51705015_Maple-G4_Textbook Integrated_Term2

METHODS TO PRESERVE FOOD Storing food ensures that food is fresh, healthy and maintains its nutrient value until we use them. The steps we take to keep the food fresh and nutrient rich is food preservation. Look at the pictures below. Write the names of the food items that you see in the pictures. 1) Hint: This is made from many fruits and vegetables. This dish made from mango is very famous. p _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Hint: We put this food item on bread. It is sweet in taste. j ______________________________________________________________________________________ We make pickles to preserve fruits like mangoes, drying in the Sun deep freezer lemons and vegetables like carrots using salt. Mangoes, apples and other fruits are preserved as jam using sugar or jaggery. Some food items like chillies and grapes are preserved by drying them under the hot sun. Some food items like peas, meat and ice creams are frozen in the deep freezer. Application As explained earlier, people preserve food so that it can be consumed later. But there are other reasons for preserving food as well. Food Storage 17

• Due to preservation, the food items become available throughout the year. Some fruits and vegetables are seasonal. We can get them in another season due to preservation. For example, mangoes are summer fruits. If we want to enjoy them in winter, we can have canned juice, jams and jellies. Also, we can store them as pickles. • Sometimes, preservation methods add nutritional value, texture and flavour to the food items. For example, adding a large amount of sugar in the fruit pulp makes it tastier to eat. It preserves the fruit pulp at the same time. Example: aamras Amazing Facts honey Honey is one of the food items which mostly does not spoil. It does not allow microorganisms to grow in it. So, it lasts for years without getting spoilt. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) When we go for a picnic or a long vacation, we take some food with us. What kind of food do we take? Some tips to prevent food spoilage while travelling are: 1) Choose dry food items which do not spoil easily. Example: nuts, chips, dry fruits, biscuits, chiwda, sev and so on. 2) Pack food items carefully to prevent water from getting in. We can use foils, papers and plastic wraps to pack sandwich, roti, paratha, dosa, idli and so on. 3) We should not pack food items when they are hot. family picnic We must cool them first. 4) We should keep the food in a cool place, away from sunlight. 18

Lesson Building Materials 12 Let Us Learn About R different building materials and tools. u how bricks are made. a houses – then and now. h bhunga. Think Reena went with her father to see the construction of their new house. What all things will she see there? Can you guess? Remembering Materials used to build houses Building a house requires different materials and tools. The materials used for building houses differ from place to place. They depend on the climate, availability of materials and cost. The tools used depend on the type of house being built. Let us look at some of the different materials and tools. wooden house 19

1) Wood: Wooden houses are found in areas where the climate is cold, and wood is available in plenty. Wood does not allow heat to pass through it. So, the wooden houses remain warm in the cold climate. 2) Stone: In regions with hot climates, houses are made of stone. Stone keeps the houses cool by keeping the heat out. 3) Glass: Another material that we now use is glass. Glass makes the house look more airy and spacious. It also lets in natural light so that extra lighting is not needed during the day. stone house glass used in construction Today, we mostly use sand, bricks, wood, iron, stones, cement and concrete to build our houses. Concrete is a mixture of sand, cement, water and small stones. Materials used for construction sand bricks wood metal rods concrete We also use different types of paints to paint the houses. Paints protect the walls and make them look beautiful. People such as architects, engineers, masons and carpenters are involved in constructing a house. Engineers and architects create the design and layout of a house. They also decide the type of building materials to be used. A mason cuts and lays the stones of the building. A carpenter does all the woodwork. They use different types of tools. Some of them are given below: tools used by a tools used by an tools used by a tools for carpenter construction mason engineer and architect 20

To build a house, we may also need machines like the bulldozer, concrete mixer, crane and so on. Machines used for construction bulldozer concrete mixer crane Understanding Do you know how bricks are made? Bricks are mostly made of clay or concrete. Here are some of the steps used for making bricks out of clay: 1) Preparing clay: Water is added to the clayey soil. Mixing is done to make the clayey soil smooth and uniform. 2) Moulding: Hand moulds are used to shape this wet mixing brick clay with water clay to form bricks. Nowadays, machine moulds are also used to make bricks. making bricks using moulds 3) Drying: After moulding, the bricks are allowed to slowly air-dry in the open. 4) Firing: The dried bricks are hardened using fire. For this, oven like kilns (bhatta or bhatti) are built in the open fields using the dried bricks. Then this kiln is heated using fire. It takes two weeks for the kiln to cool down after firing. After the bricks are fired and cooled, they are unloaded from the kiln and packaged and stored. Building Materials 21

bricks are dried in the open bricks are fired in a kiln Application Houses today have tube lights, bulbs and fans. What about the days when there was no electricity? How did the kings and Maharajas build their huge buildings? Maharajas built forts. Forts are large buildings that used to provide houses for thousands of families. They used to build forts on top of hills to protect themselves from enemies. Let us look at one fort closely to see how they were built and how different it is from the houses we build today. Mehrangarh Fort in Jodhpur, Rajasthan The Mehrangarh fort is one of the biggest forts in India. It has thick, strong walls. The thick walls of the fort kept the rooms cool and protected Mehrangarh fort the people from the hot desert sun. It has several courtyards with lots of windows. The fort did not have electricity and fans. Did their rooms not get hot? No, the ceilings of the rooms were usually very high. Near the roof, there were small windows. They allowed fresh air to flow within the rooms. The presence of sunlight and flow of fresh air ensured hygienic conditions inside. This is important to prevent diseases. Many open cut-outs allowed the air to flow freely. interior of the Mehrangarh fort 22

