +V3 voice, questions will have to be retained as questions only. They should not be changed into TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE statements. is / are built Simple present builds is/ are being • The change in the form of the verb has to be in built accordance with the tense given in the question. has / have been Present is building built Cases where the subject is obvious. continuous was / were Active Voice – The police arrested the criminal. built Passive voice – The criminal was arrested. Present perfect has/have built was/ were Active voice – People in north India speak Hindi. being built Passive voice – Hindi is spoken in north India. Simple past built had been built In case of sentences where the subject is obvious, Past was building the subject can be omitted from the sentence in continuous had built passive voice. Past perfect Commands and Requests Do not take the pen. Let the pen not be taken. Please buy some vegetables from the market. Let some vegetables be bought from the market. If the subject in active voice is a pronoun, the following changes have to be made. Active Voice Passive Voice I me we us you you him he her she 79

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) they them DECLINE it it A decline in bird population I. Change the following sentences from active to ___________________ by high rise buildings passive voice. which leave no room for them to roost or 1. Some girls were helping the wounded lady. breed. 2. Why did your sister write such a proposal? 6. BAN ON RAGGING 3. Peter gave me flowers on my birthday. Ragging ___________________ in all 4. The children have broken the window pane. educational institutions. 5. All the members of the crew wore life jackets. 7. LARGEST WEB-WEAVING SPIDER DISCOVERED 6. Who has spilt water on the carpet? Scientists ___________________ the largest 7. People use this lane as a shortcut to the bus web-weaving spider in South Africa. stand. 8. NASA TO ROLL OUT NEW SATELLITES 8. Pollution has worsened the problem. According to a report, new satellites 9. Open the front door. ___________________ by NASA next month. 10. Please complete the project work. Ans: 1. French classes will begin on 20th September. Ans: 2. 15 were injured as jeeps collided 1. The wounded lady was being helped by some 3. was mauled 4. will be played girls. 5. has been caused 2. Why was such a proposal written by your sis- 6. has been banned 7. have discovered ter? 8. will be rolled out 3. I was given flowers by Peter on my birthday. 4. The window pane has been broken by the III. Complete the description below using the correct voice. children. 1. How to Make Tea 5. Life jackets were worn by all members of the • Boil a glass of water in a kettle/teapot. crew. • When the water is still boiling, pour half a glass of 6. By whom has water been spilt on the carpet? 7. This lane is used as a shortcut to the bus milk into the boiling water. • Add two teaspoons of tea powder and sugar into the stand. 8. The problem has been worsened by pollu- boiling content. • Stir the tea and serve hot. tion. 9. Let the front gate be opened. First, a glass of water [a] _____ in a kettle or 10. Let the project work be completed. teapot. When the water is still boiling, [b] _____ into the boiling water. Two teaspoons II. Expand the given news headlines. of tea powder [c] _____ into the boiling 1. FRENCH CLASSES TO BEGIN ON SEPT 20TH content and finally, tea [d] _____ and [e] The Director has announced that _____ hot. ___________________. 2. 15 INJURED AS JEEPS COLLIDE Ans: About ___________________ at the Gandhi a. is boiled circle today. b. half a glass of milk is poured 3. DOG MAULS INFANT TO DEATH c. is added A two month old girl died after she d. is stirred ___________________ by a dog in her home e. served in North Kolkata. 4. INDIA SRI LANKA TO PLAY FINAL 2. How to make noodles The tri-nation cricket final ___________________ between India and Sri Lanka next week. 5. HIGH RISE BUILDINGS CAUSING BIRD 80

