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Class 3 SOCIAL TEXTBOOK Name : __________________________ Section : __________ Roll No: _______ School : ___________________________ Social_TB_Nameslip_Book Explainer.indd 1 1/13/2017 6:27:59 PM

How do we hone crucial learning? R REMEMBERING U UNDERSTANDING A APPLICATION H H.O.T.S. The first step of the learning process As we progress with recollecting information, We begin relating what we learn to Having applied the concepts learnt, we extend the field of application to more real life situations around us, thereby involves remembering new things and we parallelly start understanding it by breaking applying what we have learnt advanced and challenging scenarios recollecting all crucial information it down and exploring its length and breadth such as meanings and concepts Checks for learning to Train My Brain gauge the understanding level of the child, testing 1) What is the meaning of ‘event’? both skill and knowledge Lesson Contains the list of concepts 1 What is History? I Apply Connects the concept to to be covered in the lesson ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND HISTORIANS real-life situations by giving along with learning Archaeologists and historians work together to learn about the past. an opportunity to apply objectives . what the child has learnt I Will Learn I Explore (H.O.T.S.) through practice questions 1.1 What is History? 1) Make a timeline of your life. You can use the following information . Encourages the child to What do ‘past’, ‘history’, ‘timeline’ and ‘sources of history’ mean? Be Amazed extend the concept learnt Why is history important? What can we learn from sources of history? to advanced application Introduces the Who study history and how do they use sources to history? Human beings used to live in caves. A cave is a scenarios concept/subtopic in such a Make a timeline of events. large hole-like space that is formed in the side of a manner as to arouse curiosity mountain or hill. Human beings painted pictures on among the students Fascinating facts and trivia for students to establish a Connect the Dots better real-life connect with I Think the concept Introduces all new concepts Mrs. Irani is wearing a sari and proudly showing it to Meher and Rashi. ENGLISH FUN to build upon the prerequisite Many writers use sources of history to imagine stories knowledge/skills required to of the past. Anu Kumar wrote A Chola Adventure in Multidisciplinary section understand and apply the I Remember 2013. She used different sources of history to imagine connects all other subjects objective of the topic. how the people lived more than 2,000 years ago. to a particular topic to Pin-Up Note - Contains key The word past is used for all the time that has gone by. It is the enable a student to relate retention points from the time before ‘now’. The word ‘history’ comes from the French History is the better to it. word for ‘story’. concept story of the past. A Note to Parent I Understand Inside the Lab - A Help your child build a story of your family’s past. They can interview different family THE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY To engage a parent in Explains the aspects in detail Different people study history for different reasons. A doctor studies history to out all the different sides of a story. out-of-classroom learning that forms the basis of the understand the different diseases and treatments in the past. of their child and conduct concept and includes activities given in the elements to ensure that section to reinforce the students are engaged learnt concepts throughout Social_TB_Nameslip_Book Explainer.indd 2 1/13/2017 6:28:00 PM

How do we hone crucial learning? R REMEMBERING U UNDERSTANDING A APPLICATION H H.O.T.S. The first step of the learning process As we progress with recollecting information, We begin relating what we learn to Having applied the concepts learnt, we extend the field of application to more real life situations around us, thereby involves remembering new things and we parallelly start understanding it by breaking applying what we have learnt advanced and challenging scenarios recollecting all crucial information it down and exploring its length and breadth such as meanings and concepts Checks for learning to Train My Brain gauge the understanding level of the child, testing 1) What is the meaning of ‘event’? both skill and knowledge Lesson Contains the list of concepts 1 What is History? I Apply Connects the concept to to be covered in the lesson ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND HISTORIANS real-life situations by giving along with learning Archaeologists and historians work together to learn about the past. an opportunity to apply objectives . what the child has learnt I Will Learn I Explore (H.O.T.S.) through practice questions 1.1 What is History? 1) Make a timeline of your life. You can use the following information . Encourages the child to What do ‘past’, ‘history’, ‘timeline’ and ‘sources of history’ mean? Be Amazed extend the concept learnt Why is history important? What can we learn from sources of history? to advanced application Introduces the Who study history and how do they use sources to history? Human beings used to live in caves. A cave is a scenarios concept/subtopic in such a Make a timeline of events. large hole-like space that is formed in the side of a manner as to arouse curiosity mountain or hill. Human beings painted pictures on among the students Fascinating facts and trivia for students to establish a Connect the Dots better real-life connect with I Think the concept Introduces all new concepts Mrs. Irani is wearing a sari and proudly showing it to Meher and Rashi. ENGLISH FUN to build upon the prerequisite Many writers use sources of history to imagine stories knowledge/skills required to of the past. Anu Kumar wrote A Chola Adventure in Multidisciplinary section understand and apply the I Remember 2013. She used different sources of history to imagine connects all other subjects objective of the topic. how the people lived more than 2,000 years ago. to a particular topic to Pin-Up Note - Contains key The word past is used for all the time that has gone by. It is the enable a student to relate retention points from the time before ‘now’. The word ‘history’ comes from the French History is the better to it. word for ‘story’. concept story of the past. A Note to Parent I Understand Inside the Lab - A Help your child build a story of your family’s past. They can interview different family THE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY To engage a parent in Explains the aspects in detail Different people study history for different reasons. A doctor studies history to out all the different sides of a story. out-of-classroom learning that forms the basis of the understand the different diseases and treatments in the past. of their child and conduct concept and includes activities given in the elements to ensure that section to reinforce the students are engaged learnt concepts throughout Social_TB_Nameslip_Book Explainer.indd 3 1/13/2017 6:28:01 PM

