Exercise 2.2: Complete the crossword puzzle based on the given clues. 4 U 5 T 1 6 N Y AR 2 C C E P 3 AT Clues: Across 1) a punishment given to a player or team for breaking the rules of a sport 2) a person who trains players 3) a contest or a game Down 4) a person who carefully watches a game or a match to ensure that all rules are followed 5) a group of players that play on one side in a sport 6) an object awarded as a prize for winning 16 11/21/2018 1:54:13 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 20
3 Grammar Tenses We have learnt various types of tenses before. Let us revise them once again. simple present describes habits, Rule: Example: ideas and subject + base verb (+ ‘-s’/‘-es’) We eat cornflakes general rules for breakfast + object every day. simple past describes Rule: Example: actions that subject + past have already tense form of Sumi ate idlis last happened verb + object night. simple future describes Rule: Example: actions that will subject + will/ or may happen shall + base verb Moiz will eat upma at a later time tomorrow. + object present describes Rule: Example: continuous actions that are subject + is/am/ going on right are + ‘-ing’ form Rustom is eating of verb + object chocolates. now Module 8 17 NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 21 11/21/2018 1:54:13 PM
past describes actions Rule: Example: continuous that were going subject + was/ on at some time were + ‘-ing’ Penny was form of verb + eating poha. in the past object present news, completed actions Rule: Example: perfect (past) that are important now, actions that started in subject + has/ Meera has the past and continue into have + past just eaten the last omelette. the present participle form of the verb + object Exercise 3.1: Answer the following questions in the tenses given in brackets. One is done for you. 1) How far is your house from your school? (simple present) Ans. My house is six kilometres from my school. 2) Write what you will do in the next thirty minutes. (simple future) Ans. 3) What were you doing last Friday? (past continuous) Ans. 4) What did you eat for breakfast today? (simple past) Ans. 18 12/21/2018 4:08:49 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Corrected pg done.pdf 1
5) Have you read the Harry Potter books? (present perfect) Ans. 6) What are you doing right now? (present continuous) Ans. Past perfect tense Read the given paragraph. Dina and Ravi participated in a dance competition yesterday. They had practised for this performance for almost a year. For this performance, they had designed their own costumes and had composed the music as well! Many dancers participated in the competition. But, Dina and Ravi's performance was the best! The previous paragraph talks about an event in the past—the dance competition—and the events that happened before it. We use the past perfect tense to show which of two past actions happened first. When I arrived at the party, my best friend had already left. an earlier past event a more recent past event now past perfect simple past NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 23 Module 8 19 11/21/2018 1:54:13 PM
A sentence in the past perfect tense looks like this: subject + had + past participle form + object of verb Kanta + had + left the house + when her brother broke the cup. Let us look at some more examples. Later events in the past when the guests arrived. Earlier events in the past before it crashed. I had already finished my dinner before she visited me. The aeroplane had received many warnings when I arrived at the clinic. Navika had finished her work The doctor had left Later events in the past Earlier actions in the past When we reached their house the baby had already fallen asleep. When the computer crashed I had thankfully saved all my data. Meera did not have any money as she had lost her wallet. Exercise 3.2: Circle the past perfect form of the verbs in the given sentences. One is done for you. 1) Everyone had gone home by the time I reached the party. 2) Samar had eaten his breakfast before he left for school. 3) When the chief guest arrived, the dance performance had already started. 4) The train had left the station when I arrived there. 5) Mayur had cleaned the house before the children came. 6) Siya had studied French before she moved to Paris. 20 11/21/2018 1:54:13 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 24
Module 9 B C A 2 Vocabulary Homographs Homographs are words that have the same spelling but different meanings. Homographs may or may not be pronounced the same way. Examples: • minute – 60 seconds m inute (pronounced 'mainyoot') – very • lead (pronounced 'led') – a type of metal lead – to go first small • d own – in a lower position • fine – of very good quality down – soft, furry feathers fine – a sum of money paid as penalty Module 9 29 NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 33 11/21/2018 1:54:14 PM
