202110237-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-BIOLOGY-G08-PART1

4. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 7.1 ] (x) In which system interrelationship between biotic and abiotic factors can be studied as a part of it? (xi) What shows us the interdependence between biotic and abiotic components in the form of nutrients and energy? (xii) Name the level of the food chain at which living things eat other living things to get energy. 5. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 7.1 ] (xiii) The plants which derive energy by the process of photosynthesis are called . . (xiv) The terminal organism in the food chain is a (xv) A habitat is than an ecosystem, and a biome is than an ecosystem. CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 149

Short Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.2)] Why do we find fewer amounts of decomposers in desert ecosystems? What are these types? 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] ‘Some changes in a community of organisms affect other organisms’. Do you support this statement? Explain your answer with the help of example. Long Answer Type Questions 150 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] How do changes occur in an ecosystem? CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS

AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] Why have ecologists classified ecosystems on different bases? CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 151

AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.2)] Write down the difference in observation of biotic components while investigating desert ecosystem and mangrove ecosystem. Long Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] How can we study an ecosystem? CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 152

AS4-Information skills and projects Long Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] Read the paragraph below and answer the given questions. An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem). i. What do you understand by term ecosystem? ii. Does an ecosystem have a definite size? iii. Is earth considered as an ecosystem? iv. List out the abiotic factors in an ecosystem. v. How are biotic and abiotic factors liked together? AS5-Communication through drawing and model making 153 Very Short Answer Type Questions CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS

13. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 7.1 ] (i) Draw a flowchart representing simple food chain. Long Answer Type Questions 14. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.2)] Observe the picture of pond ecosystem below and answer the following questions. i. If all of the small fish in the pond system died one year from a disease that killed only the small fish, what would happen to the algae in the pond? Explain your answer. ii. What would happen to the large fish? Explain why you think so. iii. What will be the impact of greater algal growth on abiotic factor such as water? CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 154

AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Very Short Answer Type Questions 15. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 7.2 ] (i) What factor / factors can be appreciated for varied species composition of desert ecosystem? Short Answer Type Questions 16. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 7.1)] How do you appreciate nature which has a lot of biodiversity in an ecosystem? CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 155

Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 17. Choose the correct answer. (B) River (i) Artificial ecosystem (D) Pond (A) Forest (C)Crop field (B) Ecosystem (ii) is a basic unit of nature. (D)Food web (A) Habitat (C) Biosphere (B) Net primary production (D)Energy not used (iii) In the energy flow chart NU indicates (A) Total energy input (C)Energy not assimilated by consumer (iv) Which of the following ecosystems is rich in flora and fauna? (A) Mangrove (B) Forest (C) Desert (D)All of these (v) Which of the following can be a starting point for a food web? (A) Spirogyra (B) Amoeba (C) Insect (D) Deer (vi) Which of the following can change an ecosystem? (A) Powerful storms (B) Tsunami (C) Humans (D)All of these CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 156

(vii) Energy accumulated by plants in an ecosystem is called (A) Consumption (B) Primary production (C)Secondary production (D)None of these (viii) What is the relationship between plants and animals? (A) Hunting (B) Capturing (C) Feeding (D)None of the above (ix) The approximate solar energy absorbed in the atmosphere is (A) 57% (B) 59% (C) 60% (D) 40% AS4-Information skills and projects 18. Choose the correct answer. (x) In the given diagram, what are the abiotic factors? (A) Water (B) Water, Air, Soil (C)Frogs and Deer (D) Plants CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 157

AS5-Communication through drawing and model making 19. Choose the correct answer. (xi) Which of the given diagram represent a group of consumers? (A) (B) (C) (D)Both B and C CHAPTER 7. DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 158

8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS SESSION 1 INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES - PREPARING THE SOIL AND SOWING OF SEEDS 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES - PREPAR... 159

