202110338-MAGNOLIA-STUDENT-TEXTBOOK-EVS_II(SST)-G05-PART2

EVS – II (SOCIAL STUDIES) TEXTBOOK – PART 2 5 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________

Preface IMAX partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. IMAX Program presents the latest version of this series – updated and revised after considering the perceptive feedback and comments shared by our experienced reviewers and users. The Magnolia series endeavours to be faithful to the spirit of the prescribed board curriculum. Furthermore, to facilitate comprehensive coverage, improved understanding of diverse themes and ease of implementation, the EVS curriculum has been split into EVS – I (Science) and EVS – II (Social Studies). Our books are split into two parts to manage the bag weight. They also strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. Our books also contain age-appropriate and easily relatable content that ensures that students can perceive social realities while imbibing the values of the Indian Constitution and human rights. There is also use of graphics, illustrations and pictures to help students to engage with concepts and ideas better. These objectives are integrated in the EVS – II (Social Studies) textbooks and workbooks to provide a holistic learning experience to students. The key features of the EVS – II (Social Studies) books are as follows.  A rrangement of concepts based on the RUAH model based on Bloom’s Taxonomy  C haracter and dialogue-based introductions to concepts to make EVS – II (Social Studies) concepts more relatable to students  Visually engaging formats for the organisation and presentation of information  In-text activities to assist memorisation and understanding  Subject-related vocabulary building in every lesson  U se of timelines and historical maps to help students to develop timeline, map and globe skills  U se of maps and scenario-based questions in the workbooks  Integration of values and life skills  P romotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around us Overall, this series aims to enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitive and harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and independent global community. – The Authors

Textbook Features Let Us Learn About Think Contains the list of concepts to be Introduces the concept/subtopic and covered in the lesson along with the arouses curiosity among students learning objectives Understanding Remembering Explains the aspects in detail that form Introduces new concepts to build on the the basis of the concept prerequisite knowledge/skills to understand Includes elements to ensure that students and achieve the objective of the topic are engaged throughout Application Connects the concept to real-life situations by giving an opportunity to apply what students have learnt Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Encourages students to extend the concept learnt to advanced application scenarios Amazing Facts Fascinating facts and trivia for students to establish a better real-life connect with the concept

Contents 5Class 6 Some Powerful Dynasties of India��������������������������������������������������������������� 1 7 The Mughal Empire��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 8 India’s Democratic Government��������������������������������������������������������������� 10 9 Local Administration����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 1 0 People with Physical Disabilities���������������������������������������������������������������� 21

Lesson Some Powerful Dynasties 6 of India Let Us Learn About R definitions of monarchy and dynasty. U when some Indian dynasties ruled. A the main features of Indian empires. h taking decisions like a king or a queen. Think Rashi and Meher invented a new game. Each one gets a turn to be the ruler. This time, Rashi is the ruler. Rashi: Meher, go and pluck a few flowers to put in my hair! Then, Rashi dressed arrange for a visit to the park. It is my order as queen that all up as a queen children must be allowed to stay awake past 8 p.m. They must come back home after playing by 6 p.m. Meher: Rashi, I am so tired of you acting like a queen all the time! I am not following your orders. Go order someone else. Rashi: I will punish you for disobeying me! Meher: Hahaha! Playing with you is a punishment, my queen. Tell me Rashi, were real kings and queens harsh like you? How can we know about them? Is India still ruled by them? QQ. Is India still ruled by kings and queens? (A) yes (B) no (C) maybe (D) do not know 1

