Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY

A PRODUCT OF CLASSKLAP SOCIAL STUDIES TEXTBOOK ALPINE SERIES Latest Edition 5 Name: __________________________________ Section: ______________ Roll No.: ________ School: ________________________________ 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 1 03-Feb-18 2:47:57 PM

Preface IMAX partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. IMAX presents the latest version of the Alpine series – updated and revised after considering the perceptive feedback and comments shared by our experienced reviewers and users. Designed specifically for state board schools, the Alpine series endeavours to be faithful to the spirit of the State Curriculum Framework and National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005. Therefore, our books strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. The NCF 2005 advocates the creation of age-appropriate and easily relatable content that ensures that students can perceive social realities while imbibing the values of the Indian constitution and human rights. The NCF also recommends the use of graphics, illustrations and pictures to help students to engage with concepts and ideas better. These objectives are integrated in the Alpine Social Studies textbooks and workbooks to provide a holistic learning experience to students. The key features of the Alpine Social Studies books are as follows:  Arrangement of concepts based on the RUAH model based on Bloom’s Taxonomy  Character- and dialogue-based introductions to concepts to ground Social Studies concepts in reality to make them relatable to students  Visually engaging formats for the organisation and presentation of information  In-text activities to assist memorisation and understanding  S ubject-related vocabulary building in every lesson  U se of timelines and historical maps to help students to develop timeline, map and globe skills  U se of maps and scenario-based questions in the workbooks  Integration of values and life skills  P romotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around us Overall, the IMAX Alpine series aims to enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitive and harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and independent global community. – The Authors 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 2 03-Feb-18 2:47:59 PM

Textbook Features Let Us Learn About Think Contains the list of concepts to be Introduces the concept/subtopic and covered in the lesson along with the arouses curiosity among students learning objectives Understanding Remembering Explains the aspects in detail that form Introduces new concepts to build on the the basis of the concept prerequisite knowledge/skills to understand Includes elements to ensure that students and achieve the objective of the topic are engaged throughout Pin-Up Note – Contains key retention points Application from the concept Connects the concept to real-life situations by giving an opportunity to apply what students have learnt Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Encourages students to extend the concept learnt to advanced application scenarios Amazing Facts Fascinating facts and trivia for students to establish a better real-life connect with the concept. 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 3 03-Feb-18 2:47:59 PM

Contents 5Class 1 Representing the Earth 1.1 Maps and Globes���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1.2 Latitudes and Longitudes���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 2 All Kinds of Regions Make up the World 2.1 The Climatic Zones of the Earth���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 3 The Story of the Past 3.1 Early Human Beings���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 3.2 Ancient Civilizations���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22 4 Some Famous Kingdoms of India 4.1 Some Powerful Dynasties of India������������������������������������������������������������������������ 27 4.2 The Mughal Empire������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 31 5 Our Government 5.1 India’s Democratic Government������������������������������������������������������������������������� 35 6 Local Administration 6.1 Local Administration��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40 7 People with Physical Disabilities 7.1 People with Physical Disabilities�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 45 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 4 03-Feb-18 2:47:59 PM

Hi, I am Rashi Jain. I live with Hi, I am Meher Irani. I live with my my parents. I have many parents and older brother, Morad. aunts, uncles and cousins Rashi and I do not go to the same whom I love to visit. My best school. Yet, we share what we friend is Meher Irani. We live learn with each other. We love in the same housing society spending time with Morad. He and have many adventures shows Rashi and me many together. interesting things. Join us on this exciting journey... Lesson Family andRepresenting the Earth 11Lesson NeighbourhoodI Will Learn About 1.1 R features of maps and globes. U the differences between maps and globes. A using a map to make a globe. h getting familiar with globes. I Will Learn Abou1t.2 R latitudes and longitudes. U the differences between latitudes • nuclear,ajondinlot nagnituddseisn. gle-parent familihAes .tuimsinegdlaiffteiturednecseaannddlosntagnitduadreds time. to • changescainlcfualamteiltyim, en.eighbourhood and environment. 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 5 1 03-Feb-18 2:48:00 PM

Concept 1.1: Maps and Globes Think Rashi and her friends are planning a holiday. They are looking at travel magazines, when Rashi's father walks into the room. Mr Jain: Hi Rashi! What are you doing? Rashi: Hi Papa! We are looking through travel magazines and trying to decide where we should go on our next holiday. Mr Jain: That’s great. But I don’t see any maps or a globe in front of you. Rashi: Maps? Why maps? Mr Jain: Well, maps are a great way to know about a place. They help you answer questions like, ‘How far away is the place?’ or ‘Where do I go from here?’ They even help you find things like railway stations, hotels and other landmarks. Whereas, a globe shows you where your holiday spot is on the Earth. Rashi: Oh! You are right! I’ll get the globe from the hall right away! Q. What does Rashi’s father want her to look at to plan her holiday? (A) the internet and newspapers (B) maps and a globe (C) maps and her school textbooks (D) a globe and a magazine Remembering Axis Axis A globe is a small model of the Earth. The rod on which a globe spins is called its axis. It passes through the 03-Feb-18 2:48:00 PM poles and the centre of the globe. The huge size of the Earth makes it difficult for us to study it as a whole. To make this easy, we represent the Earth in different ways. Two of the most important tools for doing this are maps and globes. MAPS A map is usually a two-dimensional view of a place. There are different kinds of maps. 2 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 6

Some important types of maps and what they show: Maps Political Physical Thematic - boundaries of countries, - landforms and water - information related to a states, cities bodies particular theme - capitals and other cities - the heights of different - Example: major crops, places rainfall in different parts of the country - natural regions and so on Features of maps GLOBES The word ‘globe’ comes from the Latin word ‘globus’, meaning ‘sphere’ or ‘round’. A globe is a three-dimensional object. It is shaped like the Earth. Why can a globe be called 'a little Earth'? • Since it has the same shape as the Earth, the positions of the continents shown are mostly accurate. • Since it is made to scale, the distances between places are also mostly accurate. Features of globes 1) We can turn the globe on its axis to see any part of the Earth we want. Representing the Earth 3 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 7 03-Feb-18 2:48:00 PM

