6) I visited my friends in Manipur. (Change this to the simple future tense.) Ans. Present continuous tense The present continuous tense is used to describe actions that are taking place now. Use ‘is’ with How to form sentences in the Use ‘are’ with ‘you’, ‘he’, she’, ‘it’ and present continuous tense? ‘we’, ‘they’ and plural nouns. singular nouns. Children are playing in the garden. subject is/am/are object ‘-ing’ form of verb Past continuous tense The past continuous tense is used to refer to actions that were going on at a particular time in the past. Use ‘was’ with How to form sentences in the Use ‘were’ with 'I', ‘he’, she’, ‘it’ and past continuous tense? ‘you’, ‘we’, ‘they’ and plural nouns. singular nouns. Children were playing in the garden. subject was/were object ‘-ing’ form of verb 28 11/26/2018 2:52:05 PM NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 32
Exercise 3.2: Fill in the blanks with verbs in the correct continuous tenses. One is done for you. 1) You were cooking (cook) while I was doing my homework. 2) The girls ____________________________________ (go) to the playground now. 3) The cat ____________________________________ (chase) the mouse yesterday. 4) I ____________________________________ (make) tea for my mother right now. 5) Sunny ____________________________________ (listen) to the radio last night. 6) It ____________________________________ (rain) right now; we cannot go to the park. Present perfect tense Afreen has finished her I have watched the movie. You have passed your painting. exam. These sentences describe actions that have just finished in the present. Such actions are written in the present perfect tense. It reports news or The present perfect tense It also describes completed links the present and talks about actions (past) that are the past. actions or situations that have started in the important now. past but continue into the Example: present. I have passed Example: the exam. He went to India in 2012. He has lived there ever since. Module 8 29 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 33 11/26/2018 2:52:05 PM
Use ‘has’ with A sentence in the present Use ‘have’ with ‘I’, ‘he’, she’, ‘it’ and perfect tense looks like this: ‘you’, ‘we’, ‘they’ and plural nouns. singular nouns. Kavya has completed the project. subject has/have object past participle form of verb Here is a list of the past participle forms of some common verbs. Base verb Past tense form Past participle form be (is, am, are) was, were been beat beat began beaten begin sang begun sing broke sung break bit broken bite blew bitten blow chose blown choose came chosen come dove come dive went dived ate gone go drew eaten eat drawn draw 30 11/26/2018 2:52:05 PM NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 34
Base verb Past tense form Past participle form do did done fall fell fallen froze frozen freeze gave given give grew grown grow saw seen see laid laid lay spent spend spent bent bend bent Module 8 31 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 35 11/26/2018 2:52:05 PM
Module 9 B C A 2 Vocabulary Use of ‘they’re’, ‘their’ and ‘there’ ‘They’re’ is the contracted form of ‘they are’. Examples: • They’re happy to be home. • They’re going to play football. 38 11/26/2018 2:52:05 PM NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 42
‘Their’ is used to mean ‘belonging to’. Examples: • Their bus stopped moving after crossing the temple. (the bus that belonged to them) • R icha and Shweta love gardening. I want to visit their garden. (the garden that belongs to them) ‘There’ is used to show a particular position or place. Examples: • Let us go there and have some ice cream. • There are four mangoes in the bag. Look at the table below for more examples of ‘they’re’, ‘their’ and ‘there’. they’re their there I like to eat bananas when They went to visit their Please put your sweater they’re soft. grandparents. there. They’re going to play near Their house is almost one Have you been there? the sea. hundred years old. There is no water left in the They’re not as bad as you We are looking for their lost bucket. think. cat. What did she see over there? I think they’re going to come By tomorrow, their work will home soon. be done. Exercise 2.1: Fill in the blanks correctly with ‘they’re’, ‘their’ or ‘there’. One is done for you. 1) There is a big lion in the zoo. It looks fierce. 2) It was _____________________ idea to go to the fair. 3) _____________________ very angry with you for breaking the glass. 4) I think _____________________ both very excited about the match. 5) A kram’s favourite restaurant is the Punjabi Dhaba. He is fond of _____________________ chicken tikka masala. 6) Once upon a time, _____________________ lived a greedy king named Harish. Module 9 39 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 43 11/26/2018 2:52:05 PM