Remembering Throughout the history of India, there have been many different kinds of rulers and governments. Let us read about some ancient Indian kingdoms. KINGDOMS, MONARCHIES AND DYNASTIES A kingdom is a piece of land that is ruled by a king or a queen. A kingdom is often called a monarchy. This means that one person, usually a king or a queen, inherits their position by birth or marriage. They become the ruler or head of the state. When one after another, the rulers who rule over a kingdom belong to the same family, it is known as a dynasty. A group of kingdoms or countries ruled by a single person, a few people or a government is called an empire. Kingdoms are one of the earliest types of governments on Earth. There have been different kingdoms throughout history. Early kingdoms The world’s earliest kingdoms developed thousands of years ago when leaders began conquering and controlling cities and settlements. Rulers of early kingdoms provided protection to their subjects. In return, subjects paid taxes or served the king. Kingdoms also had the power to create and enforce laws. Understanding SOME INDIAN DYNASTIES India is known for its ancient kingdoms. These kingdoms were ruled by different dynasties at different times. The most powerful and well-known dynasties were the Mauryas, the Guptas and the Cholas. The Mughals also ruled over a large empire, though they came much later. Dynasty Period Some famous rulers Maurya 322 BC – 185 BC Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka Chola 300 BC – 1279 AD Rajaraja Chola I, Rajendra Chola I Gupta 320 AD – 550 AD Chandragupta I, Samudragupta Mughal 1526 AD – 1858 AD Babur, Akbar 2

WELL-KNOWN DYNASTIES OF INDIA The Mauryan dynasty (322 BC – 185 BC) The Mauryan dynasty had the largest empire of its time in India. It was A pillar constructed the first large united kingdom in India. Emperor Ashoka was a great by Ashoka warrior from this dynasty. He captured many kingdoms till the battle of Kalinga. After the battle of Kalinga, Ashoka chose to spread the message of peace. The Chola dynasty (300 BC – 1279 AD) Kallanai dam The Chola dynasty was one of the  Rajendra Chola I longest-ruling dynasties in India. The Kallanai dam in Tamil Nadu was originally built by the Chola kings. The dam still stands there today. Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I were the greatest of the Chola kings. Rajendra Chola I is known to have crossed the sea and conquered islands such as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka and so on. The Gupta dynasty (320 AD – 550 AD) Some Powerful Dynasties of India 3

The Gupta dynasty brought peace and prosperity Both sides of a coin from the time of to their kingdom. Many scientific and artistic Samudragupta's rule achievements were made during this time. So, it is called the Golden Age of India. The mathematician, Aryabhata, and the poet, Kalidasa, belonged to this period. The Gupta king, Samudragupta was known for building a large kingdom. He created a great army and a powerful navy. Application WHY DO WE STILL REMEMBER THESE KINGDOMS? Let us read about some important actions of the rulers of these dynasties. • Spreading knowledge: They invited visitors from other kingdoms to learn about other places. They supported great religious teachers. They built colleges where literature, mathematics, medicine and other subjects were taught. • Encouraging artists: Many great plays and poems were written. Books such as the Mahabharata were translated into other languages. They supported the creation of great works of art. Art and architecture in the ancient kingdoms Cholas • temples and • sculptures Guptas All the kings of Ashoka • m essages for these dynasties (Mauryas) his people were supporters of carved into stone art. They built many temples and monuments. Mughal • forts • palaces • gardens 4

SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE KINGDOMS OF INDIA All these kingdoms had some special features. These kings had powerful armies. They protected the kingdoms from outsiders. The soldiers came from all parts of the kingdoms. The Mughal army was known for their soldiers on horseback. The kingdoms remained at peace with the help of laws and rules. People were also able to trade with each other. They were great supporters of art, culture and education. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) If you were a king or queen, what would you do for your kingdom? What would you like to be known for? Discuss these questions in groups of three. Amazing Facts The British Empire was the largest empire in the world. It was under the rule of England, a country. More than one-fifth of world’s population lived in the empire. India was also a part of the British Empire. Millions of Indians died during the British rule. They made one of the richest countries extremely poor. New Words 1) inherit – receive from parents or the previous owner 2) conquer – take control of a place or people 3) enforce – make sure a law is followed 4) emperor – the ruler of a very large kingdom Some Powerful Dynasties of India 5