2) The axis of a globe is not straight. It is tilted at an angle of 23.5° N 23.5° to the north. This shows the tilt of the Earth with respect to the Sun. 3) The globe shows some important points and lines. The shape of a globe is similar to that of the Earth. We can, therefore, understand the positions of these lines and points much better on a globe than on a map. Understanding DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MAPS AND GLOBES Map Globe • shows the entire Earth at a time. • shows only one part of the Earth • is flat or two-dimensional. at a time. • is spherical or three-dimensional. • can provide detailed information. • does not provide detailed information as it shows the whole Earth. • cannot be used to study the rotation and revolution of the Earth. • can rotate on an axis, and so, can be used to study the rotation and revolution • is easy to carry. of the Earth. • is difficult to carry. Important points and lines on A globe Look at the picture of the globe. Some important points and lines are marked on it. 1) The North and South Poles: They are two Axis ends of the Earth’s axis. They are found at the top and bottom of a globe. North Pole 2) The Equator: It is an imaginary line drawn Tropic of Cancer around the middle of a globe to divide it Equator TropicProimf eCMaperriicdoiarn into two equal parts or hemispheres. To South Pole North East the north of the Equator, is the northern West hemisphere. Below the Equator, to the Axis south, is the southern hemisphere. South 3) The Prime Meridian: It is an imaginary line from the North pole to the South pole that divides a globe into the eastern and western hemispheres. 4 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 8 03-Feb-18 2:48:00 PM

The Equator divides the Earth into the The Prime Meridian divides the Earth into northern and the southern hemispheres. the eastern and the western hemispheres. Application MAKING A GLOBE A globe can be made from a special map of the Earth like this one. A map like this can be pasted onto a sphere. Representing the Earth 5 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 9 03-Feb-18 2:48:00 PM

A globe can only be made to show the entire Earth. We cannot use a map of a country, city or neighbourhood to make a globe. Do you know why? Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Look at a globe and point out the following: • the Equator • a continent in the southern hemisphere • a continent which is in all four hemispheres • the continent of which India is a part Amazing Facts The German geographer, Martin Behaim, made a globe more than 500 years ago that still exists. He was able to create the globe after travelling around the world. Concept 1.2: Latitudes and Longitudes Think Rashi: I have decided that I want to visit Australia. Mr Jain: That’s interesting. Can you show me where it is on this globe? Rashi: I can’t see it. Mr Jain: You can use the latitudes and longitudes on the globe to find places. Do you know where Australia is? Rashi: It’s in the southern hemisphere. And it’s to the east of the Prime Meridian. QQ. What does Rashi’s father ask her to use to find the location of a place on the globe? (A) latitudes (B) latitudes and longitudes (C) longitudes (D) the internet 6 03-Feb-18 2:48:00 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 10

Remembering The North Pole and the South Pole marked on the globe show the vertical northernmost and the southernmost points of the Earth. Horizontal lines drawn parallel to the equator are latitudes. Vertical lines that join the North and South Poles are longitudes. A globe is divided into small sections. These sections make it easy to find places on the Earth. The lines which make these sections are called latitudes horizontal and longitudes. Latitudes and longitudes are measured using degrees and the direction in which they fall. Example: 20° N is read as ‘20 degrees, north’. LATITUDES They are also known as parallels. This is because these lines do not meet each other at any point. The Equator: It is the longest latitude. It marks 0° on the globe. The Equator is an important latitude. It divides the Earth into the northern and the southern hemispheres. Other than the Equator, there are four other important latitudes: latitudes 1) Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N): It is also called the Northern Tropic. 2) Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S): It is also called the Southern Tropic. 3) Arctic Circle (66.5° N): It is the latitude that circles the North Pole. 4) Antarctic Circle (66.5° S): It is the latitude that circles the South Pole. Representing the Earth 7 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 11 03-Feb-18 2:48:00 PM

LONGITUDES We have read that the Equator is the longest latitude. Do you know vertical that the Equator is a circle? This equatorial circle can be divided into 360°. These divisions of the equatorial circle are used for marking meridians. These meridians are called longitudes. Longitudes range from 0° to 180° in the east and 0° to 180° in the west. 1) 0° meridian: It is also called the Greenwich Meridian as it passes longitudes through a place called Greenwich in the United Kingdom. It is also known as the Prime Meridian. 2) 180° meridian: On a globe, you will find this line opposite to the 0° meridian . The International Date Line roughly follows the 180° meridian. Unlike the 0° meridian, it does not pass through any country. The 0° and 180° meridians divide the Earth into the eastern and western hemispheres. Prime Meridian International Date Line Understanding latitudes FEATURES OF LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES Latitudes: • run from the east to the west. • form complete circles, except at the two poles, which are points. • are parallel lines. The distance between them always remains equal. • decrease in length from the Equator towards the poles. 8 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 12 03-Feb-18 2:48:00 PM

Longitudes: • run from the north to the south. • meet at the poles. The distance between longitudes is the least at the poles. This distance is the widest at the Equator. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LATITUDES AND SUNLIGHT The tilt of the Earth along with its revolution has various interesting longitudes effects. The most important is that all the latitudes do not get the same amount of sunlight. The latitudes between which the Sun appears directly overhead are the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N) in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S) in the south. Application Mr Jain lives in Pune. He wants to make a phone call to his cousin who lives in the United Kingdom. Before he calls, he checks his watch to calculate what time it is in London. He does not do this before calling his sister in Jaipur. Why does he need to do this? He needs to do this because of following reasons. Time difference: Every place in the world has a specific longitude. We use longitudes to calculate the time for different places. The time for different places is measured relative to the Greenwich Mean Time. It is commonly called GMT. Standard time: The time is different for different meridians. A country like India has many meridians. So, places on different meridians would be at different times. To avoid confusion, Representing the Earth 9 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 13 03-Feb-18 2:48:00 PM

