11B02_Biological Classification_Avanti Module

B2 – Biological Classification 12 Fifth Edition B2. Biological Classification TABLE OF CONTENTS B2. Biological Classification 12 Points to Remember ..............................................................................................................................................................................13 B2.1 Five Kingdom System of Classification ..............................................................................................................................15 Answer Key ................................................................................................................................................................................................25

B2 – Biological Classification 13 Points to Remember  Five kingdom system for classification Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Present (non-cellulose) Present Absent Cell wall (cellulose) Nuclear Present (non- Present in some Present Present Present membrane cellulose) Body organization Absent Present Mode of nutrition Unicellular Unicellular Multicellular Multicellular Multicellular Tissue / organ Tissue / organ / Mode of Autotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic organ system reproduction (Photosynthetic (photosynthetic) (Saprophytic/ Autotrophic and and parasitic) (photosynthetic) Heterotrophic Classification chemosynthetic) heterotrophic (Holozoic/ and Reproduction in fungi Saprophytic) heterotrophic can take place by (saprophytic vegetative mean like /parasitic) budding, fission and fragmentation. Mainly by fission. Reproduce asexual mean by spores Some of them are asexually and called conidia, also involved in sexually by a sporangiospores or spore production process of cell zoospores. in unfavorable fusion and sexual mean by conditions and zygote oospores, ascospores sexual formation. and basidiospores. reproduction by Phycomycetes DNA transfer. Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Archaebacteria Chrysophytes Deutromycetes Eubacteria Dinoflagellates Euglenoids Slime moulds Protozoans  Whittaker excluded lichens, Virus and Virioids from his Five Kingdom Classification  Lichens  Symbiotic association between algae (phycobiont) and fungi (mycobiont)  Algal component is autotrophic and the fungal component is heterotrophic  Good pollution indicators Points

B2 – Biological Classification 14  Virus  They are non-cellular organisms that are characterized by having an inert crystalline structure outside the living cell, i.e. they are living inside a host cell and non-living outside a host cell.  Genetic material is surrounded by a protein coat which is called a capsid and is made up of small subunits called capsomeres. Contains Plant virus Animal virus Bacterial virus or Bacteriophage Shape RNA (ss or ds) RNA or DNA DNA (ds) Symmetry Polyhedral Tadpole Rod or cylindrical Helical symmetry Radial symmetry  Classification of viruses on the basis of their hosts  Viroids  First viroid discovered was Potato spindle tuber virioid  Viroids are made of free RNA and lack a protein coat  Scientists and their contributions  Aristotle was the first person to attempt to classify organisms.  Linnaeus classified organisms into plants and animals.  Haeckel classified organisms into plants, animals and Protista.  Whittaker gave the Five Kingdom Classification.  Theophrastus was the first to use the word Lichen.  Alexopoulos and Mims classified the fungal component of lichens.  Pasteur coined the term Virus which means venom or poisonous fluid.  Adolf Mayer demonstrated that mosaic disease of potato is infectious.  Iwanowsky recognized certain microbes to be the cause of mosaic disease of tobacco.  Beijernek proposed viruses as “Contagium vivum fluidum” (contagious living fluid).  Stanley showed that virus could be crystallised.  Twort discovered Bacteriophage.  Felix d’Herelle coined the term bacteriophage.  Theodor Diener discovered and named Virioids. Points

B2 – Biological Classification 15 PRE TEST Q1. Which of the following BEST describes organisms of the same species? A) They can mate (in nature) to produce offspring. B) They are similar and closely related organisms. C) They live in the same type of habitat. D) They share different scientific names. Q2. The most broad level of classification is __________. B) phylum D) order A) kingdom C) class Q3. Today scientists understand that certain organisms are alike because of _____________. A) physical traits B) common ancestry C) observable features D) classification Q4. Which of the following was mostly likely the first step in the development of life on earth? A) Multicellular organisms emerge. B) Bacteria formed. C) Emergence of organisms in the ocean. D) Presence of an atmosphere containing nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane. Q5. Phylogeny refers to __________. B) evolutionary classification D) modern classification A) taxonomy of organisms C) evolutionary history B2.1 Five Kingdom System of Classification CONCEPTS COVERED 1. Five different kingdom system of classification 2. Criteria used for classification 3. Kingdom Monera 4. Kingdom Protista and its sub-types 5. Kingdom Fungi 6. Kingdom Plantae 7. Kingdom Animalia 8. Lichens, its formation and its economic and ecological importance 9. Classification and economic importance of Viruses 10. Viroids PRE-READING Category Chapter in HSC Section in HSC Chapter in NCERT Section in NCERT 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6 REQUIRED 1 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 2 B2.1