What are the things in your house that keep it cool or warm, well-lit or shaded? Some of them are given below: 1) curtains 2) a terrace or a veranda 3) walls 4) the arrangement of the windows and the doors in the house Discuss with your friends how each one helps us. Amazing Facts The Indian Kings used to live in palaces. Palaces were luxurious homes. It is said that some of these Maharajas used gold, silver, gems like diamond and so on to build and decorate their palaces. a palace Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Let us look at a special type of house called the Bhunga. It is a type of house that is built by the people in the Kutch district of the Gujarat state in India. The Bhunga is like a cylinder in shape with a cone-like roof. It has a door and two windows. Even though it is a kaccha house, it does not collapse Bhunga house even during an earthquake. In fact, when the last Kutch earthquake occurred, many pucca houses fell down, but these remained. How is this possible? The cylindrical shape, height of the roof and its conical shape give it the strength to survive ground shakes. Building Materials 23

Lesson Types of Cloth 13 Let Us Learn About r different types of cloth material. U making cloth from fibres. A colouring and printing of cloth. H taking care of clothes. Think Elena got a beautiful silk frock as a birthday gift from her aunt. It was soft and smooth to touch. She wondered why the clothes we wear look and feel different. Why some clothes were rough while some others were smooth? Remembering Based on the season and occasion, we wear different types of clothes. The look and feel of the clothes are different. Some of them make us feel warm. Some keep us cool. Some are smooth and shiny. Clothes look and feel different because of the differences in the material used to make them. They are made up of fibres. Fibre is thin like hair. You will see these fibres at any tailor’s shop. Fibres are of two main types: 24

1) Natural fibres: These are obtained from natural resources. They can be plant fibres or animal fibres. A few examples of natural fibres are cotton, jute, silk and wool. Cotton and jute are plant fibres while silk and wool are animal fibres. Wool is obtained from the fleece of sheep or goat. We also get wool from the hair of rabbits, yak and camels. Silk fibre is drawn from the cocoon of silkworm. cotton fibre jute fibre silk fibre wool fibre nylon fibre 2) Artificial (synthetic) fibres: These are human-made fibres. Example: nylon, rayon. When artificial fibres are thrown after use, they do not breakdown under soil like natural fibres. Hence, they are harmful to the environment. We must avoid using them. Understanding Now we know our clothes are formed from fibres. But how do we make clothes from fibres? Cotton and jute are most widely used natural fibres. COTTON CLOTH FROM COTTON PLANT Cotton plants are grown in places with long, hot and dry summers. They need plenty of sunshine to grow. The flowers develop into green fruits (pods) with seeds in them. White, soft, fluffy fibres of different lengths grow around the seeds to form bolls. cotton flowers cotton pods cotton bolls Types of Cloth 25

Let us see the steps to make cotton cloth from a cotton plant. 1) When the pods burst open, we can see the fibres inside. The bolls are then collected from the plants. 2) The cotton picked from the plants has seeds in it. 3) The seeds of cotton are separated using a machine. Then, it is fed into a machine to comb and straighten the fibres. 4) The fibre is then spun into yarn using spinning machines. The yarn is a continuous thread formed by grouping and twisting the fibres. We also do this at home while making wicks for oil lamps. machine separating spinning machine hand spinning seeds from cotton bolls 5) Weaving is done by passing the threads or yarn over and under each other to make a cloth or fabric. 6) The cotton fabric is cut and stitched into different types of clothes we wear. JUTE CLOTH FROM JUTE PLANT weaving Jute is grown during the rainy season. Jute is mainly grown in West Bengal, Bihar and Assam in India. To make the jute fibre, the stem of the jute plant is soaked in water for 2 to 3 days. Then it is pulled out and dried. The fibres are then woven into threads and ropes. These threads are used to make jute clothes and gunny bags. Application Clothes look beautiful and different due to different colours and patterns on them. The fabric is coloured through dyeing and printing. dyeing printing 26