1.2 Terminology i. Crop Production –refers to the growing of staple food crops, fruits, nuts and other food crops and commercial crops. ii. Global Grain –Rice is the prime, most essential and important staple food crop, also called as ‘global grain’. iii. Ploughing –An implement or machine designed to move earth, snow, or other mate- rial by means of a strong blade. Ploughing makes soil loosen and soft, so that air and water can be transported easily. iv. Plots –are small pieces of ground, generally used for specific purposes. v. Levelling –makes the field flat, and the surface smooth. vi. Sowing –refers to planting seed(s) by scattering it on the earth. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES - PREPAR... 160

vii. Sprouting –A sprout is a small growth on a plant such as a little new bud. viii. Seed dispersal –is the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant. ix. Broadcasting –is the method of dispersing seeds by sprinkling. x. Seed Drill –is an instrument used to sow seeds in the soil. xi. Nursery plot –is an area of cultivated soil used for growing plants on before they are planted out, or for sowing seed. 1.3 Key Concepts i. The plants which are grown in large number to get useful food products are known as crops and the process of growing crops is called agriculture. ii. Crops that takes 180 days and above for harvesting are called long term crops. Few examples are jowar, red gram etc. iii. Crops that takes 100 days and below for harvesting are called short term crops. Few examples are green gram, black gram etc. iv. The crops grown in rainy season are termed as Kharif crops. Paddy, Chili, Sugarcane, Jowar, Cotton etc. are the crops grown in rainy season i.e., from June to October. v. The crops grown in winter season are called Rabi crops. Wheat, Maize, Coriander, Barley etc. are the crops grown in winter season i.e., from November to April. vi. Crop production is based on the flowering of the plant. vii. Short night duration plants are the one where flowering will be more when the night duration is less than 12 ½ hours. viii. Long night duration plants are the one where flowering will be more when the night duration is more than 12 ½ hours. ix. In some plants night duration is not at all a reason for flowering. They can flower anytime during the year. x. Cultivation of paddy involves a series of activities. They are: preparing the soil, sowing seeds, transplantation, applying water and manures, weeding, harvesting and storing. xi. Plough is used for ploughing which helps to loosen the soil and help in easy trans- portation of air and water. xii. A leveler is used for levelling the soil with this water and nutrients can be reached to every part of the land. xiii. Selection of good quality seeds is essential for good yield of the crop. Good quality seedswill be winkle free, round in shape and heavy. xiv. National Seed Development Corporation of India preserves and promotes different varieties of seeds and supplies them to farmers. xv. There are different methods of sowing seeds –Broadcasting, using seed drill or by paddy planter. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES - PREPAR... 161

1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. State reason why wheat is not cultivated in kharif? [Refer to TB page 139 Q1] A. i. Wheat takes 8–10 weeks for growing. ii. After the growth of the plant, flowering starts. If grown in kharif season, by that time it would be winter season. iii. The duration of night would extend more than 12 ½ hours. iv. The flowering would not take properly at that time. Hence, wheat is not cultivated in kharif season. Q2. Ramaiah’s field is flattened. Somaiah’s field has many up and downs. Who will get more produce? [Refer to TB page 139 Q2] A. i. Ramaiah’s field is flattened. By levelling the soil, water and nutrients can reach to every part of the land. ii. As the soil is levelled, it is also ideal for sowing the seeds and planting. iii. Somaiah’s field has many ups and downs, water and nutrients cannot reach all the parts of the field. So, he will not get a good produce from his field. iv. Ramaiah will, therefore, get more produce than Somaiah. Q3. What are the advantages of ploughing? [Refer to TB page 140 Q3] A. The various advantages of ploughing are: i. Ploughing loosens the soil and helps in easy transportation of air and water. ii. Water is stored deeply for a long time as the soil is soft. iii. Roots penetrate in the deep and can respire well as the air enters easily into the soil. iv. Soil friendly micro organisms and earth worms can grow well when the soil is loose and soft. Q4. Treating with fungicides before sowing the seed is necessary. Why? [Refer to TB page 140 Q4] A. i. In agricultural practice, seeds used for sowing must be in good condition, and they should not be infected with pests. ii. Treating with fungicides keeps the harmful micro organisms like bacteria, fungus etc. away from seeds making them ideal for sowing. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES - PREPAR... 162