The words ‘fine’ and ‘fine’ and ‘down’ and ‘down’ have different meanings but share the same pronunciation. For ‘lead’ and ‘lead’ and ‘minute’ and ‘minute’, the pronunciations change according to the meanings. Exercise 2.1: Colour the stars next to the correct meanings of the underlined words in the given sentences. 1) I need a minute to go through the papers. a) a period of time b) very small 2) She was wearing a colourful tie around her neck. a) to secure with a string b) an item of clothing 3) Park your car here. a) bring to a stop at the side of the road b) a large, green play area 4) The hungry seal ate a bucket of fish. a) to join two things together b) a sea animal 5) We have our annual exams in March. a) the name of a month b) to walk in a formal manner 6) He saw his friend at school. a) a tool used to cut wood b) p ast tense form of ‘see’ 30 11/21/2018 1:54:14 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 34
Exercise 2.2: Match the homographs given in the middle to the correct pictures in Columns A and B. One is done for you. Column A Homographs Column B 1) 4 bat b a) 2) tear b) 3) wave c) 4) bow d) 5) present e) 6) nail f) Module 9 31 NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 35 11/21/2018 1:54:14 PM
3 Grammar Adverbs Remember • Adverbs are words that show how actions are done. • Adverbs tell us when, where or how something happens. • Adjectives and adverbs have a strong connection. Many adverbs are formed by adding ‘-ly’ to the ends of adjectives. Examples: Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb most mostly smooth smoothly clear clearly real really • However, we must remember that adjectives describe nouns or pronouns, whereas adverbs describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Kinds of adverbs Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of manner place degree time frequency Underline the adverbs of manner, degree and place in the given sentences. Write AM next to the sentences with adverbs of manner and AD next to those with adverbs of degree. Write AP next to the sentences that have adverbs of place. • He kicked the ball powerfully. • Your tablet is completely broken. • My uncle’s house is nearby. • We danced terribly at the party. • The balloons flew upwards. • Wait for me! I’ve almost reached. • The workshop was very good. • They took the guests inside. 32 11/21/2018 1:54:14 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 36
Adverbs of manner tell us the way in Adverbs of degree tell us the degree which something is done. They are usually or intensity of actions. They answer placed either after the main verb or after the question ‘how much?’ or ‘to what the object. Adverbs of manner answer extent?’. the question ‘how?’ or ‘in what manner?’. Examples: Examples: • She is extremely smart. • Your handwriting is hardly readable. • He swims well. • He picked up the books quickly. Adverbs of place tell us the place, location or direction of an action and answer the question ‘where?’. Examples: • I looked for my book everywhere. • They are playing here. Here are some common adverbs. Adverbs of manner Adverbs of degree Adverbs of place cheerfully joyfully extremely completely up down sadly tiredly very enough backwards away silently terribly quite almost around nearby bravely carefully nearly hardly here there happily well just too eastwards westwards fast hard fairly rather inside outside Module 9 33 NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 37 11/21/2018 1:54:14 PM
Exercise 3.1: Read the following passage and underline the adverbs. One is done for you. It was a cold and wintry night, and the wind blew wildly. A ship was sailing westwards on the sea. There was a storm, and the passengers on deck were completely soaked in the heavy rain. They ran into their cabins and started praying for the storm to calm down. They were scared, and they cried bitterly. In the morning, the floor of the ship developed cracks, and water started entering it. The passengers nearly drowned, but they were saved quickly before the ship sank. Let us learn about adverbs of time and frequency. Adverbs of time Read the following sentences. I visited Goa last year. (when) Goldilocks stayed at the They have lived in this house bears’ house all day long. since 1998. (how long) (how long) Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened or for how long the action continued. Adverbs of time are usually placed at the ends of sentences. when? today, before, later, yesterday, tomorrow, last year, later, now how long? all day, a week, a month, two hours, a while Here are some more examples. We will call you later. I met an old friend yesterday. She has to leave now. We stayed in Mumbai for a week. 34 11/21/2018 1:54:14 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 38