In printing, multiple colours are used to make patterns on the fabric. Dyeing can be done before weaving the yarns into fabric using single or many colours. Natural dyes and chemical dyes are used to colour the clothes. Natural dyes Synthetic dyes • from animals and plants • from chemicals Examples: flowers and roots of plants, Example: mauvine (It is the first synthetic vegetables chemical dye that was unexpectedly discovered in 1856.) Different methods are used for dyeing and printing clothes. Let us see some of them: Mixing colours: Attractive clothes are made by mixing the colours while dyeing. Different types of colour combinations are used to make them prettier. Block printing: A block of wood with a fabric dyed with mixed colours specific design is used for this. The block is dipped in dye and pressed on the cloth to be printed. The same process is repeated several times to get a beautiful pattern on the cloth. It is one of the oldest methods of fabric printing. We can also do block printing using a potato (or any other vegetable). Take a potato, cut it into two pieces, carve block printing any design you like on the piece. Your ‘block’ is ready. Dip it in water colours. Take a small piece of old cloth, block prints using vegetables handkerchief or a paper. Press the block on it. You can repeat it to get the design of your choice. You can also use vegetables like ladies finger or cut capsicum for this. Types of Cloth 27

Amazing Facts Nearly 50,000 silkworms are killed to make one silk saree. Kusuma Rajaiah, of Hyderabad, has come up with a method to produce silk without killing silkworms. Kusuma Rajaiah displaying a silk saree Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Taking care of clothes is important to make them look better and help them last longer. Let us see how to take care of clothes. We need to follow the instructions written on the tag of clothes. Cotton and synthetic clothes should be washed well with a good soap or detergent to remove all the sweat, dirt and stains. They should be dried carefully. Drying dark coloured clothes in direct and bright sunlight for too long can make the colours dull. Ironing clothes makes them wrinkle free. Woollen and silk clothes need a lot of care. drying and ironing clothes They should be dry-cleaned or washed gently with cold water. They are easily attacked by small insects like moth and silverfish. We should store silk and woollen clothes with mothballs or dried neem leaves. These will keep the insects away. 28

EVS - II (SOCIAL STUDIES) TERM - 2 TERM 1

Contents 4Class 4 Rivers 4.1 U nderstanding Rivers���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 4.2 India’s Rivers������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 6 5 Indian History and Culture 5.1 Indian History and Culture������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 11 6 Natural Resources: Forests and Soil 6.1 Natural Resources: Forests������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 18 6.2 Natural Resources: Soil����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24

N LESSON Jhelum Indus Chenab 4 Indus Ravi Beas Satluj Yarlung (Brahmaputra) Rivers Ganga LessonLuhitManas Let Us Learn About 4.1 Yamuna Ganges Chambal TistaKosi 4Brahmaputra R rivers and the parts of a river. U the main uses of rivers. Banas Betwa Brahmani BayBarak A the pollution of rivers. of h the three steps to reduce pollution. Mahi Parvati Son Bengal 4.2 Narmada Tapi Mahanadi Ayeya rwady (Irrawad dy) Tel R the main rivers of India,their Godavari Bhima tributaries and distributaries. Arabian Wainganga Sea Krishna U the sources and features of the Tung abhadra Penner main rivers of India. Kaveri Palar International Boundary A the main uses of Indian rivers. Kollidam State Boundary h the underground rivers. Rivers Concept 4.1: Understanding Rivers Think Mr Irani’s school friend has come to visit the Irani family after many months. Meher: Hello, Ajay Uncle! How are you? Ajay Uncle: Hi, Meher. I’ve been busy with work. Meher: Yes, I heard you telling Papa and Ma that you were doing some work to keep Mumbai’s rivers clean. What work do you do for the river? Ajay Uncle: Well, Meher, I work with an NGO that cleans Mumbai’s rivers. We organise events to pick up the waste thrown in rivers. We talk to school children about keeping rivers clean. We also speak to the government to make cleanliness rules strict. It is very important to clean our rivers because the health of our villages and cities depends on them. Meher: Oh! Are rivers really that important? Q. Who is the responsible for keeping the rivers clean? (A) children (B) government (C) adults (D) all of the above 1

Remembering A river is a large natural stream of flowing water. Usually, rivers flow towards a large water body like a sea or ocean. Sometimes, rivers also flow into caves under the ground. Rivers provide water, which is necessary for all kinds of lives. Various kinds of organisms live in rivers. Many kinds of plants and trees grow only near rivers. Various animals and insects get their food and water from rivers. They are important for civilizations. Many important ancient cities started near rivers. A river begins on a high ground or in hills or mountains and flows down from the higher ground to the lower ground. It begins as a small stream and gets bigger as it flows farther. The journey of a river is divided into high, middle and low areas. Journey of a river High Areas Middle Areas Low Areas The beginning Here, the river slows The mouth of the down. The slope of of a river is the land is less. The river falls in the called its origin low areas. Where or source. It is river deposits it meets a large usually a high sediments along water body like a land. The water the middle course. sea or an ocean, flows down very Sediments are the muddy and rocky it sometimes fast. It carries materials brought forms a delta. rocks and other down by a river materials with it. from the mountains. flow of water A delta is a land made of slope of the land sedimentary deposits left by a river flowing into a large water body. A delta is usually a triangular piece of land. mouth 2

source mouth (delta) tributary distributary river bank Smaller streams and When the main river Soil brought down from the mountains rivers from different breaks in the middle, by a river is called silt. During the rainy places which join different streams are season, rivers become full and flow over the main rivers are formed. These are their banks. As a result, neighbouring called tributaries. called distributaries. areas get flooded. When the water from the flood flows away, mud or silt is left behind. Understanding MAIN USES OF RIVERS agriculture generating electricity fishing transportation recreation Rivers 3