we have a standard time. A standard time is decided on the basis of a centrally located meridian of a region. +5.5 GMT standard times around the world Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) To calculate time using meridians, we need to count 4 minutes for each meridian. So if it is 12 p.m.(noon) at 0°, • It will be 12:04 p.m. at 1° E. We add minutes to the time for meridians to the east of 0°. • It will be 11:56 at 1° W. We subtract minutes from the time for meridians to the west of 0°. Using a time zone map, fill in the table. The time at: Greenwich Time (0°) The time at: 12 p.m. 2° W is 11:52 p.m. 2° E is 12:08 p.m. [2 × 4 = 8. 1 p.m. [2 × 4 = 8. So 12:00 am - 8 minutes = 11:52 So 12:00 am + 8 minutes = 12:08 p.m.] p.m.] 5° W is _________________ 5° E is ____________________ 80° W is ________________ 12 a.m. 80° E is ___________________ 100° W is _______________ 3 a.m. 100° E is __________________ 10 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 14 03-Feb-18 2:48:00 PM

Amazing Facts Africa is the only continent that lies on both sides of the Equator and the North Prime Meridian. It is also the only continent in the world that lies in all four hemispheres. West East New Words South 1) represent – show 2) two-dimensional – an object that has length and breadth 3) three-dimensional – an object that has length, breadth and depth 4) geographer – someone who is an expert at, and continues to study geography Representing the Earth 11 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 15 03-Feb-18 2:48:00 PM

Lesson All Kinds of Regions Make 2 up the World I Will Learn About 2.1 R weather, seasons and climate. U factors that affect the climate. A climate of India. h climatic zones and countries. Concept 2.1: The Climatic Zones of the Earth Think Meher: Brother, what are you doing with all these maps and magazines? Morad: I am making a list of all the amazing places that I want to see. Meher: Which places do you want to see? Morad: I want to travel to Greenland, the Democratic Republic of Congo and… ummm... Athens! But right now, I want to go to New Zealand. Meher: New Zealand will be much colder than Pune, right? After all, it is December. Q. Do you think it will be cold in New Zealand during December? (A) yes (B) no 12 03-Feb-18 2:48:00 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 16

Remembering Between December and February, it gets cold. It might be very cold one day and a little less cold another day. Similarly, it might be less windy one day and very windy the next day. This change in the day-to-day conditions of temperature, humidity and wind at a place is called weather. SEASONS The weather is cold between December and February. October September However, between March to November May, the temperature starts to August Northern Autumn/Southern Spring increase, and we feel hot. December July These cyclical changes in the Northern Winter/ Northern Summer/ weather, over a period of a Southern Summer Southern Winter year, are called seasons. In India, there are three main January June seasons – summer, monsoon and winter. Northern Spring/Southern Autumn What causes seasons? February May March April You have learnt that there are two movements of the Earth – rotation and revolution. The revolution of the Earth around the Sun causes seasons. The Earth is tilted on its axis. So, while revolving around the Sun, one part of the Earth is tilted towards the Sun and receives more hours of sunlight. This part experiences summer. However, the other part is tilted away from the Sun and receives fewer hours of sunlight. This part experiences winter. Sometimes, while revolving, neither part is tilted towards the Sun. This is when we experience either spring or autumn. CLIMATE Climate is the weather of a location recorded over a long period of time. We know that the Earth's revolution leads to seasons. However, even during a particular season, the climate does not remain the same everywhere. Example: during the winter season, it is very cold in the Northern Mountains, but it is pleasant in the coastal plains. This is because many factors affect the climate of a place. All Kinds of Regions Make up the World 13 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 17 03-Feb-18 2:48:00 PM

Understanding FACTORS AFFECTING THE CLIMATE OF A PLACE There are several factors that affect the climate of a place. Some of them are mentioned below. how distance from the Equator affects climate • Distance from the Equator: If a place is closer to the Equator, the sun rays fall directly over it and spread over a smaller area. However, if a place is away from the Equator, the sun rays are slanting and spread over a larger area. Therefore, places closer to the Equator are hotter than the places away from the Equator. • Height above the sea level: The higher one goes, the cooler it gets. So, places located above sea level are much cooler than places located at sea level. Example: Shimla is cooler than Mumbai. • Distance from the sea: Places closer to the sea are cooler than those away from the sea as they experience sea breeze. • Wind and humidity: Wind and humidity also influence the climate of a place. Example: hot winds blowing from the Thar Desert make the climate of Delhi hot during the summer. Similarly, coastal regions are more humid because of the evaporation of water from the seas and oceans. 14 03-Feb-18 2:48:00 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 18

CLIMATIC ZONES OF THE EARTH North Frigid Zone You have read that depending on their North Temperate Zone closeness to the Equator, different regions Torrid Zone receive different amounts of heat from the Sun. The Earth is divided into three climatic zones South Temperate Zone based on the amount of heat received. These South Frigid Zone climatic zones are: • the Torrid Zone • the Temperate Zone • the Frigid Zone The Torrid Zone The Temperate Zone All Kinds of Regions Make up the World 15 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 19 03-Feb-18 2:48:00 PM

The Frigid Zone Application CLIMATE OF INDIA A large part of India lies in the Torrid Zone, while some part of it lies in the Temperate Zone. Hence, India experiences different types of climatic conditions. The presence of a variety of landforms such as mountains, plains and coasts, also affects India's climate and provides variety. The Thar Desert Himalayan ranges in has a hot and the country are always dry climate. This covered with snow as is because the they are extremely high region has very few above the sea level. waterbodies and receives scanty rainfall. Mumbai is closer to the equator than New Delhi. Yet, it is cooler than New Delhi because it receives sea breeze. 16 03-Feb-18 2:48:01 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 20

Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Look at the climatic zone map given in this lesson. Using an atlas, find out the zones in which the following countries are located. • Germany • Saudi Arabia • Singapore • Nigeria • France • Norway Amazing Facts The Poles experience six months of sunlight and six months of darkness. Due to the angle of the Earth, each Pole spends six months tilted towards the Sun. So, for six months, there is continuous daylight at one Pole while, the other Pole remains in the dark for those six months. New Words 1) humidity – amount of moisture present in the air 2) cyclical – occurring in a repeated manner 3) monsoon – the season when India receives a lot of rain 4) spring – the season between winter and summer 5) autumn – the season when leaves of trees begin to fall 6) sea level – the average level of the surface of the sea 7) sea breeze – slight wind that blows from the sea towards the land 8) evaporation – the process in which water turns into vapour All Kinds of Regions Make up the World 17 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 21 03-Feb-18 2:48:01 PM

Lesson The Story of 3 the Past Let Us Learn About 3.1 R early human beings. U changes in early human beings. A how agriculture and tools changed the lives of early human beings. h comparing modern and ancient clothing. 3.2 R civilization and ancient civilizations. U why ancient civilizations grew. A how climate is related to civilization. h features of ancient civilizations. Concept 3.1: Early Human Beings Think Rashi, Morad and Meher visit a museum. They look at the different exhibits. Meher notices an exhibit labelled ‘An Early Human Being’. He is surprised that it looks more like a monkey. Meher: Morad, look! How can this monkey be a human being! How silly! Morad: It’s not a monkey, but an ape. Once upon a time, human beings looked and behaved just like apes. After thousands of years, some of those apes changed into what we are today. Rashi: Then, how did we become so different from apes? QQ. Which animal did early human beings look like? (A) fish (B) lizard (C) ape (D) bird 18 03-Feb-18 2:48:01 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 22

Remembering Human beings did not always look and act like they do now. A very long time ago, human beings were like apes. They lived in forests and near rivers. They collected nuts, fruits, berries, eggs and hunted animals for food. Those who lived near rivers caught and ate fish too. So, they were called hunter-gatherers. How did they dig the earth and cut fruits and meat? Stone Tools Early humans used different shapes and sizes of stones as tools. Type of stone tool Uses large and heavy stones kill animals for food, protect themselves from animals small, sharp stones cut fruits and skins of animals long and flat stones dig the earth sharp stones, called scrapers clean the skins of animals The Life of Early Human Beings Early human beings lived in groups. They made clothes from leaves and animal skins. They used the parts of the animals they hunted in different ways. A tool is an object that is made for a specific function. Example: A pencil is made for writing. some stone tools used by early humans Part of the animal Uses a handle tied to a stone tool bones tools handles for tools meat weapons skin jewellery food clothes The Story of the Past 19 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 23 03-Feb-18 2:48:01 PM

Early humans lived in caves. Caves protected them from animals, rain, wind and cold. They also stored food in caves. When there was no food left in one area, they moved to a new place. When humans found food to eat, they ate it raw. They did not know how to cook. a cave Understanding How did early human beings change? In the beginning, early human beings looked like apes. As time went by, their faces changed. They stopped living in trees like apes and began living on the ground. They stopped walking on four legs. They started walking on two legs with their backs straight. They also started using their hands to do other things. Using Fire Early humans saw that lightning made trees catch fire and burn. All the animals were afraid of fire. Early humans picked up burning branches to protect themselves from dangerous animals. Often, meat and roots fell into the fire. Early humans tasted this food. They found that food when put in the fire, tasted better than raw food. This is how early human beings learnt to cook. But, they had to wait for lightning to burn a tree to get fire. To make tools, early humans banged stones against each other. Sometimes, while making tools, they observed sparks, which made the grass catch fire. In this way, early human beings learnt to make their own fires. 20 03-Feb-18 2:48:01 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 24

Application Farming Early humans carefully observed nature. They threw seeds from fruits on the ground. Soon, they saw new plants growing. They saw that seeds grew well in warm weather. They collected fruits for the cold weather. They wrapped fruits in the skins of animals to keep them fresh. They planted seeds, grew plants and began farming. Using Wheels Early humans travelled a lot. They did not have an easy way to move heavy things from one place to another. They observed rocks and logs rolling easily on land. This gave them the idea to roll heavy things on logs. This is how early humans started using wheels. Early humans started making wheels from stone. Settling Down Human beings travelled in search of food. When they started farming, they started staying in one place. They started making simple huts with the stems of plants and long leaves. They also used animal skins and bones to make huts. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Look at the two pictures. The clothes shown are different from each other. Discuss the reasons for: • the difference between them based on the material. • one special feature of each item of clothing. Civilizations began to appear about 12,000 years ago. The very old civilizations are called ancient civilizations. All the ancient civilizations are found near rivers. A civilization is a group of human beings with common rules, language and dressing styles living together. The Story of the Past 21 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 25 03-Feb-18 2:48:01 PM

AB Amazing Facts Ötzi the Iceman was an early human being. His body and belongings were preserved in ice for thousands of years. Ötzi is displayed in the South Tyrol Museum in Italy. Concept 3.2: Ancient Civilizations Think Rashi, Meher and Morad are still in the museum. The next section has different exhibits. There are photographs of many buildings made of bricks. There are metal tools too. The human beings in this exhibit look different. Rashi: Morad, these people look like we do! Didn’t all early human beings look like apes? Meher: No! Remember, they changed? They started to look more like we do. Morad: That is correct. After thousands of years, people started living in cities. Their cities were different from ours. They did not use the same language or machines. They did not dress like we do. But, they were the builders of the first ancient cities. 22 03-Feb-18 2:48:01 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 26

QQ. What did human beings start to build? (A) zoos (B) museums (C) cities (D) bridges Remembering Civilization River Mesopotamian Tigris Indus Indus Valley Nile Egyptian Yangtze Chinese The people of these cities were a lot like us. They used languages. They made and did different things. Some people had farms and farm animals. Others made things from clay. Some people made things from iron and other metals. There were special people to make rules. These people were usually the priests. The other people were mostly soldiers and builders. The Story of the Past 23 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 27 03-Feb-18 2:48:01 PM