Contents 1 What is History? ��������������������������� 1 1�1 What is History? ��������������������� 2 2 Monuments and Museums �������� 8 2�1 Monuments and Museums �� 9 3 Maps ������������������������������������������ 17 3�1 Making and Using Maps ���� 18 4 Early Human Beings and Ancient Civilizations ����������������� 27 4�1 Early Human Beings ����������� 28 4�2 Ancient Civilizations ����������� 32 5 Discovering India – I ������������������ 38 5�1 Indian States and Their Capitals ����������������������� 39 5�2 Some Famous Indian Cities 47 6 Discovering India – II ����������������� 54 6�1 India’s Location and Physical Features ����������������� 55 TOC copy TB.indd 4 1/13/2017 2:15:57 PM

7 United We Stand – I ������������������� 63 7�1 Languages, Food and Clothing �������������������������������� 64 8 United We Stand – II ������������������ 73 8�1 Communities and Festivals 74 9 The Solar System ������������������������ 80 9�1 The Sun and the Planets ������ 81 10 Things We Make and Do ����������� 87 10�1 Our Occupations ��������������� 88 TOC copy TB.indd 5 1/13/2017 1:17:45 PM

TOC copy TB.indd 6 1/12/2017 11:24:04 AM

Wh What is History?at is History? I Will Learn 1.1 What is History? Ⅴ What do ‘past’, ‘history’, ‘timeline’ and ‘sources of history’ mean? f Why is history important? What can we learn from sources of history? Ⅶ Who studies history and how do they use sources of history? H Make a timeline of events. L01_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB_26122016_BD.indd 1 1/12/2017 11:27:48 AM

Concept 1.1: What is History? I Think Mrs. Irani is wearing a sari and proudly showing it to Meher and Rashi. Mrs. Irani: This sari belonged to my grandmother. It is more than one hundred years old! It is a part of my family history. Rashi: What is a family history, Mrs. Irani? Mrs. Irani: Well, it is the story of your family. I know stories about what my grandparents did when they were young. My grandfather also told me stories about his father and mother. I learned about my family’s past through these stories. Q . What is a family history? (A) a poem to learn (B) the story of a family (C) a bedtime story (D) the story of a place Rashi: I want to know my family history, too! I Remember The word past is used for all the time that has gone by. It is the time before ‘now’. The word ‘history’ comes from the French word for ‘story’. History is the How do we remember the important parts of this long story? story of the past. 2 L01_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB_26122016_BD.indd 2 1/12/2017 11:27:50 AM

TIMELINE We use the correct order of events to remember and understand the past. A timeline shows events in the order in which they happened. An example of a timeline On a timeline, the first event is on the left-hand side. The latest event is on the right- hand side. But how do we learn about history? SOURCES OF HISTORY We need objects, materials and written stories to study the past. These are called sources of history. Stories that we hear about the past are also sources of history. They may or may not be written. The three types of sources of history are: Oral sources: stories, songs and poems that people remember Written sources: writing on stone, wood, metal, paintings on walls and papers. Material sources: materials used to make buildings, tools, clothes, jewellery and all other materials I Understand THE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY Different people study history for different reasons. A doctor studies history to understand the different diseases and treatments in the past. A journalist studies history to understand present events better. An architect learns about ways of What is History? 3 L01_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB_26122016_BD.indd 3 1/12/2017 11:27:51 AM

building and materials used in the past. They study materials to understand which are strong and which are weak. This helps them to make the new buildings better. Some reasons to study history are: • to understand the stories of people in different situations • to know why events happened in the past • to help us understand the changes in the world • to help us become better citizens We use sources of history to learn different things about the past. Sources of history What can we learn from them? oral sources languages spoken, everyday activities and festivals written sources rules, famous people and places material sources commonly used objects, materials used to make things WAYS OF LEARNING ABOUT PERSONAL HISTORY Every person also has a past or personal history. What sources tell us about the personal histories of our grandparents? Some sources of their personal histories are: • listening to the stories that people remember about them (these are usually not written down) (oral sources) • reading their written records and looking at their photographs and video recordings (written sources) • looking at their clothes, jewellery and other belongings (material sources) Train My Brain 1) What is the meaning of ‘event’? 2) Why does an architect study history? 4 L01_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB_26122016_BD.indd 4 1/12/2017 11:27:51 AM