Exercise 2.2: Read the following passage from a magazine. Correct the usage of ‘they’re’, ‘their’ and ‘there’ wherever required and rewrite it below. They’re is something new happening with dhabas. They used to serve rather ordinary food. But now, their bringing they’re food to the streets to get closer to the customers. Every week, their is an event in some park or the other to provide samples of such food. Families from the surrounding neighbourhoods go they’re for an evening of fun and food. They have a good time they’re. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 Grammar Adverbs of manner Underline the adverbs of manner in the following sentences. 1) She performed well in the exam. 2) He humbly refused the gift. 3) They were talking loudly. 4) Smita rode her bicycle slowly. 40 11/26/2018 2:52:05 PM NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 44
Remember • A dverbs describe or say more about verbs and adjectives. • A dverbs that show the way or manner in which actions are done are called adverbs of manner. • Adverbs of manner answer the question ‘how?’. Example: Ravi spoke softly. softly How did Ravi speak? So, ‘softly’ is the adverb of manner. • Most adverbs are formed by adding ‘-ly’ to the ends of adjectives. Examples: – quickly quick beautiful – beautifully Now, let us learn about two new kinds of adverbs. Adverbs of degree Adverbs of degree tell us about the degree or intensity of an action. Adverbs of degree answer the questions 'how much?' or ‘to what extent?’. How difficult is this It’s exercise? extremely easy. Here, the word ‘extremely’ is the adverb of degree. It shows the degree of difficulty of the exercise. Module 9 41 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 45 11/26/2018 2:52:05 PM
Here are two more examples of adverbs of degree. to a • Be careful. You almost fell from the tree. considerable extent ‘Almost’ answers the question ‘to what extent?’. So, it is an adverb of degree. • It is too cold to go out. to a very large extent ‘Too’ describes the intensity of the cold weather. Hence, it is an adverb of degree. The following table gives the most commonly used adverbs of degree. almost nearly hardly very completely too enough quite just extremely Remember • S ometimes, adverbs describe other adverbs. Examples: I finished my work quite quickly. She runs very fast. adverb of adverb of adverb of adverb of degree manner degree manner Adverbs of place An adverb of place tells us about the place where an action takes place or happens. Adverbs of place answer the question ‘where?’. Let us go there. 42 11/26/2018 2:52:05 PM NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 46
Notice that the word ‘there’ answers the question ‘where?’ and tells us about the location of the movement. So, it is an adverb of place. Here are two more examples of adverbs of place. where? • She went up. – up • Amalu looked around, but she couldn’t see anyone. – around The words ‘up’ and ‘around’ tell us more about the location of the action or movement. So, they are adverbs of place. The following table gives the most commonly used adverbs of place. up down around inside outside away nearby there here Exercise 3.1: Underline the adverb in each sentence. Write the verb or adjective it describes in each of the sentences. One is done for you. Sentence Verb/Adjective 1) She lives here. lives – verb 2) The ice cream was deliciously sweet. ____________________________________ 3) Shreyan ate his dinner hungrily. ____________________________________ 4) He went outside. ____________________________________ 5) Varun's shirt is quite pretty. ____________________________________ 6) Heena nearly won the race. ____________________________________ Module 9 43 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 47 11/26/2018 2:52:05 PM
Exercise 3.2: Fill in the blanks with adverbs of degree and place from the given words. One is done for you. completely inside everywhere really nearby very 1) They went inside. 2) Mani lives _____________________________. 3) We looked for the dog _____________________________. 4) H e is _____________________________ tired. He cannot walk all the way home. 5) This food is _____________________________ delicious. 6) I was _____________________________ drenched in the heavy rain. 44 11/26/2018 2:52:05 PM NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 48