Q5. Why do farmers plough their fields during summer? [Refer to TB page 140 Q9] A. i. Summer ploughing improves soil quality by alternative heating and cooling. ii. Harmful pathogens or soil microbes which are present beneath the soil are ex- posed to sunrays by ploughing and are killed by heat. Q6. What is the relation between night duration and crop field? [Refer to TB page 140 Q19] A. i. Crop production in a crop field is based on flowering of the plant. ii. Flowering of plants depends on the duration of night time. The effect of night duration is plant specific. iii. For example some plants like wheat flowers only in short nights duration. 1.5 Experimentation and Field Investigation Q1. What do you observe in the experiment of dropping a fist of Bengal gram in water? [Refer to TB page 140 Q11] i. What are the differences you observed in both seeds? ii. Do you know why the seeds that float are lighter in weight? iii. Which seeds germinate well? Why? iv. Which seeds would not germinate properly? Why? A. i. Good seeds are heavier, smooth, round in shape and have good colour. They sink in water, whereas the lighter seeds which float are wrinkled and rough in shape. ii. The seeds that float are lighter in weight, because, the seed is not yet matured or might be attacked by the pest or might be lacking nutrients. iii. The seeds which sink to bottom are good and healthy. Only they germinate be- cause they contain cotyledons and endosperm which germinate into plant. iv. The floated seeds are weak and lack nutrients. They do not develop cotyledons and endosperm and so, cannot germinate at all. 1.7 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. Narendra sprayed an overdose of pesticides on his cotton crop. Ramesh says it is a SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES - PREPAR... 163

hazard to biodiversity and crop yielding. Can you support Ramesh? How? [Refer to TB page 140 Q16] A. Narendra used over dosage of pesticides in his cotton field. i. These pesticides not only kill the harmful pests but also kill earthworm and other useful insects like wasps, bugs and some other insects. ii. Ramesh pointed it as a hazard to biodiversity as the pesticides used are harmful to other harmless and useful organisms as well. iii. Pesticides can eliminate some animals, essential food sources causing the ani- mals to relocate. It can also enter food chain, for example: birds can be harmed when they eat insects and worms that have consumed pesticides. iv. Nitrogen fixation which is required for the growth of higher plants is delayed by pesticides in soil. v. Many chemicals used in pesticides are soil contaminants; and adversely affect the fertility of soil. vi. Animals including humans may be poisoned by the pesticides that remain on food. vii. Rain water carries pesticides into nearby rivers or streams which harms the aquatic system. viii. Pesticides applied to crops is carried by the wind to other areas, which cause air pollution. ix. Pesticides percolates through soil or is carried by the runoff water thereby polluting ground water. x. If we use pesticides unwisely, pests may become resistant to pesticides. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES - PREPAR... 164

SESSION 2 MANURING AND IRRIGATION 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology i. Manure –is organic matter, mostly derived from animal faeces except in the case of green manure which is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. ii. Pesticides –are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying, or mitigating any pest. iii. Paddy planter –is a specialized transplanter fitted to transplant rice seedlings onto SESSION 2. MANURING AND IRRIGATION 165

paddy field. iv. Biofertilizers –are formed by decomposing plant and animal wastes. These are also known as Natural Manure. v. Chemical Fertilizers –Prepared in factories, these are sold in the market by the names Urea, D.A.P, Superphosphate, Potash, which are enriched with Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potash. vi. Irrigation –is the process of watering crop plants in the field. vii. Furrow Irrigation –refers to the method of irrigation in which the water is allowed to enter the field through channels or furrows made between two rows of crop. viii. Basin Irrigation –refers to the method of irrigation in which the field is just filled with water as in the case of paddy. ix. Sprinkler –is a device used to spray water. x. Drip Irrigation –is an irrigation method that saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Organic pesticides which are derived from plants are neem, tobacco and chrysanthe- mum. These are less dangerous to other useful living things. ii. Inorganic pesticides which are commonly used are compounds of arsenic, zinc, sul- phur, phosphorous and fluorine. iii. Manure which contains Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potash (NPK) is needed for healthy growth of the plants. Manure is of two types–Natural manure (Bio–fertilizers) and Artificial manures (Chemical fertilizers). iv. Bio fertilizers are formed by decomposition of plants and animals wastes which in- crease the soil health. v. Chemical fertilizers are prepared in the factories which are sold in the market by the names urea, DAP, superphosphate, potash etc. are rich in NPK. vi. Irrigation is the process of watering the crop plants. three methods of irrigation are commonly practised in India. vii. Furrow irrigation is a method where the water is allowed to enter the field through channels/furrow made between two rows of crop. viii. In the basin irrigation method the field is just filled with water as in the case of paddy. ix. In the modern method of irrigation sprinkler and drip irrigation techniques are fol- lowed. These techniques are followed where water is scarcely available which help to conserve the water. SESSION 2. MANURING AND IRRIGATION 166