I Apply ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND HISTORIANS Archaeologists and historians work together to learn about the past. They find out about different people and groups. Here is how archaeologists and historians work: They describe the Archaeologists object (size, They pass find objects and material, shape, on this information places used in colour) and note to historians. the past. its location. Then, historians find They collect all the books and other information to write written records a complete story about similar of the past. objects. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Make a timeline of your life. You can use the following information: • the day you were born • your first day of school • the first time you walked • holidays spent with your family Remember to take the help of your family to get information. You may make a timeline with photographs and drawings on a chart paper. What is History? 5 L01_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB_26122016_BD.indd 5 1/12/2017 11:27:52 AM

2) Sources of history need not all be very old. Find one written and one material source of your personal history in your school bag. Write what they are: Written source: ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Material source: ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Be Amazed Human beings used to live in caves. A cave is a large hole-like space that is formed in the side of a mountain or hill. Human beings painted pictures on the walls of the caves that they lived in. The oldest cave painting is 40,800 years old. Connect the Dots English Fun Many writers use sources of history to imagine stories of the past. Anu Kumar wrote A Chola Adventure in 2013. She used different sources of history to imagine how the people lived more than 2,000 years ago. 6 L01_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB_26122016_BD.indd 6 1/12/2017 11:27:53 AM

Maths Fun Like a timeline, a line to count numbers is called a number line. Smaller numbers are on the left-hand-side and larger numbers are on the right- hand-side. smaller numbers larger numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A Note to Parent Help your child build a story of your family’s past. They can interview different family members to find out each person’s opinion. Always encourage the habit of finding out all the different sides of a story. NEW WORDS 1) event – something that has happened, is happening or will happen 2) disease – something that makes a living thing ill or unwell 3) journalist – someone who writes about events for a newspaper or magazine 4) architect – someone who plans how a house or any building will look like and how it will be made 5) archaeologist – someone who finds and studies objects and places used in the past 6) historian – someone who collects information about the past from different sources to write a complete story What is History? 7 L01_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB_26122016_BD.indd 7 1/12/2017 11:27:54 AM

M Monuments and onuments and Museumsuseums M I Will Learn 2.1 Monuments and Museums Ⅴ What are monuments and museums? f Differences between monuments and museums. Ⅶ Things that damage our monuments; looking after monuments. H Create a mini-museum. L02_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 8 1/13/2017 2:11:47 PM

Concept 2.1: Monuments and Museums I Think Rashi recently went to Delhi. Meher and Morad are excited to know the different things Rashi did. Meher: How was your visit, Rashi? What all did you do? Rashi: My aunt and I visited different places like the Red Fort and the Taj Mahal. We took a lot of pictures! Meher: The Taj Mahal is a beautiful building. Rashi: My aunt did not call the Taj Mahal a building. She called it a ‘monument’. Meher: What is a monument? Morad: Monuments are historical buildings. They play an important role in telling us about the past. Q. Which of the following is an example of a monument? (A) Jaisalmer Fort (B) a school (C) an office building (D) a housing society Monuments and Museums 9 L02_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 9 1/13/2017 2:12:05 PM

I Remember Monuments and museums help us learn about history. MONUMENTS Forts, temples and palaces are examples of monuments. They were built either by kings and A monument is queens or by the government. For example, King Shah a structure or a Jahan built the building that is built Taj Mahal in the to remember an memory of his important event or wife, Mumtaz person. Mahal. There are old and new monuments. Taj Mahal, Agra Old monuments New monuments ‘Dolmens’ mark The National War the burial places of Memorial, Pune people. They were was built in 1998 to built very long ago. remember Indian There are many soldiers. dolmens in India. A dolmen The National War Memorial Here are some famous monuments of India. Gingee Fort, Golconda Fort, Konark Sun Gol Gumbaz, Gingee Hyderabad Temple, Puri Bijapur 10 L02_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 10 1/13/2017 2:12:22 PM