B2 – Biological Classification 16 PRE-READING EXERCISE Q1. The five kingdoms of Whittaker arranged in evolutionary manner are A) Monera – Protista – Animalia – Plantae – Mycota. B) Monera – Protista – Fungi – Animalia – Plantae. C) Monera – Protista – Fungi – Plantae – Animalia. D) Monera – Mycota – Protista – Plantae – Animalia. Q2. Whittaker’s five kingdoms system of classification is based on A) complexity of the cell. B) complexity of body organization. C) mode of nutrition. D) all of the above. Q3. Single-celled eukaryotes are included in __________. A) protista B) fungi C) archaeabacteria D) monera Q4. Bacteria and fungi are best classified as __________. A) autotrophs B) primary consumers C) secondary consumers D) decomposers Q5. Which of the following parasites is nonliving outside the host but becomes living on entering it? A) Viruses B) Bacteria C) PPLO D) None of these IN CLASS EXERCISE LEVEL 1 Q1. Cell wall having chitin is found in __________. A) fungi B) algae C) prokaryotes D) bacteria D) Lignin Q2. __________ is an important constituent in the cell walls of green plants D) bacilli A) Chitin B) Pectin C) Cellulose D) Both A & B D) bacilli Q3. Which type of bacteria are found in the guts of cattle? A) Thermophilic B) Halophilic C) Methanogens D) Thermoacidophiles Q4. Bacteria with chlorophyll-a are __________. A) cyanobacteria B) archaebacteria C) eubacteria Q5. Heterocyst is found in __________. A) Nostoc B) Anabaena C) Chlorella Q6. The most abundant bacteria found in polluted water is __________. A) cyanobacteria B) eubacteria C) cocci Q7. Bacteria converting milk into curd is __________. A) autotrophic B) heterotrophic C) cyanobacteria D) methanogens B2.1

B2 – Biological Classification 17 Q8. Mycoplasma are __________. B) prokaryotes B2.1 D) Both (B) and (C) A) eukaryotes C) organisms that lack a cell wall Q9. Golden algae are __________. B) Volvoic D) Chlorella A) diatoms C) desmids Q10. Kingdom __________ is a connecting link between plants, animals and fungi. A) Plantae B) Animalia C) Monera D) Protista Q11. Sleeping sickness is caused by __________. B) Chlorella D) Euglena A) Trypanosoma C) Entamoeba Q12. Match the following: a. Slime mould i) Euglenoids b. Pellicle ii) Sporozoan c. Plasmodium iii) Parasite d. Entamoeba iv) Saprophytic A) a - iii, b - ii, c - i, d - iv B) a - iv, b - i, c - ii, d - iii C) a - ii, b - iv, c - i, d - iii D) a – iv , b - i, c - iii, d - ii Q13. __________ is a ciliated, aquatic protozoan. A) Entamoeba B) Amoeba C) Paramoecium D) Plasmodium Q14. Shell of Diatoms is made up of __________. A) CaCO3 B) silica C) magnesium carbonate D) calcium phosphate Q15. Lichens indicate SO2 pollution because they A) show association between algae and fungi. B) grow faster than others. C) are sensitive to SO2. D) flourish in SO2 rich environment. Q16. Read the following statements regarding methanogens and select the correct option. I. They are included in the group Archaebacteria. II. They are responsible for the production of biogas in gobar gas plants. III. They live in hot sulphur springs. IV. They are strictly anaerobic. A) Statements (I) and (II) are correct. B) Statements (I), (II) and (IV) are correct. C) Statements (II), (III) and (IV) are correct. D) All statements are correct.