Module 10 B C A 2 Vocabulary Use of ‘enough’ and ‘too’ The word ‘enough’ is used to mean ‘sufficient’ or ‘as much as needed’. Examples: • Your shirt is large enough to fit me. • The room is big enough to fit 50 people. Module 10 51 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 55 11/26/2018 2:52:06 PM
In negative sentences, we use ‘not’ with ‘enough’ to mean ‘less than sufficient’ or ‘less than needed’. Examples: • There is a lot of work and not enough people to do it. • You are not working fast enough to finish your homework on time. ‘Too’ is used to mean 'more than needed' or 'less than needed'. Examples: • He was talking too fast for me to understand. • I think the room is too small for the whole class. ‘Too’ is often used to mean ‘also’ or ‘as well’. Examples: • Is Salma coming to the party too? • She too understands my fear of ghosts. 'Enough' comes after the adjective or adverb in a sentence and before the noun. 'Too' usually comes before the adjective or adverb in a sentence. Comparing ‘enough’ and ‘too’ Read the table below for more examples of ‘enough’ and ‘too’. He is fit enough He is too tired to lift heavy to lift heavy weights. weights. 52 11/26/2018 2:52:06 PM NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 56
enough too You have enough food on your plate. There isn’t enough sugar in my milk. You have too much food on your plate. There is enough time to prepare for the test. There is too much sugar in my milk. There is too little time left to prepare for the test. Exercise 2.1: Fill in the blanks correctly with ‘enough’ or ‘too’. 1) J olly ate __________________________ breakfast before leaving for gym. He felt good and active. 2) J ames was driving __________________________ slowly to reach his interview on time. 3) P riya had made __________________________ cupcakes to feed all the children in the school. Everyone loved the cupcakes. 4) It was not __________________________, but it was all that he could do for me. 5) T he boy was __________________________ short for the ride at the amusement park. He wasn’t allowed on it. 6) My brother is a chef. My sister is a chef __________________________. Exercise 2.2: Answer the questions below using ‘enough’ or ‘too’ and the words in brackets. Add a full stop when you complete a sentence. 1) Can your dog do tricks? Yes, she can. (smart) She’s ___________________________________________________. 2) Can he reach that shelf? No, he can’t. (tall) He’s not ________________________________________________. 3) Will Sumi come to the party? No, she won’t. (tired) She’s ______________________________________________________________________________. 4) Would you like some ice cream? No, thank you. (cold) It’s ________________________________________________________________________________. Module 10 53 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 57 11/26/2018 2:52:06 PM
5) Can she vote? No, she can’t. (old) She isn’t ___________________________________________________________________________. 6) Will you go to the market today? No, I won’t. (hot) It’s ________________________________________________________________________________. 3 Grammar Prepositions Look at the pictures given below and fill in the blanks with the appropriate preposition for each picture. The prepositions you have learnt earlier are given in the stars below. Some pictures may match with more than one preposition, and a few other prepositions may not apply to any picture. in on under near over behind above at at the side of below next to beside in front of around between 54 11/26/2018 2:52:06 PM NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 58
Let us learn about a few more prepositions. among: It means 'to be along with or surrounded by several things, people or objects'. Examples: The hen stood among her The black sheep stood The child sat among his chicks. among the white sheep. toys. with: It means 'to be at the same place, or be doing the same thing as one or many things, people or objects'. It shows the interaction between two or more people or things. Examples: The baby bird is flying with The cat is playing with a ball Raju is playing with Asifa. the mother bird. of wool. Module 10 55 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 59 11/26/2018 2:52:06 PM
to: It means ‘in the direction of’. It shows the place, person or thing that someone or something moves towards. Examples: Rina walks to school They drive to Mumbai every I sent the package to my every day. Saturday. mother. from: It is used to show the place where someone or something starts. It also shows the time when something starts. Examples: She sent me a postcard Lunch will be served The petrol prices will from Switzerland. from 1:00 p.m. increase from tomorrow. 56 11/26/2018 2:52:06 PM NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 60