Understanding Human beings needed to stay in one place to take care of their farms. They grew crops, collected and stored grains. This is called agriculture. They built strong houses so that they could stay in the same place for a long time. They needed water for their farms. So, they built houses near big rivers. TRADE Families of early human beings lived together. Sometimes, one family had less meat but a lot of grains. Another family had more meat and less grains. They exchanged meat and grains to get what they needed. This exchange of resources is called trade. A small group of strong houses became a village. When more houses were built, it became a city. Some cities were close to each other. They traded with each other. The people spoke the same language. They also had the same way of making rules. They became important places for trade. DOMESTICATING ANIMALS People found that a few animals could be used to carry heavy loads and do other tasks. They gave these animals food and water to domesticate them. Some animals domesticated by early humans were the cow, sheep, goat, buffalo, horse, dog, cat, donkey, ox and bull. Humans allowed these animals to live close to them. They observed the young ones of these animals and soon began milking cows and goats. They also got wool and meat from these animals. a house from an ancient village 24 03-Feb-18 2:48:01 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 28

Application Crops grow easily in places where there is warm sunlight. Rivers are used to get water for growing crops. Warm climate is also easy for humans to live in. All ancient civilizations started in the warm regions. Look at the map and answer the questions. 1) Were there any civilizations in the very cold areas? 2) Why do you think this happened? Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Find out which ancient city had a place called the Great Bath. Name the civilization that it belonged to. Discuss three important features of this civilization. The Story of the Past 25 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 29 03-Feb-18 2:48:01 PM

Amazing Facts The Indus Valley Civilization cities traded with cities in Mesopotamia. The distance between the two civilizations was more than 4,000 kilometres. an Indus Valley city New Words 1) exhibit – something that is displayed for people to see 1) ape – an animal that is like a monkey, but does not have a tail or 3) meat has a very short tail 4) handle – flesh of an animal 5) raw – the part of a tool that is used to hold it 6) spark – uncooked; without cooking 7) observe – a very small fire that lasts for less than a second 8) log – to watch and study something carefully 9) clay – a long piece of a tree that has been cut 10) priest – a soft, muddy material used to make pots and other objects – someone who performs religious duties and makes rules of 11) soldier worship 12) crops – someone who protects a place or a group of people from 13) grains 14) resources other groups of people 15) domesticate – the plants grown for getting grains and other food – the seeds of some plants, such as rice, that we cook and eat – a place or thing that provides something useful – make a wild animal able to live with human beings 26 03-Feb-18 2:48:01 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 30

LESSON 11 Lesson Some Famous Kingdoms of India 4 I Will Learn About 4.1 R d efinitions of monarchy and dynasty. U extent of a few Indian empires. A main features of the Indian empires. h thinking like a king or a queen. 4.2 R the Mughal dynasty. U comparing and contrasting two Mughal kings. A comparing some features of two Indian Empires. h the merits and the demerits of a dynasty. Concept 4.1: Some Powerful Dynasties of India Think Rashi and Meher have invented a new game. Each one gets a turn to be the ruler. This time, Rashi is the ruler. Rashi: Meher, go and pluck a few flowers to put in my hair! Then, arrange for a visit to the park. It is my order as queen that all children must be allowed to stay awake past 8 pm And boys and girls must come back home after playing by 6 pm. Meher: Rashi, I’m so tired of you acting like a queen all the time! I am not following any of your orders. Go order someone else. Rashi: I will punish you for disobeying me! Meher: Hahaha! Playing with you is punishment enough, my queen. Tell me Rashi, were real kings and queens harsh like you? How can we know about them? Is India still ruled by them? QQ. India is still ruled by kings and queens. (A) yes (B) no 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 31 27 03-Feb-18 2:48:01 PM

Remembering A group of kingdoms or countries ruled by a single person, government or country is called an empire. Throughout history, there have been many different kinds of rulers and governments. Let us read about monarchies. MONARCHIES AND DYNASTIES A kingdom is a piece of land that is ruled by a king or a queen. A kingdom is often called a monarchy, which means that one person, usually inheriting their position by birth or marriage, is the leader or head of state. When the series of rulers or leaders who rule over a kingdom belong to the same family, it is known as a dynasty. Kingdoms are one of the earliest types of societies on Earth, dating back thousands of years. There have been hundreds of different kingdoms throughout history. Early kingdoms The world’s earliest kingdoms developed thousands of years ago when leaders began conquering and controlling cities and settlements. Rulers of early kingdoms provided protection to their residents, or subjects. In return, subjects paid taxes or services to the king. Kingdoms also had the power to create and enforce laws. SOME INDIAN DYNASTIES Name of the dynasty Region Period 322 BC – 185 BC Maurya most of the Indian peninsula 300 BC – AD 1279 AD 320 – AD 550 Chola Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Bihar AD 1526 – AD 1858 Gupta Bihar and Uttar Pradesh Mughal most of the Indian sub-continent Understanding India is known for its ancient kingdoms. These kingdoms were ruled by different dynasties at different times. The most powerful and well-known dynasties were the Mauryas, the Guptas and the Cholas. 28 03-Feb-18 2:48:02 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 32

WELL-KNOWN DYNASTIES OF INDIA The Mauryan dynasty (322 BC – 185 BC) The Mauryan dynasty was the largest empire of its time. It was the first, large, united kingdom in India. King Ashoka was a great warrior and emperor from this dynasty. He captured many kingdoms till the battle of Kalinga. After the battle of Kalinga, Ashoka chose to spread the message of peace. a pillar constructed by Ashoka The Chola dynasty (300 BC – AD 1279) Kallanai dam The Chola dynasty was one of the Rajendra Chola longest-ruling dynasties in India. The Kallanai dam in Tamil Nadu was originally built by the Chola kings. The dam still stands in the same place today. Rajendra Chola was the best-known Chola king. He is known to have crossed the sea and conquered islands such as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka and so on. The Gupta dynasty (AD 320 – AD 550) Some Famous Kingdoms of India 29 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 33 03-Feb-18 2:48:02 PM