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) • Boil a glass of water in a pan. • Add the spices to the boiling water and stir for a minute. • Crunch the packaged noodles and empty the packet into the water. • Add green peas and curry leaves of your choice. • Leave the mixture to simmer for three minutes and serve with tea or coffee. This is how I made noodles yesterday. First, a glass [a] _____ pan. Next, the spices [b] _____ water and [c] _____ for a minute. Following this, the packaged noodles [d] _____ and the packet [e] _____ into the water. Next, green peas and curry leaves of [f] _____ to the preparation. Finally, the mixture [g] _____ for three minutes and [h] _____ with tea or coffee. Ans: a. of water was boiled in a b. were assed to the c. stirred d. were crunched e. was emptied f. our choice were added g. was left to simmer h. served 81

8. Reported Speech Month: December Total Periods: 05 At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Understand and demonstrate the correct usage of reported speech Key Points There are two ways of reporting what a person has said. Direct speech Indirect speech Conveys the exact Conveys the meaning of words of the speaker what the speaker has said While changing a sentence from direct to indirect Direct Speech Indirect Speech speech, the following points have to be kept in Rahul said, “I watched Rahul said that he had mind: the movie.” watched the movie. • The inverted commas have to be removed. • Appropriate conjunctions to be added. [and, but, Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Rahul said, “I was Rahul said that he had so and because] watching the movie.” been watching a movie. • Tenses have to be changed. [Table shown below to Past Perfect No change, except be referred] removal of inverted • Pronouns have to be changed. commas. • Necessary changes have to be made with regard to Rahul said, “I had Rahul said that he had watched a movie.” watched a movie. ‘place and time’ expressions. Direct Speech Indirect Speech Past Perfect Continuous No change, except removal of inverted Simple Present Simple Past commas. Rahul said, “I often watch Rahul said that he often movies.” watched movies. Rahul said, “I had been Rahul said that he had watching a movie.” been watching a movie. Present Continuous Past Continuous Rahul said, “I am Rahul said that he was Simple Future [will] Would Rahul said, “I will watch a Rahul said that he would watching a movie.” watching a movie. movie.” watch a movie. Present Perfect Past Perfect Rahul said, “I have Rahul said that he had watched the movie.” watched the movie. The auxiliary verbs change as follows in indirect speech. Present Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Continuous Direct speech Indirect speech Rahul said, “I have been Rahul said that he had can/cannot could/couldn’t watching a movie.” been watching a movie. may might Simple Past Past Perfect will/shall would/should must have to 82

8. Reported Speech Month: December Total Periods: 05 The first and second person pronouns in the direct Direct speech Indirect Speech speech change into the third person pronouns in this that reported speech. these those Mary said to Martina, “I will meet you at the café.” now then Mary told Martina that she would meet her at the ago before café. last night previous night If the one who reports is the same as the one today that day addressed, the second person pronoun is changed tonight that night to first person pronoun. My father said to me, “You are very clever.” yesterday previous day My father told me that I was very clever. tomorrow next day go The following table indicates the changes made to come take pronouns in reported speech. bring Direct speech Indirect Speech Questions are introduced by words like ‘if, whether, asked, or inquired’. I He/she The teacher said to the students, “Have you completed the homework?” you I/me The teacher asked the students whether they had completed the homework. me him/her you [all] we/us my his/her mine his/hers Exclamations and wishes in reported speech are introduced by verbs like ‘wondered, exclaimed, your our wished, blamed or praised’. Alice said, “What a beautiful painting it is!” our their Alice exclaimed that it was a beautiful painting. Words that denote nearness in time and space Commands and requests are introduced by words change into words that denote distance. like ‘ordered, requested or commanded’. The landlord said to his servant, “Get me a glass of water.” The landlord ordered his servant to get him a glass of water. 83