Exercise 3.1: Look at the picture and write true or false for each of the sentences given below. One is done for you. 1) The clock is under a plant. – false 2) A plant is beside the counter. – 3) The oven is behind the fridge. – 4) A bowl is falling from the floor. – 5) There is nobody in the kitchen. – 6) The saucepan is among the frying pan. – Exercise 3.2: Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions from the options given in brackets. One is done for you. 1) Meet me at (on/at) 9:00 p.m. 2) The comet flew ___________________ (over/in) the Earth. 3) Can you keep this box ___________________ (in/among) the storeroom? 4) Divide this cake ___________________ (around/among) yourselves. Module 10 57 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 61 11/26/2018 2:52:06 PM
5) I will be free ________________ (from/above) the 24th of June. 6) I have set the painting ___________________ (between/above) my fireplace. 58 11/26/2018 2:52:06 PM NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 62
Module 11 B C A 2 Vocabulary Idioms An idiom is a combination of words that has a different meaning than the actual meaning of the words. Example: Sameera got cold feet before her stage performance. Here, the phrase ‘cold feet’ does not mean that her feet actually became cold. It means that Sameera became 'nervous' or 'scared' before her stage performance. Module 11 67 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 71 11/26/2018 2:52:06 PM
Exercise 2.1: Choose the correct idiom from the box that matches each description. One is done for you. icing on the cake to cry over spilt milk once in a blue moon don’t judge a book by its cover cost an arm and a leg every cloud has a silver lining 1) to complain about what is already lost Ans. to cry over spilt milk 2) bad times followed by good times Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3) something that happens very rarely Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4) something great added to something good Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5) to not judge by appearances Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6) something that is very expensive Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 68 11/26/2018 2:52:07 PM NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 72
Exercise 2.2: Make sentences of your own with the given idioms. One is done for you. 1) down to earth Ans. Arjav is a star athlete, but he is also very down to earth. He helps out at the old age home each morning. 2) under the weather Ans. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 3) early bird Ans. 4) piece of cake Ans. 5) learn by heart Ans. 6) raining cats and dogs Ans. Module 11 69 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 73 11/26/2018 2:52:07 PM
3 Grammar Conjunctions You have learnt about coordinating conjunctions in Class 3. Read the given sentences. Circle the coordinating conjunctions and write which words, phrases or sentences they join. One is done for you. 1) Do you want to eat the bread with jam or butter? Ans. jam, butter 2) Maria went to the market, but she did not buy anything. Ans. 3) I am late, for it is raining. Ans. 4) I don’t usually wake up at 6:00 a.m., nor do I sleep before 10:00 p.m. Ans. 5) I will go home and finish my homework. Ans. 6) They drove carefully, yet they had an accident. Ans. 7) The weather is bad, so it is better to stay indoors. Ans. 70 11/26/2018 2:52:07 PM NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 74
Types of conjunctions There are three types of conjunctions. Conjunctions Coordinating Correlative Subordinating conjunctions conjunctions conjunctions Remember • C onjunctions are words that join words or parts of sentences together. • The conjunctions you have learnt in Class 3 (‘for’, ‘and’, ‘nor’, ‘but’, ‘or’, ‘yet’ and ‘so’) are coordinating conjunctions. They connect two similar parts of a sentence together. They also connect two independent but similar sentences. • Remember the term FANBOYS to recall the coordinating conjunctions. Exercise 3.1: Fill in the blanks with the correct coordinating conjunctions from the given words. One is done for you. for and yet so but or 1) The room was messy, so we cleaned it. 2) Her two favourite sports are cricket __________________ kabaddi. Module 11 71 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 75 11/26/2018 2:52:07 PM