2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What is natural manure? How to prepare it? Give two examples. [Refer to TB page 140 Q8] A. i. Natural manure is also called biofertilizer. ii. Decomposition of plant and animal wastes by bacteria like Azatobacter, Nitrobacter forms a manure called natural manure. iii. In general, natural manure is prepared as follows: • Organic wastes like farm waste, dry leaves, droppings of different animals etc. are collected and filled in a pit which is around 1 foot in depth. • Water is sprinkled to maintain the moisture followed by covering the mixture with a layer of soil. • This is left to decompose by the microbial activity for 25–30 days wherein the waste gets converted into microbial rich manure. iv. Some examples are Vermi Compost, Farm Yard Manure (FYM), Compost, Green Manures. 2.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. Rajendar cultivated cotton crop in his field. He did not get sufficient yield. Can you guess the reason, why? [Refer to TB page 140 Q10] A. i. Cotton is the most important fibre yielding plant in the world. In India, it is cultivated in Gujarat, Maharashtra, A. P. and Karnataka. ii. There are four important varieties which are richly cultivated. They are Gossypiumherbacium, G. lirgutum, G. arborecium and G. borbadens. iii. Cotton crop requires long term season and flowering is more in the long term season when the day duration is more than 12.5 hours. iv. So cotton must be cultivated in the month of March. It takes 8 –10 weeks for growing, so would be fully grown by July. v. During the month of July, the duration of day extends more than 12 hours. More flowering takes place, and gives sufficient yield. vi. Rajendar might have cultivated cotton crop in the winter season. In this season, the duration of day is short. So, growth and flowering did not take place properly. vii. He, therefore, could not get sufficient yield. viii. Other reasons responsible for this could be: he might not have used good quality seeds, fertilizers and pest control methods. SESSION 2. MANURING AND IRRIGATION 167

2.6 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Go to your nearest fertilizer shop and collect the information about chemical fertilizers and fill the table. Copy the following table in your note book. [Refer to TB page 140 Q13] A. Name of % of Nutrients Name of the crops used the fertilizer N PK Urea 46 – – For all the crops D.A.P. 18 46 – During paddy cultivation, the first dose must be D.A.P. It is also used for other crops like cotton, groundnut, chillies etc. Super – √ – It is used for ploughing. It Phosphate converts all weeds and plant material into natural fertilizers. It is used in paddy cultivation. 28:28 √ √ – Cotton, chillies, vegetables, sunflower 14:35:14 √ √ √ Cotton, chillies, vegetables, sunflower 10:26:26 √ √ √ Cotton, chillies, vegetables, sunflower 22:0.11 √ √ √ Paddy, chillies, maize, wheat etc. 19:19:19 √ √ √ Paddy, chillies, maize, wheat etc. SESSION 2. MANURING AND IRRIGATION 168

2.7 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. How do you appreciate the irrigation system used in the drought prone areas? [Refer to TB page 140 Q15] A. 1. During irrigation, a large amount of water is essential. If water flows through the canals, the soil near the canal will absorb more water before it reaches the plant. 2. Sprinkler irrigation: a. Modern methods of watering the plants by sprinklers have been developed. b. It is used to conserve water where it is scarcely available or in drought prone areas. c. The sprinklers are handy to use and they provide uniform watering all over the field. d. It is mainly beneficial in sandy soil. 3. Drip irrigation a. Another method to conserve water is by drip irrigation method. b. This method is employed when the availability of water is poor. c. As the water reaches the plants drop by drop, this is called drip irrigation. d. In this method, long tube followed by small tubes is attached to a motor. Holes are made in the tubes so that water comes out of the tube. The holes are arranged in such a way that the water falls exactly near the roots. 4. So sprinklers and drip irrigation methods are most suitable in drought prone areas. SESSION 2. MANURING AND IRRIGATION 169