Exercise 3.2: Find six adverbs of time in the word search. Use each adverb of time to form a meaningful sentence. One is done for you. month tomorrow now later tonight soon AFU WG I S Y EHKC MBD L L S K E Y FHHF P L U CW S V A X N C YMP DWK D Q L GVGB E RG M U F I W T MO U Y L NCUWP H J H WW Z O N B V Z B AWMO N T H T U P T K V OQOW X E M NNV J L Y U Z I QD T S A U Y NWV F MO F OMV L F Z D X X F I QNO S E OY I Z K T A T R E CR Y A AO R S L Q X J RWN E R P G L AWM L A T E R F A A V J WQ U U GQ V L D R C U I U X Q E OG U X I L GF I OY R Z K E NA RMK L Z NHO X J N V F Y G X R T F F P L X R AWOO F D E J Y T MP F L T OY B Y C T ORWU N P T O N I G H T S OW Y L L A U S OO N Y R MW S D N I O N MC V T X L R POY K Y E E DR E V EW OBO B SMJ KQS RU N T I AMVM RRS CB SNB FCZ QF AHOR RAX V E OP A VW FZF IY OU V Z WDWM D GM WEG FNK Sentences: 1) I will stay in Leh for a month. 2) 3) 4) 5) Module 9 35 NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 39 11/21/2018 1:54:14 PM
6) Adverbs of frequency Read the following sentences. We always study after class. Rita is often late for work. I usually watch movies on Sundays. Adverbs of frequency tell us how often something occurs or somebody does something. In other words, they show routine or repeated activities. Adverbs of frequency can be arranged like this: always usually generally/normally often/frequently sometimes/ occasionally hardly ever / rarely / seldom never 36 11/21/2018 1:54:14 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 40
Adverbs of frequency are usually placed before the main verbs and after the helping verbs. Examples: • My father rarely gets angry. • I seldom eat junk food. • We sometimes go out for movies. • We are never late for rehearsals. (after the helping verb) Module 9 37 NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 41 11/21/2018 1:54:14 PM
Module 10 B C A 2 Vocabulary Synonyms Synonyms are words or groups of words that have the same meaning or similar meanings. Module 10 45 NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 49 11/21/2018 1:54:15 PM
Exercise 2.1: Match the words in Column A with their synonyms in Column B. One is done for you. Column A Column B 1) brave a) pointed 2) cheap b) inexpensive 3) sharp c) courageous 4) strange d) uneven 5) shy e) timid 6) rough f) odd Exercise 2.2: Fill in the blanks with the synonyms of the words given in brackets in the passage below. Choose the synonyms from the given words. One is done for you. jog spoiled gloomy bright instantly groceries Ruma woke up this morning to dull grey skies and heavy rain. It instantly (immediately) put her in a ____________________________ (bad) mood. Where were the blue skies and 46 11/21/2018 1:54:15 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 50
____________________________ (brilliant) sunshine that the weather forecast from the previous day had promised? Ruma had planned to go for an early morning __________________________ (run). She would then go to the market to buy some ____________________________ (vegetables and fruits). The rains had completely ____________________________ (destroyed) all her plans. 3 Grammar Prepositions Underline the prepositions in these sentences and write them next to the correct descriptions in the table given below. • She was standing among a group of teenagers. • The Sun was shining above the mountains. • There was a photograph below the clock. • I ordered an iced tea with my pizza. • There is a house beside the lake. • Alka is travelling to Nanded. • Meet me at home. • She turned around when she heard her name. Preposition Description It means ‘to turn in the opposite direction’. It means ‘lower than’. It means ‘in the direction of’. It means ‘to be along with or surrounded by other things’. It means ‘along with’ or ‘being together’. It means ‘next to’. It means ‘higher than’. It points out a specific place. Module 10 47 NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 51 11/21/2018 1:54:15 PM
Remember Prepositions are words that link nouns, pronouns and phrases to the other words in a sentence. They show the position of the nouns and give information about time, place and direction. Let us learn a few new prepositions. Towards shows movement in the direction of a place or to get closer to someone or something. On hearing a knock, she Mira and Varun turned their The boy and girl are walking walked towards the door. faces towards the camera. towards the beach. Through means 'continuing from one end or side of something to the other'. It also means 'from the start to the end'. The Thames river flows The boy cried through Mita studied through through London. the movie. the night. 48 11/21/2018 1:54:15 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 52
Across means 'from one side of something to the other'. I can see the police station They travelled across He sailed across the sea. that is across the street. the desert. Exercise 3.1: Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions from the brackets. One is done for you. 1) The bread is kept with (with/from) the cheese and the milk. 2) She gets nervous ___________________________ (to/among) strangers. 3) I will be walking ___________________________ (among/from) home to school by myself. 4) The bridge runs ___________________________ (across/in) the river. 5) The aeroplane flew ___________________________ (below/over) the building. 6) What have you put ___________________________ (in/over) the tea? Exercise 3.2: Complete the paragraph by using appropriate prepositions from the ones given below. One is done for you. in towards to around at across I went to the beach last Saturday. There were many people __________________________________ the beach. I like visiting the beach. I collect the colourful shells that lie all Module 10 49 NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 53 11/21/2018 1:54:15 PM