Some ways in which rivers are helpful to people are: a river-boat 1) Agriculture: The silt brought from the mountains by rivers is very a dam used to fertile. It is very good for growing crops. It is helpful to farmers. generate electricity Crops need water to grow. Rivers provide water for farming. The rafting on a river for process of supplying water to grow crops is called irrigation. This recreation water is supplied in the required amount at regular intervals. 2) Fishing: Rivers are a source of food like fish, crabs, prawns and so on. These are sources of food for many humans and animals. 3) Transportation: Travelling by waterways is the cheapest form of transportation. Rivers provide a natural and easy way to travel by boat and ship. 4) Generating electricity: Rivers move from high areas to middle areas. The force of water falling from a great height can be used to generate electricity. Dams help in having a steady supply of water to generate electricity. 5) Recreation: People also use rivers for recreation. Some of these recreational activities are swimming, boating, fishing, birdwatching and so on. In the high areas, river rafting is popular. In the low areas, parasailing is popular. Application RIVER POLLUTION Sadly, today, rivers are getting polluted. Here are some reasons for river pollution: 1) Waste from farms, cities and factories goes into rivers. 2) People throw plastic everywhere, including rivers. Fishes, birds and other creatures eat this plastic and die. 3) After various festivals, people immerse idols of gods and goddesses into rivers. Very often, the paint used on these idols poisons underwater organisms. 4) Frequently, dead animals are thrown into rivers. 4

Polluted riveHrsigchaen rleOarddteormThainnykdinisgeaSskeisl.lsTh(eH.GOa.Tn.gSa.)is the most polluted river in India. Look at the pictures of polluted rivers. Plan a presentation in groups of five to give solutions to this problem. Make sure your solutions can be used by common people. Amazing Facts Given below are some important rivers of the world. 1) River Nile in Africa 2) River Yangtze in Asia 3) River Amazon in South 4) River Ob in Europe America The River Nile is 6,650 km long. It is longer than the distance between Kashmir in the north and Kanyakumari in the south! the Nile, Africa Rivers 5

Concept 4.2: India’s Rivers Think Ajay Uncle: Which is the longest river in India? Meher: Is it the river Ganga? Ajay Uncle: That’s right! River Ganga is the longest river in India. It is 2,525 km long. The second-longest river is in the south of India – Godavari – which is 1,465 km long. Meher: Wow! That is really long! Q. Which is the longest river in India? (A) Narmada (B) Godavari (C) Brahmaputra (D) Ganga Remembering India has many rivers, big and small. The seven most important rivers of India are: • Indus • Ganga • Narmada • Tapi • Godavari • Krishna • Mahanadi All the major Indian rivers originate from one of the following sources: 1) The Himalaya and the Karakoram mountain ranges in the northern India: Example: Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra. They have long courses and run from the source to seas. These are called Himalayan rivers. 2) Vindhya and Satpura mountain ranges and Chota Nagpur plateau in central India or the Sahyadri hills (Western Ghats) in western India: These are called peninsular rivers. Example: Mahanadi, Krishna, Kaveri and Godavari. 6

Indian rivers can also be divided according to their water levels. PERENNIAL RIVERS Perennial rivers have water throughout the year. 1) Indus: Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Satluj and Beas make up the land of the five rivers or Punjab (‘punj’, meaning ‘five’ and ‘ab’, meaning ‘water’). 2) Ganga: It is the longest river in India. It meets the River Yamuna. The Chambal and Betwa rivers are the tributaries of the Yamuna. The Son river is a tributary of the Ganga. The Hooghly in West Bengal is a major distributary of the Ganga. NON-PERENNIAL RIVERS Non-perennial rivers do not have water throughout the year. They have a seasonal or periodic flow of water. 1) Mahanadi: This river does not have any major tributaries. 2) Godavari: This is the second longest river in India. The largest tributary of the Godavari is the Pranhita. 3) Krishna: Tungabhadra is the largest tributary of the Krishna river. 4) Narmada, Tapi: These rivers do not have any major tributaries. N INDIA AFGHANISTAN GEOGRAPHICAL MAP JAMMU & KASInHdMuIRs Jhelum Chenab Indus Ravi HIMACHAL CHINA Beas PRADESH PAKISTAN Sutluj PUNJAB HARYANA UTTARAKHAND DELHI GangaUTTARNEPAL ARUPNRAACDHESAHL YamunaPRADESH Ghaghara BHUTAN SIKKIM Brahmaputra(AASSSOAMMN) AGALAND RAJASTHAN Chambal Betwa Kosi MEGHALAYA MADHYA BIHAR MANIPUR PRADESH Narmada Tapi Son BANGLADESH MIZORAM JHARKHAND GangaTRIPURA MYANMAR WEST GUJARAT BENGAL Mahanadi Daman & Diu GodavMaArHi ARASHTRA CHHATTISGARH (ODISHA) ORISSA DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI Arabian Krishna TELANGANA Bay Sea of Bengal hadra Puducherry GOA Tungab ANDHRA ANDAMAN PRADESH KARNATAKA Legend Kaveri International Boundary KERALA Puducherry State Boundary & NICOB A R LAKS(HINADDIAW)EEP Rivers (INDIA) TAMIL NADU SRI LANKA IS L ANDS INDIAN OCEAN Map not to Scale Copyright © 2014 www.mapsofindia.com rivers of India Rivers 7