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Joe asked his mother [a] ______________ 1. Raju said, “We often play football in the . His mother asked [b] ______________ . evening.” He replied that [c] ______________ for his 2. Mohit said to me, “Please wait until I come.” teacher on her birthday. His mother [d] 3. The policeman said to the thief, “What are ______________ . Joe promised that [e] you carrying in your bag?” ______________ . His mother told him [f] 4. Marisa said, “I want to meet all my relatives ______________ . in Australia. Ans: 5. My friends said, “Our family is planning to a. whether she could lend him two hundred ru- visit Kashmir next month.” pees 6. The boy said, “I ate a lot in the afternoon b. him why he needed the money today.” c. he wanted to buy some flowers 7. Sonia said to her sister, “Are you coming d. agreed to lend him the money home with me?” e. he would not spend it for any other purpose 8. The twins said to their aunt, “We did not f. that he must not forget to pay it back attend the coaching class this week.” 9. Pranav said to his teacher, “I will come for III. Complete the passage below. the picnic tomorrow.” Kate: Where have you been all these days? 10. The inspector said to me, “Is you name Clara: I was home preparing for my university Aman?” entrance exams. Kate: Which course are you planning to take up? Ans: Clara: I have always been interested in literature. 1. Raju said that they often played football in I have got admission for the same. Kate: When will your course begin? the evening. Clara: It will begin on the 15th of next month. 2. Mohit requested me to wait until he came. Kate: When are you planning to leave? 3. The policeman asked the thief what he was Clara: I have some shopping to do. I may be leaving in the last week of this month. carrying in his bag. Kate: Wish you all the best. 4. Marisa said that she wanted to meet all her Kate asked Clara [a] __________ . Clara said relatives in Australia. that [b] __________ university exams. Kate 5. My friend said that his/her family was plan- [c] __________ to take up. Clara replied that [d] __________ and added that she ning to visit Kashmir next month. [e] __________ for the same. Kate asked 6. The boy said that he had eaten a lot in the af- [f] __________. Clara told Kate that it [g] __________ on the 15th of the following ternoon that day. month. Kate wanted to know [h] __________. 7. Sonia asked her sister whether/if she was Clara mentioned that [i] __________ and that [j] __________ . Kate wished the very best for planning to go home with her. her future. 8. The twins told their aunt that they had not at- Ans: a. where she had been all those days tended the coaching class that week. b. she had been at home preparing for her 9. Pranav told his teacher that he would go for c. which course she was planning d. she had always been interested in literature the picnic the next day. e. had got admission 10. The inspector asked me whether/if my name f. when would her course begin g. would begin was Aman. h. she was planning to leave i. she had some shopping to do II. Read the given dialogue and complete the j. she might be leaving in the last week of that paragraph. month Joe: Can you lend me two hundred rupees? Mother: Why do you need the money? 84 Joe: I want to buy some flowers for my teacher on her birthday. Mother: Ok, I will lend you the money. Joe: I will not spend it for any other purpose. Mother: You must not forget to pay it back.

Grade Requirement: Reading Writing task TASK OBJECTIVE QUESTION TYPE READING *Interpreting and analysing the passage *Causes and effects *Conceptual understanding, decoding, *Infers meanings of unfamiliar words. WRITING analysing passage, inferring and -difficult Synonym and antonym. (composition) interpreting facts *Inferenced based questions. *Critical evaluation of issue and *Figures of Speech , Imageries. Controversy *Connects to real life and ask questions in Story Writing: context. Outline story and story out of imagination. *Vocabulary To be able to write a good opening body and conclusion To able to write in paragraph. Diary Writing: Should be able to give proper reasoning To be able to write lucid and and should follow appropriate format and conversational language in a diary fluency. Article Writing Person, place & events Recommend 3 period for each writing and reading task, to ensure good understanding of requirements, and to practice sufficiently 85