The Gupta dynasty brought peace and prosperity both sides of a coin from the time of to their kingdom. Many scientific and artistic Samudra Gupta's rule achievements were made during this time. So, it is called the Golden Age of India. The mathematician, Aryabhata, and the poet, Kalidasa, belonged to this period. The Gupta king, Samudra Gupta, was known for building a large kingdom. He created a great army and a powerful navy. Application WHY DO WE STILL REMEMBER THESE KINGDOMS? Let us read about some important actions of the rulers of these dynasties. • Spreading knowledge: They invited visitors from other kingdoms to learn about other places. They supported great religious teachers. They built colleges where literature, mathematics, medicine and other subjects were taught. • Encouraging Artists: Many great plays and poems were written. Books such as the Mahabharata were translated into other languages. They supported the creation of great works of art. Now, let us look at some important creations of these dynasties. Cholas • temples and • sculptures Guptas All the kings of Ashoka • messages these dynasties (Mauryas) for his people were carved into supporters of stone artists. They built many temples and monuments. Mughals • forts • palaces • gardens 30 03-Feb-18 2:48:02 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 34

All these kingdoms had some important special features. SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE KINGDOMS OF INDIA These kings had powerful armies. They protected the kingdoms from outsiders. The soldiers came from all parts of the kingdoms. The Mughal army was known for soldiers on horseback. The kingdoms remained safe with the help of laws and rules. People were also able to trade with each other. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) If you were a king or queen, what would you do for your kingdom? What would you like to be known for? Discuss these questions in groups of three. Amazing Facts The British Empire was the largest empire in the world. It was under the rule of England, a country. More than one-fifth of world’s population lived in the empire. India was also a part of the British Empire. Millions of Indians died during their rule and they left one of the richest countries in world in a state of extreme poverty. Concept 4.2: The Mughal Empire Think Rashi and Meher ask Morad about other kings and queens of India. Meher: Were there dynasties after the Chola dynasty? Morad: Yes, there were. Long after the Cholas, there were many important dynasties in various parts of India. Rashi: I have heard of Akbar and the Mughals. Morad: Yes! It was an important dynasty. QQ. Meher wants to know if there were dynasties in India: (A) before the Mughal dynasty. (B) at the same time as the Maurya dynasty. (C) after the Chola dynasty. (D) in AD 1900. Some Famous Kingdoms of India 31 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 35 03-Feb-18 2:48:02 PM

Remembering THE MUGHAL DYNASTY The Mughal dynasty ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. The Mughal dynasty was notable for its more than two centuries of rule over much of India, for the ability of its rulers, who through seven generations maintained a record of unusual talent, and for its administrative organisation. Babur Humayun Akbar In 1526, Babur, a king from Babur's son, Humayun, Humayun’s son, Akbar captured many more kingdoms. He Central Asia, came to India. He became the next king in brought a large part of northern and central India under his captured many small kingdoms 1530. He lost control of control. He was one of the most successful Mughal emperors. to make a new empire in Asia. empire to Afghan rebels. This empire was called the Mughal empire. Jahangir Shahjahan Aurangzeb Akbar’s son, Jahangir, became the king Aurangzeb became the ruler in 1658. He in 1605. Jahangir’s son, Shahjahan, who conquered the Muslim kingdoms in southern became the next ruler in 1628, had a passion India. Thereby, he brought the empire to for buildings. Taj Mahal in Agra and Jama its greatest size. After his death in 1707, the Masjid in Delhi were built under his rule. Mughal Empire lost most of its power. 32 03-Feb-18 2:48:02 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 36

Understanding Out of all the Mughal emperors, Akbar and Aurangzeb are the most famous ones. Let us learn about them in detail. How did they become emperors? Akbar became the emperor at age of 13 after his father passed away. He inherited the throne peacefully. On the other hand, Aurangzeb became the emperor by imprisoning his father Shahjahan and murdering his eldest brother. Similarities between them Both the Mughal Emperors, Akbar and Aurangzeb, had great reputation as rulers of large areas. Both of them were brave, industrious and energetic and had great military knowledge. Differences between them Akbar, had equal regard for all religions. He believed in the unity of all religions. He appointed Hindus to responsible posts in his government. He succeeded in securing whole-hearted cooperation of all people. Aurangzeb, did not appoint Hindus to government posts. He also imposed extra taxes on Hindus. This created differences between the Muslims and the Hindus. Akbar maintained a grand court and loved luxuries. On the other hand, Aurangzeb, was a simple man and avoided luxuries. Akbar was interested in various art forms such as painting, music, architecture, writing, poetry and so on. While Aurangzeb was not interested in paintings and arts. Who will you choose as your king, Akbar or Aurangzeb? Discuss with your partner and mention the reasons for your choice. Application How do you find the differences between empires Any two empires can be compared based on some features. Let us see some of these features for the Mauryan empire and the Mughal empire. 1) Time: The Mauryan empire existed during 322 BC - 185 BC, whereas the Mughal empire existed from 1526 AD to almost 1800s. 2) Size: The Mauryan empire was larger than the Mughal empire. 3) Religion: The Mauryan rulers were followers of Jainism and Buddhism, whereas the Mughals Some Famous Kingdoms of India 33 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 37 03-Feb-18 2:48:02 PM

were followers of Islam. Emperor Akbar and Emperor Ashoka were both in favour of all religions. 4) Culture: Huge Buddhist monasteries and pillars were built during the rule of Emperor Ashoka. During the Mughal empire, many buildings were made. Some of the Mughal kings are also known for their interests in arts, literature and music. Is it necessary to compare life during different times of history? Why or why not? Discuss with your partner. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) In a dynasty, a ruler's child becomes the next ruler. This means that, sometimes, a person who cannot be a good king or queen rules the kingdom. Greedy and cruel people can become rulers. Discuss three qualities of a good ruler with your partner. Do you think dynasties are good, or do you think they are bad? Why? Amazing Facts The national symbol of India with four lions standing back-to-back is the Ashoka Pillar. It is more than 2000 years old and is located at Sarnath near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh. New Words 1) inherit – to receive receive from parents or the previous owner 2) conquer – to take control of a place or people 3) enforce – to cause cause something to happen by force 4) sub-continent – the part of Asia to the south of the Himalayan mountains 5) emperor – the ruler of a very large kingdom 34 03-Feb-18 2:48:02 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 38