Monuments are built for different reasons. Monument Who built it? Why was it built? Buland Darwaza King Akbar to celebrate his victory over Gujarat Gateway of India the government to celebrate a visit of the King of England Ashoka’s pillars King Ashoka to explain his rules and pass messages to the people of his kingdom Buland Darwaza, Gateway of A pillar built by King Ashoka and Fatehpur Sikri India, Mumbai an inscription on the pillar MUSEUMS King Ashoka built pillars to pass messages. Another king, Akbar, used farmans to pass messages or give orders. His farmans are displayed at the National Museum in New Delhi. A museum is a place where different kinds of old objects are displayed. For example, coins, weapons, tools, paintings, utensils, toys and so on. Museums display objects that tell us about the history King Akbar’s farman of places or people. Some famous museums in India are: • Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad • National Museum, New Delhi • Indian Museum, Kolkata • Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, Mumbai Most museums display all types of objects. However, some museums display only particular kind of objects. For example, a museum may display only paintings or only Monuments and Museums 11 L02_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 11 1/13/2017 2:12:31 PM

objects used by the military. In India,the Jaisalmer War Museum is a war museum that tells us about the history of the Indian Army. Most objects we see in museums were discovered by archaeologists. Historians make Jaisalmer War Museum sure that museums display objects with correct and complete information. I Understand Look at the picture of workers cleaning the Taj Mahal. Many monuments are very old. So, they need to be cleaned and repaired. Cleaning and repairing help to preserve monuments. THE NEED FOR MONUMENTS We need monuments because: • they help us understand how people lived in ancient times. For example, King Ashoka’s pillars describe how he cared for animals. • they help us remember important events. For example, the Buland Darwaza reminds us that Akbar captured Gujarat. THE NEED FOR MUSEUMS We need museums because: • we learn about materials used in the past. For example, the National Museum displays old coins made of silver and gold. Tipu Sultan’s steel sword Tipu Sultan’s sword is displayed in the same museum. • we learn about people’s lives. We learn how life in the past was similar and different from ours. Look at the picture of the toy made of clay. How is this toy similar and different from your toys? 12 L02_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 12 1/13/2017 2:12:35 PM

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MONUMENTS AND MUSEUMS Monuments Museums • old structures built to remember an • made to display different things from event or a person the past • built so that people learn about history by seeing things from the past Sometimes, monuments are made into museums. For example, the Aga Khan Palace and the Jai Vilas Palace have been made into museums. Jai Vilas Palace Aga Khan Palace Train My Brain 1) What is a ‘dolmen’? 2) Name a monument that has been made into a museum. I Apply A museum or a monument may get damaged due to: • fire • strong sunlight • earthquakes • plants growing on • floods monuments • pollution • traffic and people A fire at the National Museum Monuments and Museums 13 L02_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 13 1/13/2017 2:12:36 PM

Here are some things we can do to take care of monuments and museums. 1) Do not touch things that are on display in museums. They may get Konark Temple surrounded Taj Mahal’s damaged damaged. by flood water floor 2) Do not write on the walls of monuments. This damages them and makes them look ugly. 3) Do not throw wrappers or bottles around. Keep these places clean. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Rashi created a photo scrapbook of the places she visited in Delhi. Tick the monuments Rashi and her aunt visited. th th 9 March 10 March 12 March th visited Saroj Bua’s visited Red Fort built by King Shah Jahan visited Jama Masjid ancestral house th th 13 March 15 March visited a school built in 1815, saw Qutb Minar, built by King Qutb where Saroj Bua studied ud-Din Aibak in 12 century A.D. th 14 L02_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 14 1/13/2017 2:13:01 PM

2) Ask your elders for objects belonging to their grandparents or great- grandparents. Collect these objects. Create cards describing them. Use the following points: • Whom did they belong to? • When were they made? Display these objects and cards in your house. Invite your friends and neighbours to see your mini-museum. Be Amazed The pillars built by King Ashoka consisted of statues of different animals such as lions and elephants. One such pillar at Sarnath, in Uttar Pradesh, has four lions standing back to back. Connect the Dots Maths Fun The picture shows how the Taj Mahal looks from the sky. O N If you join the four minarets, a square will be formed. Let us name this square LMNO. L M Name the vertices and diagonals of the square. Science Fun In the olden days, there were no clocks. People used sundials to tell the time. In India, there are five sundials called Jantar Mantar. The largest one is in Jaipur. It is the world’s largest sundial. Monuments and Museums 15 L02_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 15 1/13/2017 2:13:09 PM