Lesson The Mughal Empire 7 Let Us Learn About R the Mughal dynasty. U s imilarities and differences between two Mughal emperors. A s ome features of two Indian empires. h the merits and the demerits of a dynasty. Think Rashi and Meher ask Morad about other kings and queens of India. Meher: Were there dynasties in India after the Chola dynasty? Morad: Yes, there were. Long after the Cholas, there were many important dynasties in various parts of India. Rashi: I have heard of Akbar and the Mughals. Morad: Yes! The Mughals were an important dynasty. QQ. Meher wants to know if there were dynasties in India (A)  before the Mughal dynasty. (B)  during the Mauryan dynasty. (C) after the Chola dynasty. (D) in 1900 AD. Remembering THE MUGHAL DYNASTY The Mughal dynasty ruled most of northern India from the early sixteenth century to the 6

mid-eighteenth century. The Mughal dynasty is notable for more than two centuries of rule over India. It had very able rulers. They were good at administration and supported trade and cultural activities. Babur Humayun Akbar In 1526, Babur, a king from Babur's son Humayun Humayun’s son Akbar Central Asia, came to India. became the next captured many kingdoms. He captured many small king in 1530. He lost He brought a large part of kingdoms to make a new control of the empire to northern and central India empire in southern Asia. Afghan rebels and Sher under his control. He was one This empire was called the Shah Suri. He regained of the most successful Mughal Empire. it back in 1555. Mughal emperors. Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb Akbar’s son Jahangir became the king Aurangzeb became the ruler in 1658. in 1605. Jahangir’s son Shah Jahan who He conquered the kingdoms in southern became the next ruler in 1628, had a passion India. Thereby, he brought the empire to for buildings. Taj Mahal in Agra and Jama its greatest size. After his death in 1707, the Masjid in Delhi were built during his rule. Mughal Empire lost most of its power. The Mughal Empire 7

Understanding AKBAR AND AURANGZEB Some Mughal emperors had great military talent. Others were important patrons of art and culture. However, the two most powerful of them were Akbar and Aurangzeb. But they were different in various ways. Let us learn about them in detail. How did they become emperors? Akbar became the emperor at the age of 13 after his father passed away. He inherited the throne peacefully. On the other hand, Aurangzeb became the emperor by imprisoning his father Shah Jahan and murdering his eldest brother. Similarities between them Both the Mughal emperors, Akbar and Aurangzeb, had great reputation as rulers of large areas. Both of them were brave, hard-working, energetic and had great military knowledge. Differences between them Akbar had equal regard for all religions. He believed in the unity of all religions. He appointed Hindus to responsible posts in his government. He succeeded in securing whole-hearted cooperation of all people. Aurangzeb imposed extra taxes on Hindus. This created differences between the Muslims and the Hindus. At the same time, Aurangzeb also appointed Hindus to official posts. Akbar maintained a grand court and loved luxuries. On the other hand, Aurangzeb was a simple man and avoided luxuries. Akbar was interested in various art forms such as painting, music, architecture, writing, poetry and so on. Aurangzeb was not such an important patron of painting and art. Who will you choose as your king, Akbar or Aurangzeb? Discuss with your partner and mention the reasons for your choice. Application HOW DO YOU FIND THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EMPIRES? Any two empires can be compared based on some features. Let us see some features of the Mauryan Empire and the Mughal Empire. 8