3) The test is tomorrow, __________________ Rina has not begun studying. 4) W hich of the two ice creams do you want—chocolate __________________ vanilla? 5) He was happy, __________________ he had won the cycling race. 6) Rajesh knows how to swim __________________ his brother does not. Let us learn about the second type of conjunction: correlative conjunctions. Correlative conjunctions Meher is hungry at night. Her mother asks her what she wants to eat. Meher says that she wants neither vegetables nor fruits to eat. She says she wants either a burger or fried chicken. She also wants sweets. Her mother tells her that having junk food and too many sweets is not good. They not only lead to high cholesterol but are also bad for Meher’s teeth. Observe the word pairs ‘neither… nor’, ‘either… or’ and ‘not only… but also’ in the previous paragraph. These word pairs are called correlative conjunctions. Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join phrases or words that carry equal importance within a sentence. neMitehheernrvower gafreuntittass.bles Examples: Here, the words ‘neither’ and ‘nor’ show that Meher gives equal importance to both vegetables and fruits. She does not want either of them. Shaebwuargcnehtsirceokirethfnrei.erd H ere, Meher gives equal importance to both a burger and fried chicken by saying that she would like to eat either of the two. 72 11/26/2018 2:52:07 PM NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 76
Thtboeuyht inMagorheethcoaehnlsrol’oysleltbesetaaeeddrtohfl.or Here, Meher’s mother gives equal importance to both the reasons for avoiding junk food. Exercise 3.2: Read the sentences and colour the correct correlative conjunctions to be used. One is done for you. 1) H e is __________ polite __________ kind. That is why I dislike him. neither – nor either – or not only – but also 2) T his dish is __________ delicious __________ healthy. I like eating it. neither – nor either – or not only – but also 3) _ _________ my mother __________ my father will pick me up from school. Only one of them will be free at that time. Neither – nor Either – or Not only – but also 4) _ _________ Saira __________ Sohan will win the race, as they are the fastest runners. Neither – nor Either – or Not only – but also 5) _ _________ the car __________ the van is big enough for fifteen people. We need a bus. Neither – nor Either – or Not only – but also 6) N eha __________ finished her homework __________ helped her brother to complete his. Hence, they could both get their homework done on time. neither – nor either – or not only – but also Module 11 73 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 77 11/26/2018 2:52:07 PM
Module 12 B C A 2 Vocabulary Homophones Homophones are same-sounding words that have different spellings and meanings. Examples: The first number is one. I won the race. A rose is a beautiful flower. Flour is used in baking. Module 12 83 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 87 11/26/2018 2:52:07 PM
The knight held up his sword. The stars appear at night. Exercise 2.1: Fill in the blanks with the correct homophones from the options given in brackets. 1) T he baby was ___________________ (bored/board), so he started crying. 2) Would you like me to call ___________________ (hymn/him) as well? 3) It has ___________________ (been/bean) a long time since we last met. 4) I did not ___________________ (here/hear) the bell ring. 5) O range ___________________ (peel/peal) is very useful in making medicines. 6) M y sisters ___________________ (sell/cell) hot samosas near the beach on Sundays. Now, write the meanings of at least three pairs of homophones that you have just learnt. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 2.2: Fill in the blanks with the correct homophones from the words in brackets. 1) T he _______________________ (band/banned) played lovely music at the wedding. 2) T he _______________________ (miner/minor) was not allowed to cast his vote as he was not 18 years old yet. 3) A yan liked the _______________________ (sweet/suite) chocolate. 4) R ishi _______________________ (rode/road) his motorbike to the factory. 84 11/26/2018 2:52:07 PM NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 88
5) I can count the _______________________ (daze/days) of the week on my fingers. 6) I gave my mother a beautiful _______________________ (rows/rose) on Mother’s Day. 3 Grammar Sentences Given below are some sentences. Read them and write what types of sentences they are. 1) 1 5th August is our Independence Day. 2) I can’t wait for the party! 3) W here is my new bag? 4) M eet me at 8:00 p.m. sharp. 5) D o you want tea or coffee? 6) M y favourite colour is blue. 7) Suddenly, the tiger jumped in front 8) Speak softly! of our jeep! Let us revise the four different types of sentences. Declarative sentences: They make Interrogative sentences: They ask statements and end with a full stop (.). questions and end with a question mark (?). Example: We are going to watch a movie. Example: Will you come for the movie? Module 12 85 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 89 11/26/2018 2:52:07 PM