Lesson Our Government 5 I Will Learn About 9.1 R how we rule ourselves. U how democracy and elections work in India; levels of government. A sections of the central government. h comparison between different forms of government. Concept 5.1: India’s Democratic Government Think Mr and Mrs Jain are taking Rashi out. Rashi wants to know where they are going. Rashi: Mother, where are we going? Mrs Jain: The elections are today. We are going to the polling station. Rashi: Which train are we catching from the polling station? Mrs Jain: We are not catching a train from the polling station. QQ. What do you think Rashi’s parents will do at the polling station? (A) pick up a relative (B) take part in the elections (C) see a railway museum (D) book a train ticket 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 39 35 03-Feb-18 2:48:02 PM

Remembering You have learned earlier that India was ruled by different kings and queens. Do you remember some of them? You have also learned that many European trading companies also came to India. Can you recall one of them? You have also studied that India fought against the British rule and became free on 15th August 1947. After India became free, our leaders decided that people should be allowed to elect their government. In other words, India’s leaders chose democracy. What is a ‘democracy’? A democracy is a government run by the people. In a democracy, the people are the most powerful group. They can choose their leaders. This is different from the rule of kings and queens where they have all the power. Let us now look at some of the features of a democracy. FEATURES OF A DEMOCRACY Understanding We have read that one of the main features of democracy is that people get to choose their representatives. In India, we choose our representatives through elections. 36 03-Feb-18 2:48:02 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 40

WHAT IS AN ELECTION? An election is a method of choosing a representative by voting. They are held after a fixed number of years. In India, they are held every five years. Process of Election • Political parties • People go to • The votes are share their ideas. polling stations counted. The political party that forms and vote. the government is called the • They tell people • The candidate ruling party. The leader of the about the • They do not with the most ruling party becomes the head candidates from need to tell votes wins. of the government. The head of their parties. anyone who they the government chooses some voted for. • The political party Before the elections with the most On election day number of winning After the elections candidates forms the government. winning candidates from his or her party to work in the government. These candidates are responsible for different departments. Example: one candidate manages the agriculture department, while another manages the education department. Elections for different levels of government Do you know that there are three levels of government in India? They are the local, state and central governments. We have elections to elect representatives at all three levels. Name of the election Levels of the government Local election Local government State election State government Central government National election The working of the Government The central, state and the local governments have separate responsibilities. However, the central, state and local governments work together for the welfare of the people. Example: the local government installs street lights. The state government distributes electricity to all the cities and villages. The central government, on the other hand, gives permission for electrical projects and decides the price to be charged. Let us learn more about these levels. Level 1: The local government The local government looks after the needs of people at the village, town or city level. It has two levels – urban and village local governments. Urban local government Village local government The urban local government looks after the The village local government is responsible needs of the people living in cities and towns. for the welfare of people living in villages. Our Government 37 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 41 03-Feb-18 2:48:02 PM

Level 2: The state government The state government takes care of many things such as agriculture, education and roads. The state government is made up of a State Assembly, Chief Minister, Governor and other ministers. Level 3: The central government The central government governs the entire country. It deals with the defence of India, relations with other countries, railways and shipping to name a few. Application You have understood the three different levels of the government. Now let us look at the structure of the central government. THREE SECTIONS OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT • the Parliament – has three parts and makes rules or laws for the entire country • the executive – implements the rules made by the Parliament • the courts – make sure that the laws are followed the Parliament by everyone. People who break these laws are punished. Let us learn more about the Parliament. The Parliament has three parts. They are the President of India, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The Lok Sabha consists of members elected by the people during inside the Lok Sabha general elections. It is also called the House of the People. The Prime Minister is an important member of the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha consists of members indirectly elected by different states and union territories. It is also called the Council of States. The Vice-President of India is an important member of the Rajya Sabha. The President is the head of the country. He or she is elected by the inside the Rajya Sabha members of the Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies. 38 03-Feb-18 2:48:02 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 42

Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Discuss with your classmates about how things would be if you lived under the rule of a king instead of in a democracy. Hint: You can discuss the absence of elections, limited freedom to express one’s thoughts and no or a limited number of courts. Amazing Facts India is the largest democracy in the world. Among all the democracies in the world, India has the highest population. New Words 1) election – a process through which people can choose the people to act or speak for them 2) polling station 3) vote – a place where people can go to vote in the elections 4) opinion – share one’s choice 5) representative – thoughts about a particular topic or person – someone who has been chosen to act or speak for a 6) political party person or a group of people 7) candidate – a group of people who have similar aims, ideas and 8) govern thoughts and who want to be a part of the government – someone who wants to be chosen or elected – to make laws and find ways for people to follow them Our Government 39 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 43 03-Feb-18 2:48:02 PM

Lesson Local Administration 6 I Will Learn About 6.1 R What is local administration? U Why do we need local administration? A Some examples of local administration and their functions h Write a letter to the local administration Concept 6.1: Local Administration Think Meher called Rashi over the phone one late evening. Meher: Dadaji fell down sometime back on the street near our house. He hurt himself. Luckily it’s a small injury. Rashi: How is Dadaji now? Meher: He has a few cuts and a sprain in his ankle. Rashi: Thank God. How did it happen? Meher: The street lights in our lane are not working. It is dark at night. He stepped onto a stone and slipped and fell. Papa is very upset. He went to complain to the Municipal Corporation. Rashi: What is Municipal Corporation? Meher: Papa says it is an office which has our local representatives who take care of the public facilities. QQ. Where did Rashi's father go to complain? (A) Doctor (B) Grandfather (C) Office (D) Municipal Corporation 40 03-Feb-18 2:48:02 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 44