__________________________________ me. On Saturday, I walked _________________________________ the waves gleefully and dipped my feet ____________________________ the water. My friend Tarun was on the beach as well. He waved to me from ____________________________ the sand. 50 11/21/2018 1:54:15 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 54
Module 11 B C A 2 Vocabulary Collocations Collocations are words that are often used together. Collocations are formed by pairing certain prepositions with certain verbs. Some noun-and-verb pairs also go together better than others. Examples: make a mess create a mess big mistake instead of large mistake take a nap have a nap do a favour give a favour 58 11/21/2018 1:54:15 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 62
Let us look at collocations that are formed with the words ‘take’, ‘have’, ‘get’ and ‘go’. take a seat take a look have Please take a seat. Take a look at my new watch. take have fun have lunch I am sure that we I am going to have will have fun at the lunch with my friends. fair. go get permission get angry You need to get It's easy for him to get permission before I angry nowadays. can let you in. get go shopping go home We will go He needs to go shopping this home today. Sunday. Let us look at some collocations with the words ‘take’, have’, ‘get’, ‘go’. take a bite have a cold get ready go bald Exercise 2.1: Complete the sentences by ticking the correct collocations. 1) I have been wanting to _____________ (get/have/go) swimming. 2) Will you _____________ (take/get/have) part in the school play next month? 3) Please _____________ (have/get/take) a photograph of me standing near this tree, will you? 4) I will _____________ (get/have/go) lunch in a while. Module 11 59 NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 63 11/21/2018 1:54:15 PM
5) You need to _____________ (go/have/take) permission from your parents before coming with us. 6) The food has _____________ (take/get/gone) bad. Exercise 2.2: Fill in the blanks with the correct collocations. 1) I need to _____________ a break from work! 2) Ramesh Uncle is going to _____________ abroad next week. 3) Will you _____________ ready quickly? We are getting late. 4) I _____________ an appointment with the doctor today. 5) I am going to _____________ a shower now. 6) We will _____________ fun at the party. 3 Grammar Conjunctions Underline the coordinating conjunctions and tick the correlative conjunctions. 1) Nabi rode his brother's bicycle, for his bicycle was being repaired. 2) Medha did not go to school, nor did she do her homework. 3) Neither Omar nor Alfred know him. 4) Honey plays carrom, and Lalita plays hockey. 5) Swati is not only the class monitor but also the head girl of the school. There are three types of conjunctions. Conjunctions Coordinating Correlative Subordinating conjunctions conjunctions conjunctions 60 11/21/2018 1:54:15 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 64
Remember • You have learnt that conjunctions are words that join words or parts of sentences together. • Coordinating conjunctions join two or more sentences or parts of sentences. They also connect two similar parts of a sentence. The coordinating conjunctions are as follows: • Remember the acronym FANBOYS to recall the coordinating conjunctions. • C orrelative conjunctions work in pairs to join phrases or words that carry equal importance within a sentence. The correlative conjunctions you have learnt are ‘either... nor’, ‘either... or’ and ‘not only... but also’. Exercise 3.1: Join the sentences in Column A with the correct ones in Column B based on the coordinating conjunctions used. One is done for you. Column A Column B 1) I’ll have only soup, e a) or the raspberry shake? 2) Chetan is inside, b) so she walked fast. 3) Jenny was getting late, c) but Ketan is outside. 4) You get one choice. Do you d) nor does she drive a car. want the litchi shake 5) Ajit won a gold medal, e) for I am not very hungry. f) a nd Farhan won a bronze 6) A njali does not ride a bicycle, medal. Module 11 61 NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 65 11/21/2018 1:54:15 PM