9. Article Writing Month: September Total Periods: 03 Checklist ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- 1. Must have a relevant and concise heading. [centrally placed] ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Name of the writer below the heading on the RHS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. An article must be divided into three paragraphs. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- a. Brief introduction of the issue – if possible a ------------------------------------------------------- SAMPLE thought/question/report based on a survey or You are much disturbed by the sudden population a news report to be incorporated. explosion in the country. You would like to express b. Relevant value points in support of the given your opinion on ‘Population Explosion’ in the form of topic. an article. Write your article in about 100 -150 words. c. Conclusion – to lay stress on certain aspects, appeal and provide a suggestion or two if possi- Population Explosion ble. xyz 4. Logical sequencing and smooth flow of ideas must be maintained. According to the Indian census, carried out in 2011 the 5. Sentences must be well structured and punctuat- population of India crossed the one billion mark. This ed. is the second most populous country of the world after 6. Long sentences with more than one connector to China and the studies and researches have projected be avoided. that India will be the world’s largest populous country, 7. Formal language to be used – reported speech, surpassing China, by 2025. verb in passive voice and third person pronoun. One of the major causes of over population in India is 8. Interactive language should not be used. that the birth rate is still much higher than the death 9. Students must avoid writing their own names. If rate. Early marriage also contributes to this problem as getting married at a young age prolongs the child the name is mentioned in the question paper, the bearing age too. Another factor is illiteracy and pover- same may be used. ty. Due to various customs and traditions Indians lag 10. Word limit: 120-150 words. behind in using birth control measures. Many of the Format families still have the notion that more the number of members in the family, more will be the members to HEADING bring some income. The age old thought that sons are xyz/name mentioned in the question -------------------- the bread winners of the family also puts pressure on --------------------------------------------------------------------- couples to produce children till a male child is born. ------------------------------------------------- CONTENT [IN 3 Last but not the least illegal migration is also adding PARAGRAPHS] ---------------------------------------------------- to increased population density. -------- --------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- Today India is stretched to its limit due to overpopu- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- lation, where a bare minority billionaires control most ----------------------------------------------------------------------- of India’s wealth. This economic inequality leads to ----------------------------------------------------------------------- poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, lack of medical fa- cilities, lack of social security, poor living conditions, shortage of drinking water, rapid depletion of natural resources, increased levels of air and water pollution etc. 86

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) The government should initiate a strong population policy so that the economic growth of the country can keep pace with the demands of a growing population. Some measures like empowering women, promoting family planning, making education accessible to all, should be introduced by the government from the grass root levels. Such measures will help in having a control over population explosion and also ensure that any country has more of an intellectual majority. 1. You are Namita/Naman. Write an article on the topic ‘India – A Tourist’s Paradise’ in 100-150 words. You may use the clues given below: • a vast country  • diversity of culture  • variety of races • climate – hills, rivers, plains, deserts • places of pilgrimage  • huge coastline, friendly beaches • modern cities 2. Parents, today, are facing a major problem with their children who are found wasting most of their time on Facebook, Instagram and other social networking sites, with the result that their studies and other important activities are neglected. Write an article on ‘The Impact of Social Networking Sites’ in about 100-150 words as Peter/Patricia. You may use the clues given below. • teenagers waste time • parents’ fear of the dangers involved • advantages – quick relay of information, source of news, helps in academic work, improves relationships • disadvantages – spread of false information, students spend long hours, leads to stress, misunderstandings and arguments, students become lonely and depressed • to maintain a balance and fix hours to use the social networking sites, parents to spend more time with children and listen to their problems 87