Remembering Local Self-Government: The people of a certain locality understand their problems very well. Usually they also have an idea as to what developmental activities are necessary in the area. For this very purpose, a Panchayati Raj Act has been implemented. Under this act, Panchayats are established in both rural and urban areas. They are provided with funds for the following main purposes: 1) To establish self-governance in villages. 2) Empower Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST) and women by providing reservations of seats in the panchayats. 3) Implement developmental programmes with the help of local population. As per this system, there are Gram Panchayats at the village level; Taluk Panchayats at the Taluk level and Zilla Panchayat at the district level. Understanding Let us understand the different administrations and how they are formed. Election Term of Office They are appointed in It consists of elected office for a period of five members of each years. Panchayat. There is reservation of seats Gram and Taluk for Sheduled Castes, Panchayats Scheduled Tribes, women and other backward community members. Members Heads People who reside within The elected members the Panchayat limits elect President or the Vice are the members of the President as their leader. Panchayat. Local Administration 41 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 45 03-Feb-18 2:48:02 PM

Election Zilla Panchayat Term of Office Zilla panchayat consists They are appointed in of elected members from Urban office for a period of five every taluk of the district. Administration years. There is reservation of seats for Sheduled Castes, Heads Scheduled Tribes, women Zilla panchayats have and other backward many standing community members. committees. One of the members will be the Members chairman for each The Lok Sabha, Rajya committee. Sabha, Legislative Assembly and Legislative Term of Office Council Members They are elected in office belonging to the district for a period of five years. are also members. All Presidents of the Taluk Heads Panchayats are also its Members elect one members. among them as the President and another Election person as the Vice There is reservation of President. The municipality seats for Sheduled Castes, will be administered by a Scheduled Tribes, women Chief Officer called the and other backward Commissioner. community members. 03-Feb-18 2:48:02 PM Members It consists of three local bodies – Town Panchayat, Corporations and the City Council. The members are called councillors. 42 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 46

Election Term of Office There is reservation of They are elected in office seats for Sheduled Castes, for a period of five years Scheduled Tribes, women and other backward City community members. Corporations Members Heads People who reside within the City Council limits are Corporators will elect one the members. Respective among them as the Mayor members of the Lok and a Deputy Sabha, Rajya Saha, Mayor. Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council are also the members. Members are called Corporators. Application We shall now look into the functions performed by each of these administrations. We shall also look at their sources of income. Gram and Taluk Panchayats Function: The main function of a panchayat is to undertake developmental activities. We also have something known as the Gram Sabha which forms the lowest level at the panchayati system. The Panchayati Raj system aims at strengthening the administration activities of the Gram Sabha. The members meet at least two times in a year and all of them are aged above 18. Sources of Income: Grants received from the Government and Zilla Panchayats along with the taxes and rent from the people of the locality. Also, Gram Sabha identifies beneficiaries for its welfare schemes. Zilla Panchayat Function: They prepare annual plan for the development of Zilla Panchayat area. They provide relief to victims of natural calamities. They monitor the developmen- tal programmes and government schools in the district. Local Administration 43 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 47 03-Feb-18 2:48:03 PM

Sources of Income: It comprises of grants from the Government, loans raised and lastly income from the taxes, rent and fees collected. What work do the town panchayats, municipalities and corporations do? Function: Municipalities and corporations look after the developmental works. Developmental works like health, street lights, sanitation, sewage, water supply, road building and so on are undertaken. For City planning and development, there is a separate body called Development Authority. Sources of Income: Government grants and property tax are the major sources. Water cess, health cess, education cess, beggary cess, fire cess and rents are other sources. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) What role does the citizen play in a local administration organisation? Find out information about this from the newspaper, library or the internet. Amazing Facts India has nearly 1.5 million elected women representatives at the local level — in terms of numbers, this is the highest globally! New Words 1) Empower – giving support to politically, financially and socially weaker people 2) Reservation 3) Grants – keeping certain seats for some special groups 4) Term – money given by government for a specific purpose 5) Cess – a set period of time during which something happens – a tax for a specific purpose 44 03-Feb-18 2:48:03 PM 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 48

Lesson People with Physical 7 Disabilities I Will Learn About 7.1 R what is a physical disability? U what are the challenges of people with physical disabilities? A How to be respectful to people with physical disabilities? h People who overcame physical disability – ordinary and extraordinary. Concept 7.1: People with Physical Disabilities Think Rashi was watching a live speech, named ‘On the top of the world’, on television with her mother. Rashi: Ma, what is the name of the lady? What did she do? Ma: She is Arunima Sinha. She climbed the Mount Everest. Rashi: Ma, She must be really courageous to climb the highest peak. During the break, Rashi continued. Rashi: Ma, she told us that we should be brave and set high goals to be successful. As the program came to an end, Rashi noticed that Arunima was having a prosthetic leg. 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 49 45 03-Feb-18 2:48:03 PM

Q1 Rashi was excitedly speaking about: (A) school (B) teacher (C) Arunima Sinha ( D) Mount Everest Remembering A disability is a condition that a person has which limits them in some way. A physical disability limits the way the body works. Example: a physical disability may limit the way a part of the body grows, moves, or does what it is supposed to do.It may limit a person for seeing or hearing or speaking or walking. It may interfere with a person’s ability to walk, hear, talk, see, think or learn. It does not Srikanth Bolla is CEO and founder affect each person in the same way. In addition, some of Bollant Industries. He is the people might have multiple disabilities. first international blind student P eople with a disability or at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. disabilities may need to use special equipment to aid them. This can include using a wheelchair, a cane or walking stick, hearing aids, a teletypewriter or specially designed software and hardware for their personal computers. Stephen Hawking is one of the We often see people greatest scientists of this century. with disabilities around us. Perhaps, you have Due to his paralysis he cannot also helped them move or talk well. sometimes. You may have helped a person who has a visual disability to cross the road. You may have pushed a wheelchair for a person. They are normal people like all of us. People with disabilities can do many of the things Shekar Naik: The blind cricketer from you do, but it might take them a little longer. They may Karnataka who won India the World need assistance or supporting equipment to help them. Cup in 2014. He is the former captain of the India national blind cricket team. We should understand that differences are normal, but people have many similarities too. By focusing on what people have in common, we can bond with each other over common interests. No matter what differences people with disabilities may possess, they like to have fun and laugh. 46 181010046-Alpine-G5-Textbook-Social-FY.pdf 50 03-Feb-18 2:48:03 PM