Let us learn about the third type of conjunction: subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions These are words that connect two parts of a sentence that are not of equal importance. Some commonly used subordinating conjunctions are ‘when’, ‘because’, ‘until’, ‘than’, ‘while’, ‘though’, ‘after’, ‘before’, ‘if’, ‘as’ and ‘since’. Let us learn how to use two of these. Because joins two unequal parts where one part talks about a reason for an action. Example: • The boy was absent because he was ill. (The reason for the boy’s absence was illness.) More examples: • She does not swim because she is afraid of water. • We want to go to Ooty in the summer because of the pleasant weather. Until means ‘up to a point in time or an event’. It joins two ideas or events. Example: • Let’s wait until the rain stops. (The speakers have decided to wait up to the point when it stops raining.) More examples: • You shall not go out until you’ve finished this exercise. • You can stay on this bus until you reach Ajmer. Exercise 3.2: Join the sentences using ‘because’ or ‘until’. One is done for you. 1) I dislike Mondays because I have to get up early on Mondays. 2) The girl cried ______________________ her father calmed her down. 3) The policeman drove ______________________ he reached the police station. 4) My dog got scared ______________________ somebody threw a stone at him. 62 11/21/2018 1:54:15 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 66
5) We won’t rest ______________________ the work is done. 6) I like this class ______________________ it is very interesting. Module 11 63 NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 67 11/21/2018 1:54:15 PM
Module 12 B C A 2 Vocabulary Commonly confused words There are many words in the English language that can be easily mistaken to carry the same meaning as another similar word. But using one of these words in place of the other does not bring out the same meaning. Let us look at a few examples of commonly confused words. 70 11/21/2018 1:54:16 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 74
‘For’ and ‘since’ For tells us about the duration of something. We use it to show a period of time (three hours, few days, two weeks, five months, many years and so on). Examples: • I lived in Goa for a few years. • I have been exercising for two hours. Since is used to point out when something began. We use it for a point in time (last week, January, Wednesday, 1972 and so on). Examples: • My brother has lived here since he was born. • She has not been to Mumbai since 1998. For vs. since for—to mention a specific period or since—to mention the starting point of a duration of time period of time (continues till now) I have been a doctor for fifteen years. I have been a doctor since 1992. She has not been home for two years. It has been two years since she went home. My sister has lived in London for nine months. My sister has lived in London since May. Exercise 2.1: Fill in the blanks with ‘for’ or ‘since’. 1) I have not had milk ________________________ this morning! 2) Ria cooked lunch ________________________ four hours. 3) They have been working ________________________ 10 a.m. today. Module 12 71 NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 75 11/21/2018 1:54:16 PM
4) It has been three years ____________________ I went to an amusement park. 5) Kriti worked on her sketch ________________________ seven hours. 6) Ronnie has been waiting at the bus stop ____________________ two hours. ‘Few’ and ‘a few’ + ‘little’ and ‘a little’ Few and little suggest that there is ‘not as much as may be expected or wanted’. Few is used with plural countable nouns, whereas little is used with uncountable nouns. Examples: • Few states in India are as beautiful as Meghalaya. • I have little choice in this matter. A few and a little suggest that there is 'a small number of something available'. A few is used with plural countable nouns, whereas a little is used with uncountable nouns. Examples: • I have a few friends in Jaipur. • I will have milk and a little rice every morning. Exercise 2.2: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the brackets. One is done for you. 1) We know little about his life. Most of it is a mystery. (a few / little) 2) I want ____________________ bit of sugar to add to my hot chocolate. (a little / a few) 3) I have _____________ fruits left in the fruit basket. I don’t need to buy more. (a few / few) 4) There are _________________ puppies running around. They are a merry sight. (a little / a few) 5) Lonny has ______________ friends over, as she lives very far. (little/few) 6) _______________ people are as generous as Kanak. He has a very kind heart. (Few/Little) 72 11/21/2018 1:54:16 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 76
3 Grammar Direct and indirect speech Your friend, Mira, tells you in school, ‘I am going to a play’. You come home and tell your mother what your friend told you. There are two ways in which you can tell your mother about this conversation. Mira said, ‘I am going to a play’. You repeated Mira’s words in exactly the way (direct speech) that she said them. To show her exact words in writing, they are put in quotation marks: ‘…’ Mira said that she was going to a Since Mira had spoken the words earlier, the play. (indirect speech) tense and the pronoun change accordingly. (‘I am going’ changes to ‘she was going’.) The words spoken by Mira are not put in quotation marks in indirect speech. Remember We use indirect speech or reported speech when we tell or report something that was said. Here are a few examples. He said that they were going on a picnic. We are going on a picnic. I work at a hospital. She said that she worked at a hospital. Module 12 73 NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 77 11/21/2018 1:54:16 PM