1) Time: The Mauryan Empire existed between 322 BC – 185 BC, whereas the Mughal Empire existed from 1526 AD to almost 1800s. 2) Size: The Mauryan Empire was larger than the Mughal Empire. 3) Religion: The Mauryan rulers were followers of Jainism and Buddhism, while the Mughals were followers of Islam. Emperors Akbar and Ashoka were in favour of all religions. 4) Culture: Huge Buddhist monasteries and pillars were built during the rule of Emperor Ashoka. During the Mughal Empire, many monuments such as Humayun's Tomb and Taj Mahal were made. Some of the Mughal emperors are also known for their interests in arts, literature and music. Is it necessary to compare life during different times of history? Why or why not? Discuss with your partner. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) In a dynasty, a ruler's child becomes the next ruler. This means that, sometimes, a person who cannot be a good king or queen rules the kingdom. Greedy and cruel people can become rulers. Discuss three qualities of a good ruler with your partner. Do you think dynasties are good, or do you think they are bad? Why? Amazing Facts The national symbol of India with four lions standing back-to-back is the Lion Capital of the Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath. It is more than 2000 years old and is located at Sarnath near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh. New Words 1) patron – someone who supports artists by giving them money 2) monastery – a building where a group of monks live and work The Mughal Empire 9

Lesson India’s Democratic 8 Government Let Us Learn About R the meaning of democracy and the features of democracy in India. U h ow elections work in India; levels of government. A sections of the central government. h s imilarities and differences between democracy and monarchy. Think Mr and Mrs Jain are taking Rashi out.  A polling station She wants to know where they are going. Rashi: Ma, where are you going? Mrs Jain: The elections are being held today. We are going to the polling station. Rashi: Which train will you take from the polling station? Mrs Jain: No, Rashi! A polling station is not a place from where we can get trains. QQ. What do you think Rashi’s parents will do at the polling station? (A)  pick up a relative (B)  take part in the elections (C) see a railway museum (D) book a train ticket 10

Remembering In the olden days, India was ruled by different kings and queens. Do you remember some of them? Many European trading companies came to India. Can you name some of them? You have also studied that India fought against the British rule and became free on 15 August 1947. After India became free, our leaders decided that people should be allowed to elect their government. In other words, India’s leaders chose democracy. WHAT IS A DEMOCRACY? A democracy is a system of government run by the representatives chosen by the people of a country. In a democracy, the people are the most powerful group. They can choose their leaders. Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people. This is different from the rule of kings and queens where they have all the power. Let us now look at some of the features of a democracy. FEATURES OF A DEMOCRACY People elect the leaders they want by voting. People who are 18 years and above can vote. Features of a democracy Understanding We have read that one of the main features of a democracy is that people get to choose their representatives. In India, we choose our representatives through elections. India’s Democratic Government 11

WHAT IS AN ELECTION? An election is a method of choosing a representative by voting. They are held regularly after a fixed number of years. In India, they are held every five years. Process of Election Before the elections On election day After the elections • P olitical parties share • P eople go to polling • T he votes are their ideas and plans stations and vote. counted. for the citizens. • They are not required • T he candidate with • They tell people to tell anyone whom the most votes wins. about the candidates they voted for. standing for elections • T he political party with from their parties. the highest number of winning candidates usually forms the government. The political party that forms the government is called the ruling party. The leader of the ruling party becomes the head of the government. They choose members of their party to form a cabinet. These members are responsible for different departments. For example, one member manages the agriculture department, while another manages the education department. Elections for different levels of government Do you know that there are three levels of government in India? They are the local, the state and the central governments. We have elections to elect representatives at all three levels. Name of the election Level of the government Local election Local government State election State government Central government National election THE WORKING OF THE GOVERNMENT The central, state and local governments have separate responsibilities. However, the central, state and local governments work together for the welfare of the people. For example, the local government installs street lights. The state government distributes electricity to all the cities and villages. The central government gives permission for electrical projects and decides on the electricity prices to be charged. Let us learn more about these levels. Level 1: The Local Government The local government looks after the needs of people at the village, town or city level. It has 12