A Note to Parent Take your child to the local museum and look at the various objects on display there, together. Explain the importance of the things on display to him or her. Encourage him or her to note down interesting points about the things on display. NEW WORDS 1) structure – something that is built using different parts 2) burial – when a dead body is put under the ground 3) victory – a win 4) pillar – a tall structure made of wood, stone, metal and so on 5) inscription – carved on wood, stone or metal 6) farman – an order given by a king or a queen 7) discover – find something that is already present 8) preserve – keep something in a good condition 9) capture (land) – to get land for oneself using force 10) pollution – the letting out of harmful substances into the environment 11) minaret – a tall, thin tower found near some buildings like mosques 12) sundial – an object that tells us time based on the position of the Sun in the sky 16 L02_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 16 1/13/2017 2:13:09 PM

Ma Mapsps I Will Learn 3.3 Using and Making Maps Ⅴ What is a map? What can we see on a map? f How is a map made? How do I use a map? Ⅶ Where are maps used? H Make a map. Maps 17 L03_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 17 1/12/2017 11:31:49 AM

Concept 3.1: Using and Making Maps I Think Rashi, Meher and their families are going for a wedding. Mrs. Jain: Do you know where the wedding hall is? Mrs. Irani: It’s called J. K. Hall. It is near Grant Road. Mr. Irani: I have never heard of J. K. Hall. But, I do know how to reach Grant Road. Meher: Look! There’s a picture on the invitation. It shows us where J. K. Hall is. Mr. Jain: Very good, Meher! You have found a map. It will tell us where to go. Q. What do we call a picture that shows us where a place is? (A) a map (B) a drawing (C) a page (D) an invitation I Remember A crow flies high over Meher’s school. It can see the tops of buildings, the roads and the playground. Look at what the crow can see. 18 L03_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 18 1/12/2017 11:31:52 AM

The view from the top A picture of this view When we draw a picture of this view, it is a map. We can make a map of any place in the world. We can even draw the map of Meher’s classroom. Imagine that the A map is a drawing of classroom has no ceiling. This way we can look down a place. It uses place into the room and see the tops of different objects. Let us names, signs, pictures make some signs to show these things in the classroom. and colours to show The signs used on a map are called symbols. information. Object Symbol Object Symbol teacher’s table blackboard students’ desks and chairs cupboard dustbin window Maps 19 L03_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 19 1/12/2017 11:31:54 AM

Let us use these symbols on a map. Maps are of many kinds. The signs used in maps match the kind of map. Some maps also use different colours to show different information. The signs, symbols, colours and what they show is explained in the key or legend. Look at the maps given below: Key 1) A map or plan of a house: door window sofa sink / chair commode 2) A map to show where to go: Key position/location roads path to use 20 L03_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 20 1/12/2017 11:32:01 AM

3) A map of India Maps 21 L03_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 21 1/12/2017 11:32:02 AM

An arrow with the letter ‘N’ shows the north. North is one of the four directions. The other main directions are east (E), south (S) and west (W). They are used to find the position or location of a place or thing on a map. I Understand We look at a place from above to make a map. Maps show us the top-view of a place. USING MAPS First, we need to locate our position. How do we do this? We use landmarks. A landmark is a building or natural object that is easy to locate. It helps people know where they are. We can decide which way to go using landmarks. Look at the map below. The bookshop can be a landmark. Rashi and Meher are going to the park. Which direction should they turn from the bookshop? 22 L03_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 22 1/12/2017 11:32:06 AM

Some maps show a large area. This means that only a few important things are marked on it. For example, the map of India. We cannot see our house or school on a map of India. Some maps show us every small thing in a place. For example, a map of your neighbourhood will show every building and shop. These maps need correct measurements. We need to measure the space between two places or objects. Measurements help to mark the correct positions of things on a map. Straight lines drawn on a map divide it into many equal parts. We can use these parts to find a place or object quickly. This is done by naming each part. Maps 23 L03_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 23 1/12/2017 11:32:21 AM

1) Where is the building with the blue windows? 2) What colour is the building in A1? 3) Where is the sign with the directions? Train My Brain 1) What does the letter ‘N’ stand for? 2) Can you see every town on a map of India? I Apply MAKING MAPS EASY TO USE Map A is as big as my classroom. When it is opened, it covers the entire floor. Map B is as big as the page of this book. Map B will be easier to use. A map needs to be easy to use. Yet, the measurements need to be correct. How can this be done? Large measurements are changed to smaller ones. This makes a map smaller and easier to use. For example, the distance from the bookshop to the park is 1 kilometre. On the map, it can be shown as 1 centimetre. The distance from the park to Meher’s school is 10 kilometres; can be is shown as 10 centimetres. This is called the scale of the map. Now, we can use maps on mobile phones. We decide the area we http://streetmapstoday.com/Puducherry White Town, Puducherry, 605001 want to see using these maps. To see more details we zoom in. To see a large area, we zoom out. Some maps also allow us to see what the roads look like in different places. These maps do not show the top view. They show what a person sees if he or she stands on the road. 24 L03_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 24 1/12/2017 11:32:24 AM