2.8 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. Venkatesh observed the irrigation method for paddy field. He wanted to follow the same practice for his maize crop. What suggestions would you give him? [Refer to TB page140 Q17] A. i. The process of watering crop plants in the field is known as irrigation. ii. Depending upon the crop they grow, there are different irrigation methods. iii. Paddy growing field is divided into many plots, levelling the land and providing waterfor the crop is easy within these plots. iv. For paddy fields basin irrigation is more suitable. In this method, the field is just filled with water. v. Paddy plants blossom only when there is sufficient water at that time. Moreover, the nutrients in the soil would be transported to the plants properly, when they are dissolved in water. So if we observe, paddy cultivation is entirely different from other crops. For maize crop cultivation, Venkatesh must follow some suggestions. They are: i. The field cannot be divided into plots. ii. However, if the field is with ups and downs, it must be levelled after ploughing. iii. By levelling the soil, water and nutrients can be reached to every part of the land. iv. Maize crop does not require more water as paddy. So, it is better to irrigate the maize crop either with sprinklers or with drip irrigation practices. SESSION 2. MANURING AND IRRIGATION 170

SESSION 3 WEEDING, HARVESTING AND STORING 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology i. Weeding –refers to removal of weeds. ii. Weedicides –are chemicals used to kill weeds. iii. Threshing –In this process, the dry plants stocks are beaten on a hard surface to remove the grain. iv. Winnowing –In this process, the grains are poured out of a basket or tray held high up. The wind blows the chaff, dust and lighter seeds aside while the heavy grains collect below. v. Cold storage units –It is a storage method. Here, the vegetables, fruits, tamarind, SESSION 3. WEEDING, HARVESTING AND STORING 171

chillies and other products that are usually damaged and decoloured within a short time are stored. As the temperature is very low here, the vegetables and fruits can be kept for a longer time. vi. Godowns – are warehouses for storage. 3.3 Key Concepts i. Undesirable plants which compete with the primary crops for nutrients, water and light are called weeds. Removal of undesirable plants is known as weeding. ii. Garika in paddy, Gunugu in vegetable crops, Pogaku Malle in tobacco are common weeds. iii. Weeding is either done by uprooting manually or using weedicides like 2, 4D (2, 4 –Di Chloro Phenoxy acetic acid). iv. Collecting grains from the crop by cutting the mature plant is called as harvesting. Harvesting is done either. v. Threshing is a process where the dry plants are beaten on a hard surface to remove the grains. vi. Winnowing is a farming method in which grains are poured out of a basket or tray held high up the wind blows the chaff, dust and light seeds aside while the heavy grains collect below. 3.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why do farmers dry the paddy crop after cutting them from the field? [Refer to TB page 140 Q5] A. i. Collecting grains from the crop by cutting the matured plant is called harvesting. ii. After cutting, they are dried in the sunlight. iii. Once the moisture has evaporated and dried, farmers collect the seeds, or else moisture in the grains helps in developing moulds (fungi). Such grains neither germinate nor are suitable to eat. iv. To overcome this problem, farmers dry the grain for 2 or 3 days under sun and then they store the grains in godowns. Q2. Give some examples of plants that grow after replanting. [Refer to TB page 140 Q6] A. Some plants like paddy, mirchi (chillis) are cultivated after replanting process only. SESSION 3. WEEDING, HARVESTING AND STORING 172

3.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. I am a plant. I grow in crop fields. Farmers pluck me. I do not know the reason. Can you tell who I am? [Refer to TB page 140 Q12] A. i. You are a weed. ii. In a field, you grow along with the primary plants. iii. You are undesirable to the farmer because you get nutrients, light and water along with crop plants. iv. So, the farmers pluck you and throw you away from the field. v. Sometimes, you may also carry different diseases and pests, which is another reason for plucking you from the field. Q2. Rahim removed weeds in his crop field, but David did not. Guess who will get more yield. Why? [Refer to TB page 140 Q7] A. i. In cultivation of various crops, we find some undesirable plants called weeds which should be removed first. ii. If not removed, the weeds compete with the primary crops for nutrients, water and light. Because of these weed plants, the primary plants do not grow properly. iii. Besides competition for food, light and water, they also work as carriers of different diseases and pests. Some weeds disperse pollens which may cause respiratory diseases in humans. iv. As Rahim removed all types of weeds from his crop field, he would get good yield and would benefit well. David did not remove weeds from his crop field, so his crops would not grow well and the produce would be very low. 3.6 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Prepare a flowchart from ploughing to yielding in paddy. [Refer to TB page 140 Q14] A. SESSION 3. WEEDING, HARVESTING AND STORING 173