two levels – rural and urban local governments. Rural local government Urban local government The rural local government is responsible for the The urban local government looks after the welfare of people living in villages. needs of people living in cities and towns. Level 2: The State Government The state government takes care of many things such as education, roads and so on for a state. The state government is made up of a state legislature, a Chief Minister, a Governor and other ministers. Level 3: The Central Government The central government governs the entire country. It deals with the defence of India, relations with other countries, railways and shipping and so on. It is made up of the President, the Prime Minister and a cabinet of ministers. Application You have understood the three different levels of the government. Now let us look at what makes up the central government. THREE SECTIONS OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT • The Parliament makes rules or laws for the entire country. • The Executive puts into action the rules and laws The Parliament made by the Parliament. • The Judiciary upholds the laws and protects the rights of the people. Let us learn more about the Parliament. The Parliament consists of three parts. They are the President of India, Lok Sabha the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The Lok Sabha consists of members elected by the people during general elections. It is also called the House of the People. The Prime Minister is an important member of the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha consists of members indirectly elected by different Rajya Sabha states and union territories. It is also called the Council of States. The Vice President of India is an important member of the Rajya Sabha. India’s Democratic Government 13

The President is the formal head of India. They are elected by the members of the Rajya Sabha, the Lok Sabha and the state legislatures. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Discuss with your classmates about how things would be if you lived under the rule of a king (monarchy) instead of a democracy. Hint: You can discuss the absence of elections and the lack of freedom to express your thoughts and opinions. Amazing Facts India is the largest democracy in the world. Among all the democracies in the world, India has the highest population. New Words 1) election – a process through which people can choose the people to act or speak for them 2) polling station 3) representative – a place where people can go to vote in the elections – someone who has been chosen to act or speak for a 4) vote 5) opinion person or a group of people 6) political party – show your choice of a person through an election – a point of view about something or someone 7) candidate – a group of people who have similar aims, ideas and 8) legislature 9) govern thoughts and who want to be a part of the government 10) uphold – someone who wants to be chosen or elected – a body that makes laws and rules for a sate – manage a country and its people – maintain 14

Lesson Local Administration 9 Let Us Learn About R local-self government. U features of local rural and urban self-governing bodies. A functions of self-governing bodies. h role of a citizen in local self-government. Think Meher called Rashi over the phone one late evening. Meher: My grandfather fell down on the street near our house. He hurt himself. Luckily it is a small injury. Rashi: How is he now? Meher: He has a few cuts and has sprained his ankle. Rashi: Thank God. How did it happen? Meher: The street lights in our lane are not working. It is dark at night. He stepped into a pothole and fell. Father is very upset. He went to complain to the Municipal Corporation. Rashi: What is the Municipal Corporation? Meher: Father says it is an office where our local representatives take care of the public facilities. QQ. Where did Rashi's father go to complain? (A)  the doctor (B)  the school (C) the office (D) the Municipal Corporation 15

Remembering India is a large country. To make governing easier, the Indian administration is divided into three levels — the central, state and local administration. The central government is located in New Delhi. The state governments are located in the capital city of each state. Each state is divided into smaller divisions for better administration. The local government, also known as the local self-government, looks after the smaller areas such as the cities, towns and villages. LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT The people living in a locality understand their problems very well. So they can help to solve these problems. In order to do so, people choose representatives from the locality to be a part of the local government. To help the people, rural local government and urban local government have been created. Their work is as follows. • to set up self-governance in villages and cities • to support women, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes • to start off programmes that will help to develop the locality Thus, in a rural local government there are Gram Panchayats at the village level; Taluk Panchayats at the taluk or tehsil level and Zilla Panchayat at the district level. Understanding Both the rural and the urban self-government work together so that all areas of a state are taken care of properly. Let us understand the different types of local self-governments and how they are formed. Gram Panchayat 16

RURAL LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT Gram Panchayat Election Term of Office They are elected to office for a period of Members from each village are directly five years. elected. There is reservation of seats for women, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Head(s) Tribes and Other Backward Classes. The elected members elect the 'Sarpanch' or the Head of the Members Panchayat. One member is elected for every four hundred people residing in the limits. Taluk Panchayat Election Term of Office Members are elected directly They are elected to office for a period of by the people living in the rural parts of five years. the taluk. There is reservation of seats for women, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Members Head(s) Around 15 to 19 members, depending The elected members elect President upon the population of the taluk are and the Vice President of the Taluk directly elected. The Legislative Assembly Panchayat as their leaders from amongst and Legislative Council members themselves. belonging to the taluk are also members. Local Administration 17