Understanding SOURCES OF INDIAN RIVERS The source of a river very often, is in mountains or hills. Mountains like the Himalayas and Karakoram are very high. They have snow on their peaks. This snow melts in summer and trickles down the mountain sides in small streams. These streams flow into the rivers. Such rivers are called snow-fed rivers. When rivers are formed due to the melting of glaciers, they are called glacier-fed rivers. The rivers of central and southern India are usually rain-fed rivers. This means that they receive water from the monsoon rains. Snow or glacier-fed rivers of northern India Rain-fed rivers of central and southern India • perennial rivers • seasonal rivers – they lose a lot of water • flow slowly when they reach the plains during summer • no waterfalls • flow faster than the northern rivers due to A waterfall is formed when water falls rocky and uneven land from a great height. • many waterfalls FEATURES OF INDIAN RIVERS Example: Jog Falls in Karnataka • In the high areas, a river flows fast. It rubs against rocks and breaks them into smaller pieces. It carries these small rocks and stones as well as soil along with it. • A river leaves small rocks and stones as well as soil at the bottom of valleys or takes them down to the plains. • These rivers also form large basins. A river basin is the area which gets water from the main river and its distributaries. This is how the Ganga makes the plains extremely fertile for cultivation. • The rain-fed eastern peninsular rivers like Mahanadi, high areas of the Ganga Krishna and Godavari, flow towards the east like the Ganga. They deposit silt in the middle and low areas. Deltas form at their mouths. These rivers meet the Bay of Bengal. 8

• Some of the main rain-fed peninsular rivers like Narmada, Periyar and Tapi, flow towards the west. They flow faster than the northern rivers and do not deposit as much silt in their middle and low areas. They do not form deltas. Application IMPORTANT USES OF INDIAN RIVERS 1) Agriculture: • Rivers carry nutrient soil(silt). Silt carried by the Ganga, Yamuna, Godavari and so on are useful for agriculture. • The large basins and deltas of the rivers provide lots of fertile land for farming. • River water is diverted to areas where there is no water through canals. 2) Electricity: • The Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada river is an example of a dam built to generate hydro-electricity. 3) Religion: • Many rivers in India are considered sacred. Many religious events are performed on the banks of rivers. 4) Fishing: • Fishing is done in the Hooghly River in West Bengal. 5) Transportation: • T he Allahabad-Haldia stretch of the Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly River and the Sadiya- Dhubri stretch of the Brahmaputra River are examples of waterways that are used for transportation. 6) Recreation: • Rishikesh, on the banks of the Ganga is a famous spot for white-water rafting. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Sometimes, in its middle areas, a river might disappear from the surface of the Earth. This does not always mean that it has dried up. Sometimes, a river finds a crack in the ground and begins to travel under the ground. A few underground rivers from around the world are the Neglinnaya in Europe, the Minetta Brook in North America and the Changpu River in Asia. Rivers 9

Amazing Facts Sunderban delta formed by River Brahmaputra and River Ganga is the largest delta in the world. Sunderban delta is also known as the ‘Green Delta’ as it is one of the most fertile land in the world. New Words 1) NGO – Non-Government Organisation; a group of people who want to help citizens without being a part of the 2) civilization government 3) river bank – a group of people who live together and share the same 4) fertile culture 5) waterways – the earth at the sides of a river 6) generate 7) dam – rich in nutrients 8) recreation 9) immerse – the network of connected rivers and water bodies where 10) idol boats and ships can be used to go from one place to 11) Western Ghats another 12) canal – to make – a wall over a river behind which water is stored – activities people do for fun – to drown something in water completely – a statue of something – mountains in the western part of India – a path that is dug into the ground to take water from one place to another 10