10. Story Writing Month: November Total Periods: 03 Structure of the taxis stopped for us, except one. Without talking anything about the fare he asked us to get in. We The structure of a story: thanked the taxi driver for stopping for us. The driv- • Plot er asked us where we wanted to go and we told the • Characters place. Since it was very cold, I asked the driver to stop • Setting in midway at any small restaurant or a tea shop. We Plot: Needs to be well-planned. It can be adventurous, wanted to have a cup of hot tea. The driver stopped mysterious, funny or a sci-fi. There can be a moral or near a small restaurant. We ordered for tea and asked message being conveyed. Some stories may have un- the driver to join us and have a cup of tea. The driv- usual ends or may end on a note of suspense. er refused. I insisted him to take a cup as it could be Characters: Stories may have people, animals or oth- refreshing. Again the driver refused to drink tea. This er creatures as characters. Usually there is one main irritated us. I was really surprised at his behaviour and character/the protagonist and the rest supportive. asked my friend not to compel him. We thought of the Setting: The background provided to a story is its set- driver to be an arrogant person. In fifteen minutes, we ting. It can be an island, a planet, a city, a forest or just reached home. We paid the fare and he thanked us. I a room! The details should be carved keeping the set- stopped him, as I really wanted to ask him why he re- ting in mind. fused to drink tea. He thought for a minute, and replied Evaluation: It will be based on creativity, structure that his son passed away that noon in an accident. He and coherence/relevance. didn’t have enough money for his funeral. So he prom- Title: It is important to give the story a title. ised not to drink even water until he earned enough Dialogues may be used while writing a story but in money for his son’s funeral. We both were shattered such cases, proper punctuations must be used. and offered him more money. He politely refused and Different types of questions for writing a story: mentioned that if he would get one or two more cus- • Spin-a yarn- where just a hint of a beginning is tomers he would have enough money. He could have charged us double or even triple the usual rate due given and the student is expected to weave a story to rain. Still, he took the nominal taxi fare. In spite of with what is given. his poor financial condition, his deep sorrow, the taxi • Stories based on visual stimuli driver remained honest and stood by his words. We • The ending lines are given and students are felt really ashamed of ourselves and promised that we expected to end the story with the given lines. would not jump to hasty conclusions about anyone • A story outline may be given and students have to ever in our lives. build a story based on the given outline. Word limit: 200 – 250 words Assignment 1 SAMPLE Read the outline given below and build a story. Write a story beginning with the given lines: a merchant returning home from a fair – has a large It was a cold and windy night. My friend and I sum of money – sudden heavy rainfall – merchant ……………… … …………………….. gets wet – attacked by robbers on the way – robbers attempt to shoot – failure – gum powder damp – THE HONEST TAXI DRIVER merchant escapes It was a cold and windy night. My friend and I met after a long time and were chatting for hours. We did not notice that time flew away and it was close to ten. We decided to take a taxi back home. There was a sudden change in the weather. In the morning it was extreme- ly hot and sultry. There was no trace of rain. It started raining and soon there was a heavy downpour. None 88

10. Story Writing Month: November Total Periods: 03 Assignment 2 Write a story based on the given picture. [three friends meeting after a long time – each one re- calling what happened in their lives in the last couple of years – meanwhile a stray dog makes its appearance – refuses to leave the place - the three friends having different opinions on how to handle the dog – one of them decides to adopt the dog] NOTE: The above skeleton is just an idea. There may be various ways in which the students may create a story from the given picture. Every creative idea needs to be respected and marked accordingly. 89

11. Diary Entry Month: July Total Periods: 03 Check list: caught from the pond was delicious. Unlike our city all the people of the village knew each other. The affection A diary is a first person report of an incident, person and the warmth made me a little emotional too. I felt a or turn of events and the writer’s reaction to the sense of well- being in simple country existence. I felt same. spiritual serenity in the rural landscape. The simplicity, • The date [has to be written in expanded form natural beauty and the tranquility made me feel very relaxed and rejuvenated. I will make it a point to spend only], day and time of writing the diary should some time every year in a village. be written on the same line. • The diary should focus on the events which have happened in the immediate past. • A diary is always written in first person and in the past tense. • The emphasis, while writing a diary, should be on feelings and emotions and not on the event itself. • A diary has to be written in a single paragraph. • Salutation and subscription is not required while writing a diary. • Word limit : 100 – 150 words Format DATE, DAY TIME ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- CONTENT ----- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- SAMPLE You are Raghav, born and brought up in a city. Last weekend you had gone to visit your cousin who stays in a village. It was a totally new experience for you. Write a diary on your experience of village life. 1st January’2019, Tuesday 8pm Last weekend I went to visit my cousin who stays in the Madhupur village. It was my first visit to a village. My cousin was really excited and he promised to make my stay exciting. The morning scene was something which I will never forget. Watching the sunrise was an amazing experience. The chirping of the birds was caught my attention in the early hours of the morning. Unlike the people in the city, the villagers woke up very early in the morning and went about their daily chores. I went for a walk with my cousin. The ponds, the green fields alongside the roads, the paddy fields covered with green crops proved a visual treat. Little ahead I saw children walking down to school in small groups. For food, I had different preparations which my aunt made with from fresh garden vegetables. The fish 90