Zilla Panchayat Election Term of Office They are appointed to office for a period The Zilla Panchayat consists of elected of five years. members from every taluk of the district. There is reservation of seats for women, Head(s) Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and The elected members elect the Other Backward Classes. President of the Zilla Panchayat and the Vice President as their leaders from Members amongst themselves. One member is elected for every forty thousand people for most districts. Members of the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assembly and State Legislative Council belonging to the district are also members. All Presidents of the Taluk Panchayats are also its members. URBAN LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT Municipality Election Term of Office They are elected to office for a period of Members are directly elected five years. by the people of the town. There is reservation of seats for women, Head(s) Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Members elect one among them as the Other Backward Classes. President and another person as the Vice President. The municipality will be Members administered by a chief officer called the Commissioner. A town is divided into wards. Members are elected from each ward. The members are called Councillors. 18

Municipal Corporation Election Term of Office They are elected to office for a period of Members are elected directly by people five years. in cities with a population of more than one million. There is reservation of Head(s) seats for women, Scheduled Castes, Corporators or Councillors elect one Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward among them as the Mayor and a Classes. Deputy Mayor. Members Elected representatives from the wards, respective members of the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council are also the members. Members are called Corporators or Councillors. Application We shall now look into the functions performed by each of these local self-governments. We shall also look at their sources of income. GRAM AND TALUK PANCHAYATS Function: The main function of a panchayat is to take up projects to help develop the village area. We also have something known as the Gram Sabha which forms the lowest level of the panchayati system. The members of the Gram Sabha meet at least two times in a year and all of them are aged above 18 years. Sources of Income: Grants received from the central or state governments and Zilla Panchayats along with the taxes and rent from the people of the locality. Also, Gram Sabha identifies people who would benefit from its welfare schemes. ZILLA PANCHAYAT Function: They prepare an annual plan for the development of the Zilla Panchayat area. They provide relief to victims of natural calamities. They monitor the developmental programmes and government schools in the district. Local Administration 19

Sources of Income: It comprises grants from the central or state governments, loans raised and income from the taxes, rent and fees collected. MUNICIPALITIES AND MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS Function: Municipalities and municipal corporations look after the developmental works and public facilities of towns and cities. Developmental works such as healthcare, street lights, sanitation, sewage, water supply, road-building and so on are undertaken. For city planning and development, there is a separate body called the Development Authority. Sources of Income: Government grants and property tax are the major sources. Water cess, health cess, education cess, fire cess and rents are other sources. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) What role does the citizen play in their local self-government? Find out information about this from the newspaper, library or the internet. Amazing Facts India has nearly 1.5 million elected women representatives at the local level — in terms of numbers, this is the highest globally! New Words 1) public facility – cheap or free things or places provided by the government for people to use 2) tehsil – an area of land having some towns and villages and 3) district governed by a city or state 4) reservation – smaller units into which a state is divided to help in 5) term administration and includes one or two cities, a few 6) grant smaller towns and dozens of villages 7) cess – keeping certain seats for some special groups – a set period of time during which something happens – money given by government for a specific purpose – a tax for a specific purpose 20

Lesson People with Physical 10 Disabilities Let Us Learn About R physical disability. U the challenges of people with physical disabilities. A how to be respectful to people with physical disabilities. h achievers with physical disabilities. Think Rashi was watching a live speech, named ‘On Top of the World’, on television with her mother. Rashi: Ma, what is the name of the lady? What did she do? Rashi’s mother: She is Arunima Sinha. She climbed Mount Everest. Rashi: OK. But we learned that Tenzing Norgay also Arunima Sinha climbed Mount Everest many years ago. Is there another reason for her to be so famous? Rashi’s mother: Arunima Sinha is famous because she is the first female amputee to climb Mount Everest. Q. Who is the first female amputee to climb Mount Everest? (A) Rashi (B) Tenzing Norgay (C) Arunima Sinha (D) Rashi’s mother 21