Lesson Indian History and 5 Culture Let Us Learn About 5.1 R What is history and what is its importance? U Important kingdoms, people and monuments in Indian history A Modern titular rulers in India h Why we need to protect our ancient monuments Concept 5.1: Indian History and Culture Think One day, Rashi’s grandfather opened an old photo album one day. Rashi sat on his lap and looked at the old pictures. Her grandfather told her about the time when he was young: the houses they lived in, the vessels used for cooking, the clothes they wore. Rashi did not know about most of these. Some of the utensils were very different from what they were using in the kitchen or garden. Even the clothes they wore or the beds they slept on were different. She even got to know about her great- grandparents and how they lived. She was amazed. Ma: Rashi, grandfather is sharing a story of what happened in the past. Rashi: Ma, is this the same as the history our teacher said we would learn in the class tomorrow? Q.  Rashi and Rashi’s grandfather were talking about: (A) houses they lived in (B) vessels used for cooking (C) c lothes they wore (D) all of the above 11

Remembering The word ‘past’ is used for all the time that has gone by before ‘now’. How do we remember the important parts of this long story? Timeline We use the correct order of events to remember and understand the past. A timeline shows events in the order in which they occurred. On a timeline, the past events are on the left-hand side while the latest event is on the right-hand side. But how do we learn about the history itself? We learn about history from people, objects, materials and written stories of the past. These are called sources of history. We need to look at different sources to know and understand the history of a country. Some of the sources could be remains of very old cities, articles used long ago, stories written about kings and queens and monuments. A monument is a statue or a building to remember an important person or event. Let us look at how these sources help us see the history of some very ancient people: the Indus Valley Civilization which existed 5500 years ago The civilization was an extremely old civilization. It was discovered by archaeologists in the 1920s. These people were good builders and skillful designers. Their buildings had two or more floors. The bathrooms were attached to the rooms. One of the unique features of the city was its planned drainage system (shown in the picture). A brick-lined drainage channel flowed at the side of every street. The people of the Indus valley were mostly farmers. There were also artists who made sculptures, seals, pottery etc. There were metal workers who made gold jewellery and bronze figurines. The Indus valley civilization is also called the Harappan civilization because the ruins of this civilization were discovered in Harappa. Understanding Let us now look at some great kingdoms, kings and monuments and understand what they tell us about the past. 12

Mauryas: 322 BCE 185 BCE The first to unite India into one state. It was established by Chandragupta Maurya. His grandson Ashoka is for having The Dharmachakra in the centre of our national flag is taken from the Sarnath monument built by Ashoka. Guptas: 320 AD 550 AD Chandragupta Vikramaditya was the most popular ruler in the Gupta dynasty. The Gupta Empire was called the Golden Age of India due to the many achievements in the fields of science, art and literature. The world famous Ellora caves belong to the Gupta period. Satavahanas: 100 CE 400 AD Srimukha was the founder of the Satavahana dynasty. Satavahanas ruled Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra for 450 years. Hala, one of the Satavahana kings, wrote Gathasaptashati. Gautamiputra Satakarni was the greatest among the Satavahana kings. Cholas: 200 CE 1279 AD The Chola dynasty was one of the longest- ruling dynasties in the history of southern India. Under the leadership of Rajaraja Chola I, Rajendra Chola I and their successors, they reached new heights of excellence in art, religion and literature. Many majestic temples were built in this age like the Brihadeeswarar temple in Thanjavur. Indian History and Culture 13

1336AD Vijayanagara Empire: 1646AD The Empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi in Karnataka. Sri Krishna Devaraya was the most famous among Vijayanagara kings. He was also a poet and wrote Amuktamalyada. 1083 CE Kakatiyas: 1323 CE Ganapatideva and his daughter Rudrama Devi were famous among the Kakatiyas. Famous monuments like the Warangal fort and the Thousand Pillar temple were built during their period. 1526 AD Mughals: 1707 AD In 1526, Babur established the Mughal Empire. His grandson Akbar was the most famous Mughal emperor who ruled India. He was tolerant to other religions. The literature and administration of his period are quite popular. 1674 AD Marathas: 1818 AD Shivaji was a brave man who revolted against the Mughals and established the Maratha kingdom. He was a follower of Hinduism but was tolerant towards other religions. He is well known for his disciplined army and administration. 14

Let us look at some monuments of different times that tell us about their history. Ashoka Pillar Brihadeeswarar Temple Ashoka, Maurya Raja Raja I, Chola Dynasty Dynasty edicts of Buddhist teachings one of the largest temples in Amaravati Sculptures Sattavahana southern India dynasty Ellora Caves buddhist sculptures Gupta Dynasty in marble caves containing Warangal Fort overlapping Rudrama Devi, Hindu, Buddhist Kakatiya Dynasty and Jain capital city of the sculptures Kakatiya dynasty Hampi Vijyanagara Empire ruins of an ancient city Taj Mahal Sindhudurg Fort Shah Jahan, Mughal Shivaji, Maratha dynasty dynasty built in memory of architectural his wife, Mumtaz marvel, built on a Mahal small island Indian History and Culture 15