B2 – Biological Classification 18 Q17. Given figure is of filamentous blue green algae Nostoc. Identify the parts marked as ������ and ������ and select the correct option. AB A) Heterocyst Mucilaginuos sheath B) Vegetative cell Mucilaginuos sheath C) Trichomes Cell wall D) Mucilaginuos sheath Heterocyst A) ������ – Heterocyst, ������ – Mucilaginous sheath B) ������ – Vegetative cell, ������ – Mucilaginous sheath C) ������ – Trichomes, ������ – Cell wall D) ������ – Mucilaginous sheath, ������ - Heterocyst Q18. Which of the following statements is incorrect? A) Pathogenic bacteria cause 90% of human diseases. B) A large number of antibiotics are produced by Actinomycetes (e.g., Streptomyces), which are a class of Fungi. C) ������2-fixing bacteria pick up free ������2 from soil atmosphere and convert in into nitrogenous compounds. D) Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different cell wall structure and this feature is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions. Q19. The given statements describe a group of organisms. I. Instead of a cell wall they have a protein rich pellicle making their body flexible. II. They have 2 flagella, a short and long one. III. They show mixotrophic nutrition. IV. They are connecting link between plants and animals. Which of the following group is referred here? A) Dinoflagellates B) Slime moulds C) Desmids and diatoms D) Euglenoids Q20. A slide under microscope shows following features : I. Unicellularity II. Well defined nucleus III. Biflagellate – one flagellum lying longitudinally and the other transversely What would you identify it as? A) Protozoan B) Bacterium C) Euglenoid D) Dinoflagellate Q21. Read the following statements regarding euglenoids and select the incorrect ones. I. These are mostly fresh water organisms found in stagnant water. II. Their body is covered by a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes their body flexible. III. They are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight but become heterotrophs in the absence of sunlight. IV. They usually possess two flagella, one long and one short. V. Euglenoids are multicellular ciliate protists. A) (I) and (V) B) (IV) and (V) C) (III) only D) (V) only Q22. The Sporozoan are all internal __________ that typically have an infective cyst stage in their life cycle. An example of Sporozoan is the genus __________, which causes malaria. A) ciliates, Plasmodium B) flagellates, Plasmodium C) parasites, Plasmodium D) parasites, Trypanosoma B2.1

B2 – Biological Classification 19 Q23. Which of the following options incorrectly distinguishes the Kingdom Monera and Protista? Monera Protista A) Includes unicellular prokaryotes Includes multicellular eukaryotes B) Membrane bound cell organelles are absent Membrane bound cell organelles are present C) Cell wall when present, made up of peptidoglycans Cell wall, if present, contains cellulose D) Flagella, when present, comprise of protein Flagella and cilia when present, made up of protein flagellin tubulin Q24. Select the correct option that correctly identifies the different genera (������, ������, ������ and ������) of kingdom Fungi show in figure. ������ ������ ������ ������ A) Mucor Saccharomyces Morchella Amanita B) Mucor Saccharomyces Penicillium Agaricus C) Rhizopus Saccharomyces Aspergillus Morchella D) Aspergillus Rhizopus Penicillium Agaricus Q25. Given is the representation of life cycle of members of classes Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. Select the correct option for processes ������, ������ and ������. ������ ������ ������ A) Karyogamy Plasmogamy Meiosis B) Plasmogamy Karyogamy Meiosis C) Plasmogamy Meiosis Karyogamy D) Karyogamy Meiosis Plasmogamy Q26. Study the following table carefully and select the correct option for 1,2,3 and 4. Characters Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Cell type ������ Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Cell wall ������ Present in some Present Present Present Nuclear membrane Absent Present Present Present ������ Body organization Unicellular Unicellular ������ Tissue/organ Tissue/organ/organ system ������ ������ ������ ������ A) Prokaryotic Absent Absent Unicellular B) Prokaryotic Present Present Multicellular C) Eukaryotic Present Present Multicellular D) Eukaryotic Absent Absent Unicellular B2.1