Remembering WHAT IS A DISABILITY? Have you noticed that sometimes some people have some problems walking, speaking or seeing? These are types of physical disabilities. A physical disability is a condition that limits a person’s movements, senses or activities. For example, a physical disability may limit the way a part of the body grows, moves or does what it is supposed to do. It may interfere with a person’s ability to walk, hear, talk, see, think or learn. It does not affect each person in the same way. In addition, some people might have multiple disabilities. DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT NEEDS We often see people with disabilities around us. Perhaps, you have also helped them sometimes. You may have helped a person without sight to cross the road. You may have pushed a wheelchair for a person. They are normal people like all of us. People with disabilities can do many of the things you do, but it might take them a little longer. They may need assistance or supporting equipment to help them. • A person who has limited vision may use a red and white stick. While walking, this stick is used to lightly tap the surrounding areas to check if the path is clear. • A person who cannot hear properly may use hearing aids. • A person who cannot walk may use a wheelchair. • Some specially designed computers can also help people with A person without vision special needs. using a stick DIFFERENTLY ABLED PEOPLE We should understand that differences are normal and people have many similarities too. By focusing on what people have in common, we can bond with each other over common interests. No matter how different people with disabilities may appear, they like to laugh and have fun. People with disabilities also have different strengths. For example, a boy who uses a wheelchair may be fluent in English and paint very well. A girl without sight may be a great singer. We should respect them for these qualities instead of avoiding them for their disabilities. Thus, those with physical disabilities may also be called differently abled people. Let us look at some differently abled people who are famous. 22

SOME DIFFERENTLY ABLED PEOPLE Srikanth Bolla is CEO and Stephen Hawking was one of the Shekhar Naik is a blind cricketer founder of Bollant Industries. He is the first international blind greatest scientists of this century. from Karnataka who helped student at the Massachusetts Due to his paralysis he could not India win the World Cup in 2014. Institute of Technology. move or talk well. He is a former captain of the national blind cricket team. Understanding People with physical disabilities are like any other people.  They can be famous and successful. However, their limitations, sometimes, put some challenges in front of them. Let us understand these challenges and find out how we can support them. PHYSICAL CHALLENGES Challenge of boarding a train Some people without disabilities often do not consider people with disabilities to be ‘normal’. It could be because people with physical disabilities find it hard to perform some everyday actions such as walking, seeing, hearing or talking. People who face difficulty walking cannot enter all places easily. For example, buildings without wheelchair ramps make it difficult for them to move around. Challenges for people without sight would be signs outside of Challenge of crossing a road doors that often do not have the Braille script underneath the writing. So, that would make it difficult for them to find the place that they need to reach in a building. They also take time to adjust to their surroundings and become familiar with all the places they go to. If they go to a new place, there would be a great chance for them to collide with something. Wheelchair ramp People with Physical Disabilities 23

A challenge for a person who cannot speak would be to get a job since most jobs require talking. Also, if they go somewhere alone, there might not be anyone who knows sign language. So, that would make it difficult for them to say what they want. EMOTIONAL CHALLENGES What people often forget is that when a person cannot move Children using sign language or speak in a certain way, it does not make them less human. They have the same emotions as anyone else. They cry if they are hurt, and they laugh when they are happy. Sometimes, people with physical disabilities are not respected. They are ill-treated or not given the necessary support. At other times, people comment on them, make fun of them and call them names. It could be either at home, at school, at work or in public. This might become an emotional challenge for them. Instead of seeing the similarities, people often pay attention to the limitations. People often forget that all of us are equal. We should not hurt the emotions of others. Application RESPECTING THE DIFFERENTLY ABLED As you read earlier, people with physical disabilities might face different challenges just like anyone else. Just as no human is like another, no people with disability are the same. When speaking or being friends with a person with a physical disability, you can do the following. • Smile; be yourself. Focus on what a person can do. • T alk to a person with disability about how you can include the person in activities or what the person is comfortable with. • R emember that all human beings like to be respected. Offer assistance if asked or if the need is obvious. Move wheelchairs with permission from the owners. • Be patient. Speak slowly and directly when talking to a person who has little hearing. • Be considerate of people’s feelings when talking to others. Would you want what you are about to say being said about you? • R emember that a person with a disability is not ‘a disabled woman’ or ‘a handicapped man’. Refer to them by their name and not by these words. 24

Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) ACHIEVERS WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES Once we learn to appreciate that people with disabilities can be achievers, we begin to respect them. Let us read about two such people who did not allow the disabilities to limit them. Then discuss the following questions with your class. Rajinder Singh Rahelu was only eight months old, when he was Rajinder Singh Rahelu affected by polio. Since then, he has not been able to walk. He was motivated by his friend to start weightlifting. He started by lifting a weight of 70 kg. But constant training and motivation made him strong enough to lift a weight of 115 kg within six months. In 2006, he was awarded the Arjuna award by the President of India. He made history after winning a silver medal in powerlifting at the Commonwealth Games 2014. Sheela Sharma was only four when she lost both her arms in a Sheela Sharma train accident. Sheela’s interest in art was clear right from childhood when she would use her mouth and feet to write and paint. Today she is one of India’s most well-known foot and mouth artists. She has exhibited at many prestigious art galleries, including the Jehangir Art Gallery in Mumbai. 1) What can you learn from Sheela and Rajinder’s lives? 2) Imagine that Sheela or Rajinder comes to your class. Prepare a list of questions you could use to interview them. Amazing Facts There are more than 26 million people in India who have some or the other kind of disability. This is more than the population of Delhi! We should ensure society has more public facilities for people with physical disabilities. New Words 1) amputee – a person who has had a limb removed by operation 2) assistance – the action of helping someone by sharing work 3) vision – ability to see People with Physical Disabilities 25

N Ka INDIA AFGHANISTAN rako Karakoram PHYSICAL MAP Pass Range CHINA r a ][ m Jhelum LADAKH JAMMU & KASHMIR Indus Pir Panjal RanCgheenab Ravi HIMACHAL Indus i Beas PRADESH H PAKISTAN Sutlej PUNJAB m (Yarlung Tsangpo) Brahmaputra HARYANA UTTARAKHANDa l NaEPAL ARUPNRAACDHESAHL UTTAR y PRADESH Thar DELHI Ganga Patkai Bum Desert Yamuna Aravali a s BHUTAN Range SIKKIM Betwa BrahmapuAtSrSaAM NAGALAND RAJASTHAN Chambal Ghaghara Kosi Teesta NHilalsga BIHAR MEGHALAYA Khasi Hills Jaintia Garo Hills Rajmahal Hills BANGLADESH MANIPUR Son Hills Rann of MADHYA TRIPURA Kachchh PRADESH JHARKHAND WEST Ganga MIZORAM GUJARAT NSaartmpuardaaRangTVaeipnid h y a R a n g e Chota Nagpur BENGAL Plateau MYANMAR Sundarban Mahanadi Delta Daman & Diu CHHATTISGARH DADRA & GodavMaArHi ARASHTRA ODISHA NAGAR HAVELI W Deccan Bay of Arabian Krishna Plateau TELANGANA s Bengal Sea hadra t est a e h r Tungab Puducherry GOA n Easte r Ghats n ANDHRA ANDAMAN GPRADESH KARNATAKA KERALA Puducherry International Boundary & N ICOB A R LAKS(HINADDIAW)EEP Kaveri State Boundary (INDIA) Nilgiri Rivers Hills TAMIL NADU Cardamom Hills SRI LANKA Map not to Scale IS L AND S INDIAN OCEAN