Q2. Take some paddy grains and soak in water for one day. Take them into watch glass and sow them in soil. After that observe the radicle and plumule with the help of hand lens and draw the picture of it. [Refer to TB page 140 Q18] A. —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. Winter crop 1. Match the following. [(Session 8.1)] Column A i. Groundnut ii. Wheat b. Controlling pests iii. Seed drill c. Kharif crop iv. Pesticides d. Loosens the soil v. Plough e. Sowing seeds CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 174

2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 8.1 ] (i) What are long term crops? (ii) What is the other name for monsoon crop? (iii) List 3 crops which are grown in winter. 3. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 8.1 ] (iv) The plants which are grown in large number to get useful food products are called (v) Wheat, paddy and sugarcane are generally affected by disease. (vi) Full form of DDT is . (vii) is needed for healthy growth of a plant. CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 175

(viii) are activities used for cultivation of crops. 4. Identify what farmers are doing in the images below and match it with correct options in column B: [(Session 8.3)] Column A Column B i. a. Winnowing ii. b. Drying of grains on road iii. c. Threshing iv. d. Removing weeds 176 CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS

v. e. Using modern harvester 5. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 8.3 ] (ix) are the products used to remove weeds. (x) Allergic part of Parthenium is its . (xi) Gunugu is the weed which is commonly found in field. (xii) To meet the food requirement of growing population there should be an increase in the area of . (xiii) Undesirable plants along with crops are called . 6. Who / What should be appreciated? Column B [(Session 8.2)] Column A i. For increasing soil fertility without pol- a. Drip Irrigation lution ii. Helping in proper irrigation b. Sprinklers iii. For increasing soil nutrients c. Natural fertilizers iv. For conserving water in agriculture in d. Saagu Neeti Sahakara Sangham areas where water is scarcely available v. A technique by which water reaches e. Fertilizers the plants drop by drop CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 177

7. Match the following. Column B [(Session 8.2)] a. Should be removed Column A i. Irrigation ii. Pistia plants b. Reduce soil pollution iii. Drip Irrigation c. Conservation of water iv. Bio Fertilizers d. Used when water availablity is poor v. Sprinkler e. Should be done properly for proper growth of crop Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.1)] Why do we grow different plants in different parts of India? 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] What is the need for storage of food materials? CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 178

Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.2)] Write differences between chemical fertilizers and natural fertilizers. CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 179

AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] Why should we remove weeds? AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Short Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.1)] How do farmers select seeds for sowing? Why do they do this? CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 180

Long Answer Type Questions 13. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] A Local eco–friendly club is organising a competition, where students have to create a garden using the available eco–friendly materials. List out the mate- rials you would require and also write the steps in creating a garden. AS4-Information skills and projects Long Answer Type Questions 14. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] India’s population is around 125 crores and it is growing faster than its ability to produce agricultural products. Research on internet and gather the informa- tion on low agricultural productivity in India. CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 181

AS5-Communication through drawing and model making Very Short Answer Type Questions 15. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 8.3 ] (i) Rearrange the agricultural activities in a proper order. Long Answer Type Questions 16. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] Identify the below–given instruments and write a note on it. CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 182

a. b. AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Very Short Answer Type Questions 17. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 8.2 ] (i) Do you think drip irrigation helps to overcome water problems where water is scarcely available? CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 183

Short Answer Type Questions 18. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.2)] How do you appreciate the use of organic manure to the soil? AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Short Answer Type Questions 19. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.1)] Mohanlal wants to grow wheat crop for kharif season in his farm land. Is he doing the right thing? Why? CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 184

(ii) [(Session 8.1)] What should we do when paddy seedlings are growing? 20. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.3)] Write the names of some commonly grown weeds and the crops they affect. 21. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 8.2)] A farmer is facing problems with pests in her crop. What would you suggest her to do? CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 185