Rules of indirect speech ● Reported speech is not enclosed in quotation marks. ● The word ‘that’ is used as a conjunction between the reporting verb and the reported speech. Example: Adil said that he felt ill. reporting verb reported speech ● The pronoun to be chosen for the subject of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of the reported person or speech. Example: He said that he loved books. ● When the sentence within quotation marks is in the simple present tense, it changes to the simple past tense. Similarly, when the sentence within quotation marks is in the present continuous tense, it changes to the past continuous tense. Example: She said, ‘I am going to Nagaland.’ S he said that she was going to Nagaland. Exercise 3.1: Convert the following sentences into direct or indirect speech. One is done for you. 1) He said, ‘Suresh needs a new uniform.’ Ans. He said that Suresh needed a new uniform. 2) The teacher said that Madhu was working sincerely. Ans. 3) Raghav said that the baby was crying. Ans. 4) They said that they were enjoying the weather. Ans. 74 11/21/2018 1:54:16 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 78
5) They said, ‘We love our country.’ Ans. 6) She said, ‘I am going out.’ Ans. Interjections What is common among the following sentences? Ugh! This drink is Wow! The fireworks Hurray! We won Well, I don't know very sour. are amazing. the quiz. whether I support that. Each of these sentences begins with a word that shows a strong and sudden feeling or emotion. These words are known as interjections. Remember • A comma or an exclamation mark is used to separate an interjection from the rest of the sentence. • Use an exclamation mark at the end of interjections that show very strong emotions. Capitalise the first letter of the word after the exclamation sign, since it is a new sentence. Example: Ouch! That hurt. • Use a comma after a mild interjection. Example: Sure, we will do it. Module 12 75 NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 79 11/21/2018 1:54:16 PM
Let us learn some common interjections. Interjections Usage Examples hey Hey! What are you doing here? eeks to get someone’s attention or to Eeks! These spiders are scary. yum show surprise Yum! This cake melts in the mouth. oops Oops! I dropped the sandwich. ouch used to show fear Ouch! These shoes are too tight. used to show that something is delicious used when you do something by mistake used to express hurt Exercise 3.2: Make meaningful sentences using the given interjections. One is done for you. 1) Hurray! We have won the match. 2) Wow! 3) Ouch! 4) Oops! 5) Eeks! 6) Hey! Question tags Read the following sentences. The short questions that She is a good swimmer, Tom hasn't gone to the tuition we put at the end of isn’t she? class, has he? sentences are called question tags. 76 11/21/2018 1:54:16 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 80
Remember • If the main part of the sentence is positive, the question tag is negative. Example: Your father is a doctor, isn’t he? (We expect a positive answer: Yes, he is.) • If the main part of the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive. Example: You haven’t met him, have you? (We expect a negative answer: No, I haven’t.) With helping verbs or auxiliary verbs The question tag uses the same verb as the main part of the sentence. If this is an auxiliary verb (‘have’, ‘be’, etc.), then the question tag is made with the auxiliary verb. Examples: • She has gone to her hometown, hasn’t she? • The people weren’t in the house, were they? Without auxiliary verbs If the main part of the sentence doesn’t have an auxiliary verb, the question tag uses an appropriate form of ‘do’. Examples: • Raja said that, didn’t he? • He never plays cricket, does he? With modal verbs ('can', 'could', 'should', 'would') If there is a modal verb in the main part of the sentence, the question tag uses the positive or negative form of the same modal verb. Examples: • They couldn’t hear me, could they? • You wouldn’t tell this story to anyone, would you? Module 12 77 NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 81 11/21/2018 1:54:16 PM
With ‘I am’ and ‘Let’s’ Be careful with question tags with sentences that start ‘I am’. The question tag for ‘I am’ is ‘aren’t I?’ Similarly, the question tag for 'Let's' is 'shall we?'. Examples: • I’m the fastest runner, aren’t I? • Let’s go out, shall we? 78 11/21/2018 1:54:16 PM NR_BGM_9789388402880 PASSPORT G05 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 82
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