B2 – Biological Classification 20 Q27. Given is an electron microscopic structure of a ������2 bacteriophage. Identify the unlabeled parts and select the correct option for ������, ������, ������, ������ and ������. ������ ������ ������ ������ ������ A) Head Collar Sheath Basal plate Tail fibre B) Head Collar Capsid Tail Tail fibre C) Capsid Sheath Basal plate Tail Tail fibre D) Head Collar Sheath Capsomere Tail fibre LEVEL 2 Q28. Bacteria lack alternation of generation because there is A) neither syngamy nor reduction division. B) no distinct chromosomes. C) no conjugation. D) no exchange of genetic material. Q29. Yeast is not included in protozoans but in fungi because A) it has no chlorophyll. B) some fungal hyphae grow in such a way that they give the appearance of pseudomycelium. C) it has eukaryotic organization. D) cell wall is made up of cellulose and reserve food material is starch. Q30. A fungus contains cells with two nuclei from different genomes. The nuclei do not fuse but divide independently and simultaneously as new cells are formed. This fungus belongs to __________. A) phycomycetes B) zygomycetes C) deuteromycetes D) basidiomycetes Q31. Assume that two normal hyphal cells of different fungal mating types unite. After a period of time, the cell between these cells will dissolve producing a _____________. A) mycelium B) fruiting body C) zygote D) dikaryotic cell, which is also heterokaryotic HOMEWORK LEVEL 1 Q1. Zygotes of fungi give rise to gametophytes by __________ cell division. A) mitotic B) amitotic C) fission D) meiotic Q2. Dikaryotic phase is characteristic of fungi belonging to class __________. A) phycomycetes B) ascomycetes C) basidiomycetes D) both (B) and (C) Q3. Sac fungi are members of __________. B) ascomycetes D) both (B) and (C) A) phycomycetes C) basidiomycetes B2.1

B2 – Biological Classification 21 Q4. Meiosis occurs in members of phycomycetes at __________ level. A) sporangium B) zygosporangium C) zygospore D) sporangiospore Q5. Basidiospores are the result of __________. A) mitosis B) amitosis C) meiosis D) fragmentation Q6. Members of Deuteromycetes are called as imperfect fungi because, they show A) sexual phase only. B) asexual phase only. C) sexual or asexual phase only. D) both sexual and asexual phase only. Q7. Heterotrophic plants are A) autotrophic and parasitic. B) autotrophic and insectivorous. C) only parasitic. D) parasitic or insectivorous. Q8. Sexual reproduction in Plantae shows __________. A) haploid stage B) diploid stage C) haplo-diploid stage D) alternating diplo-haploid stage Q9. Particles which is between living and non-living are called as __________. A) virion B) vibrion C) viron D) virus Q10. The name virus for virion was proposed by __________. A) Ivanowsky B) Tolstoy C) Leeuwenhoek D) Charles Darwin Q11. For the first time viruses were identified from __________. A) papaya plant B) tobacco leaves C) mango leaves D) coconut leaves Q12. Who named viruses as “Contagium vivum fluidum”? A) Ivanowsky B) Beijerinek C) Martin D) Darwin Q13. The genetic material in a virus is for __________. A) host identification B) infection C) both (A) and (B) D) multiplication Q14. Protein coat of virus is made up of __________. A) capsid B) capsomeres C) lipomeres D) protomeres Q15. Capsid in a virus is for __________. A) infection B) protection C) specificity to host D) destruction of host cells Q16. Why does a virus kill the host cell? A) To multiply. B) To grow. C) To cause disease. D) For protection. Q17. Wandering genes are __________. A) bacteria B) viruses C) virioid D) protozoans B2.1

B2 – Biological Classification 22 D) Both B & C Q18. Viroids are like viruses but lack __________. A) DNA B) RNA C) Capsid Q19. Match the following i. Lichen a. Capsomeres b. HIV ii. RNA c. Symbiont iii. AIDS d. Viroids iv. Protein A) a - iv, b - iii, c - ii, d - i B) a - ii, b - iii, c - i, d - iv C) a - iv, b - iii, c - i, d - ii D) a - ii, b - iii, c - iv, d - i Q20. Identify the given cell. A) Cyanophycean cell B) Hold fast C) Heterocyst D) Separation disc Q21. Identify the given organism. A) HIV B) Virus C) TMV D) Plasmid Q22. Microorganisms (organisms with size 0.1mm or less which our eyes cannot resolve) usually include A) unicellular plants, unicellular animals, bacteria and viruses. B) unicellular plants, fungi and viruses. C) bacteria, viruses and lichens. D) unicellular animals, lichens, bacteria and viruses. Q23. Organisms found in extreme temperatures are __________. A) eubacteria B) archaebacteria C) fungi D) mycoplasma Q24. A parasite which becomes saprophytic in the absence of host is called __________. A) obligate parasite B) obligate saprophyte C) facultative parasite D) facultative saprophyte Q25. A plant living symbiotically inside another plant is called __________. A) saprophyte B) endophyte C) epiphyte D) parasite Q26. Name the organisms which do not derive energy directly/indirectly from sun. A) Chemosynthetic bacteria B) Symbiotic bacteria C) Pathogenic bacteria D) Moulds B2.1