Objective Questions (AS1) (B) chemical fertilizer (D) fungicide 22. Choose the correct answer. (i) Vermi compost is a (A) manure (C) pesticide (ii) Water logging is harmful to plants because (A) it absorbs all nutrients from the soil (B) it does not allow plant to breathe (C)it creates problem in photosynthesis (D) none. (iii) Chemical substance rich in nutrients is called (A) fertilizer (B) pesticides (C) weedicide (D) fungicide (iv) Paddy requires high quantity of (B) salt condition (D)none of the above (A) water (C)acidic condition (v) In this type of irrigation canals and tanks are the water resources (A) furrow (B) drip (C) sprinklers (D) basin CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 186

(vi) Urea is a (B) natural fertilizer (A) pesticide (D)chemical fertilizer (C) fungicide (vii) Name the type of irrigation shown in the figure given below.(AS5) (A) Drip (B) Furrow (C) Sprinkler (D) Basin (viii) Supply of water to crops at appropriate intervals is called (A) Cultivation (B) Harvesting (C) Irrigation (D) Sowing (ix) Over dosage of manure leads to (B) Sound pollution (D)Both A and C (A) Soil pollution (C)Water pollution CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 187

(x) The ratio of numbers present on the manure packet indicates the ratio of (A) Nitrogen, phosphorous and potash present in manure respectively. (B) Phosphorous, nitrogen and potash present in manure respectively. (C)Potash, nitrogen and phosphorous in manure respectively. (D)Nitrogen, potash and phosphorous present in manure respectively. (xi) \"Weeds should be removed as they compete with primary crops for nutrient, water and light\" In the light of given statement tick the wrong statement about weeds. (A) Weeds are harmful to plants. (B) Weeds take up water present in the soil. (C)Weeds provide the absorbed nutrients to primary crops. (D)Weeds should be removed. CHAPTER 8. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS 188

PROJECT BASED QUESTIONS —— Project Based Questions —— (i) Cells on earth are diverse in shape, size and number. Take the help of internet or library book to make a chart with pictures to explain diversity in cells and function of each type of cell. (ii) Collect information about various scientists related to cell and its discovery. Write how they discovered their findings. Make a chart that includes name, year and the discovery. (iii) What is a microscope? Many improvements have been done to microscope since the time it was discovered. Make a report on the “Microscope History Timeline” with pictures. Write at least five points about discoverer. Take the help of internet to make a report. (iv) Bacteria is omnipresent, most diverse, and most successful form of life on earth. Gather information from various internet resources to make a project report on bac- teria that appreciates its presence in living world. Also write a note on harmful and useful bacteria. (v) Taking help from internet or from library books make a project report on “Virus–a connecting link between living and non–living organisms.” (vi) Excess heat or boiling kills microorganism. Give an instance where this concept used in our daily life. What is the technique called? Make a report on the discovery on this technique and also write a note on the discoverer. (vii) ’World Malaria Day –2016’ was celebrated by WHO in April 2016. Why is celebrated? What is the importance of this day? Write a project report about the reason behind the ‘World Malaria Day’. (viii) Adolescence is filled with intellectual and emotional changes in addition to the major biological and physical changes. Design about 15 survey questions to know about adolescence behavior. Ask the questions prepared by you and collect data from 5 of your friends to know about their behavior. (ix) You are asked to give a seminar on “Biodiversity–Its importance and Conservation”. How would you prepare for the topic? What points would you include? Write a synop- sis about the topic. (x) List as many abiotic and biotic factors in your ecosystem as you can in a table or chart.(Minimum of 5 for each category). Project Based Questions 189

PROJECT BASED QUESTIONS (xi) Make a seminar report for “Humans have a large impact on the world”. Describe the impact humans have on your ecosystem. This may be negative or posi- tive. (xii) Visit a nearby village/rural area, to observe the agricultural practices. Observe the area and write a survey report on the agricultural practices they follow. The survey report should include the following: Area of land, soil quality, types of crops grown, procurement of seeds, fertilizers used, irrigation facilities, harvesting techniques, storage and preservation techniques. Project Based Questions 190