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Your best Ranjit, whom you always considered a true friend, cheated you out of your money. Write a diary about how your friend cheated you and your feelings on being cheated. Ans: explain how your friend cheated you in 40 words Hints: friend of many years – you completely trusted him/ her – felt devastated – could not believe what had happened – could not understand the reason be- hind such behavior of the friend – angry – felt let down – felt miserable for having judged a person wrong – willing to forgive if the friend apologizes and turns a new leaf – do not want to lose an old friend – would like to give him/her a chance to mend his/her ways 2. On your way back from school you came across children at the traffic signal with begging bowls in their hands. You were shocked and disgusted at this sight. Write a diary on how felt watching these young children begging on the road. Ans: Explain what you saw on the way [in about 40 words] Hints: thankful to god that life has been good – comfort of the house – care shown by parents – everything tak- en care of – children on the street deprived of all the basic needs – made to struggle – disturbed looking at their plight – understand the value of people and things -angry with those who drive the children to this state – would like to actively take part in eradi- cating this problem. 91

12. Factual Description Month: January Total Periods: 03 Checklist …………………………………………………………… Person …………………………………………………… • The physical appearance of the person may be Sample 1. Event included. Your school celebrated the Tree Plantation Day on • Focus should be on the achievements of the 15th June 2018. Write a short paragraph describing the event. person being described. CLUES • Character traits of the person would add to the 15th June – tree plantation day at abc school objective – reinforce importance of plants and trees description. planting saplings • The time span may cover childhood to adult life. special assembly – mime show Place competitions held during the day • The name of the place is written as the heading. tree plantation campaign • The details of what the place is meant for must be chief guest speech every guest given a sapling described in a few sentences. • The physical description – location of the place is Tree Plantation Day ABC school celebrated the Tree Plantation Day on 15th important. June’ 2018. The main objective of the programme was • Vivid and carefully selected details have to be to reinforce among the students the importance of plants and trees in everyday life. To mark this auspi- included. cious day the Green Ambassadors of the school dec- Event orated each classroom with floral and leafy saplings • A proper heading has to be given [the event – eg. planted and adopted by them. They also named the saplings after themselves. A special assembly was Sports Day, Blessing ceremony] held in the early hours which include a speech and a • Date and time span must be mentioned. skit. The highlight of the morning was the mime show • Focus has to be on the main aspects – organizers, presented by the students on the need to protect the trees. Later during the day various competitions were chief guests, the actual happenings, the ambience held for the students which included drawing and etc. poster display, poem and essay writing. The theme • The paragraph has to be finished with a logical for the competition was ‘Save Trees, Save Earth, Save conclusion. Mankind’. A tree plantation campaign was held which General Tips saw large scale participation of students, teachers, • Language should be simple, formal and effective. parents and the guests as well. Various herbal and • Short sentences must be used. medicinal plants were planted in school premises. The • The focus should be only on the relevant details. occasion was graced by the Members of the Manage- • Word limit – 100 -150 words ment, the chief Guest …….. and the Principal …….. In his address the Chief Guest highlighted the impor- Format tance of keeping the surroundings green and added Heading/Title that unless tress were respected one could not have a healthy life. Every visitor was given a sapling at the …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… Content …………………… ……………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… 92