I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Make a map of your house. Draw symbols to show all the furniture. Ask members of your family to show you the north, south, east and west in your house. Be Amazed There is a magical map in the Harry Potter stories. It is a map of Harry Potter’s school. It does not only show the rooms in the school. It also shows who is in each room. Maps 25 L03_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 25 1/12/2017 11:32:25 AM

Connect the Dots English Fun Signs and symbols are used in different ways. Here are symbols used to show some words and phrases. Word Symbol Word Symbol Word Symbol stop hospital no parking danger recycle school Maths Fun The first map to use the name ‘America’ was made in 1507. How old is the map? A Note to Parent Encourage your child to find the start and end points of a journey on a map. When you travel, show him or her the road you will take using Google Maps on your mobile phone. NEW WORDS 1) view – what can be seen from a certain point 2) natural – something that is not made by humans 3) neighbourhood – the area and places around your house 26 L03_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 26 1/12/2017 11:33:27 AM

Early Human Beings Early Human Beings and Ancient Civilizationsand Ancient Civilizations I Will Learn 4.1 Early Human Beings 1 Who were early human beings? 2 How did early human beings change? 3 How did agriculture and tools change the lives of early human beings? 4 Compare modern clothes to those worn by early human beings. 4.2 Ancient Civilizations 1 What is ‘civilization’? 2 Why did ancient civilizations grow? 3 Climate and civilizations 4 Discuss important features of an ancient civilization. L04_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 27 1/12/2017 11:34:11 AM

Concept 4.1: Early Human Beings I Think Rashi, Morad and Meher visit a museum. They look at the different exhibits. Meher notices an exhibit labelled ‘An Early Human Being’. He is surprised that it looks more like a monkey. Meher: Morad, look! How can this monkey be a human being! How silly! Morad: It’s not silly, little brother. Once upon a time, human beings looked and behaved just like monkeys. After thousands of years, some of those monkeys changed into what we are today. Q . Which animal did early human beings look like? (A) fish (B) lizard (C) monkey (D) bird Rashi: Then, how did we become so different from monkeys? I Remember Human beings did not always look and act like they do now. A very long time ago, human beings were like apes. They lived in forests and near rivers. They collected nuts, fruits, berries, eggs and hunted animals for food. Those who lived near rivers caught and ate fish too. So, they were called hunter-gatherers. How did they dig the earth and cut fruits and meat? 28 L04_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 28 1/12/2017 11:34:12 AM

STONE TOOLS Early humans used different shapes and sizes of stones as tools. Type of stone tool Uses large and heavy • kill animals for food stones • protect themselves from A tool is an object animals that is made for a small, sharp stones • cut fruits and skins of specific function. animals For example, a long and flat stones • dig the earth pencil is made for sharp stones, called • clean the skins of animals writing. scrapers THE LIFE OF EARLY HUMAN BEINGS Early human beings lived in groups. They made clothes from leaves and animal skins. They used parts of the animals they hunted in different ways. Part of the animal Uses Some stone tools used by early humans bones • tools • handles for tools • weapons • jewellery meat • food skin • clothes A handle tied to a stone tool Early humans lived in caves. Caves protected them from animals,the rain, wind and cold. They also stored food in caves. When there was no food left in one area, they moved to a new place. A cave Early Human Beings and 29 Ancient Civilizations L04_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 29 1/12/2017 11:34:25 AM

When humans found food to eat, they ate it raw. They did not know how to cook. I Understand HOW DID EARLY HUMAN BEINGS CHANGE? In the beginning, early human beings looked like apes. As time went by, their faces changed. They stopped living in trees like apes and began living on the ground. They stopped walking on four legs like monkeys. They started walking on two legs with their backs straight. They also started using their hands to do other things. USING FIRE Early humans saw that lightning made trees catch fire and burn. All the animals were afraid of fire. Early humans picked up burning branches to protect themselves from dangerous animals. Many times, meat and roots fell into the fire. Early humans tasted this food. They found that food from the fire tasted better than raw food. This is how early human beings learnt to cook. But, they had to wait for lightning to burn a tree to get fire. To make tools, early humans banged stones against each other. A few times, while making tools, they observed sparks which made the grass catch fire. Thus, early human beings learnt to make their own fires. 30 L04_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 30 1/12/2017 11:34:27 AM