Application In India, after achieving Independence from the British, the rulers who built empires and ruled cities do not have the power to rule anymore. This is because India is ruled by the people and their representatives. However, even today there are a few royal families in India. Take a look Maharaja of Mysore Nawab of Pataudi Princess of Udaipur at the pictures of present day princes and princesses in India. Do you recognize any of them? The Wadiyar Dynasty Yaduveera Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar is the present titular Maharaja of Mysore and the head of the Wadiyar dynasty. Mewar Dynasty Arvind Singh Mewar is the 76th titular Maharaja of the Mewar Dynasty, Udaipur. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) As we have seen earlier, monuments teach us about the that happened before we were born. They teach us about achievements and failures and we can take pride or learn from them. However, some people spoil these monuments by writing on them. Monuments are a part of the rich history of our country. Can you discuss with your class and come up with a poster to raise awareness to protect our monuments? Give your poster a slogan too. 16

Amazing Facts The Ningthouja dynasty of Manipur was one of the longest ruling dynasties in world history. They ruled Manipur for close to 2000 years. Symbol of the Kingdom of Manipur New Words 1) monuments – A monument is a statue, building, or something else build to remember a person or important event. 2) civilization – An advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry and government has been reached. 3) archaeologist – people who study the past by looking for the remains and artifacts (historical things) left by the people who lived long ago 4) figurine – a small ornamental figure of pottery, metal, etc. 5) buddhism – a religion, originated in India by Gautama Buddha 6) dynasty – a series of rulers from the same family 7) excavate – to uncover by digging 8) culture – the way groups of people act 9) tolerant – to allow or accept; not oppose or attack Indian History and Culture 17

LESSON 10 Lesson Natural Resources: 6 Forests and Soil Let Us Learn About 6.1 R about forests as a natural resource. U the features of different types of forests. A causes and effects of deforestation. h conservation of forests. 6.2 R d efinition of soil, layers of soils and types of soil found in India. U formation of soil and affects of soil on plant and animal life. A soil erosion and methods to prevent it. h making a mind map about soil. Concept 6.1: Natural Resources: Forests Think Rashi is excited. A student from Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka is visiting her school. Her name is Maya. Rashi: Maya, are you impressed with the buildings in the city? Maya: Well, they are not as impressive as what we have in Chikkamagaluru. Rashi: Really? What do you have in Chikkamagaluru? Maya: We have the Western Ghats. They have been declared as a protected forest by the UNESCO. See how gorgeous it is! 18

Rashi: Wow! That is beautiful! Maya: You must visit me there! My village is near an evergreen forest. Q. Which forest-rich state is Maya from? (A) Tamil Nadu (B) Karnataka (C) Maharashtra (D) Rajasthan Remembering Forests as a natural resource A forest is a place covered by many trees and plants. Forests grow naturally, that is, on their own. They take thousands of years to grow. A natural resource is anything that people can use which comes from nature. People do not make these resources but they use them. People get them from the Earth. Example: air, water, wood, oil, wind energy, iron, coal. Forests are one such important natural resource. Let us look at some things we get from forests. Natural Resources: Forests and Soil 19

Understanding Not all forests are the same. There are many different kinds of forests. They have various types of trees and plants. The five main types of forests found in India are: coniferous forests evergreen forests deciduous forests thorny and scrub forests tidal forests CONIFEROUS FORESTS the tall and pointed trees of Coniferous forests are found in regions like the coniferous forests Himalayan and Nilgiri mountains. These regions are extremely cold. • T he trees are pointed and narrow at the top and wider at the bottom. This prevents snow from remaining on their branches. • The leaves are like needles so they will not collect snow. 20

EVERGREEN FORESTS an evergreen forest Evergreen forests are found in hot and wet regions of India. a deciduous forest in There is plenty of rain and sunshine in the Western Ghats, the the summer hills of northeastern India and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. an arid scrub forest • T rees like eucalyptus and rosewood grow in these regions. a tidal forest They never shed their leaves completely and always look green. Hence, they are called evergreen forests. DECIDUOUS FORESTS These forests grow in the Southern Plateau region of India. They are also found along the foothills of the Himalayas. The trees, like bamboo and teak, in these forests need to live and grow in different kinds of weather. • These trees have broad, flat leaves. They catch a lot of light and require lots of water. Hence, they lose their leaves during the dry season. THORNY AND SCRUB FORESTS Thorny and scrub forests of babul and keekar are found in hot and dry areas. Example: the deserts of Rajasthan and Gujarat, parts of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. The rays of the Sun are very strong in these regions. There is very little rainfall. So, the trees and plants need to live without much water. • T hey have leaves that have become thorns to make sure they do not lose water. • They have long roots that search for water underground. TIDAL FORESTS These forests are found where the land is flooded by sea water. Example: in the river deltas of West Bengal. The roots of these trees grow upwards, out of the water. This is so that they can get enough air. So, we see that the temperature and rainfall in a place affect the kind of forest found there. Natural Resources: Forests and Soil 21