B2 – Biological Classification 23 Q27. Mycoplasma are not viruses in nature because C) D) A) these contain both DNA and RNA in the same cell. B) these cannot be grown artificially in cultures also. C) they are not sensitive to antibiotics. D) all of the above. Q28. In the figure, which is the coccus form of bacteria? A) B) Q29. Read the following statements. I. Some methanogens live as symbionts inside stomach of ruminants and help in fermentation of cellulose. II. Thermoacidophiles usually live in hot sulphur springs. III. Archaebacterial DNA lacks histone proteins. IV. In archaebacterial, the first amino acid in protein synthesis is formylmethionine. Which of these are correct? A) (I) and (II) B) (I), (II) & (III) C) (I), (III) & (IV) D) All are correct Q30. Which kingdom includes photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs and heterotrophs? A) Monera B) Protista C) Plantae D) Both (B) and (C) Q31. Peptidoglycan is a characteristic constituent of the cell wall of A) bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes. B) bacteria and cyanobacteria. C) archaebacteria and eukaryotes. D) all members of monera and protista. Q32. Multicellular life forms are evolved from __________. A) monera B) fungi C) protista D) None of these Q33. Which one of the following has characters of both plants and animals? A) Bacteria B) Mycoplasma C) Euglena D) Paramecium Q34. Which of the following statement indicates that viruses are living? A) They are made up of common chemicals. B) They cause diseases. C) They can reproduce. D) All of these. Q35. An interesting feature of a virus is that A) it is present inside the bacteria. B) it behaves as if it is non-living. C) it consists of proteins. D) it can only multiply in the body of a host. Q36. Lichens are well known combination of an algae and a fungus where fungus has a/an A) saprophytic relationship with the algae. B) epiphytic relationship with the algae. C) parasitic relationship with the algae. D) symbiotic relationship with the algae. B2.1

B2 – Biological Classification 24 LEVEL 2 Q37. Angiosperms have dominated the land flora primarily because of their A) power of adaptability in diverse habitat. B) property of producing large number of seeds. C) nature of self pollination. D) domestication by man. Q38. Diversification is plant life appeared A) due to long periods of evolutionary changes. B) due to abrupt mutations. C) suddenly on earth. D) by seed dispersal. Q39. Which of these is a defining character of plants? A) Autotrophic nature B) Eukaryotic cell structure C) Cellulosic cell wall D) Aerobic respiration B2.1

B2 – Biological Classification 25 Answer Key B2.1 FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION PRE TEST Q16. B Q11. B Q17. A Q12. B Q1. A Q18. B Q13. D Q2. A Q19. D Q14. B Q3. B Q20. D Q15. B Q4. C Q21. D Q16. A Q5. C Q22. C Q17. B Q23. A Q18. C PRE-READING EXERCISE Q24. B Q19. C Q25. B Q20. C Q1. C Q26. B Q21. C Q2. D Q27. A Q22. A Q3. A Q23. B Q4. D LEVEL 2 Q24. C Q5. A Q25. B Q28. A Q26. A IN CLASS EXERCISE Q29. B Q27. A Q30. D Q28. B LEVEL 1 Q31. D Q29. B Q30. A Q1. A HOMEWORK Q31. B Q2. C Q32. C Q3. C LEVEL 1 Q33. C Q4. A Q34. C Q5. D Q1. A Q35. D Q6. A Q2. C Q36. D Q7. B Q3. B Q8. D Q4. C LEVEL 2 Q9. C Q5. C Q10. D Q6. B Q37. A Q11. A Q7. D Q38. A Q12. B Q8. D Q39. C Q13. C Q9. A Q14. B Q10. A Q15. C Ans.