Train My Brain 1) Whom did early human beings look like and behave like? 2) What made trees catch fire and burn? I Apply FARMING Early humans carefully observed nature. They threw seeds from fruits on the ground. Soon, they saw new plants growing. They saw that seeds grew well in warm weather. They collected fruits for the cold weather. They wrapped fruits in the skins of animals to keep them fresh. They planted seeds, grew plants and began farming. USING WHEELS Early humans travelled a lot. They did not have an easy way to move heavy things from one place to another. They observed rocks and logs rolling easily on land. This gave them the idea to roll heavy things on logs. This is how early humans started using wheels. Early humans started making wheels from stone. SETTLING DOWN Human beings travelled in search of food. When they started farming, they started staying in one place. They started making simple huts with the stems of plants and long leaves. They also used animal skins and bones to make huts. Early Human Beings and 31 Ancient Civilizations L04_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 31 1/12/2017 11:34:28 AM

I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Look at the pictures. The clothes are different from each other. Discuss reasons for the difference between them based on material and one special feature. A B Be Amazed Ötzi the Iceman was an early human being. His body and belongings were preserved in ice for thousands of years. Ötzi is displayed in the South Tyrol Museum in Italy. Concept 4.2: Ancient Civilizations I Think Rashi, Meher and Morad are still in the museum. The next section has different exhibits. There are photographs of many buildings made of bricks. There are metal tools too. The human beings in this exhibit look different. 32 L04_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 32 1/12/2017 11:34:29 AM

Rashi: Morad, these people look like we do! Didn’t all early human beings look like monkeys? Meher: No! Remember, they changed? They started to look more like we do. Morad: That is correct. After thousands of years, people started living in cities. Their cities were different from ours. They did not use the same language or machines. They did not dress like we do. But, they were the builders of the first ancient cities. Q . What did human beings start to build? (A) zoos (B) museums (C) cities (D) bridges I Remember Civilizations began to appear about 12,000 years ago. The very old civilizations are called ancient civilizations. All the ancient civilizations are found near rivers. Civilization River Mesopotamian Tigris Indus Valley Indus Egyptian Nile Chinese Yangtze A civilization is a group of human The people of these cities were a lot like us. For example, beings with they used languages. They made and did different common rules, things. Some people had farms and farm animals. language and Others made things from clay. Some people made dressing styles. things from iron and other metals. There were special people to make rules. These people were usually the priests. The other people were mostly soldiers and builders. Early Human Beings and 33 Ancient Civilizations L04_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 33 1/12/2017 11:34:29 AM

I Understand Human beings needed to stay in one place to take care of their farms. They grew crops, collected and stored grains. This is called agriculture. They built strong houses so that they could stay in the same place for a long time. They needed water for their farms. So, they built houses near big rivers. TRADE Families of early human beings lived together. Sometimes, one family had less meat but a lot of grains. Another family had more meat and less grains. They exchanged meat and grains to get what they needed. This exchange of resources is called trade. A small group of strong houses became a village. When more houses were built, it became a city. Some cities were close to each other. They traded with each other. The people spoke the same language. They also had the same way of making rules. They became important places for trade. DOMESTICATING ANIMALS People found that some animals could be used to carry heavy loads and do other tasks. They gave these animals food and water to domesticate them. Some animals 34 L04_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 34 1/12/2017 11:34:30 AM

domesticated by early humans were cow, sheep, goat, buffalo, horse, dog, cat, donkey, ox and bull. Humans allowed these animals to live close to them. They observed the young ones of these animals and soon began milking cows and goats. They also got wool and meat from these animals. A house from an ancient village Train My Brain 1) Where did ancient civilizations mostly grow? 2) What does ‘resources’ mean? I Apply Crops grow easily in places where there is warm sunlight. Rivers are used to get Early Human Beings and 35 Ancient Civilizations L04_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 35 1/12/2017 11:34:32 AM

water for growing crops. Warm climate is also easy for humans to live in. All ancient civilizations started in the warm regions. Look at the map and answer the questions. 1) Were there any civilizations in the very cold areas? 2) Why do you think this happened? I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Find out which ancient city had a place called the Great Bath. Name the civilization which it belonged to. Discuss three important features of this civilization. Be Amazed The Indus Valley Civilization cities traded with cities in Mesopotamia. The distance between the two civilizations was more than 4,000 kilometres. An Indus Valley city Connect the Dots English Fun Archaeologists and historians can understand all the ancient languages, except one. No one can still understand the language of the Indus Valley Civilization. Can you guess what the word at the top means? 36 L04_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 36 1/12/2017 11:34:33 AM