Exclamatory sentences: They show Imperative sentences: They give excitement or a strong feeling. They end commands or make requests. They end with an exclamation mark (!). with a full stop (.) or an exclamation mark (!). Examples: Examples: • W hat an entertaining • Karan, please drive me to movie! the movie theatre. • Ouch! I hurt my knee. • Behave politely! Remember These are the four types of sentences. – declarative sentences 1) Statements (.) – interrogative sentences 2) Questions (?) – exclamatory sentences 3) Exclamations (!) – imperative sentences 4) Commands or requests (.) or (!) Note: When exclamatory sentences start with Examples: ‘what’ or ‘how’, there is a slight change • How beautiful is the rain! in the usual order of words in the • What a match! sentence. Exercise 3.1: Write sentences to describe the pictures. Base the sentences on the sentence types given for each picture. One is done for you. 1) When will you finish your work? interrogative sentence 11/26/2018 2:52:07 PM 86 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 90
2) _________________________________ imperative sentence _________________________________ _________________________________ 3) _________________________________ exclamatory sentence _________________________________ 4) _________________________________ interrogative sentence _________________________________ _________________________________ 5) declarative sentence _________________________________ _________________________________ 6) _________________________________ exclamatory sentence _________________________________ NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 91 _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ Module 12 87 11/26/2018 2:52:07 PM
Direct and indirect speech Your sister has a lot of homework, and she needs some time alone to finish it. She tells you, 'I have a lot of homework.' and asks you not to disturb her. When your friend comes over in the evening, you can tell her about this conversation in two ways. My sister said, 'I have a lot of homework.' (direct speech) You repeated what your sister said in the very same way she had said it. You will put her exact words in quotation marks if you were to write this. The second way of reporting what she said is like this. My sister said that she had a lot of homework. (indirect speech) Since your sister said those words some time ago, the tense and the pronoun change when you are telling someone else about it later. ('I have' changes to 'she had'.) We do not put the words in quotation marks for reported speech. Remember We use indirect speech or reported speech when we tell or report something that someone said. Here are a few examples. I live in Kerala. I am at office. He said that he lived in She said that Kerala. she was at office. 88 11/26/2018 2:52:07 PM NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 92
Rules of indirect speech • Indirect speech is not put in quotation marks. • The word ‘that’ is used to join the reporting verb and the reported speech. Example: Bharat said that he ate the samosa. reporting verb reported speech • T he pronoun to be chosen for the subject of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of the reported person or speech. Sometimes, the pronoun may not change at all. Examples: • Nutan said that she loved the rains. • He said that he loved books. • When the sentence within quotation marks is in the simple present tense, it changes to the simple past tense. • W hen changing from direct to indirect speech in the simple present tense, this becomes that and here becomes there. Exercise 3.2: Convert the following sentences into indirect speech. One is done for you. 1) Rana said, 'I play the violin every night.' Ans. Rana said that he played the violin every night. 2) Meenal said, 'I have sandwiches for lunch.' Ans. 3) He said, 'This is my pet cat.' Ans. 4) She said, 'Pune is a clean and green city.' Ans. Module 12 89 NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 93 11/26/2018 2:52:07 PM
5) They said, 'Our house is on top of a hill.' Ans. 6) Ambar said, 'I like to eat fish.' Ans. 90 11/26/2018 2:52:07 PM NR_BGM_9789388402767 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH WORKBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 94
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