12. Factual Description Month: January Total Periods: 03 end of the programme. The programme was a huge 3. Person success and was well appreciated by all those who Given below is the profile of Mr. Raj, the school were present. gardener. Briefly describe Mr. Raj on the basis of the 2. Place given hints. Using the clues given below describe ‘Khandala’. age – around 50 years located in western ghats – 3 kms from Lonavla – height/weight – six feet/75 kgs, well built, active at 1800 feet - well connected by road – scenery, and agile waterfalls, greenery attracts visitors – seen the ups family – large – parents, wife, six children : four boys and downs of the Peshwas, Marathas, British – has and two girls mansions of the earlier days – monsoon, the best education – high school, discontinued due to family time to visit the place – provides scope for fun responsibilities and relaxation – famous for vegetarian and non- devoted to his job – has sound knowledge of plants, vegetarian food – people are friendly manure, soil, takes pride in the plants, maintains school lawn and playground Khandala interacts well with teachers and children – believes Khandala is a hill station in the Western Ghats in the they are like young plants state of  Maharashtra,  India, about three kilometres from Lonavala. This beautiful hill station is nestled at a Mr. Raj - The School Gardener height of 1,800 feet in the western ghats of Maharash- Mr. Raj, the school gardener is around 50 years of age. tra. Khandala is well connected to many cities of India He is six feet tall and is well built. He has completed by road. Frequent private bus services to this beautiful high school but could not continue further as he had hill station are also available from the cities like Mum- huge family responsibilities. He has a large family to bai, Pune, Nashik and many others.  Decorated with support which includes his parents, wife and his six stupendous natural views, it surprises the travelers children. He has two daughters and four sons. Mr. Raj with its beautiful scenery of lustrous valleys, magnif- is a skilled gardener. He can be seen in school garden icent waterfalls, greenery and picturesque ponds. The tending to plants from morning till afternoon. He sows beautiful place has seen the heave and turn down of seeds, grows saplings and plants them. He favours great rulers including the Peshwas, the British and the organic manure for the plants. He takes a lot of pride in Marathas. Moreover, Khandala houses some beautiful the plants that he grows in the school garden. Mr. Raj is mansions that are standing proudly as an imposing also responsible for taking care of the school lawn and tribute to the regal period. A large number of people playground. He is very popular among the teachers throng this place during the monsoon season to relish and students alike. He believes that children are like the pleasant climate, spectacular views and charming young saplings that need tender nursing and care. His green surroundings. Khandala has plethora of sites to pleasant manners have earned him the respect of all be scouted by the folks thronging from wide and far in in the school. search of unlimited fun and relaxation. Khandala of- fers visitors lip-smacking vegetarian and non-vegetar- ian delicacies. The people are extremely friendly and welcome visitors with a smile. It is a must visit place. 93

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. On the basis of the clues given below describe you Mathematics teacher. Name – Mr. Suresh Age – 40 years Height/weight/appearance – five and half feet, smart, bright eyes Education – MA [Mathematics] Agra University, B.Ed – University of Rohtak Experience – 15 years Duties – class teacher, HoD –Mathematics, organizes Math Olympiads Character traits – takes great pain and interest in teaching, thorough, explains in details, easily approachable, patient listener, cheerful 2. A counselling session on career options was held in your school. Students from a few neighbouring school were also invited for the event. Briefly describe the event in about 100 – 150 words. Hints When and where the event was held Organisers of the event Purpose of the event No. of participants Different career options offered Question-answer session Reaction of the students Overall response to the programme 3. You recently visited the recently inaugurated the children’s park, a favourite place for all children, in the centre of the city. Briefly describe the park in 100 – 150 words. Hints location well planned area fenced all around with gates for entrance and exit green all around floor – lush green, plants and creepers all around – beautiful ambience benches for comfortable seating swings, slides, sea-saw and other exciting games for children main attraction – fish pond and farm animals jogging area a small wave pool cafteria 94