Science Fun Ask the members of your family for the names of any two tools they use in the kitchen. Can you guess which of these would have been used by early human beings? A Note to Parent When visiting your ancestral home, encourage your child to observe ancient practices that are still in use. NEW WORDS 1) exhibit – something that is displayed for people to see 2) ape – an animal that is like a monkey but which does not have a tail, or has a very short tail 3) meat – the part of an animal that can be eaten 4) handle – the part of a tool that is used to hold it 5) raw – uncooked; without cooking 6) spark – a very small fire that lasts for less than a second 7) observe – to watch and study something carefully 8) log – a long piece of a tree that has been cut 9) clay – a soft, muddy material used to make pots and other objects 10) priest – someone who takes care of how people pray to god 11) soldier – someone who protects a place or a group of people from other groups of people 12) crops – the plants grown for getting grains and other food 13) grains – the seeds of some plants, like rice, that we cook and eat 14) resource – a place or thing that provides something useful 15) domesticate – make a wild animal able to live with human beings Early Human Beings and 37 Ancient Civilizations L04_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 37 1/12/2017 11:34:34 AM

D Discovering India - Iiscovering India - I I Will Learn 5.1 Indian States and Their Capitals 1 Which are the states of India? 2 What are the three levels of government in India? 3 What does the government do? 4 What does someone working in the government do? 5.2 Some Famous Indian Cities 1 What are the differences between villages, towns and cities? 2 What are the features of the state capitals of India? 3 What are the different types of cities in India? 4 Find out more information about one’s hometown. L05_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 38 1/12/2017 11:35:35 AM

Concept 5.1: Indian States and Their Capitals I Think Meher has made a greeting card for his friend living in Karnataka. He wants his father to send the greeting card. Meher: Papa! Can you please send this greeting card to Mehnaz? Mr. Irani: We have to write Mehnaz’s address on the envelope. Wait, let me get my diary. Mr. Irani gets the diary and writes Mehnaz’s address on the envelope. Meher: Why does an address have so many words? Why don’t you just write India? After all, we all stay in India! Q. Will Mehnaz get the letter if Mr. Irani writes just ‘India’ on the envelope? (A) yes (B) no I Remember The letter that Meher sent had Mehnaz’s full address on it. The address has the name of the person, the name of the house, street, village or city, as well as the state. Look at the pictures to understand where Meher lives. Discovering India – I 39 L05_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 39 1/12/2017 11:35:37 AM

Meher’s Address As you can see, Meher’s house is on S. B. Road, which is in Pune. Pune is a city in the state of Maharashtra. STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES OF INDIA India is the world’s seventh largest country. It is difficult to manage such a large country. Therefore, it has been divided into smaller areas called states and union A union territory is an territories. India has 29 states. Each state has a area that is directly government, with its own governor, chief minister and ruled by the central other ministers. The offices of the state government are government. located in the capital city of the state. Apart from the capital city, a state has many other cities and villages. India also has seven union territories, including the National Capital Territory of Delhi. New Delhi is the capital city of India. Look at the map of India with the states and union territories. Rajasthan is India’s largest state, and Goa is the smallest state. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is India’s largest union territory, while Lakshadweep is the smallest. Union Territory Capital Union Territory Capital Andaman and Nicobar Port Blair Lakshadweep Kavaratti Chandigarh Chandigarh Delhi New Delhi Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa Puducherry Puducherry Daman and Diu Daman 40 L05_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 40 1/12/2017 11:35:45 AM

Discovering India – I 41 L05_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 41 1/12/2017 11:35:45 AM

I Understand Who divided India into states and union territories? Who takes care of the people living there? It is the government. WHAT IS A GOVERNMENT? A government is a group of people that makes important decisions for a country. The government of India divided the country into states and union territories. They divided the country according to the languages spoken in different areas. The government is responsible for the following: • making laws • punishing people who do not obey the laws • providing basic facilities such as street lights • maintaining relations with other countries • helping people during bad events such as earthquakes and floods • preserving monuments, forests, water bodies and so on LEVELS OF A GOVERNMENT It is difficult for the government to manage a large country like India. The government in India, therefore, works at three levels. 42 L05_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 42 1/12/2017 11:35:45 AM

Levels of Government The central government: Central • is located in New Delhi. Government • makes decisions for the entire country. The state government: State • is present in every state. Government • is located in the capital city of a state. • looks after people living in the state. Discovering India – I 43 L05_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 43 1/12/2017 11:35:46 AM

The local government: • is present in every city, town and village. • looks after basic needs such as water and roads. • is known by different names. Location Name of the local Local government Government city municipal corporation town municipal council village gram panchayat Train My Brain 1) Give an example of a union territory other than National Capital Territory of Delhi. 2) How many levels does the government in India have? I Apply FACILITIES PROVIDED BY THE GOVERNMENT The government cares for us by providing different kinds of facilities. Let us learn about a few of them. 44 L05_V2_PPS_SST_G3_TB.indd 44 1/12/2017 11:35:46 AM