• S ince tall mountains in India are extremely cold, coniferous forests are found there. • Hot climate and heavy rainfall lead to evergreen forests. Application What will happen if forests are destroyed? Deforestation happens when forests are destroyed by cutting down but are not replanted. We have learned how forests are useful to people in many ways. Sadly, if we cut forests and never replant trees, we can cause deforestation. Why does deforestation occur? 1) Forests are cleared so land can be used for farms, buildings, roads and industries. 2) Forests are used as raw material to make products like paper and rubber. 3) Forests are cut down for mining. Mining is when the resources like coal, found under the Earth's surface, are brought out of the ground. What are the effects of deforestation? If forests are destroyed, all life on the Earth will be harmed. Let us see some effects of deforestation. 1) Plants absorb carbon dioxide and give out oxygen. Destroying the forests will change the climate of that region. 22

2) The roots of trees hold soil firmly together. So, when it rains, the deforestation soil can quickly soak in all the water. But deforestation makes the soil loose, and when there is heavy rain, the water flows away quickly. This causes floods. 3) Deforestation breaks the water cycle. So, there is less rainfall and the water bodies begin to dry up. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Now that we have understood the harmful effects of deforestation, let us see how we can stop it. There are two ways to do this. REFORESTATION There are areas where trees have been cut down and the land is not used. We can plant trees in such places. This is called reforestation. AFFORESTATION Some places have land but no forests. Planting trees in an area that is not a forest is called afforestation. 1) Ask your teachers, parents and grandparents: a) do they remember parts of your town or city that used to be forests? b) which animals lived there? Amazing Facts Some trees can live for thousands of years and grow to become hundred of metres tall. Hyperion, found in Northern California, is the tallest tree in the world, measuring 116 m. It's as tall as a 30-storey tall building! Natural Resources: Forests and Soil 23

Concept 6.2: Natural Resources: Soil Think Rashi: Maya, what makes a forest grow? When I travelled to northern Karnataka, I didn’t see tall trees. Maya: See, like there are different kinds of forests, there are different kinds of soil too. Rashi: How does this happen? Maya: There are many reasons why soil is different in different parts of the country. Q. What causes different types of forests to grow in different places? (A) different soils (B) different people (C) different states (D) different animals Remembering We have learned that forest is one key natural resource. Another very important natural resource is soil. It is important for life on the Earth. There are six types of soil found in India. Let us read about them. TYPES OF SOIL IN INDIA Let us use the two symbols to find out about the different types of soil. Where are they found? W hat crops are grown in each type of soil? Soil is the loose material found on the Earth's surface. It is a mixture of various materials. It contains chemicals and other natural materials. 24

Mountain soil Alluvial Laterite soil soil hilly and Northern areas where mountainous Plains there is heavy areas rainfall rice and spices and wheat tea and apple coffee Red soil Sandy, desert or Black soil arid soil western southwestern northwestern desert and eastern part of the India Deccan gram and Plateau millet groundnut cotton and sugarcane Natural Resources: Forests and Soil 25

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Understanding We now know the different types of soil. Let us see how soil affects plant and animal life. Living beings depend, directly or indirectly, on soil. Plants feed Plant material and Some animals get many animals. insects feed many their food from the birds and animals. meat of other animals. Plants grow naturally on soil. People plant crops in the soil. Microorganisms and insects live in and on the soil. For human beings it is important since it forms the basis of agriculture SOIL EROSION We learned how important soil is for plant and animal life. So, we need to protect our soil from soil erosion. Soil erosion is the washing or blowing away(by water or wind) of the soil on the surface of the Earth. How can we preserve and protect soil? 1) Plant more trees. This is especially helpful in places where the soil is exposed to wind and flowing water. Planting trees creates a speed-breaker in the path of winds blowing fast across flat lands. These plants and trees can stop the wind from blowing the soil away. 2) Planted trees and plants keep soil in place when water flows swiftly. The soil gets caught up in the roots of the bushes, rather than being washed away. Natural Resources: Forests and Soil 27

Application Why should we preserve and protect soil? • Uncountable microorganisms of different types live in the soil. Each microorganism helps plants and other living things in its own special way. • The soil is a place where gases like carbon dioxide are stored. If soil is eroded, these gases enter the air. Some of them can be harmful to other living things. Some gases need to remain in the soil to help plants grow well. • Soil is an important natural resource, especially for farmers. When soil is carried away, it affects crops. Crops do not grow well in areas were top soil is lost. • It can take 100 years to form one inch of soil. This means that once soil is eroded, it cannot be replaced quickly. • Healthy soil can keep the environment clean and healthy. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Make a mind map to show: •  the things people get directly from the soi   •  occupations which depend on soil Amazing Facts There are about 7,000,000,000 people on the entire Earth. In any handful of soil, there can be up to 50,000,000,000 microorganisms. This means that there can be more microorganisms in one handful of soil than people on Earth! New Words 1) UNESCO – U nited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation 2) prevent 3) foothills – to stop something from happening 4) raw material – the smaller hills found near tall mountains 5) exposed – the resources used to make something – left open 28